WEB news Post bar know Web disk picture video map A surname message purchase encyclopedia

Baidu home page

assist

Home page

encyclopaedia

Feature encyclopedia

Knowledge topic

Join the encyclopedia

Encyclopedia team

Authoritative cooperation

Individual center

Vietnam

broadcast discuss Upload video

Socialist Republic of Vietnam

unfoldThree entries with the same name

Collect

Check out my collection

0 Useful +1

Socialist Republic of Vietnam, yes Asia One of Socialist country . locate Southeast Asia the Indochina Peninsula Southeast end, narrow terrain, slightly S-shaped, north and China Guangxi , Yunnan (Province) Bordering, west and Laos , Cambodia Border, a narrow territory, an area of about 330,000 square kilometers, close to China The South China Sea The coastline is more than 3,260 kilometers long, so The Jing nationality As a multi-ethnic state, Population 103 million (2023) ^[69] The country is divided into 58 provinces and 5 municipalities. ^[4]

AD 40 in Symptomatic side The Queen led the country to independence, then died ^{[76
]} . It became an independent feudal state in 968 AD. In 1884 it became France Protectorate state . Independence was declared on 2 September 1945 Democratic Republic of Vietnam . In September of the same year, France invaded Vietnam again, and Vietnam fought the War against France. July 1954, on restoration Indochina The Geneva Peace Accords were signed, and the north of Vietnam was liberated, while the south remained free France (Later established by America supportive South Vietnam Regime) rule. ^[1] In 1961, Vietnam began to fight against the United States to save the national war, and in January 1973, Vietnam and the United States signed a treaty in Paris Vietnam War The agreement restored peace, and American troops began withdrawing from the South. The South was fully liberated in May 1975, and a unified Congress was elected in April 1976, on 2 July ^[59] National unity was proclaimed and the country was named the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. ^[1]

It came into force in 1986 Innovation and opening up In 2001, the Ninth National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam was established Socialist market economy The system. Communist Party of Vietnam It's the only one in the country The ruling party . Vietnam is Association of Southeast Asian Nations , Asia-pacific Economic Cooperation , World Trade Organization Member, yes Asia-europe Meeting Founding member of, The next 11 One of them. In 2023, the GDP will be $430 billion, the per capita GDP will be $4,284, and the GDP growth rate will be 5.05%. ^[56]

On May 18, 2024, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam recommended to the National Assembly that Sulin be appointed president of the country and that Tran Thanh Min be appointed president of the National Assembly. ^[80]

Chinese name: Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Foreign name: Cộng hoa Xa hội Chủ ngh serial a Vi t Nam. Cộng hoa xa hộ I ch ủ NGH serial a vi t nam (in Vietnamese)
Socialist Republic of Vietnam (English)
Abbreviated form: Vietnam
continent: Asia
capital: Hanoi (capital of Vietnam)
Major city: Ho Chi Minh City , Haiphong , Da Nang , hue Etc.
National Day: September 2nd, 1945
National song: " March on Song "
Country code: VNM
Official language: Vietnamese (Ting Vit)
currency: Vietnamese Dong
Time zone: UTC+7
Political system: The system of people's congresses

National leader: Su Lin: State President; Chen Qingmin: President of the National Assembly ^[80]
Population number: 103 million ^[68-69] (2023)
Population density: 313.9 people/km2 (2020)
Major nationality: The Jing nationality , Daii , The Dai nationality, living in Yunnan , Muong , Ethnic Chinese , Nong ^[1]
Major religion: Buddhism , Catholicism , Caodaism , Reconciled religion
Land area: 329556 km²
Water area ratio: 6.4%
Total GDP: $430 billion ^[69] (2023)
Per capita GDP: $4,284 ^[69] (2023)
International telephone area code: 84
International domain name abbreviation: .vn
Road access: Keep to the right
Formerly known as: Cochin, Annan, Great Yue, Great South, South Country
Leading institution: National University of Hanoi, Viet Nam , National University of Ho Chi Minh City

catalogue

Historical evolution

broadcast

EDITOR

Subject article: History of Vietnam

Prehistoric period

There are traces of human activity in Vietnam in ancient times. in Lang Son Pingjia found ape-man teeth, Qinghua mountain found Paleolithic period The tools of... To the Mesolithic period and Neolithic period Several cultural sites have appeared in the northern region, such as the "Culture of Peace" (in Paix Province ), the "Beishan Culture" (in the province of Lang Son), the ancient people used stone tools, bamboo, wood, pottery and other objects to engage in hunting and gathering. However, due to the small amount of cultural relics unearthed from these cultures, it does not fully reflect the situation at that time. The lower reaches of the Dongna River in the southern region were associated with the late Neolithic Period The Bronze Age A total of 80 settlements, workshops and burial sites have been named "post-Neolithic culture", dating from about 4500 to 2400 BC. The culture used a large number of stone tools, mainly practical and less decorative objects. Bronze drums were found in northern Vietnam. Dongshan culture Prehistoric cultures from 1000 BC to around AD. ^[26]

The unearthed relics of "Dongshan Culture" are numerous and rich, including bronze, pottery, jade, stone, crystal, iron, wood and so on. Dongshan culture A large amount of copper is used, such as the production of copper drums as Musical Instruments, and the use of copper farm tools to improve agricultural production efficiency. The Dongshan culture also had certain navigational skills, using rowboats to navigate the mainland, and larger ships, supplemented by astronomical knowledge for long voyages. Archaeological excavations show that the society in the Honghe River basin evolved to the Dongshan culture period has formed a tribal society. ^[25]

Legendary period

Ancient northern Vietnam belongs to Baiyue County Hit the mark Luo Land (also called Luo Yue Is the main ethnic group of Vietnam The Jing nationality The ancestors). According to Vietnamese mythology, the earliest dynasty of Viet Nam was Hungpang Hong Pang is Chinese Shen Nong His descendants were entitled" King of Jingyang ", governing the south, the "Red ghost country". King Jingyang married the daughter of the dragon King Dongting Jun and gave birth to a raccoon dog Longjun (named Chong Cable). ^{[37] 36 -} The Vietnamese call Raccoon Longjun "the father of Baiyue", while his eldest son is called "Xiong Wang" (also known as King Luo, King Luo), who inherits the throne and establishes "Luo Wang". Civilized country ", 18 generations, a total of more than 2,000 years. ^[28] Therefore, the Vietnamese call themselves "descendants of the Male King" or "descendants of the Immortal Dragon". ^[24]

257 BC, the last prince of the Shu Kingdom of China Shu Pan Led his people to destroy the culture and establish the kingdom Ou Luoguo He proclaimed himself King of Anyang. The legendary state of Boon Lang and the state of Ou Luo are the prototype of the ancient state of Vietnam. ^[24] Some scholars believe that the states of Wenlang and Ouluo in myths and legends are only tribal alliances that have begun to take shape, rather than class social states. ^[24]

Boreal period

The first northern genus

Chinese emperor First Emperor of Qin In 214 BC, after the unification of the six Kingdoms, he sent an army across Lingnan to occupy what is now Guangxi, Kwangtung , Fujian, conquer the local Baiyue County The tribes, the Chinese established three counties in this area, north of Vietnam (i.e Luo Yue It's China Elephant County Part of it. ^[26]

China Qin Dynasty in the end of the world chaos, 203 BC, Qin Dynasty Nanhai Wei Zhao Tuo Set oneself up as South Vietnam King Wu (later renamed "Emperor Wu of South Vietnam"), whose capital was in present-day Guangdong Province Guangzhou . North-central Vietnam is part of the state of South Vietnam.

111 BC, Emperor of China Emperor Wu of Han destroy South Vietnam And set up in north and central Vietnam coxtoe , Chikuna , Hinan Three Shire. For more than a thousand years, what is now north-central Vietnam was part of the Chinese empire. Han Dynasty , Eastern Wu Dynasty , Jin Dynasty , The Southern Dynasties , Sui Dynasty The Tang Dynasty, A surname After independence, Vietnam referred to this period as" Boreal period "Or" county times." ^[26]

Claim queen's independence

Vietnam declared independence for the Queen (4 photos)

In the sixteenth year of Jianwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty (40 AD), Cochin woman Symptomatic side With sister Symptom II The rebellion led to the capture of Cochin County, known in history as" Two insurrections ". Jiuzhen County, Rinan County, Hepu County have responded to the uprising, the two Zheng sisters (Vietnamese: Hai Ba Tr ng) then gathered 100,000 troops, captured 65 cities in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and then declared themselves king, established a government, and made the capital 麊 Ling. Work for a Queen (Vietnamese: Tr: ng Nữ V: ng). Jianwu 18 years (42), Guangwu Emperor Liu Xiu appointed Horse backing In the first month of the following year (43), Ma Yuan killed Zhengxi and ZhengII, and sent their corpses to the Eastern Han Capital Luoyang . ^[75] ^{[76
]}

The second Northern genus

After suppressing the Second Rebellion, the Eastern Han Dynasty carried out a series of economic and cultural construction and reform in the local area. At that time, Ma Yuansaw that Xiyu County had a vast jurisdiction, with more than 32,000 households, and the remote areas were more than 1,000 li away from the government, which was inconvenient to manage, so he wrote to Liu Xiu, requesting that Xiyu be divided into Fengxi and Wanghai counties. Where the horse aid arrived, manpower was organized to repair the city for the county and county, and canals were opened to divert water to irrigate the fields and facilitate the people. Ma Yuan also sorted out the Vietnamese law with reference to the laws of the Han Dynasty, corrected the contradictions between the Vietnamese law and the Han law, and declared them to the local people in order to restrain them. Since then, the local has always complied with the law of Ma aid, the so-called "pursue the story of General Ma." ^[77]

Late Eastern Han Dynasty (192), now in central Vietnam Chams Human zone Lian stabbed to death Han Dynasty China in the county of the Sun Xianglin county Order, occupied the original Hinamori Parts of the region, with Brahmanism as the state religion, established the State of Linyi (later called the State of Champa), with the Eastern Han Dynasty of China hue Is bounded.

