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Romania

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Romania ( Romanian : Romania; English Romania, the capital of Bucharest, is located in Southeast Europe Balkan Peninsula North. It is bordered by Ukraine and Moldova to the north and northeast, Bulgaria to the south, Serbia and Hungary to the southwest and northwest, and the Black Sea to the southeast. Coastline 245 kilometers, land area of 238,000 square kilometers, is a temperate continental climate, four distinct seasons, the average temperature in January about 2℃, July about 23℃. Romania has 1 municipality and 41 provinces, with cities and villages. As of January 2023, the total population of Romania is 19.5 million, the main ethnic group is Romanian, the official language is Romanian, and the main religion is Orthodox.
The ancestors of Romanians are The Dacians . Around the 1st century BC, Brebista established the first centralized Dacian slave state. In 106 AD, after Dacia was conquered by the Roman Empire, Dacians and Romans lived together to form the Romanian nation. On 30 December 1947, the Romanian People's Republic was established. In 1965, the country's name was changed to the Socialist Republic of Romania. On December 22, 1989, Ceausescu's regime was overthrown, and the Romanian National Salvation Front Committee took over all power in the country, changing its name to Romania and setting its National Day on December 1. Romania acceded on 29 March 2004 North Atlantic Treaty Organization It was added on January 1, 2007 European Union . [5]
Romania is an emerging industrial country and one of the largest markets in Central and Eastern Europe. Be in European Union with The Commonwealth of Independent States and Balkan National interchange, convenient transportation. Romania has superior natural conditions and rich resources, with oil and gas reserves at the forefront of Europe. Located in the world's three major black soil belt, the farming soil is fertile, the surface water and groundwater reserves are large, and the agricultural potential is huge. [5] In 2022, Romania's GDP was 285.7 billion euros, with a per capita GDP of 15,000 euros.
Chinese name
Romania
Foreign name
Romania (English)
România (in Romanian)
continent
Europe
capital
Bucharest
Major city
Jassy, Timisoara , Cluj Napoca , Constanta , Galatz, Brasov, etc
National Day
December 1, 1918
National song
" Wake up, Romanian "
Country code
ROU
Official language
Romanian
currency
Romanian leu
Time zone
UTC+2
Political system
republicanism
National leader
Klaus Iohannis (President) , Marchel Ciolacu [12] (Prime Minister)
Population number
19.05 million [1] (January 2023)
Population density
80 people per square kilometer (January 2023)
Major nationality
Romanians , Hungarians
Major religion
Orthodox Church
Land area
238000 km²
Water area ratio
3%
Total GDP
285.7 billion euros [1] (2022)
Per capita GDP
15,000 euros [1] (2022)
International telephone area code
40
International domain name abbreviation
.ro
Road access
Drive on the right
Central bank
National Bank of Romania
Largest city
Bucharest
The national flower
White rose
Kunishi
amber
Leading institution
University of Bucharest , Iasi University Etc.

catalogue

  1. 1Historical evolution
  2. 2Geographical environment
  3. ▪Regional location
  4. ▪landform
  5. ▪climate
  6. ▪hydrology
  7. ▪Natural resources
  8. 3Administrative division
  9. ▪Zoning details
  10. ▪Major city
  11. 4National symbol
  12. ▪flag
  13. ▪National emblem
  14. ▪The national flower
  15. 5population
  16. 6political
  17. ▪regime
  1. ▪constitution
  2. ▪congress
  3. ▪Political party
  4. ▪government
  5. ▪judiciary
  6. ▪dignitaries
  7. 7economy
  8. ▪summarize
  9. ▪industry
  10. ▪agriculture
  11. ▪finance
  12. ▪currency
  13. ▪Service industry
  14. ▪tourism
  15. ▪Retail business
  16. ▪Digital industry
  17. ▪Green industry
  18. ▪foreign trade
  1. ▪Foreign investment
  2. ▪Foreign aid
  3. ▪Foreign aid
  4. 8culture
  5. ▪Language
  6. ▪religion
  7. ▪custom
  8. ▪diet
  9. ▪Special product
  10. ▪celebrity
  11. ▪Holidays and festivals
  12. 9Military affairs
  13. 10traffic
  14. ▪highroad
  15. ▪railway
  16. ▪Air freight
  17. ▪Water transport
  18. 11society
  1. ▪Science and technology
  2. ▪education
  3. ▪hygiene
  4. ▪medium
  5. ▪Public security
  6. ▪electricity
  7. ▪communication
  8. ▪Price of goods
  9. ▪payroll
  10. ▪Social security
  11. ▪Labour force
  12. 12diplomacy
  13. 13travel
  14. ▪Main attraction
  15. ▪World heritage site

Historical evolution

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EDITOR
Subject article: History of Romania
Romanians are descended from Dacians. The word "Rome" in Romania comes directly from Latin "Rma" (i.e. "Rome"), "Nia" is the Latin suffix "ia", meaning region, Romania means "place of Rome", Romanian It also comes from Latin.
Around the 1st century BC, Brebista established the first centralized and independent Dacian slave state.
After the conquest of Dacia by the Roman Empire in 106 AD, the Dacians lived together with the Romans to form the Romanian nation.
In the 14th century, three principalities were established: Wallachia, Moldova and Transylvania.
After the 16th century, it became a dependent state of the Ottoman Empire.
In 1859, the Duchy of Wallachia and the Duchy of Moldova merged and became Romania, still part of the Ottoman Empire.
In January 1862, the constitution and administration of the two principalities were unified, and the country was named Romania, after the recognition of Turkey suzerainty Under the premise of autonomy, the capital Bucharest.
On 9 May 1877, Romania declared its independence from the Ottoman Empire.
It was renamed in 1881 Kingdom of Romania . Transylvania , Banat The national parties in other places were united into the Romanian National Party, which led the national liberation struggle in Transylvania.
In 1892, Transylvania moved towards Austro-hungarian Empire The Cabinet submitted a "memorandum" exposing the brutal ethnic oppression and calling for national democracy.
On 1 December 1918, the Duchy of Transylvania was united with the Kingdom of Romania. At this point, Romania became a unified nation state.
During World War II, the Antonescu regime joined the Fascist Alliance between Germany, Italy and Japan. Under pressure from Nazi Germany, he was forced to cede part of Romania to Germany Bulgaria , Hungary (But the territory ceded to Hungary was later returned to Romania.)
On August 23, 1944, an armed uprising against fascism took place in Romania. [1]
On 6 March 1945, a coalition government was formed in Romania. [1]
On 30 December 1947, the Romanian People's Republic was established.
In 1965, the country was renamed the Socialist Republic of Romania.
On December 22, 1989, Ceausescu's regime was overthrown, the Romanian National Salvation Front Committee took over all power of the country, changed the country's name to Romania, and set the National Day as December 1. [1]

Geographical environment

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EDITOR

Regional location

Location of Romania in Europe
Romania is located in the northern Balkans in Southeast Europe. It is bordered by Ukraine and Moldova to the north and northeast, Bulgaria to the south, Serbia and Hungary to the southwest and northwest, and the Black Sea to the southeast. The total area is 238,000 square kilometers, and the coastline is 245 square kilometers. [1]
Romania

landform

Romania's terrain is unique and diverse, with plains, mountains and hills each accounting for one-third of the country's land area. The Luoshan River is beautiful and blue Danube The magnificent Carpathian Mountains and the colorful Black Sea are the three national treasures of Romania. Known as the backbone of Romania The Carpathian Mountains It covers 40% of Romania's territory. [5]
Topographic map of Romania

climate

Romania has a typical temperate continental climate with an average annual temperature of around 10 ° C. Spring is short, but the weather is pleasant; June to August is summer, the average temperature is 22℃~24℃, the southern and eastern lowlands are the hottest areas, the highest temperature can reach 38℃; Autumn is cool and dry; Winter is from December to March with an average temperature of -3 ° C. The annual rainfall is about 660 mm, with rainy seasons in late spring and early summer. [5]
The average annual precipitation depth of Romania is about 637 mm, of which the average annual precipitation from 1901 to 2000 is 584 mm. Precipitation distribution is uneven, from the west to the east shows a decreasing trend, the annual precipitation in the plain area is between 350~600 mm, the hilly area is 600~800 mm, the mountain area is 1000~1500 mm. The annual evaporation capacity is 109.6 billion cubic meters, equivalent to the precipitation depth of 476 mm. [9]

hydrology

There are 4,864 rivers in Romania, the total length of the river is about 78,900 kilometers, the watershed area is 237,500 square kilometers, and the hydropower resources reserves are 5.65 million kilowatts, of which the length of the river with good water quality and very good water quality is 13,650 kilometers. All rivers eventually feed directly or indirectly Danube The formation of a "hundred rivers Hui Duonau" water system. The Danube River flows into the Black Sea in Romania, is the most important river in Romania, the length of the main stream is 1,075 kilometers, the drainage area is 33,000 square kilometers, and the average annual runoff of the estuary is about 171 billion cubic meters. Romania is the largest country in the Danube River basin, with almost all of its land area within the Danube River basin. [9] The Danube River not only irrigates the fertile fields on both sides, but also provides rich resources for Romania's power industry, agriculture and fishing. [5]
There are more than 2,500 large and small lakes in Romania, including alpine glacial lakes, plain lakes and artificial lakes, among which 194 are natural lakes with a total area of 132,713 square kilometers and a water storage capacity of 1,116.5 billion cubic meters. The largest lake is Lake Razim, located on the Black Sea coast, with an area of 415 square kilometers. The average annual groundwater production in Romania is 8.3 billion cubic meters, mostly in the Danube alluvial and estuarine alluvial of other rivers. The average annual water resource in Romania is 211.9 billion cubic meters. [9]

Natural resources

Mineral resources
Romania is rich in natural resources, including oil, gas, coal and bauxite, as well as gold, silver, iron, manganese, antimony, salt, uranium and lead. As of 2020, Romania has about 600 million barrels of proven oil reserves, ranking 43rd in the world. Natural gas resources are abundant, with proven reserves of about 105.5 billion cubic meters as of 2020. In the Carpathian Mountains and the western Plateau, there are many salt mountains, rock salt reserves of 3 billion cubic meters.
Hydraulic resources
Romania is rich in hydropower resources, with a potential of 5.65 million kilowatts of hydropower. [5] There are 246 DAMS in Romania, with a total reservoir capacity of about 18.3 billion cubic meters, 13 DAMS with a height of more than 100 meters, of which the highest dam is the Cura-Apello rockfill dam, which is 168 meters high and has a storage capacity of 21.1 billion cubic meters. The largest reservoir on the Danube River is the Mugurelle-Nicp reservoir, although the dam height is only 27 meters, but the storage capacity of 4.4 billion cubic meters, is 1.6 times the combined storage capacity of Tiemen 1 and 2 reservoirs.
Romania's largest hydropower station is the Iron Gate hydropower Station jointly built with the former Yugoslavia on the Danube River, with a total installed capacity of 2.1 million kilowatts and an annual generating capacity of 11 billion kilowatt-hours, of which Romania has an installed capacity of 1.05 million kilowatts and an annual generating capacity of 5,215.4 billion kilowatt-hours. Next is the Sienjit hydropower Station on the Loteru River, with a head of 809 meters and an installed capacity of 510,000 kilowatts. Since the 1960s, Romania has continuously built medium-sized cascade power stations on several rivers. The rivers that have been developed in steps are: the Bistrica River, a tributary of the Siret River, the Algesh River and the middle reaches of the Oort River. [9]
Forest resources
Romania has 6.3 million hectares of forest, about 28% of the country's total area. [5]
The main tree species in Romania are beech, spruce, oak, fir, acacia, poplar and willow, pine and lime. Other tree species include oak, maple, birch, walnut, cherry, alder, robinia and chestnut. Romania's forests are distributed at an altitude of 1650 to 1800 meters, and the highest tree species is European spruce, followed by mixed forests of beech and European fir. In the hilly area, there are mainly oak trees and mixed forests. The plain and low gully river areas are mainly mixed forests of bitter oak and broad-leaved trees.

Administrative division

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EDITOR

Zoning details

Subdivisions of Romania
Romania is divided into 41 counties and 1 municipality, with cities, towns, townships and the capital Bucharest .
The counties of Romania are named as follows: Alba, Arad , Algesh , Bakau , Bihor, Bistrica - Netherwood, Botozani , Brasov , Breira , Buzeu , Kalach Severin, Klerach , Cluj , Constanta , Covasna , Dembovica , Dolge, Galati , Giurgiu , Gorzh, Hargita, Hunedo Ara , Jaromica, Jassy , Ilfov, Maramulesh, Mehdinc, Muresh, Nyamcs, Orth , Prahova , Satumare , Serazi, Sibiu , Suceava , Tara Allman, Timis , Tulcea , Vasloy , Valcea, Francia. [6]

Major city

Bucharest (Bucharest)
Views of Bucharest
capital Bucharest It is the political, economic, cultural and transportation center of Romania, located in the middle of Wallachia Plain in southeastern Romania, with the Danube tributary flowing through the city, covering an area of 228 square kilometers and a population of 2.16 million as of January 2022. The average temperature is -2.9 ° C in January and 22.8 ° C in July. Bucharest has a history of 560 years and was the capital of the Romanian Duchy before becoming the capital of the unified Romanian State in 1862. On May 9, 1877, Romania declared its independence. [5] [7]
Views of Bucharest
Bucharest is the largest industrial center in Romania, accounting for about 13% of the country's industrial output. The main industrial sectors are machinery manufacturing, precision instruments, building materials, metallurgy, chemical industry, electric power, light industry and food. Industrial machinery manufacturing, chemical, electronic and textile clothing, food industry. Bucharest is also an important tourist city in Romania. [5] [7]
Constanta
Constanta It is Romania's largest seaside and port city, the capital of Constanta County, an important cultural and educational center, with a population of about 260,000, located on the west coast of the Black Sea, with a mild climate. It is an important gateway of Romania to all continents and one of the national shipbuilding industry centers, known as the "pearl of the Black Sea". More than half of Romania's imports and exports pass through the port of Constanta. [5]
Port of Constanta
The province of Constanta, where Constanta is located, has a long history, founded by the ancient Greeks in the 6th century BC, is one of the oldest regions of Romania, is also one of the most developed regions of Romania economy, the main industries are agriculture, tourism, port and maritime transportation, machinery manufacturing, chemistry, petrochemical, electricity, wood processing, paper and so on. [7]

National symbol

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EDITOR

flag

Flag of Romania
Flag of Romania Rectangular in shape, the ratio of length to width is 3:2. It consists of three parallel and equal vertical rectangles, blue, yellow and red from left to right. Blue symbolizes the blue sky, yellow symbolizes the rich natural resources, and red symbolizes the courage and sacrifice of the people. In the national colors, blue symbolizes Transylvania, yellow symbolizes Wallachia, and red symbolizes Moldova. Opened on 16 July 1994. The same except for a slight difference from the blue stripe of the Chadian flag.

National emblem

Coat of arms of Romania
Coat of arms of Romania For the coat of arms. On a large blue shield was a golden eagle with a red beak and claws, pecking at an Orthodox cross, and holding a silver sword and a silver scepter in its PAWS. There is a small shield on the chest of the eagle, and the shield is divided into five parts: a golden eagle on the blue ground in the upper left corner, and the golden sun and moon on both sides of the eagle's head, which is the national emblem of the Duchy of Romania; The upper right corner is a gray bull's head on the red ground, a golden five-pointed star between the horns, and silver roses and crescent moon on both sides of the bull's head, which is the national emblem of Moldova; The lower left corner is a golden two-hole bridge on the red ground and a golden lion holding a silver sword in its front PAWS, which is the national emblem of Banat and Oltenia; The lower right part of the pattern is divided into two parts by a red bar, the upper part is a blue ground a golden beak gray eagle and golden sun and silver moon, and the lower part is a golden ground seven red battlements, which is Transylvania The arms of Maramulesh and Krisana; The lower wedge shows two golden dolphins with their tails facing upward on the blue ground, symbolizing the Black Sea region. The emblem is a symbol of the sovereign, independent, united and indivisible Romanian nation.

The national flower

Romania The national flower -- The white rose. rose Fragrant, flowers have a seductive red and bleak white, branches have thorns, autumn fruit red. Rose and rose, rose and called the rose three sisters, beautiful and elegant flowers, fragrance is refreshing, enchanted countless people who love flowers. The white rose symbolizes happiness, purity and sincerity, and is loved by the Romanians who love flowers. They will take the white rose as a symbol of their national enthusiasm, purity, sincerity, nobility, simplicity and harvest. Every year during the harvest season, the Romanian people will celebrate the whole country, and there will be a grand situation of singing and dancing in Romania. Young and beautiful Romanian girls will wear garlands of white roses, sing and dance to celebrate the harvest.

population

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EDITOR
As of January 2023, the total population of Romania is 19.5 million, of which 89.3 percent are Romanians, 6 percent Hungarians, 3.4 percent Romanians, 0.2 percent Germans and Ukrainians, and the rest are Russians, Turks and Tatars. The proportion of urban population is 56.4%, and the proportion of rural population is 43.6%. [1] There are more than 4,500 Chinese nationals with legal residence status in Romania, mainly concentrated in the capital Bucharest, mainly engaged in clothing, shoes, hats and daily necessities wholesale and retail industries.

political

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EDITOR

regime

The government of Romania is republicanism . The President is the head of state and head of government.
In November 2014, the presidential election was held in Romania, and the president of the National Liberal Party and Mayor of Sibiu Johannis was elected. In November 2019, the presidential election was held again, and Iohannis was re-elected. In December 2020, Romania held a parliamentary election, five parties entered the parliament, the National Liberal Party, the Save Romania Freedom United Solidarity Party, the Hungarian Democratic Union Party to form a coalition, the National Liberal Party at the time of the vice president Florin CI ŢU as Prime minister. In September 2021, the government was dissolved. In November, the National Liberal Party, the Social Democratic Party, and the Hungarian Democratic Union Party re-formed the government, with the National Liberal Party's deputy chairman and former defense minister Nicolae Ciucque as Prime minister. In April 2022, Chuk was elected Chairman of the National Liberal Party. In June 2023, following a rotating Prime minister agreement between the National Liberal Party and the Social Democratic Party, Marcel CIOLACU, the president of the Social Democratic Party, took over as Prime Minister, and the new government was formed by a coalition of the Social Democratic Party and the National Liberal Party.

constitution

On 21 November 1991, the Romanian Parliament approved the new constitution, which was adopted by referendum on 8 December 1991. The Constitution of Romania states that Romania is a sovereign, independent, unitary and indivisible nation state. The government is a republic. In October 2003, Luo revised the Constitution to further establish the principle of checks and balances of political pluralism and separation of powers. Clearly provide for the protection and protection of private property; Allowing ethnic minorities to use their own languages in local administrative and judicial proceedings; Ensuring gender equality; Abolishing compulsory military service; The relevant provisions of Romania's accession to the EU and NATO were added to stipulate that Romanian citizens enjoy the same rights and obligations as EU citizens in accordance with the law.