The third North genus

During the Sui Dynasty, the Vietnamese state of Linyi was ruled by the Emperor of China Emperor Yang of Sui Send troops to destroy the country, set up three counties. During the Tang Dynasty, Linyi was restored to China and was bounded by Hengshan Mountain. From 1190 to 1220, Chams be Chenla Occupied, then restored. ^[1]

Feudal period

In the 10th century, China entered the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, and China was divided into two countries, Vietnam (then called Annam Out of China's control.

The year 938" Battle of Shirato River ", Wu Quan Beat China A surname In 939, he became king, known as the former King of Wu in history, and established the Wu Dynasty, which was the beginning of Vietnam's separation from China. However, Wu Quan only claimed the title of king but did not establish a state title, and was unable to effectively rule northern Vietnam. ^[18]

In 968, t-neck (Former Emperor Ding) conquered the territory by force of arms and established Ding Dynasty (968-979), under the title of" Daqu Yue This was the first official state title in Vietnam's history, and a centralized state began to be established. ^[25] In 970, he proclaimed himself emperor and made his capital A surname (now Ninh Binh Ninh Binh He later accepted the title of King of Cochin County by the Chinese Emperor Song Taizu, who recognized Vietnam as an autonomous vassal state and no longer a territory directly under the control of China. However, although the Vietnamese dynasties were ostensibly vassals to China, they claimed to be emperors internally, which was called "the Emperor" in history. Outside the king, inside the emperor ". ^[29]

In 980, Le Huan Set up Pre-li Dynasty And repelled it Hou Renbao Led by the intervention of the Northern Song Chinese army. During the Dinh and Pre-Le dynasties, the traditional border between Champa and Vietnam had already been formed, that is, the boundary of Hengshan Mountain. ^[25]

In 1010, Li Gongyun Set up Li Dynasty (1010-1224), in 1054 changed the name of the kingdom to "Tai Viet", the ruler of Vietnam for the first time in the history of the title of king, Vietnam for the first time commensurate with the country. ^[23] In the late 11th century, Song Dynasty with Lee Dynasty of Vietnam Eruption The Song - Yue - Xi - Ning War .

In 1225, Chen Dynasty (1225-1399) replaced the Li Dynasty and was conquered in 1258 Mongol Empire Invaded, forced to submit to the Mongols, Yuan Dynasty After its establishment, Vietnam was invaded twice by the Yuan Dynasty, both of which were defeated by the Chen Dynasty. After the war, Chen sent an envoy to the Yuan Dynasty Pay tribute Mend it, as a sign of submission. The Chen Dynasty moved the capital from Thang Long to Thanh Hoa in 1398, and made Chamcheng a vassal, and continued to make expeditions into the western mountains and the Lao region of Niu Hao ^[21] Mourn fast, build the relationship between subclan and vassal ^[20] . ^[22] A unified "Vietnamese culture" gradually took shape. ^[25]

In the 15th century, during the Yongle period of Ming Chengzu, the Vietnamese king of the Chen Dynasty was a relative Hu Jiyao Usurping the throne, the Hu Dynasty expanded its territory to Zhan Dong and the ancient fortress, that is, today's southern Guangnan and Guangyi ^[25] The Chinese Ming Dynasty overthrew the Hu regime (1400-1407) at the request of Chen's surviving ministers. The Chinese army retook Vietnam and set up prefectures and towns Cochin to declare the chief secretary And again imposed direct rule, i.e." Annam belongs to Ming Dynasty ". But a few years after Ming Chengzu's death, Le Loi Defeat the Ming army and promise to maintain it with the Ming Suzerain-vassal relationship After that, independence was restored and established Later Li Dynasty (1428-1789).

In 1471, Later Li Dynasty destroy Champa State The territory gradually expanded to the south. 1527, the emperor Mo Dengyong Usurping the Later Li Dynasty, established Mo Dynasty . In 1531, the late Li Dynasty was restored with the support of the Zheng and Nguyen families (also known as the Li Dynasty revival) and confronted the Mo Dynasty, and Vietnam began to enter the 200-year North-South division period. ^[19]

In 1592, the late Li Dynasty destroyed the Mo Dynasty and nominally unified the country, but Vietnam continued to be divided, with the north controlled by the Cheng family and the south controlled by the Nguyen family, and the two families were constantly at war. Zheng-ruan dispute ". The Later Li Emperor, the nominal co-ruler, was a total puppet, under the control of the Zheng family. In 1698, the Nguyen family invaded Lower Khmer (now Mekong delta He pushed his territory into the Gulf of Siam and established the map of modern Vietnam. ^[25]

In 1771, it broke out Xishan Uprising , Nguyen Van Hui The three brothers destroyed Ruan and Zheng successively, unified the whole country, and established Western Shan Dynasty . The last emperor of the late Li Dynasty Li Weiqi He fled to China and asked the Qing Army to help him restore his country. The Xishan Army repelled the Qing intervention forces in 1789, Later Li Dynasty Totally destroyed. 1802, descendants of the original Nguyen family Nguyen Fu-ying With the support of France, he destroyed the Xishan Dynasty and established the Ruan Dynasty (1802-1945). The following year Nguyen Phuc Ying sent an envoy Metropolitan state China, requesting to change its name to "South Vietnam", eventually Emperor Jiaqing bestow Title of a kingdom "Vietnam", and named Nguyen Phuc Ying "King of Vietnam". That's how Vietnam got its name.

In the first half of the 19th century, Vietnam and Siam competed for suzerainty over Cambodia and Laos. In 1807, King Anzan II of Cambodia was forced to pay tribute to the Nguyen Dynasty. In 1813, the Nguyen army invaded Cambodia, and Cambodia became a de facto "protectorate" of Vietnam. After 1827, the Nguyen Dynasty occupied large areas of Laos and set up prefectures. At this time, the territory extended to the Mekong Delta region in the south, and to the Mekong River in the west, across the river from Siam. ^[26]

Colonial period

After the mid-19th century, France began to invade and encroach on Vietnam. In 1858, French colonists launched an armed invasion of Vietnam and attacked Da Nang. By 1867, the Vietnamese province of Nanqi was completely colonized by France. In 1874, France and Vietnam signed the Second Saigon Treaty, in which Vietnam opened the passage of the Red River into Yunnan, opened Qui Nhon, Haiphong and Hanoi as treaty ports, and allowed France to post consuls at the treaty ports, and French troops to protect the security of the consulates. ^[27] By the 1880s, the French had stepped up their invasion of Northern Equi. In 1883, France and Vietnam signed the First Treaty of Hue, in which Vietnam recognized French rule over the whole of Vietnam. ^[35]

The First Treaty of Hue was signed in 1883

China Qing Dynasty Government action Metropolitan state Send troops to resist, Feng Zicai and Liu Yongfu Shuo-rate Black Flag Force Wait for the war. In 1885, at the end of the Sino-French War, the Qing Government of China signed a treaty with France. Sino-french New Testament "And gave up on Vietnam suzerainty . Vietnam, on the other hand, fell French colony , Nguyen Dynasty In name only. French Federation of Indochina The Governor was stationed in Saigon (changed after 1902) Hanoi (capital of Vietnam) (now Ho Chi Minh City) colonized Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. ^[26]

The French colonial authorities put Vietnam, Cambodia and the old three countries into the "French Indochina Federation", which exercised the full power of the French governor general in the whole federation. Vietnam is divided into three parts: South Qui (Cochin China), Middle Qui (Annam) and North Qui (Tokyo). Cochin China is a direct territory, Tokio is a semi-protected territory, and Annam is a protected territory, while Cambodia and Laos are two "protected territories". ^[26]

Under the influence of the Chinese Revolution of 1911 and the thoughts of Sun Yat-sen, in February 1912, Pan Peizhu convened a meeting of Vietnamese revolutionaries and established the "Vietnam Recovery Society". On February 3, 1930, under the auspices of Ho Chi Minh, the various communist organizations in Vietnam were merged into a unified Communist Party of Vietnam. In October, it changed its name to the Communist Party of Indochina. In February of the same year, the Vietnamese Nationalist Party launched an uprising in Ampei, but it was suppressed by the French colonial authorities within a week. ^[26]

In September 1940, when Japan invaded Vietnam, French colonists agreed to allow Japanese troops to stay, and Vietnam became a colony under dual French and Japanese rule. ^[26]

After World War II

In March 1945, the Japanese Army in India and China launched a coup d 'etat to overthrow the French colonial rule and install Bao Di as the "Emperor of Vietnam". ^[35] At the end of World War II, Chinese troops were ordered to Vietnam to accept the surrender of invading Japanese forces. ^[30] Vietnam won the August Revolution in August 1945, and Japan was expelled from Vietnam, Nguyen Dynasty The last emperor Bao Di He also announced his abdication. On September 2, Ho Chi Minh led Viet Minh (i.e., later Communist Party of Vietnam In the north of Vietnam, Hanoi declared independence, Ho Chi Minh Issued the Declaration of Independence, declaring Democratic Republic of Vietnam Established (i.e. North Vietnam They controlled about two-fifths of Vietnam's territory in the central and Northern areas of Qi, and the Vietnamese Revolutionary League and the Vietnamese Nationalist Party controlled a few areas along the Yunnan-Vietnam-Guangxi border. ^[31]

Ho Chi Minh presided over the headquarters during the war against France

On September 23, 1945, the French colonial forces returned and occupied Saigon. On September 26, Ho Chi Minh sent a letter calling on his compatriots in the South to fight the war of resistance and call on the whole country to support the South. On January 1, 1946, the Provisional Government of Vietnam joined forces with the Revolutionary League of Vietnam and the National Party of Vietnam to form a coalition government. ^[31]

In 1949, South Vietnam was established with French support. State of Vietnam ", by Bao Di As head of state. When China and Vietnam established diplomatic relations on January 18, 1950, New China began to provide Vietnam with a total of hundreds of billions of yuan of funds and millions of tons of materials free of charge.