congress

The Parliament is the highest representative body of the Romanian people and the only legislative body, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The term is 4 years. The current parliament, which will be elected by universal suffrage in December 2020, currently has 465 members, including 135 senators and 330 deputies. The President of the Senate is the President of the National Liberal Party, and the acting President of the House of Representatives is Alfred SIMONIS.
At present, the number of seats held by each party in Parliament is as follows: [1]
senate
House of Representatives
Social Democratic Party
48
108
National Liberal Party
37
81
Save the Romanian Union Party
19
43
Romanian Solidarity Union Party
15
27
Hungarian Democratic Union Party
9
20
Minority councillor
0
17
Independent councillor
7
34
Reference materials:

Political party

After 22 December 1989, a multi-party system was implemented. The main political parties are:
Political party
introduce
(1) Partidul Social Democrat Party
Founded in December 1989 as the National Salvation Front, it was renamed the Social Democratic Party in June 2001. The party president is Marchel Ciolacu.
(2) Partidul Na Manifeional Liberal Party
It was built in 1864 and rebuilt in January 1990. The chairman of the party is Nikolai Chuk.
(3) Uniunea Democrat (Hungarian Democratic Union Party)
It was established in December 1989. The chairman of the party is KELEMEN Hunor.
(4) Uniunea Salva Pueri Romania
Formerly known as the Save Bucharest Union Party, founded in July 2015, it was renamed the Save Romania Union Party in September 2019. The chairman of the party was C Zetlin DRUL.
(5) Alian Teenager pentru Unirea Romanilor Party
It was established in December 2019 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the unification of Romania. The chairman of the party was George SIMION.
Reference material [1]

government

The Government of Romania is the organ of governance and social administration in Romania, headed by the Prime Minister. A new government will be formed in June 2023, with 20 members, as follows: Prime Minister Marchel Ciolaku, Deputy Prime Minister Marian NEAC Central U, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Interior, C Zatlin PREDOIU, Minister of Finance, Marcel BOLO Central, Sorin GRINDEANU, Minister of Transport and Infrastructure; Alina GORGHIU, Minister of Justice; Angel TILV Radir, Minister of Defense; Ligia DECA, Minister of Education; Minister of Culture Raluca TURCAN (female), Minister of Foreign Affairs Lumini Leuca ODOBESCU (female), Minister of Economy, Entrepreneurship and Tourism Radu OPREA, Minister of Investment and European Projects Adrian CACIU, Minister of Development, Public Affairs and Administration Adrian VE Central TEA, Health Minister Alexandru RAFILA, Agriculture and rural Development Minister Florin BARBU, Energy Minister Sebastian BURDUJA, Bogdan-Gruia IVAN, Minister of Research, Innovation and Digitization; Mircea FECHET, Minister of Environment, Water and Forests; Natalia INTOTERO, female, Minister of Family, Youth and Equal Opportunities; Simona BUCURA-OPRESCU (female), Minister of Labour and Social Solidarity.
The main government departments in Romania are: Ministry of Finance, Ministry of the Interior, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Defence, Ministry of Economy, Ministry of Energy, Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ministry of Environment, Water and Forest, Ministry of Development, Ministry of Public Projects and Administration, Ministry of European Investment and Projects, Ministry of Labour and Social Solidarity, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Entrepreneurship and Tourism, Ministry of Sports, National Tax Office, National Statistics Office, Ministry of National Industry Chamber of Commerce, etc.

judiciary

The central government has the Constitutional Court, the Court of Audit, the Supreme Court and the Supreme Procuratorate, and the provinces, cities and townships have courts and procuratorates at all levels. Marian ENACHE, President of the Constitutional Court, assumed office in June 2022. The President of the Court of Audit, Mihai BUSUIOC, took office in 2017. The President of the Supreme Court, Corina CORBU (female), took office in July 2019. Gabriela SCUTEA (female), Chief Prosecutor of the Supreme Public Prosecutor's Office, assumed office in 2020. [1]

dignitaries

Klaus Iohannis: The President. Born 13 June 1959, German. In 1983, he graduated from the Department of Physics, Babes Bojai University, Cluj. He taught at Sibiu Primary and Secondary School from 1983 to 1997. From 1997 to 2000, he served as Deputy General Superintendent and General Superintendent of the Education Bureau of Sibiu Province. He was Mayor of Sibiu from 2000 to 2014. In 2010, he was elected President of the Romanian German Democratic Forum Party. In 2013, he joined the National Liberal Party and became its vice President. He was elected President of the National Liberal Party in June 2014. He was elected president in November and later resigned as chairman of the National Liberal Party. He was re-elected president in November 2019.
Machel Ciolaku: Prime Minister. He was born on November 28, 1967. In 2012, he received a master's degree in Public Finance Management from the Romanian National School of Administration. He was Deputy Mayor of Buzeu from 2008 to 2012. He was elected to the House of Representatives in 2012. From 2014 to 2016, he was Secretary of the Permanent Bureau of the House of Representatives. From 2017 to 2018, he served as Deputy Prime Minister. 2019-2020: Speaker of the House of Representatives. In 2020, he was elected Chairman of the Social Democratic Party. From November 2021 to June 2023, he served again as Speaker of the House of Representatives. He became Prime Minister in June 2023.
Nikolai Chuk: President of the Senate. He was born on February 7, 1967. In 2003, he received his doctorate in Military science from the National Defense University of Romania. From 2014 to 2015, he served as deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Luo Army. He served as Chief of the General Staff from 2015 to 2019. He served as Minister of Defense from 2019 to 2021. He served as Prime Minister from November 2021 to June 2023. In June 2023, he became President of the Senate. Chairman of the National Liberal Party.
Alfred Simonis: Acting Speaker of the House of Representatives. Born January 4, 1985. In 2009, he graduated from the Faculty of Law at the University of Timish Tibiscus. From 2010 to 2019, he was Deputy Chairman of the local organization of the Social Democratic Party of Timis and Chairman of the Provincial Youth Organization. In 2019, he was elected President of the regional organization of the Social Democratic Party of Timish Province and chairman of the Social Democratic Group in the Chamber of Deputies. In June 2023, he became acting Speaker of the House of Representatives. [1] [11]

economy

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EDITOR

summarize

After the upheaval in 1989, Romania began to transition from a planned economy to a market economy. Economic growth continued from 2000 to 2008. Affected by the international financial crisis, the economy experienced negative growth in 2009-2010. The economy began to recover in 2011. In 2020, the economy will decline due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Key economic data for 2022 are as follows:
Gross domestic product
285.7 billion euros.
Gross domestic product per capita
Fifteen thousand euros.
GDP growth rate
4.7 percent.
Currency name
Leu (Leu/RON).
Exchange rate
1 euro ≈5 lei; 1 US dollar ≈4.5 lei (January 2024).
Inflation rate
13.8%.
Unemployment rate
5.6%.
(Source: Bulletin of the National Bureau of Statistics, the National Bank of Romania, etc.)
In 2022, revenues of 42.2 billion euros, expenditures of 36 billion euros, a surplus of 6.2 billion euros. As of December 2022, it has foreign exchange reserves of 46.6 billion euros and another 104 tons of gold reserves. External debt 141.5 billion euros.
As of April 2022, the international rating agency Moody's rated Romania's sovereign debt as Baa3, consistent with the previous year, but changed the outlook rating from negative to stable; Standard & Poor's rated Romania's sovereign debt at BBB- with a stable outlook, the same as last year. Fitch rated Romania's sovereign debt at BBB- with a negative outlook, unchanged from last year.

industry

Romania's main industrial sectors are metallurgy, automobile manufacturing, petrochemicals and instrument processing. Industrial output in 2022 fell 1.8% year-on-year, with the processing industry down 0.4%, the extractive industry down 2.8%, and the energy industry down 9.4%.
Petrochemical industry
In 2021, Romania's crude oil production was 3.1 million tons of oil equivalent, down 4.0% year-on-year, with exports of oil, petroleum products and by-products amounting to 1.73 billion euros and imports amounting to 5.06 billion euros. Natural gas production was 7.211 million tons of oil equivalent, down 1.1% year-on-year, with exports of 330 million euros and imports of 960 million euros. Exports of chemicals and related products amounted to 3.83 billion euros, imports amounted to 14.73 billion euros, of which pharmaceutical products exports and imports amounted to 980 million euros and 4.14 billion euros, respectively.
Metals and metal working industries
In 2021, Romania's exports of steel, non-ferrous metals and metal products amounted to 6.97 billion euros, while imports amounted to 10.42 billion euros.
Machinery industry
In 2021, exports of Romanian machinery (including power generation machinery and equipment, special industrial machinery, metalworking machinery, general industrial machinery and equipment and machine parts) amounted to 7.15 billion euros and imports amounted to 10.36 billion euros.
Automobile industry
Automobile and auto parts manufacturing is the most important industry in Romania. In 2021, car production in Romania was 420,755 units, down 4.0% from 2020, and new car registrations were 121,208 units, down 4.1% from 2020 and higher than the EU average of 2.4%. In 2021, Romanian exports of vehicles and their accessories amounted to 10.92 billion euros and imports amounted to 8.74 billion euros.
Electrical and electronic equipment industry
In 2021, Romania's exports of electrical and electronic equipment amounted to 13.06 billion euros and imports amounted to 14.43 billion euros.
Textile industry
Romania produces about 22 billion lei (4.4 billion euros) worth of clothing, textile fibers and footwear annually, equivalent to 2% of GDP. Exports of clothing, clothing and accessories in 2021 were 1.79 billion euros and imports were 2.13 billion euros; Shoe exports amounted to 980 million euros, while imports amounted to 1.03 billion euros.