March 13, 1954, between North Vietnam and France Battle of Dien Bien Phu Shooting. On May 7, the battle ended with a North Vietnamese victory. After Vietnam's victory at Dien Bien Phu, on July 21, 1954, the Indochina Question, which ended the War between Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, was published in the Geneva agreement "Was signed. According to the Geneva Agreement, Vietnam is divided between North and South by 17 degrees North latitude Ho Chi Minh Leadership, South by Bao Di Lead. ^[39]

Saigon was occupied by North Vietnam and the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam

On July 17, 1955, the United States tore up the Geneva Accords and replaced France in southern Vietnam, Ngo Dinh Diem A coup backed by the United States , Deposed the Emperor, made himself president, established Republic of Vietnam (The so-called "South Vietnam").

In 1961, Vietnam War Eruption, America with Korea , The Philippines , Thailand , Australia , NZ Other countries joined in the war by forming an alliance. China sent military and a large number of civilian and material aid to Vietnam to fight against the United States. On January 27, 1973, the Paris Agreement was signed and recognized by the United States Democratic Republic of Vietnam International legal status, withdrawal from the Vietnam War, March of the same year from South Vietnam (Republic of Vietnam) all troops and allied troops and military personnel.

In May 1975, Saigon was captured by the North Vietnamese National Liberation Front of South Vietnam Occupied, the Republic of Vietnam collapsed. In July 1976, North and South Vietnam were unified under the name of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

Invasion of Cambodia and reform

After the reunification of Vietnam, its army had been tempered by the Vietnam War, received a lot of free Chinese aid and some Soviet-backed equipment and captured American-made weapons, and the former Soviet Union's strong support, the Communist Party of Vietnam's expansionist ideas once expanded. In 1979, Vietnam took advantage of Cambodia Khmer Rouge The rule is brutal, the resentment of the people in Cambodia is boiling, and the invasion of Cambodia will Pol Pot Led by the Khmer Rouge, they drove out the city and planted Han Sang Lin Regime, and send troops to control Laos; It launched a large-scale anti-Chinese riot in the south of Vietnam, wantonly expelled overseas Chinese in Vietnam and constantly invaded the Chinese border territory, and also invaded China Nansha Islands Most of the islands. China finally did it in 1979 Self-defense against Vietnam Relations between China and Vietnam have deteriorated. ^[32]

Leader of the Viet Cong in 1986 Le Duan After death, Long march , Ruan Van Ling He succeeded Vietnam successively, carried out reform and opening up, adjusted relations with China and ASEAN neighbors externally, and reformed the economic system internally, so as to put Vietnam on the right path of development. In 1989, Vietnamese troops left Cambodia. In 1991, China and Vietnam normalized relations. In 1995, Vietnam established diplomatic relations with the United States.

On 7 June 2019, the United Nations General Assembly was elected Estonia , The Niger , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , Tunisia Vietnam and five countries will be non-permanent members of the Security Council in 2020 and 2021. ^[38]

On October 11, 2022, he was elected United Nations Human Rights Council The new member will take office on January 1, 2023. ^[51]

In 2027, Vietnam will host the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation . ^[65]

Administrative division

broadcast

EDITOR

Administrative division

Subject article: Subdivisions of Vietnam

Vietnam has 5 municipalities and 58 provinces, which are divided into 8 regions. ^[4]

Subdivisions of Vietnam
district	area	Provinces and municipalities directly under the Central Government
Red River Plain (including 11 provinces and municipalities)	14,900 square kilometers	Hanoi (capital of Vietnam) City (HaN ội)
		Haiphong City (Thanhph ốH Haiphong)
		Vinh Phuc (TỉnhV Central City, Yong 'an City)
		Hexi province
		Bac Ninh (TỉnhBắcNinh; Provincial capital Bac Ninh Ciudad)
		Hai Duong (TỉnhH rate iD footsng; Haiyang City, capital city)
		Hung 'an (TỉnhH; The provincial capital, Xingan City)
		Henan Province (Tỉ nhHaNam; Funi City, the provincial capital)
		Nam Dinh (TỉnhNam d ³ nh; Provincial capital Namjeong )
		Binh Thanh (Tỉ nhThaiBinh, Taiping City, provincial capital)
		Ninh Binh (Tỉ nhNinhBinh, provincial capital Ninh Binh)
Northeast Region (includes 11 provinces)	64,000 square kilometers	Ha Giang (Tỉ nhHaGiang; The provincial capital, Ha Jiang City)
		Khao Binh (TỉnhCaoBằng; Provincial capital Gao Ping Ciudad)
		Lao CAI Province (Tỉ nhLaoCai Old market )
		Bac Kit (TỉnhBắcK ban; The provincial capital, Be𣴓 City)
		Lang Son Province (TỉnhL ranking ngS foodsn; Provincial capital Lang Son City )
		Phu Tho (Tỉ nhPhuTh ọ, Yuechi City, provincial capital)
		Thai Nguyen Province (Tỉ nhThaiNguyen, Provincial capital Taiyuan)
		Bac Giang (TỉnhBắcGiang; Provincial capital Bac Giang Ciudad)
		Quang Ninh (TỉnhQu solids ngNinh; Provincial capital Ha Long )
		Tuan Quang (Tỉ nhTuyenQuang, Provincial capital, Xuanguang City)
		Ampak (Tỉ nhYenBai, Provincial capital, Anpei City)
Northwest Territories (includes 4 provinces)	37,500 square kilometers	Laizhou Province (Tỉ nhLaiChau, Laizhou City, provincial capital)
		Paix Province (Tỉ nhHoaBinh, Provincial capital Heping City)
		Dien Bien (Tỉnh d i) nBien, the provincial capital Dien Bien Phu Ciudad)
		Sanra (TỉnhS foonla, the provincial capital of Sanra)
Central North Region (includes 6 provinces)	51,600 square kilometers	Thanh Hoa (Tỉ nhThanhHoa, Provincial capital Qinghua City)
		Nghe 'an Province (TỉnhNgh T An, Provincial capital Rong)
		Ha Tinh (Tỉ nhHaT Haze, Provincial capital Ha Tinh)
		Quang Binh (TỉnhQu ngBinh, Donghai City, provincial capital)
		Quang Tri (TỉnhQu ngTr, the provincial capital, Donghe City)
		Seung Tin Hue Province (TỉnhTh koathien-hu, Hue City, provincial capital)
Central and southern coastal areas (including 6 provinces and municipalities)	33,200 square kilometers	Da Nang Thanhph ố d-an ẵng/ Cheng 庯 Tuo 㶞)
		Quang Nam (TỉnhQu ngNam, Sanqi City, provincial capital)
		Quang Ngai (TỉnhQu ngNgai, Provincial capital Chayong City)
		Binh Dinh (Tỉ nhBinh d ³ nh, the provincial capital Qui Nhon City )
		Fouan (Tỉ nhPhuYen, the provincial capital Suihe City ) ^[72]
		Khanh Hoa (Tỉ nhKhanhHoa, the provincial capital Nha Trang )
Nishihara Region (includes 5 provinces)	54,700 square kilometers	Kontum (TỉnhKonTum, Kunsong City, provincial capital)
		Gia Lai (TỉnhGiaLai, provincial capital Preku Ciudad)
		Terak (Tỉnh d ắkLắk, the provincial capital Bang Meishu Ciudad)
		Denong (Tỉnh d ắ kNong, Chiayi City Council, Provincial capital)
		Lintung (Tỉ nhLam d 'ng, the provincial capital Da Lat City )
Southern Eastern Region (includes 8 provinces and municipalities)	34,800 kilometers	Ho Chi Minh City (Thanhph ốH ChiMinh/City Shop Ho Chi Minh)
		Ninh Thuan (TỉnhNinhThuận, Provincial capital Panlang-Tagam City)
		Binh Phuoc (Tỉ nhBinhPh, ớc, Tongshuai City, provincial capital)
		Sininh (Tỉ nhTayNinh, Xining City, provincial capital)
		Binh Duong (Tỉ nhBinhD snaps ng, the provincial capital Tulongmu City )
		Dong Nai (Tỉnh dkhan ngNai, the provincial capital Bien Hoa )
		Binh Thuan (Tỉ nhBinhThu ận, the provincial capital Panche )
		Pati Outun Province (Tỉ nhBaR Tian a-Vũ ngTau, the provincial capital Bayan City )
Mekong River (Jiulong River) Plain region (including 13 provinces and municipalities)	40,600 square kilometers	Long An (TỉnhLongAn, Xin 'an City, provincial capital)
		Thong Thap (Tỉnh dhon ngThap, Provincial capital, Gaoling City)
		An Giang (TỉnhAnGiang, the provincial capital Yongcheon )
		Cien Giang (TỉnhTiềnGiang, Miju City, provincial capital)
		Vinh Long (TỉnhV Haze nhLong, Provincial capital, Wing Long City)
		Ben Tre (TỉnhB Ngtre, Provincial capital Ben Tre)
		Kien Giang (Tỉ nhKienGiang, the provincial capital Dishi )
		Ho Giang (TỉnhHậuGiang, Weiqing City, provincial capital)
		Can Tho (Thanhph ốCầnTh/city 庯 Can Tho)
		Reserve province (Tỉ nhSocTr, Shuozhuang City, the provincial capital)
		Tra Vinh (Tỉ nhTraVinh, Provincial capital Chayong City)
		Kin Ou Province (Tỉ nhCaMau, the provincial capital Jinou City )
		Bac Lieu (TỉnhB Baclieu, the provincial capital Bac Lieu Ciudad) ^[4]

city

There are 729 cities in Vietnam, including Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City , Haiphong Five municipalities, including Da Nang and Can Tho. Vietnamese cities are divided into six categories: Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City are special cities, in addition, there are 15 Category 1 cities, 16 Category 2 cities, 45 Category 3 cities, 66 Category 4 cities, and the rest are Category 5 cities. ^[4]

capital Hanoi (capital of Vietnam) Located in the middle of the Red River Delta plain, It has an area of 3,340 square kilometers and a population of 8.05 million (2019). The average temperature is 28.9℃ in summer and 18.9℃ in winter. ^[61] It is the national political and cultural center, the largest city in the country and the second largest city in population. Hanoi, formerly known as "Thung Long", has a history of 1,000 years. Water and land transportation is convenient, there are railways, highways and air lines connected with the main provinces and cities in the country. ^[4]

Ho Chi Minh City Is Vietnam's largest port city and economic center, the population ranks first in the country, by the former Saigon, Dike, Jiading three cities, located in the northeast of the Mekong Delta, Saigon River right bank, 60 kilometers away from the sea. It has an area of 2090 square kilometers. According to official statistics, there are about 500,000 Chinese in Ho Chi Minh City, and the city's fifth county (formerly Dike City) is a Chinese populated area. Famous historical buildings in the city include the Unification Palace (formerly the presidential Palace of South Vietnam), the City Hall, the post office, the Opera House, the Tin Hau Temple, and the Notre Dame Cathedral. The climate in Ho Chi Minh City is hot all year round, with little difference in temperature between days. The average monthly temperature in January is 25 degrees Celsius. The highest temperature is in April, with an average monthly temperature of 29 degrees Celsius. ^[4]

Other major cities include: Haiphong , Da Nang , Can Tho , Ha Loong , Taiyuan , Koshiike , Nan Ding, hue , Vtau Tau , Da Lat , Nha Trang and Ha Tien Let's wait. Haiphong is an important port city and the third largest city in the north. Da Nang is an important port city in central China with rich tourism resources. Ha Long City is a tourist city, and Ha Long Bay is a world natural and cultural heritage. ^[4]

Natural environment

broadcast

EDITOR

Location boundary

Vietnam is located in the east of Indochina Peninsula, bordering China's Guangxi and Yunnan provinces in the north. The land border between China and Vietnam is 1,347 kilometers long. Nishiyo Laos , Cambodia Border on; The east and southeast are bordered by the South China Sea. The land area is 329,000 square kilometers. Vietnam is in Time zone 7 East. Hanoi time is one hour behind Beijing time. ^[4]

landform

Vietnam's terrain is narrow and slightly S-shaped. The maximum length is about 1640 kilometers from north to south, the widest point is about 600 kilometers from east to west, and the narrowest point is only 50 kilometers. The terrain is high in the northwest, low in the southeast, and 3/4 of the territory is mountainous and plateau. There are two great plains, the Red River Delta and the Mekong Delta, with an area of 20,000 square kilometers and 50,000 square kilometers respectively, which are major agricultural producing areas. The north and northwest are high mountains and plateaus, and the central Long Mountain range runs north-south. ^[4]

Vietnam is densely covered with rivers, of which 2,860 are more than 10 kilometers long. The larger rivers are the Red River, the Mekong River (Jiulong River), the Tuojiang River (Heishui River), the Lu River and the Taiping River. Vietnam has a coastline of 3,260 km. ^[4]

Climatic characteristics

Vietnam is located south of the Tropic of Cancer and has a tropical monsoon climate. The north has four distinct seasons, and the average annual temperature in most areas is 23℃-25℃. The south is divided into the dry season (October to April) and the rainy season (May to September), and the average annual temperature in most areas is 26 ° C -27 ° C. The air is moist and the rainfall is abundant, with an average annual rainfall of 1500-2000 mm. ^[4]

Vietnam has high rainfall and humidity throughout the year, and the northern part of the country has a more or less continental climate influenced by the mainland climate of China. The East China Sea has a great influence on the terrestrial tropical monsoon humid climate. The humid tropical monsoon climate has different effects on the territory of Vietnam, so different regions of Vietnam have different climatic characteristics. The climate in Vietnam changes with the seasons, north and south, east and west. Due to the influence of the Northeast monsoon, Vietnam's average annual temperature is lower than that of other countries at the same latitude in Asia. ^[41]

Vietnam's climate can be divided into two distinct climatic regions.

(1) North - The provinces north of HAI VAN have a distinct tropical monsoon climate in spring, summer, autumn and winter, with high humidity due to the influence of northeast and southeast winds from the Asian land. ^[41]

(2) South - In the provinces south of Haeunshan, due to less monsoon influence, its tropical climate is relatively mild, four seasons of high temperature and divided into two seasons of dry season and rainy season. ^[41]

At the same time, Vietnam also has different microclimates due to different topographic structures; Some places have a temperate climate, such as Sabah (SA PA) in Lao CAI Province and DA LAT (DA LAT) in Lam Tong Province; Some places have a continental climate (such as Laizhou Province, Sanluo Province). ^[41]

High temperature record

On May 6, 2023, Vietnam recorded a high temperature of 44.1 degrees Celsius, the highest ever recorded for the country. ^[57]

Natural resources

broadcast

EDITOR

Mineral resources

Vietnam is rich in resources and diverse, with more than 120 mineral species discovered. Mineral resources include more than 50 kinds of mineral resources such as energy, metals and non-metals. Energy deposits are mainly coal, oil and natural gas; Metal deposits are mainly iron, chromium, aluminum, copper, nickel, lead, titanium ore and so on; Non-metallic mineral owners are apatite, sulfide ore, kaolin and so on. ^[4]

The distribution of these mineral resources is uneven, mainly concentrated in the northern and central regions of Vietnam, the south is only scattered scattered, the north is mainly black, non-ferrous, rare earth metal ores, while the south is mainly bauxite and gold. Vietnam's mineral resources have four characteristics, namely wide deposit distribution; The ore belt is concentrated, and the proportion of large and medium-sized deposits is large (accounting for more than half); There are more symbiotic and associated deposits, and the proportion of rich ore and easy beneficiation is high. Adjacent to railway and seaport. However, there are few large-scale deposits in the world, and most of them are medium and small. However, some of these minerals have development potential, such as oil and gas resources, bauxite and so on. ^[33]

Vietnam has proven coal reserves of about 3.8 billion tons, of which about 3.4 billion tons of high-quality anthracite, mainly distributed in Quang Dinh Province, the rest is lignite and peat, mainly distributed in the Red River Delta region and the Mekong River Delta region of Vietnam. ^[4]

Vietnam's crude oil reserves of about 4.4 billion barrels, ranking 28th in the world, and natural gas reserves of 1 trillion cubic meters. Vietnam ranks 36th in the world in terms of crude oil extraction and 4th in Southeast Asia in terms of oil exports. In 2020, Vietnam will produce 11.47 million tons of crude oil and 9.16 billion cubic meters of natural gas. ^[4]

Vietnam's bauxite resources are relatively rich, ranking fourth in the world. ^[33] In addition, 1.3 billion tons of iron ore, 5.4 billion tons of bauxite, 10 million tons of copper, 22 million tons of rare earth, 20 million tons of chromium ore, 20 million tons of titanium ore, 4.5 million tons of zirconium ore, 1.52 million tons of nickel ore, and 20 million tons of kaolin have been proved. ^[4]

Biological resources

Vietnam is considered one of the 16 countries in the world with high biodiversity. According to the Biodiversity statistics report, nearly 20,000 species of plants have been found in Vietnam, including 2,300 species of food plants and 3,300 species of herbs, animal feed, wood, extracted essential oils and other plants. About animals, Vietnam has about 310 species of animals, 840 species of birds, 296 species of reptiles, 162 species of ranidae, 2,472 species of fish, including 472 species of freshwater fish and thousands of invertebrates. ^[10]

Biological resources of Vietnam

Vietnam has 173 protected areas with a total area of more than 2,500 hectares across the country, including 33 national parks, 66 nature reserves, 18 species and habitat reserves and 56 natural scenic reserves, with a total of nine wetlands of international importance ^[9] . ^[13]