agriculture

Agriculture is the traditional economic sector of Romania, for a long time, Romania has been the main food producer and exporter in Europe, once had the reputation of "the granary of Europe". Agriculture occupies an important position in Romania's economy. The land is fertile, the rain is abundant, and the agricultural production conditions are good. Grain output in 2022 will be 18.84 million tons. China's agricultural planting area is 14.7 million hectares, of which 10 million hectares are cultivated. Mainly growing wheat, corn, sunflower, potatoes, apples, grapes and so on.

finance

bank
The Central Bank of Romania is the National Bank of Romania. The main functions of the National Bank of Romania are: to issue money, to organize the circulation of money, to issue short-term credit; To participate in the formulation of national plans for social and economic development; To prepare draft cashier and credit plans in accordance with national unified plans and budget items; To provide funds to specialized banks and supervise their utilization; To carry out teller business related to the state budget; To determine exchange rates and handle foreign currency exchange operations; To keep state gold and silver reserves and participate in the formulation of draft plans for the distribution and recovery of gold and silver; To supervise the production, processing and circulation of gold and silver; Safekeeping funds for enterprises that open bank accounts.
There are 34 major commercial banks in Romania, the vast majority of which are foreign-owned, including: Bank of Transylvania, Romanian Commercial Bank, Romanian Development - Societe Generale Bank, ING Group, unicredit Bank of Italy, Popular Bank, Porsche Bank, etc. The responsibility of commercial banks is to assume the role of credit intermediary as financial institutions through deposit, loan, exchange, savings and other services. The main business scope is to absorb public deposits, issue loans and handle bills discount. [5]
Chinese bank
There is only one Chinese bank in Romania, namely the Bank of China (Central and Eastern Europe) Limited Bucharest Branch, which officially opened in December 2019 and is located in the capital Bucharest. It is the first time that a Chinese financial institution has set up shop in Romania, and it is also the largest foreign bank that has settled in Romania so far. The bank provides stable, safe and reliable financial services for corporate customers in their daily business, including: providing high-quality international settlement services and foreign exchange preservation and appreciation, and RMB and foreign currency capital transactions for the purpose of avoiding exchange rate risks; Centralized management and efficient operation of the group's client funds; Can meet the diversified financial needs of COSCO Shipping Romania company; We provide RMB account, remittance, forward RMB exchange to foreign currency, deposit and loan, trade financing and other products to help enterprises manage exchange rate fluctuations and exchange loss risks, and effectively meet the needs of enterprises in RMB business. [5]
insurance
There are 28 insurance companies operating with the approval of the Romanian Financial Supervisory Authority, mainly including: CITYInsurance, EUROINS Romania, Allians-Tiriac Asigurari, OMNIASIGVIG (11,45%), GROUPAMA Asigurari, NN Asigurari de Viata, ASIROMVIG and GENERALI Romania. Insurance companies collect premiums, invest the capital from premiums in bonds, stocks, loans and other assets, and use the income from these assets to pay insurance claims determined by the policy. Through the above business, insurance companies can obtain high returns on investment and provide appropriate insurance services to customers at lower premiums, so as to make profits.
In Romania, the business of insurance companies is divided into two categories: (1) Life insurance business, including life insurance, health insurance, accident insurance and other insurance business. (2) Property insurance business, including property loss insurance, liability insurance, credit insurance, warranty insurance and other insurance business. [5]
Securities market
Romania has two stock markets, the Bucharest Stock Exchange and the Sibiu Stock Exchange. Among them, the Bucharest Stock Exchange is the main stock exchange in Romania, including the Main Board Market, Alternative Trading System and RASDAQ market.
Romanian listed companies are involved in various fields such as agriculture, mining, energy, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, building materials, machinery manufacturing, aerospace, finance and tourism. Many of the most important companies in the Romanian economy are listed on the exchange, such as OMV-Petrom, the Romanian Gas Company, the National Nuclear Power Company, the electricity company, the grid company, the property fund, the Romanian Development Bank of Societe Generale, the Bank of Transylvania and the Financial Investment Company. [5]
Foreign exchange control
Non-residents have the right to acquire, hold and use financial assets in foreign currencies and may open foreign exchange and local currency accounts in Romanian banks, and the leis and foreign currencies they hold can be exchanged on the foreign exchange market.
At the end of 2003, Romania liberalized the long-term circulation of foreign exchange on the capital account. According to the foreign exchange system, foreign exchange transactions under current and capital accounts between residents and non-residents may be freely conducted, unless otherwise specified by the State Bank. Foreigners working in Romania can remit all their legal after-tax income abroad without the need to apply for approval and other relevant procedures.
Foreign companies in Romania do not need to pay dividends and other taxes if they distribute profits to shareholders in other EU member States; However, if profits are remitted to non-EU member shareholders, a 5% dividend tax is required before they can be remitted.
Foreigners entering and leaving Romania with more than 10,000 euros or its equivalent in foreign currency must declare to Romanian Customs. [5]
Credit card use
Romania has a high penetration rate of credit cards, the main hotels, shopping malls and shopping centers installed with credit card machines can use credit card transactions, but also through cash machines, but according to different banks need to pay the corresponding amount of fees. Visa and mastercard issued by major domestic banks can be used in Romania. In 2019, Alfa Bank Romania signed an agreement with UnionPay International to become the first bank in Romania to accept UnionPay card transactions on its national ATM network. [5]

currency

The local currency of Romania is Rei (Lei), freely convertible. [5]

Service industry

In 2020, 2021 and 2022, the service sector will account for 60%, 58% and 57% of Romania's GDP, with year-on-year growth of -36.2%, 71.3% and 13.1% respectively.

tourism

The tourist resources are relatively rich, the main tourist spots include Bucharest, the Black Sea coast, the Danube Delta, the Moldova region, the Carpathian mountains and so on. In 2020, 2021 and 2022, the number of foreign tourists will be 450,000, 840,000 and 1.58 million respectively.

Retail business

In 2021, the Romanian retail turnover index (excluding motor vehicle and motorcycle trade) increased by 10.1% compared to the previous year, of which, food, beverage and tobacco sales increased by 5.5%, non-food products sales increased by 13.6%, and motor fuel sales in franchised stores increased by 11.6%. Exports of beverages and tobacco amounted to 1.54 billion euros, while imports amounted to 880 million euros.
In 2021, online retail sales in Romania reached 6.2 billion euros (referring only to physical purchases), an increase of 10.7% compared to 2020. The largest online e-commerce platform in Romania is emag.ro, an integrated shopping site with a turnover of $1.23 billion in 2021. Other major e-commerce platforms include fashion online store fashiondays.ro and IT online store altex.ro. In 2021, 22% of Romanian online shoppers purchased goods from Chinese websites, 21% from European websites and 5% from US websites. Amazon and AliExpress (owned by Alibaba Group) are the most commonly used foreign shopping platforms for Romanians.

Digital industry

Use of big data
The use of big data for business analytics is still rare in Romania. The main users of big data are government departments for national security, cybersecurity and public safety, as well as for improving data processing capabilities in government projects. In second place are large technology operators, telecommunications companies, IT companies and banks; The third is marketing and advertising agencies. Among them, most of the market demand is met by foreign companies such as Oracle, Romania's local big data analysis providers such as Spark OneData.
Cloud computing
In November 2021, the Romanian government launched an e-government service integration platform, which allows the public to quickly find various public services and directly handle them online. According to Eurostat, while Internet access is high among businesses in all EU member States, the use of cloud computing in the private sector varies greatly, with only 14% of Romanian businesses using cloud computing services in 2021, the second lowest in the EU.
Artificial intelligence
According to Eurostat, only 1% of Romanian companies (excluding those in the financial sector) used AI technology in 2021, the lowest proportion in the EU. In August 2021, the Romanian government launched the preparation of a national strategy on artificial intelligence.
Agricultural digitization
Romanian agriculture has a very low level of digitization, one of the lowest in Europe. More than 90% of the agricultural enterprises in Romania are small and medium-sized enterprises, and the farm scale is small. For most farmers, high initial capital and limited awareness of digital agriculture are the main issues limiting the development of digitization and automation in agriculture. In recent years, the concept of digitalization in agriculture has been popularized and applied. In 2021, Frizon Group developed its first fully digital farm in Luo, managing nearly 4,000 hectares of land with 20 employees.
Industrial digitization
In the energy sector, digitalisation has improved industrial processes, reduced production costs, improved service quality and energy efficiency in energy distribution, and supported the "greening" objectives of the sector; In manufacturing, digital investment is highlighted in the automation or teleportation of production processes and the Internet of Things. In the construction industry, digitization is also growing faster, mainly in customer relationship management platforms, project management and estimation, and building information modeling.

Green industry

Romania is one of the lowest greenhouse gas (GHG) emitters per capita in the EU, but in terms of metric tons of emissions per 10,000 euros of GDP, Romania ranks at the top of the EU.
Green energy
In 2021, Romania's thermal power plants generated 22.22 TWH of electricity, an increase of 8.8%. Hydropower generation was 17.25 TWH, an increase of 11.3%. Nuclear power generation was 11.28 TWH, down 1.6%. Wind power generation was 6.58 TWH, down 5.4% year on year; Photovoltaic capacity was 1.70 TWH, roughly the same as in 2020. Romania does not yet have a strategy for hydrogen, which currently comes mainly from fossil fuels, particularly natural gas or coal.
Green building
As of January 1, 2021, new buildings in Romania will need to comply with the nZEB (" Near Zero Energy Buildings ") standard, in accordance with EU requirements. In the National Recovery and Resilience Plan approved in October 2021, 2.2 billion euros will be spent on energy efficiency improvements in residential and public buildings. At that time, only 5% of residential buildings were energy-efficient. In August 2021, the Luo Green Building Committee and Libra Internet Bank launched a special loan for green buildings, which is not only applicable to developers, but also provides interest rate concessions to home buyers.
Green car
Of the total number of cars registered in Romania in 2021, 18,602 are green cars (electric and hybrid), double the number in 2020. Among them, the number of general hybrid vehicles is the largest, reaching 9,387, while plug-in hybrid vehicles have the highest growth rate, 178.9%. In 2021, Romania will have about 800 electric vehicle charging stations in the country, the lowest level in Europe, and most of the charging stations are located in economically developed cities.
Green traffic
By the end of 2021, the length of electrified railway lines in Romania is 4,030 km, accounting for 37.4% of the total length of the railway network in operation. The freight volume increased by 15.1% over the previous year, the average daily travel of trucks (km/day) decreased by 20.0%, and the average gross weight of trucks (tons/car) increased by 3.8%. Railways transported 57.424 million tons of cargo, up 15.6 percent over the previous year.
Green agriculture
In 2021, the number of registered "producers, traders and processors" in the organic agriculture sector in Romania was 8,800, more than 2,000 more than the previous year. According to Eurostat data, organic crops are planted on 469,000 hectares in Romania, accounting for 3.5 percent of the total agricultural area, compared to the EU average of 9.1 percent.

foreign trade

Romania has economic and trade ties with more than 180 countries and regions in the world. In 2022, the total foreign trade volume of 218 billion euros, an increase of 26% year-on-year, of which Romania's exports of 92 billion euros, an increase of 23.1% year-on-year, imports of 126 billion euros, an increase of 28.1% year-on-year, a deficit of 34 billion euros. Main export products: footwear, clothing, textiles. Main import products: mechanical and electrical products, home appliances, mineral products, petroleum products. Main trading partners: Germany, Italy, France.
Sino-romanian trade
China and Romania have signed an economic cooperation agreement, an investment encouragement and mutual protection agreement, and mechanisms such as the inter-governmental Economic Joint Committee and the China-Romania Infrastructure Working Group meeting. In November 2018, Romania's Business Environment Minister Oprea came to China to attend the first China International Import Expo and the 27th Regular meeting of the China-Romania Joint Economic Committee. In December 2019, the Bank of China opened its Bucharest branch. In 2022, bilateral trade will reach 10.47 billion U.S. dollars, a year-on-year increase of 2.5 percent, with China's exports reaching 7.4 billion U.S. dollars and imports reaching 3.07 billion U.S. dollars. [10]

Foreign investment

In 1991, Romania adopted the Foreign Investment Law, which was revised in 1994. In 2022, Romania attracted 10.2 billion euros of foreign investment. The main investment countries are the Netherlands, Austria and Germany.

Foreign aid

Balance of Payments Assistance Program 2009-2011: Romania requested financial assistance from the European Union, the International Monetary Fund and other international financial institutions in spring 2009. The above organizations and institutions agreed in May 2009 to provide a total of 20 billion euros of multilateral financial assistance to Romania, including 5 billion euros from the European Union under the Balance of Payments Assistance Program, 11.44 billion Special Drawing Rights (about 12.95 billion euros) from the International Monetary Fund, and 1 billion euros from the World Bank for development policy loans. The European Investment Bank (EIB) and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) together provided €1 billion, of which EU financial assistance was disbursed in five instalments between July 2009 and June 2011.
Balance of Payments Preventive Assistance Program 2011-2013 and 2013-2015: Follow-up joint preventive financial assistance programs proposed by the EU and the IMF to support the reactivation of economic growth, fiscal sustainability and financial stability. In the first phase, the European Union and the International Monetary Fund will provide 1.4 billion euros and 3.5 billion euros respectively. In the second tranche, the European Union and the International Monetary Fund each provided €2 billion. But neither tranche of funds has actually been disbursed. [5]

Foreign aid

In 2016, Romania established the legal framework of the national development cooperation policy. In 2018, the Romanian Agency for International Development Cooperation (RoAid) was established and started to provide development assistance, mainly to the Eastern Partnership (EaP) countries and southern neighbours. In recent years, the amount of official development assistance (ODA) provided by Romania has been increasing. [5]

culture

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EDITOR

Language

The official language is Romanian and the main minority language is Hungarian. The main popular foreign languages are English and French. [5]

religion

The main religions in Romania are Orthodox (86.5% of the population), Roman Catholic (4.6%) and Protestant (3.2%). [1]

custom

Romanians, descendants of Romans and Dacians, are warm, generous, easygoing, like to make friends, and like to talk directly. Respect women, men enter the door, get on the car let the woman first. It is common for friends and relatives to meet and hug and face each other. Flowers should be sent to the lady upon invitation. The total number of flowers should be singular, but not 13.
Romanians consider salt and bread essential to life. When the guests arrive, the most solemn ceremony is for the girl of the host family to serve the guests bread and salt on a plate, and the guests need to take a piece of bread to dip in the salt to taste. Breakfast is relatively simple, and dinner is very important, pay attention to quality and quantity.
Romanians are good at singing and dancing, and they often dance during parties, dinners and weddings among friends, and some restaurants arrange folk song and dance performances when guests dine. In restaurants, taxis, generally expect to pay about 10% of the tip.
Romanian national costume has a distinct and unique artistic style. The clothing was varied, brightly coloured and inlaid with embroidered lace. In most areas, men prefer to wear white trousers, which come down to the calf and are tucked into black thigh-high boots.
The Romanian diet is dominated by meat and dairy products, with little intake of vegetables and legumes. They regard dogs as good friends of human beings and do not eat dog meat.
Main taboo: Romanians do not like drafts in cars and indoors, and generally do not open the Windows on both sides to let the air convection, which is believed to make people sick. Men do not wear black ties except during mourning. [7]

diet

The Romanian diet is dominated by meat and dairy products, with little intake of vegetables and legumes. Depending on the The dog For the good friends of mankind, do not eat dog meat. [2]
Romanian people eat pasta as the main food and eat at the same time rice . They like to cook rice with a small amount of salt, vinegar, vegetable oil, simmering for about 1 hour, when eating rice on a plate, put a few pieces on top Tomato . Potatoes are also a staple of their diet, Braised beef with potatoes The star of their table. Their breakfast and dinner are generally relatively simple, and lunch is the main meal of the day, requiring good quality and quantity.
Romanians have a strong taste, like burnt, rich. Its cooking method combines the cooking forms of France, Russia, Turkey and other countries. Romanians are the most economical and love to eat yoghurt Sauerkraut, cattle, sheep, pork and chicken, duck, sausage, spring onion, raw garlic, peppers, tomatoes, etc. A variety of sausages is a Romanian speciality, and salads made with salted herring are also popular. Eat more butter, like to drink clear soup. I like to eat dishes made with cream, so smoked vegetables are often cooked with cream. They seldom eat fish, shrimp and other seafood.
Romanians like to make meals by frying, frying, braising and roasting, such as they often eat pork brain fried rice, ham fried egg, roast white duck, fried chicken cake, roast duck with sauerkraut apple, fried steak, fried pork chop, pork roll, clear soup with eggs, tomato beef soup, chicken giblets and so on. When they eat, the table must have salt, pepper and other condiments. Tomato salad, cucumber salad, etc., preferably with a plate of raw Onions.
Romanians usually drink coffee, wine, orange juice, love to drink cool drinks all year round.
Romanian food is typical of Eastern Europe with a touch of Balkan and French flavor. Romanians Very few restaurants, so there is a lack of decent restaurants, most of the restaurants are French restaurants. Romanian eating habits are similar to most European countries, paying attention to lunch, breakfast and dinner are relatively simple. Only Bucharest has more food options. Lunch usually starts with soup, followed by a main course (usually roast pork, beef or chicken) and a snack.
Romania has good drinking water quality and no major infectious diseases. Eu standards for food hygiene.

Special product

Wine is a Romanian specialty, Romania is one of the world's top ten wine-making countries, Europe's fifth largest wine producer, the world's eighth largest wine producer. Romania is also a large wine consumer and only a small portion of its wine is exported, so Romanian wines are not very common on the international market. Romanians call their country "the land of wine", Romanian wine because of its high quality, unique craftsmanship, repeatedly won the gold and silver MEDALS in the world wine exhibitions and competitions, Romanian wine in the international popularity is increasing. In particular, Romania's unique wine varieties, such as Feteasca Regala and Recas, are becoming increasingly popular with consumers around the world.
Romania is rich in grape production, quality varieties, there are numerous grape plantations throughout the country, many roads lead to well-known plantations or wine cellars. Romanians refer to their country as the "land of wine". Romania's grape planting area ranks 6th in Europe, after Spain, France, Italy, Turkey and Portugal; 10 in the world. According to a report published by the World Wine Organization (OIV) in April 2019, in 2018, Romania produced about 310 million liters of wine, an increase of 17.9% over the previous year, ranking 13th in the world. Important wine producers in Romania include Murfatlar, Jidvei, Cotnari, Vincon, Tohani, etc.

celebrity

Mihai Emineescu (1850-1889) Recognized as the most famous Romanian poet and the father of modern Romanian. Venus is the masterpiece of Mihai Emineescu, a famous Romanian poet in the 19th century. [4]
Georgi Haji Gheorghe Hagi (born 5 February 1965) is a Romanian football player, now retired. Haji is the greatest Romanian player of all time. Since his debut in 1983, Haj has become Romania's most capped player and the country's leading goalscorer. He briefly coached the Romanian national team in 2001.
Sandra laruca Izbasa Romanian active female gymnast, born and raised in Bucharest, Romania, began gymnastics training in 1994 at the age of four, won the 2007 World Championships team third place, the 2008 European Championships team champion, and finally won the Beijing Olympic Games team third place, in the 2008 World Cup finals, she also won the bronze medal in the floor exercise.