National symbol

broadcast

EDITOR

Country name

The name of Vietnam has changed several times in history, and it was first called "cochin". It is said that the two toes of ancient Vietnamese people meet, so it is called "Chinese people". coxtoe In 111 BC, Emperor Wudi of Han Dynasty Pingding South Vietnam It was established in what is now northern Vietnam Cochin . ^[41]

Tang Dynasty, set up The Annam Palace Therefore, Vietnam is also called" Annam ". 968 Ding Dynasty Independence, Founding" Daqu Yue This is the first official title in the history of Vietnam. In 1054, Emperor Li changed the name of the kingdom to "Great Yue". "Tai Viet" is the longest used national title in Vietnam's history, although it dates back to the 15th century Hu Dynasty The temporary change of the title to "Dayu", but the Li Dynasty, Chen Dynasty, Later Li Dynasty All the dynasties took the name "Great Yue". merely Song Dynasty Since then, Chinese dynasties are still known as" Annamese State In the Northern Song Dynasty, it was often called" coxtoe "). In 1802, Nguyen Fu-ying Unified Greater Viet, established Nguyen Dynasty To change the name of "Great Vietnam" to "South Vietnam", and request Metropolitan state Qing Dynasty of China approved. Qing Dynasty Emperor Jiaqing It is believed that the historical "South Vietnam" includes Guangdong and Guangxi, the literal meaning and the rule of the Nguyen regime Jiaozhou It was rejected because the reality of the old place did not match, and "South Vietnam" was reversed to "Vietnam." ^[41]

In 1804, Qing envoys named Nguyen Phuc Ying "King of Vietnam", and from then on Vietnam became the country's new title. 1839, Nguyen Dynasty Emperor Ming Change the country name to" Great Southern Empire Since then, the dual national titles of "Great South" and "Great Vietnam" have been adopted at the same time. ^[2] 1945, Nguyen Dynasty Bao Di Establish" Empire of Vietnam September 2, 1945 Ho Chi Minh Set up Democratic Republic of Vietnam In 1976, the North and South of Vietnam were reunited and renamed the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. ^[41]

flag

Subject article: Flag of Vietnam

The Vietnamese Constitution states: "The flag of Vietnam is a rectangle with five gold stars in the middle on a red ground." The national flag was adopted on 30 November 1955. It is usually said that the Venus red flag. The ratio of length to width is 3:2. ^[14]

Flag of Vietnam

The flag is red with a pentagram gold star in the center. The red symbolizes revolution and victory, the pentagonal gold star symbolizes the leadership of the Communist Party of Vietnam over the country, and the five corners of the five stars represent workers, farmers, soldiers, intellectuals and youth. ^[15]

The yellow five-pointed star is located in the center of the background color, with a single star point facing directly up. Red represents the blood sacrificed in the country's long struggle for independence and unity. The yellow star represents the unity of the United States after the Vietnam War. Each point of the stars recognizes the unity of the five different segments of society, including the farmers, soldiers, workers, youth and intellectuals who define the realization of the socialist political agenda of unified Vietnam. The first point represents intellectuals. The second point represents the farmers. The other thing is to represent the workers. The fourth point represents merchants, while military personnel are the last point symbolized on this flag. The flag of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam has only two colors. The flag has a red zone intended to symbolize the national uprising of the Vietnamese people. The center features a pentagonal gold star, symbolizing the country's main social classes. It is these colors that give the flag its nickname, which translates in English as "red flag with golden stars." ^[40]

National anthem

The national anthem of Vietnam is" March on Song ". "March Song" was produced in the liberated areas of North Vietnam before the August 1945 revolution. In 1946, the second session of the First National Assembly of Vietnam officially designated "March Song" as the national anthem. In 1955, the fifth session of the First National Assembly made some minor changes to the lyrics of "March Song" based on government recommendations. On July 2, 1976, the National Assembly of the unified Vietnam passed a resolution confirming the "March Song" as the national anthem of the unified Socialist Republic of Vietnam. ^[15]

National emblem

Emblem of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam It's round. The red round surface is inlaid with a golden five-pointed star; The lower end has a golden gear, symbolizing industry; The round surface is symmetrically surrounded by two sheaves of rice tied with red ribbons, symbolizing agriculture; The sash below the golden gear reads "Socialist Republic of Vietnam" in Vietnamese. It was designed by Vietnamese artist Bui Trang Ch Vu (Vietnamese: Bui Trang Ch Vu ớc). ^[15]

Emblem of Vietnam

The National emblem of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is the predecessor of the national emblem of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, which was adopted on November 30, 1955, with the Vietnamese words "Democratic Republic of Vietnam" under the gear. After the reunification of Vietnam in 1976, the yellow five-pointed star and wheat ears were partially modified on the basis of the national emblem of the former Democratic Republic of Vietnam, and the Vietnamese character "Democratic Republic of Vietnam" on the original emblem was changed to "Republican Socialist Vietnam". ^[41]

The national flower

Vietnamese folk handle lotus As the national flower, it is a symbol of strength, luck, peace and light, and also compares the lotus to heroes and gods and Buddhas. In short, all good ideals are represented by the lotus flower. ^[41]

Population nationality

broadcast

EDITOR

population

There are about 900,000 Chinese in Vietnam, mainly in Ho Chi Minh City and the provinces of Dong Nai, Binh Duong, Lam Tong, Quang Ninh, Hai Phong, Cha Vinh, Kien Giang and Ho Giang. Among them, the fifth district of Ho Chi Minh City (Embankment) is a relatively concentrated place of Chinese. ^[4]

In January 2024, the General Bureau of Statistics of Vietnam announced that the population of Vietnam would be about 100.3 million by the end of 2023. ^[67]

nation

Subject article: Vietnamese nationality

Vietnam is a multi-ethnic country, a total of 54 ethnic groups, the Jingh (also known as the Vietnamese) as the main ethnic group. The proportion of the population by ethnic group is as follows: Jing 86.2%, Tai 1.9%, Tai 1.7%, Mong 1.5%, Khmer 1.4%, Chinese 1.1%, Non 1.1%, Hmong 1%, and other 4.1%. ^[4]

According to the classification of language pedigree, the Vietnamese people can be divided into three languages, namely, South Asian, Malayo-Polynesian and Sino-Tibetan. There are seven ethnic groups with a population of 500,000 to more than 1 million: the Yue (Jing), the Tai, the Tai, the Chinese, the Khmer, the Mong and the Non. ^[17]

Vietnamese nationality
category	nation
Asiatic family	Vietnamese (ethnic Vietnamese) The Jing nationality ), Muong , Tu nationality, Zhe nationality , Khmer , Bana , Serden, Kaga , Helei, majority , stinky , Bulu - Yunqiao nationality, Gidu nationality, Ye Jian , Hemp family , CAM, Go , Davor , Zalo , Kang, Xingmen, Rough tribe , Brau, Osu , Le Manns , Daii , The Dai nationality, living in Yunnan , Nong , mountain tribe, Rayi , Yano , The Lu nationality , The Bouyei nationality, living in Yunnan Province , Hmong (seedling), The Yao nationality , Batan , Lacchi, Laha , Kelao , Drapery family
Malayo-Polynesian	Gia Lai , Edi , Chams , Lagerais , Juru
Sino-tibetan family	Ethnic Chinese (Han), Ai nationality , Shanyu , The Hani nationality , Lahu , Fula people, Luoluo , Gong , Silah ^[17]

political

broadcast

EDITOR

Subject article: Political system of Vietnam

The state system

The state of Vietnam is Marxism-Leninism Socialist republican People's Republic. ^[41]

regime

The one-party people's congress system. ^[41]

constitution

The current Constitution of Vietnam is the fifth constitution, which was adopted at the sixth session of the 13th National Assembly on November 28, 2013, inheriting and developing the Constitutions of 1946, 1959, 1980 and 1992, and embodies the socialist goals and the line of comprehensive national reform proposed by the Seventh Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam. The Constitution stipulates that the state power of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam belongs to the people, and the Communist Party of Vietnam is guided by Marxism-Leninism and Ho Chi Minh Thought. In 2001, the 10th session of the 10th National Assembly amended some articles of the Constitution, which determined that Vietnam should develop a "socialist-oriented" market economy. ^[4]

Congress

The National Assembly is the highest organ of state power in Vietnam, serving a four-year term and usually meeting twice a year. It is now the 15th National Assembly, with 499 representatives. ^[3] ^[78]

On 26 April 2024, the 13th Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam agreed to the resignation of Vong Ting Hui as chairman of the National Assembly of Vietnam. ^[79]

In May 2024, Tran Thanh Min was elected Chairman of the National Assembly. ^[81]

government

The highest administrative organ of the state. The current government will be formed in July 2021. ^[1]

Vietnamese government
job	Roll call
premier	Pham Mingzheng (Pham Minh Chinh)
vice-premier	Nimbus (Le Minh Khai), Chen Honghe , Chen Liuguang ^[53] ^[62]
Secretary of defense	Pan Wenjiang (Phan Van Giang)
Minister of Public security	Surin (To Lam)
Minister of Foreign affairs	Bae Chongshan (Bui Thanh Son)
Minister of the interior	Fan's green tea (Pham Thi Thanh Tra)
Minister of justice	Li Chenglong (Le Thanh Long)
Minister of Planning and Investment	Nguyen Chi Dung (Nguyen Chi Dung)
Finance minister	Houdefoe (Ho Duc Phoc)
Minister of Industry and Trade	Nguyen Hung Yen (Nguyen Hong Dien)
Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development	Dawn happiness (Le Minh Hoan)
Minister of transport	Ruan Wenwen (Nguyen Van The)
Minister of construction	Ruan Qingyi (Nguyen Thanh Nghi)
Minister of Resources and Environment	DangQuocKhanh
Minister of Communications and Media	Nguyen Manh Hung (Nguyen Manh Hung)
Minister of Labor and Social Affairs	Tao Yurong (Dao Ngoc Dung)
Minister of Culture, Sports and Tourism	Nguyen Van Hung (Nguyen Van Hung)
Minister of science and technology	Huang Chengda (Huynh Thanh Dat)
Minister of Education and Training	Nguyen Kinh (Nguyen kim son)
Chief of government staff	Chen Wenshan (Tran Van Son)
Director of Ethnic Affairs Committee of the NPC	Hou Aling (Hau A lenh)
Governor of the national bank	Nguyen Thi Hong (Nguyen Thi Hong)
Inspector General of the Inspector General	Duan Hongfeng (Doan Hong Phong) ^[1]
Reference materials: ^[69]

judiciary

It is composed of the Supreme People's Court, the Supreme People's Procuratorate and local courts, local procuratorates and military courts. President of the Supreme People's Court Nguyen Heping (NguyenHoaBinh), assumed office in July 2021, and Chief Prosecutor of the Supreme People's Procuratorate Le Minhtri (LeMinhTri), assumed office in July 2021. ^[69]

Political party

The Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) was founded on February 3, 1930, changed its name to the Communist Party of Indochina in October of the same year, changed its name to the Workers' Party of Vietnam in 1951, and adopted its current name in 1976. It now has more than 5.4 million party members, nearly 56,000 grass-roots organizations, and inter-party relations with more than 180 political parties around the world.

Mat Tran To Quoc Viet Nam (Vietnam Fatherland Front) is a United front organization in Vietnam, founded in September 1955 and merged with the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam and the Union of National, Democratic and Peace Forces in 1977 after the unification of the North and South. The Chairman of the Central Committee of the Ninth Fatherland Front, Tu Wenzhan, was elected in April 2021. ^[1]

Communist Party of Vietnam
job	Roll call
The 13th General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam	Nguyen Phu Trong (Nguyen Phu Trong)
Members of the Political Bureau (16) ^[60]	Nguyen Phu Trong, Vu Boon Thuan, Pham Minh Cheng, Ong Ting Hui, TruongThiMai, NguyenVan Nannen, Soo Lim, Phandin Htrac, Chan Kam Siu, Phan Van Giang, Nguyen Ping Ping, TranThanh Min an), NguyenXuan Theng (NguyenXuanThang), Liang Qiang (LuongCuong), Tran Jun Ying (TranTuanAnh), DinhTienDung (DinhTienDung); Secretary of the Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee (11) : Nguyen Phu Trong, Vu Boon Thuan, Teo Thi Mui, Chan Kam-siu, Poon Ting-Maw, Nguyen Heping, LeMinhHung, NguyenTrong Ngahia, To VanChien, BuiThiMinhHoai, LeMinh Khai) ^[69]
Central Inspection Commission Members (19)	Chen Jinxiu, Hu Min-chan (HoMinhChien), Yan Fu-qiang (Nghi-Fu-ong), DoanAnhDung, Tran Shi-hsien (TranThiHien), Nguyen Guo-hsien (NguyenQuocHiep), and Nguyen Wen-hui (NguyenVan) Emphatic Hoi, NguyenVanHung, VuKhacHung, HoangTrongHung, TranTienHung, Su Yi, and VoThaiNguy en), NguyenVanNhan, NguyenMinhQuang, TranVan Long (TranVanRon), Tran Teck Seng (TranDucThang), Gao Van Tong (CaoVanThong), HoangVanT ra). ^[69]

institution

Vietnamese government agencies include: Ministry of National Defense, Ministry of Public Security, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Planning and Investment, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Industry and Trade, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ministry of Education and Training, Ministry of Transport, Ministry of Construction, Ministry of Resources and Environment, Ministry of Communications and Media, Ministry of Labor, Wounded Soldiers and Society, Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Health, State Bank, Ethnic Affairs Committee of the NPC, General Administration of Government Supervision and Government Offices Wait for 22 ministries. ^[4]

The Ministry of National Defense is both the administrative organ of the Central Military Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam and the highest military administrative organ of the Vietnamese Army, including the General Staff, the General Political Bureau, the General Logistics Bureau, the General Technical Bureau, the General Administration of Defense Industry, and the General Intelligence Bureau. The six headquarters (bureaus) are respectively responsible for the military command, political and ideological education, logistics supply, technical support, military industry and production and operation, intelligence collection and service. ^[4]

The Ministry of Public Security is an important department of the Vietnamese government and the highest head of the Vietnamese people's public security force. It is responsible for maintaining the country's political stability and social order, combating all kinds of crimes, and protecting people's lives and property. ^[4]

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is a specialized government agency in charge of the external affairs of the state of Vietnam, located at No. 1, Tsam-Tan Street, Patting County, Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam. ^[4]

dignitaries

Nguyen Phu Trong : General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam ^[73]

Surin : President of Vietnam ^[74] ^[82]

Pham Mingzheng : Prime Minister of the Government of Vietnam

Chen Qingmin : Chairman of the National Assembly of Vietnam ^[81] ^[83]

In May 2024, Tran Thanh Min became president of the National Assembly

Vice-premier's appointment form
Position	name	Date of inauguration
vice-premier	Nimbus	Elected on 8 April 2021
vice-premier	Lai Wencheng	Elected on 8 April 2021
vice-premier	Chen Honghe	Elected in January 2023
vice-premier	Chen Liuguang	Elected in January 2023 ^[52]

economy

broadcast

EDITOR

Viet Nam is a developing country. In 1986, it began to open up. In 1996, the National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam proposed to vigorously promote the industrialization and modernization of the country. In 2001, the ninth National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam decided to establish a socialist-oriented market economy system, and identified three major economic strategic priorities, namely, focusing on industrialization and modernization, developing multiple economic components, giving play to the dominant position of the state-owned economy, and establishing a supporting management system for the market economy. In 2006, the top ten members of the Communist Party of Vietnam proposed to give full play to the strength of the whole nation and comprehensively promote the cause of reform, so that Vietnam can get rid of underdevelopment as soon as possible. In 2016, the 12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam adopted the Strategy for Economic and Social Development from 2016 to 2020, proposing an average annual economic growth rate of 6.5-7% from 2016 to 2020, and an increase in per capita GDP to $3,200-3,500 by 2020. In 2021, the 13th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam adopted the "Assessment of the implementation of the Tasks of Economic and Social Development in 2016-2020 and the Report on the direction and tasks of economic and social development in 2021-2025", which proposed that the average annual economic growth rate in 2021-2025 would reach 6.5-7%, and the per capita GDP would increase to $4,700-5,000 by 2025.

Since the reform and opening up, Vietnam's economy has maintained rapid growth, the economic aggregate has been continuously expanded, the structure of the three industries has become more coordinated, and the level of opening up has been continuously improved, basically forming a pattern of state-owned economy as the leading economy and multiple economic components developing together.

Key economic data are as follows:

Key economic data
Major economy	Numerical value
Gross Domestic product (GDP)	$430 billion (2023)
Gross domestic product per capita	$4,284
GDP growth rate	5.05%
Currency name	Vietnamese Dong (Dong)
Exchange rate	1 US dollar ≈24560 VND (October 2023)
Consumer price inflation index	3.25% (2023)
Reference materials: ^[69]

Macroeconomic data for Vietnam
A given year	GDP (billion US dollars)	GDP Growth rate (%)	GDP per capita (US $)
2016	2046	6.21	2215
2017	2276	6.88	2431
2018	2476	7.08	2617
2019	2620	7.02	2786
2020	2710	2.91	2779 ^[4]
2021	3500	2.58	3680 ^[1]

industry

In 2023, Vietnam's industrial production index increased by 1.5. The main industrial products are coal, crude oil, natural gas, liquefied gas, aquatic products and so on. ^[69]

Vietnam industry

Automobile industry

By the end of 2020, there are 358 auto-related production enterprises in the country, including 50 auto assembly enterprises, 45 chassis, body and luggage production enterprises, 214 auto parts production enterprises, and a number of other related enterprises. Vietnam's new car consumption is less than 300,000 vehicles per year. Vietnamese auto companies mainly assemble imported parts, and the localization rate is low, only 5%-10%. In 2018, Vietnam's VINFAST launched its first domestic car. ^[4]

Electronics industry

In recent years, Vietnam's leading role in the production and export of mobile phones, computers and parts has gradually become prominent. In 2020, Vietnam's exports of mobile phones and parts amounted to $50.9 billion, and exports of electronics, computers and parts amounted to $44.7 billion, totaling about $96 billion, accounting for 33.9% of total exports. Samsung, LG, Microsoft, Foxconn and other large enterprises have invested in Vietnam. Among them, Samsung has invested nearly 17 billion US dollars, and in 2020, Vietnam Samsung's revenue is about 67 billion US dollars, and exports are 57 billion US dollars, accounting for about 20% of Vietnam's total foreign exports. ^[4]

Oil and gas industry

In 2020, Vietnam will produce 11.47 million tons of crude oil and 9.16 billion cubic meters of natural gas. Vietnam's first oil refinery, Rongju Refinery, was officially put into operation on May 30, 2010, with a total investment of more than US $3 billion and an annual processing capacity of 6.5 million tons of crude oil, which can meet 40% of Vietnam's refined oil demand. ^[4]

agriculture

Vietnam is a traditional agricultural country. Arable land and forest land account for 60% of the total area. Food crops include rice, corn, potatoes, sweet potatoes and cassava, etc. Cash crops mainly include coffee, rubber, pepper, tea, peanuts, sugar cane and so on. In 2023, the total output value of agriculture, forestry and fisheries in Vietnam will account for 8.84% of the GDP, with a growth rate of 3.83%. ^[69]

Vietnam's forest area is about 10 million hectares. By 2020, an additional 260,500 hectares will be planted and 16.9 million cubic meters of wood will be mined.