Holidays and festivals

The main holidays in Romania include: New Year's Day on January 1; Easter; May 1st Labor Day; Hallows Day (50 days after Easter); August 15, Our Lady's Sabbath; December 1st National Day; December 25th Christmas Day. Romania has a five-day work week, with Saturday and Sunday as public holidays. The holiday period is from July to August every year. [5]

Military affairs

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EDITOR
It was founded on 25 October 1994. The Supreme Defense Council is the highest military decision-making body in Romania, and President Iohannis is also the chairman of the Council. The Ministry of National Defense is the leading organ of the Luo Army. In March 1994, the Minister of Defence was replaced by a civilian. Compulsory military service was abolished in October 2003. In 2007, the army was basically professionalized. It now has 73,000 soldiers. The defense budget for 2022 is 5.65 billion euros, or about 2 percent of GDP. Defense Minister Telwall, Chief of the General Staff of the Romanian Army Lt. Gen. Vlad GHEORGHIȚ Zenge. [1]
The equipment of the Romanian Armed Forces has been almost completely updated, and the Romanian Armed Forces have now become a modern army capable of carrying out a variety of combat and non-combat tasks. The Romanian Armed Forces entered three stages of integration at the beginning of the 21st century. As of 2015, the first two phases have been completed and the Romanian Armed forces have been able to carry out combat missions together with NATO forces, and the third phase is expected to be completed by 2025. The purpose of this reorganization is to modernize and downsize the armed forces, as well as to obtain new, better, and NATO-level technology.
Overseas deployment
Romania's participation in the Iraq War peaked at 730 troops and has since been reduced to 350. On 24 July 2009, Romania terminated its operations in Iraq and withdrew its remaining personnel. Romania also participated in the war in Afghanistan and currently has about 1,800 troops deployed there.

traffic

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EDITOR

highroad

According to the Romanian National Bureau of Statistics, by the end of 2021, the total length of Romanian roads was 86,000 kilometers, 592 kilometers less than in 2020. Among them, the national highway 17,530 kilometers, accounting for 20.3%; County road 35096 km, accounting for 40.7%; 33,573 km (39.0%) of public roads. At the end of 2021, Romania had 931 km of motorways, 11 km more than at the end of 2020, accounting for 1.1% of the total road length.
The Pan-European Corridor IV (road) runs through Romania, connecting Hungary, Slovakia, Austria, the Czech Republic and Germany to the west, and Bulgaria, Turkey and Greece to the southwest. The Pan-European Corridor 9 (Highway) runs through Romania, connecting Moldova, Ukraine, Belarus, Russia, Lithuania and Finland to the north, and Bulgaria and Greece to the south.

railway

According to the National Bureau of Statistics, by the end of 2021, the length of public railway lines in operation was 10,764 kilometers, of which 4,030 kilometers were electrified railways, accounting for 37.4%. The total length of the main railway line is 5,991 kilometers, accounting for 55.7% of the total length of railway lines in operation. Railway freight volume in 2021 was 57.424 million tons, an increase of 15.6% over the previous year. Railway passenger traffic was 54.937 million, up 8.7%. As of the end of 2021, Romania has no high-speed rail.
The Pan-European Corridor IV (railway) runs through Romania, connecting Hungary, Slovakia, Austria, the Czech Republic and Germany to the west, and Bulgaria, Turkey and Greece to the southwest. The pan-European Corridor 9 (railway) runs through the territory of Romania, connecting Moldova, Ukraine, Belarus, Russia, Lithuania and Finland to the north and Bulgaria and Greece to the south.
By the end of 2021, only the capital Bugales has a metro, with a total of 5 lines (metro lines 1-5), with a total length of more than 77 kilometers and 63 stations. Bucharest is also served by a light railway, Line 41, and an intercity railway connecting Bucharest North Railway Station with Otopeni Airport. Cluj - Napoca will become the second city in Romania to have a metro, the technical and economic indicators of the metro project have been approved at the end of 2021, and the construction period is expected to take 10 years.

Air freight

The Romanian aviation industry is positioned to become a regional aviation hub. At present, it has opened up air routes connecting the capital with 17 domestic cities and most countries in Europe.
The main airlines in Romania are TAROM, Blue Air and Wizz Air. TAROM is Romania's national airline, Blue Air is the country's largest airline, and Wizz Air has the largest share of the country's air transport market. Between April 2021 and March 2022, Wizz Air carried 4.8 million passengers.
Romania has 16 airports, all of which are international airports. The most important airports are Bucharest Otopeni International Airport (also known as Bucharest Henri Kauanda International Airport), Cluj Airport and Timisoara Airport.
In 2021, the passenger volume of Air Romania will reach 11.177 million, an increase of 55.5% over 2020. Air cargo volume was 41,000 tons, up 1.9 percent. Among them, the total number of passengers at Bucharest Otopeni International Airport was 6.915 million, an increase of 55.16% year-on-year, and the cargo volume was 29,000 tons, down 5.7% from 2020.
Direct flights have been established between Romania and major cities in most European countries, such as Belgrade in Serbia, Sofia in Bulgaria, Budapest in Hungary, Chisinau in Moldova, Kiev in Ukraine, Athens and Thessaloniki in Greece, and Istanbul in Turkey.
The main routes from China to Romania include: Beijing - Paris - Bucharest, Beijing - Frankfurt - Bucharest, Beijing - Vienna - Bucharest, Beijing - Amsterdam - Bucharest, Beijing - Istanbul - Bucharest, Beijing - Prague - Bucharest, Beijing - Budapest - Bucharest, Beijing - Warsaw - Bucharest.

Water transport

Romania has 1,779 km of shipping routes. Among them, the Danube river is the main inland waterway, flowing through the territory of Romania 1075 km, and through the canal with the port of Constanta. Romania has 35 river ports and 3 seaports, the main ports being Constan T a, Midia and Gala T i.
With 156 berths, the Port of Constanta is the largest port on the Black Sea with an annual cargo handling capacity of about 100 million tons. The port is considered a transit point for goods between the developed countries of Western Europe and the emerging markets of Central and Eastern Europe, and goods destined for the Port of Constanta can be transported to other countries via the Danube, road and rail networks. The Port of Constanta is connected to rail, road, inland, air and pipeline networks and covers an area of 1,313 hectares and a water area of 2,613 hectares; The total length of the terminal is 32 kilometers, the water depth can reach 19 meters, and the maximum capacity of 220,000 tons of bulk carriers and 165,000 tons of oil tankers can be docked.
According to the Romanian National Bureau of Statistics, in 2021, Romania's maritime freight volume was 53.121 million tons, an increase of 12.5%. Inland cargo volume was 32.12 million tons, an increase of 5.2%. In 2021, water passenger traffic was 146,000, an increase of 9%.
The Pan-European Corridor 7 (waterway) connects Romania with 13 other European countries along the Danube River. The port on the Black Sea is connected to Transcaucasia, Central Asia and East Asia.
In January 2023, the Commercial Association of the Port of Constanta announced that, against the background of the conflict in Ukraine, the cargo traffic of the port of Konstanta reached a record high in 2022. There were 4,498 maritime vessel calls in the year, compared to 3,985 in 2021; 10,868 calls by inland vessels, compared with 10,619 in 2021; The total cargo volume was 75.55 million tons, and 67.483 million tons in 2021, an increase of 11.85% year-on-year, creating the largest cargo volume in the history of Kang Port. The growth was mainly driven by the economic and geopolitical impact of the crisis in Ukraine, as goods originating in or destined for the Republic of Moldova and Ukraine could not be loaded and unloaded in southern Ukrainian ports. The vast majority of the increase in Kham's cargo is Ukraine-related grain. The analysis is expected that the external environment of Kang Port will remain complex in 2023, and Kang Port can seize the investment opportunity to update its railway and port systems. [8]

society

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EDITOR
The per capita monthly income in 2022 is 980 euros. There are 524 general hospitals with 140,000 beds and 60,000 doctors. The average life expectancy is 71.6 years for men and 78.7 years for women. The Internet usage rate of residents is 75.7%.