Vietnam is rich in fishery resources, coastal 1200 kinds of fish, 70 kinds of shrimp, rich in redfish, mackerel, cod fish and other fish. Sea areas such as the central coast, the Southern Eastern coast and the Gulf of Siam can produce hundreds of thousands of tons of Marine fish every year. In 2020, Vietnam's total fishery volume reached 8.423 million tons, an increase of 1.8% year-on-year. ^[4]

Service industry

In recent years, Vietnam's service industry has maintained rapid growth, and the proportion of service industry in GDP in 2023 will be 62.29%, with a growth rate of 6.82%. ^[69]

Finance and finance

In 2023, Vietnam's state revenue is $69.6 billion and its state expenditure is $71.1 billion. ^[69]

Vietnam's domestic commercial banks include four wholly state-owned or controlled banks, 31 joint-stock commercial banks, 16 financial companies and 10 financial leasing companies. According to data released by the Central Bank of Vietnam, by the end of 2020, the country's credit growth was 12.13%. As of the end of October 2020, Vietnam's banking sector has assets of VND 13,175 trillion (about US $570.5 billion), deposits of about US $523.1 billion, and loans of VND 8742 trillion (about US $378.9 billion). The NPL ratio in 2020 will be 2.1%. ^[4]

As of December 31, 2020, Vietnam has 51 branches of foreign banks, 2 joint venture banks, 9 subsidiaries of foreign banks and 54 representative offices of foreign financial institutions, mainly banks from Japan, South Korea, the United States, China and Taiwan. ^[4]

Vietnam has two stock exchanges and three markets, and as of September 2021, the total size of Vietnam's securities market exceeds VND 8,300 trillion (about US $360.686 billion), equivalent to 133.8% of GDP, with a total of 2,133 listed and traded enterprises. According to the Vietnam Securities Custodian Center (VSD), the number of securities market accounts in Vietnam has increased from 3,000 in 2000 to more than 3.86 million, 99% of which are opened by domestic investors. ^[4]

Finance and finance

Major bank
category	Bank name
Central bank	State Bank of Vietnam
Policy bank	Social Policy Bank of Vietnam, Development Bank of Vietnam
Wholly state-owned or holding bank	Investment and Development Bank of Vietnam Vietnam Foreign Trade Stock Commercial Bank, Vietnam Industrial and Commercial Bank, Vietnam Agricultural and Rural Development Bank ^[4]

tourism

Vietnam is rich in tourism resources, and many scenic spots such as Halong Bay have been listed by UNESCO as World Natural and cultural Heritage sites. In recent years, tourism has grown rapidly with remarkable economic benefits. In 2023, 12.6 million international tourists will be received, and the total tourism revenue is expected to be $28.9 billion. The main tourist attractions are: Hanoi City's Hoan Kiem Lake, Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum, Temple of Literature, Ba Ting Square; Unification Palace in Ho Chi Minh City, Nha Long Port, Lian Tan Park, Cu Chi Road and Ha Long Bay in Quang Ninh Province, among others. ^[69]

foreign trade

Vietnam has signed 15 regional and bilateral free trade agreements (14 of which are already in force) and is negotiating two more.

Vietnam has trade relations with more than 150 countries and regions in the world. In recent years, Vietnam's foreign trade has maintained rapid growth, which has played an important role in driving economic development. In 2023, the total import and export volume of goods is about 683 billion US dollars, down by 6.6%, of which the export value is 355.5 billion US dollars, down 4.4%; Imports and exports amounted to US $327.5 billion, down 8.9%, with a trade surplus of US $28 billion, the eighth consecutive year of trade surplus.

Vietnam's main trade partners are China, the United States, the European Union, ASEAN, Japan and South Korea. The main export commodities are: crude oil, clothing and textiles, aquatic products, footwear, rice, wood, electronic products, coffee. The main export markets are the European Union, the United States, ASEAN, Japan and China. The main imported commodities are: automobiles, machinery and equipment and parts, refined oil products, steel, textile raw materials, electronic products and parts. The main import markets are China, ASEAN, South Korea, Japan, the European Union and the United States. ^[69]

Foreign capital

The entry of foreign capital has played an important role in introducing advanced production technology and management experience, promoting economic growth and solving employment problems in Vietnam. The contract value of foreign investment in Vietnam in 2023 is 36.6 billion US dollars, up 31.1% year on year. Actual utilized foreign capital reached 23.18 billion US dollars, up 3.5% year on year and reaching a five-year high. ^[69]

Viet Nam has established a number of economic development zones, including industrial zones (including export processing zones) and coastal economic zones, and has implemented various policies to encourage development. By May 2021, China has built 394 industrial parks, of which 351 are located outside economic zones, 35 are located in coastal economic zones and 8 are located in port economic zones, covering a total area of about 121,900 hectares. ^[4]

Foreign aid

Vietnam has established "development partnerships" (aid-recipient relations) with 28 countries (regions) and 23 multilateral organizations. Since 1992, China has pledged more than US $95.6 billion in aid to Vietnam, averaging US $3.4 billion annually. Japan, the European Union, South Korea and other countries and regions, as well as international financial institutions such as the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank, are the main donors of official Development assistance (ODA) to Vietnam.

Japan has always regarded Vietnam as a priority for its aid and is the country that has provided the most ODA to Vietnam. Japan's assistance to Vietnam is mainly carried out through the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). Since November 1992, Japan has pledged a total of US $30 billion in aid (including free aid and ODA loans) to Vietnam, of which US $1.6 billion is free aid. In addition, South Korea provides about $30 million in free aid and $300 million in ODA loans to Vietnam on average every year. The EU has pledged to provide $400 million in free aid to Vietnam from 2014 to 2020.

By the end of 2020, Vietnam had received more than $80 billion in aid. Among them, about $7.3 billion in grants and the rest are concessional loans, most of which have interest rates below 2%. ^[4]

currency

Subject article: Vietnamese Dong

The currency of Vietnam is the Vietnamese Dong and is not freely convertible. At the beginning of 2016, Vietnam introduced a new exchange rate management mechanism to replace the long-term fixed exchange rate mechanism with the "central exchange rate" published daily by the Central bank of Vietnam, and commercial banks fluctuate 3% above and below the central exchange rate benchmark to determine their own exchange rate prices.

In August 2018, the Central Bank of Vietnam decided that starting from October 12, 2018, the settlement of goods or services in the Vietnam-China border area can be made in Dong or Yuan, and the payment method can be cash or bank transfer. Renminbi and dong swap settlement within Vietnam is only applicable in the seven provinces bordering China, namely Lang Son, Quang Ninh, Ha Giang, Laizhou, Lao CAI, Gao Binh and Dien Bien. ^[4]

culture

broadcast

EDITOR

Language

Subject article: Vietnamese (Ting Vit)

Vietnamese is the official language, the lingua franca and the main national language. Some residents speak English. ^[4]

There are 110 languages spoken in Vietnam, of which 109 are spoken and 1 has disappeared. Of the languages spoken, 93 are indigenous and 16 are non-indigenous. ^[17] Vietnamese, a member of the South Asian language family, has been adopted as the official national language in the education system and in the mass media. About 90% of the ethnic minority population can speak Vietnamese to some degree. ^[41]

Since the 21st century, with the rise of ethnic minority language awareness, the right to education and dissemination of national mother tongue has been paid more and more attention. For example, the Voice of Vietnam radio station has used some ethnic languages such as Miao language , Thai, Khmer Wait for the broadcast. ^[41]

Vietnamese was mistaken for a member of the Sino-Tibetan family in the early 20th century because of its past use of Chinese characters and many Sino-Vietnamese words. After further study, it was found that Vietnamese should be more appropriately classified under the South Asian language family. Vietnamese can be roughly divided into three dialects in North and South China, except for a few differences in intonation and vocabulary, basically the dialects can communicate and understand each other. After the founding of Vietnam, the standard was Hanoi, the capital city located in the north. ^[41]

Text

Since its founding as a feudal state, Vietnam has used Chinese characters, carboxys, French and Mandarin. Chinese characters remained the official script until 1884, when Vietnam was completely colonized by France. ^[34]

In 1282, Ruan Quan made "Sacrifice Crocodile Wen", which can be regarded as the basic shape of the character. The state of exclusive Chinese characters continued until the 13th century. here Hu Dynasty (1400-1407) and The Nguyen Dynasty The rulers (1788-1802) took the word seriously and elevated it to official status. During this period, Chinese characters dominated as official orthodox characters and continued to be used in the fields of imperial edicts, coins, advertisements, imperial examinations, and law, while the use of Chinese characters was squeezed in the fields of literature, religion, and folklore. ^[34]