Science and technology

After joining the EU, Romania attaches more importance to the development of science and technology, but its level of science and technology is still a big gap compared with the developed members of the EU. Data from Romania's National Statistical Office show that the country's total investment in research and development in 2019 was 5.065 billion lei (about 1.232 billion US dollars), accounting for 0.48% of the gross domestic product (GDP). The total investment increased compared to 2018, but the share fell again to below 0.5%, continuing to rank last in the EU.
In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Romania's Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI) ranks 26th out of 28 EU countries (data at 2019 level). The Romanian Agency for Higher Education, Research and Technological Development is responsible for the management of science and technology, and its research and development system also includes 56 public universities, 46 national institutes, the Technology Transfer and Innovation Network Platform (ReNITT), and more than 50 technology transfer, information and industry incubation centers. [5]

education

The current education system is divided into preschool, primary school, junior high school, senior high school, vocational education, higher education and post-university education. The 11-year compulsory education is universal throughout the country. In the 2020-2021 academic year, there will be 3,899 primary and junior high schools nationwide, with 1.57 million students. There are 1,461 high schools with 620,000 students. There are 95 universities with 560,000 students. There are 236,000 teachers in the country. National famous institutions of higher learning are: University of Bucharest, Bucharest University of Technology, Bucharest School of Economics, Cluj Babesz Bojai University, Asia Alexandru Jan Cuza University, etc. The education budget for 2022 is 5.9 billion euros, or about 2.3% of GDP.

hygiene

Romanian hospitals are divided into public and private hospitals, and private hospitals have developed rapidly in recent years. All those who contribute to the national insurance company enjoy free medical care without restriction. In 2020, Romania's total national expenditure on health care is about 5.7% of GDP, ranking second to last in the EU, just ahead of Bulgaria. In purchasing power parity terms, per capita health spending is around €1,310, compared to the EU average of €3,523. Among them, the largest expenditure is treatment and rehabilitation care, followed by the purchase of medical products.
In 2020, the average life expectancy in Romania was 75.8 years. In 2020, there are 63,000 medical units in operation in Romania, of which 52,000 are in towns and 11,000 are in rural areas. There were 65,700 doctors (not including 18,500 dentists), an increase of 2,400 from the previous year, and a national average of about 294 people with one doctor (not including dentists).

medium

[Main newspapers] include: Pravda, Free Romania, National Courier, Romanian Review, Today, Daily Events, Economic Forum, Nine O 'clock (in English) and World Magazine.
The Romanian News Agency, formerly known as the Romanian News Agency, was founded in 1949.
Radio Romania, founded in 1994 on the basis of Radio Romania, broadcasts in Romanian and 11 foreign languages, including Chinese. In addition, there are several private radio stations.
The Romanian Television Company, founded in 1958, was incorporated as a television company in 1994. It began broadcasting in black and white and color in August 1983, and now all color programs are broadcast. After 1990, private TV stations such as PROTV, Antenna TV, PRIMA TV, ACASA TV and National TV have developed rapidly, and have achieved relatively large scale and audience ratings. Romania has links with more than 100 national radio and television systems. [5]

Public security

The security situation in Romania is generally good, and the crime rate is not high. In recent years, Romanian police have stepped up efforts to combat various criminal activities, and the detection rate has increased, while also strengthening cooperation with Interpol. Statistics show that in recent years, the criminal cases in Romania are mainly robbery, theft, rape and drug trafficking. Under Romanian law, local residents can legally own guns, but vicious gun cases are rare. In 2021, there were no terrorist attacks or attacks or kidnappings against Chinese citizens or companies in Romania.
According to the Sydney-based Institute for Economics and Peace's Global Peace Index 2021, which contains 23 indicators including internal conflict, external conflict, homicide, crime rate and relations with neighboring countries, Romania ranks 25th out of 163 countries surveyed, making it one of the safest and most peaceful countries.

electricity

Romania is relatively abundant in electricity resources. According to the National Institute of Statistics, in 2021, Romania's total electricity generation will be 67.15 billion KWH; The export of electricity was 5.92 billion KWH, up 23% year-on-year; Electricity imports were 8.11 billion KWH, up 6.7%. Final electricity consumption was 55.71 billion KWH, up 4.2% year on year.
The Romanian transmission network is an integral part of the European power grid. The European Grid is one of the world's largest synchronous interconnected power grids, with a system frequency of 50 Hz and a 400 kV (380 kV) AC grid as the main grid. The network covers most of continental Europe, as well as countries such as the United Kingdom, Ireland and Northern Europe, while connecting with Turkey and Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia in the southwestern Mediterranean.

communication

Mobile communication network
There are four main Mobile operators in Romania: Orange, Vodafone, Telekom and Digi Mobile (RCS & RDS). Orange continues to hold the largest market share, at 36.9% in 2021, with its 4G network covering 98.3% of the population and 5G networks available in 18 cities. In the capital Bucharest, the mobile network coverage reached 100%.
Internet
According to the Romanian National Communications Regulatory and Regulatory Authority (ANCOM), there were 6.1 million fixed network connections at the end of 2021, an increase of 7% over the previous year, 2.2 million of which were in rural areas. In 2021, 89% of Romania's Internet traffic was generated over fixed networks, and 85% of fixed Internet connections allowed download speeds of more than 100 megabits per second, leading the world. In rural areas, 78% of fixed connections exceed 100 megabits per second; The number of mobile Internet connections was 21.2 million, an increase of 4% over the previous year, and mobile Internet traffic reached 1,490 PB, an increase of 35.5%. The total number of mobile Internet connections using 4G and 5G was 15.63 million, an increase of 10.7 percent. According to the Romanian National Statistics Institute, 80.8% of households in Romania are connected to the Internet in 2021.

Price of goods

According to Eurostat, in 2021, Romania's price level was one of the lowest in the EU member states, about half the EU average. By category, food and non-alcoholic beverages are the cheapest in the EU, 31% below the EU average; The price levels of alcoholic drinks, tobacco, clothing and footwear are 13%, 24% and 16% lower than the EU average respectively.
Water price
The price of water varies from place to place, but at present the price of drinking water in Bucharest is 4.92 lei (about US $1.1)/m3, and the price of drainage is 2.59 lei (US $0.6)/m3.
electrovalence
From April 1, 2022 to March 30, 2023, the maximum electricity price will be limited to 0.68 leu (US $0.15)/KWH for residential users with monthly electricity consumption of less than 100 KWH, and 0.8 leU (US $0.17)/KWH for residential users with monthly electricity consumption between 100 and 300 KWH. The price of electricity for non-residential users, including tax, shall not exceed 1 lei ($0.22)/KWH.
Gas price
From April 1, 2022 to March 30, 2023, the maximum gas price shall not exceed 0.31 lei (US $0.07)/KWH including tax for residential users and 0.37 lei (US $0.08)/KWH for non-resident users.

payroll

From January 2022, the minimum monthly wage in Romania will be raised from 2,300 lei (about 479 euros) to 2,550 lei (about 515 Euros), and the hourly wage will be 15.239 lei (about 3.1 euros). The minimum monthly wage in the construction sector is 3,000 lei (approximately €606). In December 2021, the average gross salary was 6,327 lei (about 1,278 euros), up 6.4% from the previous month, and the net salary income was 3,879 lei (784 euros per month), up 6.4% from the previous month. The industry with the highest net wage income is the manufacturing of coke products and crude oil processing products (net income 10,534 lei/month, equivalent to 2,129 euros/month), and the lowest is the hotel and catering industry (1,922 lei/month, equivalent to 388 euros/month).
As of July 2022, the per capita monthly income in Romania is €803.

Social security

As of January 1, 2018, the contribution rate of Romania's compulsory social insurance has been reduced from 39.25% to 37.25%, and the types have been reduced to three, including pension insurance, medical insurance and labor insurance. Under normal circumstances, the pension insurance contribution rate is 25%, which is fully borne by the employee. If the working conditions are special, the proportion can be increased by 4 percentage points to 29% or 8 percentage points to 33%, and the increase is borne by the employer. 10 per cent of the contribution to health insurance, all borne by the employee; The contribution rate of labor insurance is 2.25%, which is fully borne by the employer. Pension and medical insurance are also withheld by the employer.

Labour force

Romania has a highly qualified workforce with a workforce of about 9 million people. After joining the EU, Romania's labor force entered other member states in large numbers, and there was a structural shortage of domestic labor force. Currently, about 4 million Romanians work in countries such as Western Europe and Israel. In recent years, with the recovery of economic growth in Romania, the employment rate of residents has gradually increased, the unemployment rate has remained between 5 and 6%, and wages have been increasing, but the elderly, ethnic minorities, the disabled, and young people still have obstacles to employment.
Romanian law stipulates that jobs must be given priority to the local labor market and can only be imported from abroad if the relevant workers cannot be hired locally, and the vacant jobs are mainly concentrated in the construction industry, transportation industry, tourism industry and hotel and catering industry. At the beginning of each year, the Romanian government approves the number of foreign workers that can be imported for the year through a government meeting, which is then applied to the Migration Office of the Ministry of the Interior by the employers in need.
Affected by the influx of migrants from the Middle East and the tightening of European Union policies, Romania has reduced the quota of workers that can be brought in, to 5,500 in 2015, 2016 and 2017. The Romanian government has approved a large increase in the quota of foreign workers that can be imported in 2022 to 100,000 from 25,000 in a bid to ease labor shortages caused by the economic recovery. From 2020, employers of citizens of the Republic of Moldova, Ukraine and Serbia will not need to apply for an employment permit for nine months. After the outbreak of the Russian-Ukrainian war in 2022, a total of about 10,000 Ukrainian refugees chose to stay and work in Romania.

diplomacy

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EDITOR
As of 2022, Romania has established diplomatic relations with 191 countries. Romania attaches great importance to the development of relations with the United States, the European Union and NATO member states, as well as with neighbouring countries and Asia-Pacific countries. Romania joined NATO on 29 March 2004 and the European Union on 1 January 2007. Romania is a member of the World Trade Organization, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and other major world economic organizations.
Relations with China
China and Romania established diplomatic relations on October 5, 1949. The two countries have long maintained friendly cooperative relations. Luo adheres to the One-China principle and does not have official contact with Taiwan. In October 1971, at the 26th session of the United Nations General Assembly, Luo, as a co-sponsor, voted for the resolution on restoring all the lawful rights of the People's Republic of China in the United Nations. In 2004, the two countries established a comprehensive friendly cooperative partnership. In 2013, the two sides jointly issued the Joint Statement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of Romania on Deepening Bilateral Cooperation in the New Situation. From 2012 to 2019, leaders of the two countries held many bilateral meetings at the China-CEEC Summit and other occasions. In October 2022, the chairman of the Luo Social Democratic Party, Cholaku, sent a letter congratulating the successful convening of the 20th CPC National Congress.
China and Romania have maintained close exchanges and cooperation in culture, science and technology, education and other fields, and the two governments have established scientific and technological cooperation committees and other mechanisms. In May 2019, the China-Romania Agricultural Science and Technology Park was completed in Romania. In August, Luo participated in the Beijing International Book Expo as the guest of honor. In December, the China-Romania Traditional Chinese Medicine Center was inaugurated in Romania. In 2020, China facilitated Romania's commercial procurement of COVID-19 prevention supplies in China. Many local provinces, cities and enterprises donated supplies to Romania, and medical experts from the two countries conducted video exchanges. In 2022, Romania's Sports Minister Novak came to China to watch the Beijing Winter Olympics. In 2023, Romania will host the meeting of the China-CEEC Higher Education Association.
Relations with other European countries
Romania holds 33 seats in the European Parliament. In 2014, Czech President Milos Zeman and Dutch Foreign Minister Frans Timmermans visited Romania. Romanian President Traian Basescu visited Türkiye ; Premier Luo's visit Georgia , Greece , Albania ; Foreign Minister Roscoe Kolletsen visited Germany , Britain , Italy , Slovakia , Croatia , Spain Let's wait. Luo Yo European Union Trade relations are close, and imports and exports to the EU account for 70% of Romania's total imports and exports.
On December 30, 2023, the Council of the European Union announced that it would remove air and sea internal border controls in Romania, agreeing to part of the Schengen area Ward. [13-14]
Relations with the United States
America An office was opened in Romania on 14 June 1880, which was elevated to legation on 11 August of the same year. In December 1941, Ro-US relations were severed. In February 1946, Romei resumed diplomatic relations. On 1 June 1964, diplomatic relations were established at ambassadorial level. In August 2007, the United States established a military base in Romania. In September 2011, the United States and Romania signed the Joint Statement on the Strategic Partnership for the 21st Century and the agreement on the deployment of an anti-missile system in Romania, and the United States will deploy the Standard -3 short-range missile interceptor and garrison 200 troops at the Deveselu Air Base in southern Romania in 2015. In 2014, Foreign Minister Kollechen visited the United States. Vice President of the United States Biden Minister of Defense Hager Visit Uro.
Relations with international and regional organizations
In April 2014, Romania's Foreign Minister Kolletsen attended the NATO Foreign Ministers' meeting. In May, NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen visited Romania. Romanian President Traian Basescu attended the NATO summit in September. Svoboda, President of the Socialist Group in the European Parliament, visited Romania. Romanian President Traian Basescu visited the EU headquarters and attended the EU summit. Foreign Minister Kolletsin attended the EU Foreign Ministers' meeting and the special Foreign Ministers' meeting on Ukraine. In March, Romanian President Traian Basescu attended the third Nuclear Security Summit in The Hague. In June, President Traian Basescu attended the Leaders' Summit of Central and Eastern European countries in Warsaw. The summit of the Southeast European Cooperation Process was held in Romania. Romanian Prime Minister Victor Ponta and Foreign Minister Kolletzen attended the 69th session of the UN General Assembly.
Relations with Russia and the CIS countries
Romania and Russia Diplomatic relations at the rank of minister were established in September 1878. Diplomatic relations between the two countries were severed in 1918 and restored on 9 June 1934. On June 22, 1941, the two countries broke off diplomatic relations again. On 6 August 1945, diplomatic relations between the two countries were established at the ministerial level, and on 24 August 1945, diplomatic relations between the two countries were upgraded to the ambassadorial level. Romania is currently committed to expanding mutually beneficial and practical cooperation with Russia. In February 2014, Romanian Prime Minister Victor Ponta attended the opening ceremony of the Sochi Winter Olympics. In addition, Romanian Prime Minister Victor Ponta visited Moldova. Foreign Minister Oleksandr Kolletsin visits Ukraine.
Relations with other countries
Romania attaches great importance to the development of relations with countries in the Asia-Pacific region. In 2014, Romanian Prime Minister Ponta visited Israel , Afghanistan Wait for the country. Palestine Foreign Minister Maliki visited Romania.
On March 30, 2024, the European Commission announced that Romania will officially become a member of the Schengen Area on March 31. The Schengen rules will apply to the country, including the issuance of Schengen visas and the removal of controls on the internal air and sea borders of the two countries. [15]

travel

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EDITOR
Romania is rich in tourism resources, including Bucharest, the Black Sea coast, the Danube Delta, the Moldova region, the Carpathian Mountains and so on. In 2019, 2020 and 2021, 2.67 million, 450,000 and 840,000 foreign tourists were received respectively. [1]

Main attraction

Palace of Parliament
The Palace of Parliament is located Bucharest Southwest of the city on the hillside, formerly known as the People's Palace, the Republic Palace, before Socialist Republic of Romania President of the Council of State Nicolae Ceausescu It was built during the reign, and today houses the Romanian Parliament, the Senate, the House of Representatives, the Constitutional Court and several important institutions. Started in 1984, the construction area of 330,000 square meters, the main building on the ground 84 meters high, 11 floors on the ground, 7 floors in the basement, is said to be the world's second largest administrative building after the Pentagon. The Palace of Parliament was expensive, costing $2 billion in 1989. One of Ceausescu's most unpopular projects in his later years. When the regime was overthrown in December 1989, it was proposed to blow up the entire building in order to put an end to Qi's dream of using this magnificent structure to establish himself as a "monument", but today the Palace of Parliament is regarded as the culmination of the hard work and wisdom of the Romanian people, and is considered the greatest building in the country in the 20th century. [2]
The architectural design and construction of the Romanian Parliament Palace were completed by the Romanians themselves, and the building materials and furniture were mostly produced by the Robben country. White marble, huge wooden doors, crystal chandeliers, bright hand-woven carpets, constitute a magnificent and exquisite picture. [2]
The Palace of Peresh
A town in the middle of the Southern Carpathian Mountains, about 130 kilometers north of Bucharest Sinaia The architectural style is Gothic Construction began in 1873, the first phase of the project was completed in 1883, and it was completed in 1914. Its exterior reflects the German Renaissance style, with three minarets rising into the sky. In front of the palace is a marble platform with a pool and a variety of stone carvings. The interior of the palace is magnificent and elegantly furnished. There are 160 large and small halls such as the Arms Hall, the council hall, the office, the concert hall, the banquet hall, the small theater, the bedroom and the living room, showing the styles of different countries such as Germany, Italy, Britain and Turkey. The Armory houses various German weapons of the 15th and 16th centuries, as well as armors and armor made in India, Persia, and Turkey. [2]
In 1866, the Council of State of the then United Kingdom of Romania decided to ask the German Prince Carol to become King of Romania. In 1872, King Carol invited German architects to design and build the Peresh Palace, which became an immortal masterpiece after completion. [2]
Not far from the palace of Peres there is a small Peres Palace, built in 1899~1902, used to be Carol I The Summer Palace of stepson Ferdinand. There is also a hunting palace called Feissauer, originally a grandson of King Carol I Carol II A surname. From 1975 to 1985, after renovation, it was once the Summer Palace of Ceausescu, but Qi himself never lived there. [2]
Black Chapel
"Black Church" is a famous ancient building in the country, for Transylvania The largest Catholic church in the region, built in the 14th and 15th centuries in the late Gothic style. Burned in 1689, the stone walls were blackened by smoke. After the reconstruction, the exterior wall is still black, hence the name "Black Church". The church contains a collection of ancient Oriental tapestries and a large organ built in the second half of the 19th century, which is still in use today. [2-3]
The Danube Delta
Danube Flowing down, merging The Black Sea It forms the largest and best preserved delta in Europe. The Danube Delta Located in eastern Romania, Romania is a famous tourist resort, by the Danube River day and night from the upstream of the silt deposition. With beautiful scenery and rich resources, it is known as the largest geological and biological laboratory in Europe. The delta is a maze of rivers and rivers, and thousands of canals and waterways form a mysterious land, linking the villages, fishing grounds and farmlands located in the middle of them. The banks are densely covered with jungle, and tall oaks, poplars, willows and various shrubs can be seen everywhere. [2]
The "floating island" is one of the wonders of the delta hinterland. It looks like land on the surface, with lush plants on top, but underneath it is a lake. The Delta is also a "paradise" for birds and animals, with numerous lakes and swamps supporting more than 300 species of birds and 45 species of fish unique to the Danube and its tributaries. [2]
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Views of the Danube Delta

World heritage site

As of 2019, there are 8 sites in Romania World heritage site , as follows:
Danube Delta (World Natural Heritage Site, 1991)
Churches of the Resurrection of Sucevica Monastery, Moldavia (World Heritage Site, inscribed in 1993, expanded in 2010)
Monastery of Horezu (World Heritage Site, listed in 1993)
Villages with Fortified Churches in Transylvania (World Heritage Site, added in 1993, expanded in 1999)
Dacian Fortresses of the Orastie Mountains (World Heritage Site, 1999)
Historic Centre of Sighioara (World Heritage Site, listed in 1999)
Wooden Churches of Maramure (World Heritage Site, listed in 1999)
Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe (World Natural Heritage, Shared with 12 countries such as Albania/Austria/Belgium/Croatia/Italy/Bulgaria/Slovenia/Spain/Slovakia/Ukraine/Germany, included in 2007, expanded in 2011, 2017)
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