In 1651, the Vietnamese Portuguese Latin Dictionary written by the French missionary Rhodes was officially published, marking the formation of the national language. In 1884, Vietnam was fully colonized by the French, and the colonial government imposed French and national languages. In 1945, when the Democratic Republic of Vietnam was established, Ho Chi Minh signed an important decree on "civilian education", established the Civilian Education Department, abolished Chinese characters, made the national language a legal language, and declared that only citizens who could use the national language were eligible to be elected. ^[34]

Festivals

Legal holidays in Vietnam include: New Year's Day (January 1), Spring Festival (the first day of the first lunar month), Hung King's Day (March 10 of the lunar calendar), South Vietnam Liberation Day (April 30), Labor Day (May 1), Mid-Autumn Festival (August 15 of the lunar calendar), National Day (September 2). Every Saturday and Sunday are closed. ^[4]

diet

Vietnamese taste is light, mainly boiled, fried, barbecue. ^[55] Famous snacks include river snail noodles, beef noodles, chicken noodles, shrimp cakes, enemas, fried spring rolls, zongzi, etc. ^[55] All kinds of pickled cucumbers, eggplant, cabbage, etc., are necessary for three meals a day. Pay attention to eat green vegetables raw, with water cabbage, lettuce, mung bean sprouts, coriander, mint, etc., dipped in fish sauce, vinegar or fresh lemon juice. ^[55]

religion

Buddhism is dominant, with nearly 11 million adherents, about 6.2 million Catholics, more than 4.4 million Gaotai adherents, 1.4 million Protestants, 1.3 million Good-faith believers, 75,000 Muslims, and 1,500 Hindus. Traditional Confucianism and Eastern values dominate Vietnamese social ideology. ^[4]

Buddhism

The largest religion in Vietnam. Vietnamese Buddhism was originally introduced from India, and around the beginning of the first century, Indian merchants had already entered Vietnam by sea, including many Buddhist merchants. As a result, Buddhism began to spread to Vietnam. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Mahayana Buddhism was introduced from China to Vietnam, and the Vietnamese people called it "Northern School". After the 10th century, it became the state religion. Theravada Buddhism was introduced from Thailand and Cambodia and is called "Southern Buddhism". Most of them believe in Mahayana Buddhism. ^[41]

Catholicism

In 1533, Roman missionaries went to Vietnam, but failed. At the end of the 16th century, missionaries from Portugal, Spain and other countries came again to preach, and eventually introduced Catholicism to Vietnam through the policy of bribing the ruling class, and then developed rapidly. It became legal under French rule. With more than 3 million believers, the southern province of Dong Nai is the most Catholic area in Vietnam, with many churches. Located in the heart of Ho Chi Minh, the Gothic Cathedral of Our Lady is a major tourist attraction in the city, and the "Paris Commune Square" in front of the church stands a giant statue of Our Lady holding the earth. A 32-meter-high statue of Jesus (built in 1974) stands on Mount Jesus in the coastal resort city of Vounton. Empress Nam Phuong of the former Nguyen Dynasty and South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem were both deeply Catholic. The phonetic alphabet used in Vietnam was invented by a French Jesuit missionary, Alex de Hodes. ^[41]

Protestantism

It was introduced to Saigon in 1893, but was banned by the French colonial authorities. By 1920, the mission had established itself in Vietnam. Protestantism has many followers, mainly distributed in Hanoi, Haiphong, Hexi, Seung Tien, Quang Nam - Da Nang, Polaiku, Binh Shun and other places. ^[41]

Caodaism

It is a native religion founded in 1926 by Wu Wenzhao and Li Wenzhong, who combined Buddhism, Christianity, Taoism and Confucianism. The full name is "the third phase of the avenue Purdu High Platform Education". Believe in Confucius (humanity), Jiang Taigong (Divine Way), Jesus (Divine Way), Lao Tzu (Divine Way), and Buddhism (Buddha Way). Most of the Jing farmers in Xining, Dishi and other places in southern Vietnam believe in Gaotai religion, burning incense and chanting sutras at 6, 12, 18 and 24 o 'clock every day. ^[41]

Reconciled religion

Founded in 1939 by Huang Fuchu. It is a variant of Buddhism, but instead of building temples, it uses a red cloth instead of a statue and offers flowers and water. It is popular in An Giang, Dong Thame, Ha Sin, Dong Chuan and other places in southern Vietnam. ^[41]

Islam

Islam in Vietnam is mainly practiced by the Cham ethnic group. However, about a third of Vietnamese Muslims are from other ethnic groups. According to legend, during the reign of the third caliph of Islam, Uthman bin Afan, Arabs had already come to Jamal. But they were mainly traders, and Islam was not practiced among the Cham until the 11th century. After the defeat of the Champaine by the Late Li Dynasty in 1471, the Cham were more widely accepted under the influence of the Malacca Sultanate, and it was not until the mid-17th century that Islam was accepted by all. ^[41]

wushu

Vietnam wushu Since ancient times, it has been greatly influenced by Chinese martial arts, and boxing from Southeast Asian countries has also penetrated into Vietnamese martial arts. However, while absorbing the essence of martial arts from neighboring countries, Vietnamese martial arts also retains a lot of its own characteristics. Vietnamese martial arts are often used in uniforms similar to judo, taekwondo Style of military uniforms, and the use of different colors of belts to distinguish the level of martial arts. The most influential Vietnamese martial art is Kobudo . Viet Budo is the way of Vietnamese martial arts, adopted by China Southern Shaolin and Muay Thai The influence of the independent genre developed. In 1988, Olympic Council of Asia Officially adopted the designation of martial arts as The Asian Games Official event. ^[41]

Cultural heritage

A total of 14 intangible cultural heritage items in Viet Nam have been inscribed on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO.

United Nations Representative of the intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
Hue court elegant music	Nishihara Gong Jing Culture
Beining Guan He folk songs	Song collection
Rong Sheng (Fu Dong Tianwang) temple fair	Fu Shou province spring song
Male king worship belief	Southern talent plays and sings
He sings	Tug-of-war and competition ceremony
Three houses worship mother faith	Central card singing ^[49]
Daynong Tai three clan Tianqu	Thai ethnic dance ^[50]

Military affairs

broadcast

EDITOR

Subject article: Vietnamese People's Army

The Vietnamese People's Army was established on 22 December 1944. Implement a three-in-one "national defense" system consisting of the main force, local forces and militias. The Politburo is the highest military decision-making body and exercises unified leadership over the armed forces through the Ministry of Defense. The system of compulsory military service is implemented, and the service period ranges from 2 to 4 years. ^[1] ^[54]

Vietnamese People's Army

Military leadership system: According to the Vietnamese Constitution, the President is in charge of the people's armed forces and also the chairman of the National Defense and Tranquillity Council. In fact, the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of Vietnam is the highest military decision-making body, and the general secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam also serves as the secretary of the military Commission, and exercises unified leadership and command over the national armed forces through the Ministry of Defense. The Ministry of National Defense is both an administrative organ of the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of Vietnam and the highest military administrative organ of the Vietnamese Army, including the General Staff, the General Political Bureau, the General Logistics Bureau, the General Technical Bureau, the General Directorate of Defense Industry, and the Intelligence Bureau. The six headquarters (bureaus) are respectively responsible for the military command, political and ideological education, logistics supply, technical support, military industry and production and operation, intelligence collection and service.

Military command system: The General Staff Headquarters under the Ministry of National Defense is responsible for the military command of the entire army.

Military service system: Military service is compulsory, with service periods ranging from 2 to 4 years.

Army Festival: Army Day December 22 (1944); Navy Day 7 May (1955); Air Defence - Air Force Day 14 July (1999). ^[16]

Organizational structure

The Vietnamese People's Army consists of the main force, local forces, military regions, services, border troops, group armies, arms, logistics, technical support units as well as academies, research institutes and economic-defense units.

The Vietnam People's Army consists of seven military districts (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9), Hanoi Capital Command, four corps (1, 2, 3, 4), and six branches: special agents, artillery, tank armor, engineers, communications and liaison Corps, and chemical Corps.

The Air Defense - Air Force of the Vietnamese People's Army is equipped with Su-30MK2, Su-27, Su-22 aircraft, C-295 medium transport aircraft and MiG-21 light fighter aircraft, S-300MPU1 long-range missile and Spider missile combination, 36D6M1-2 long-range radar, various types of anti-aircraft guns, etc.

The Vietnam People's Army Navy has maritime area Commands 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, consisting of five services, namely surface ships, submarines, Naval Aviation, coastal artillery - missiles, Marines and Navy Special agents; In addition, there are communications, radar, electronic warfare, engineering, chemical support service units. These forces include Kilo 636 submarine, Cheetah 3.9 guided missile frigate, 12418 missile boat, TT-400TP gunboat, 10412 patrol boat, Fortress coastal missile, EC-225, DHC-6 aircraft and Score-3000 early warning radar.

The Vietnamese People's Army has a Cyber Operations Command, the Vietnam Peacekeeping Bureau, the National Defense Academy, the Army Academy, the Political Science Academy, the Logistics Academy, the Military Technology Academy, the Military Medical Academy, the First Army Officer Academy, the Second Army Officer Academy and the Political Officer Academy. ^[8]

Armed forces

The Armed forces of Vietnam are composed of regular army, local units and militia. The regular army, also known as the main force, is divided into three services: land, sea and air force.

The Vietnamese Army is the land fighting force of the Vietnamese People's Army. It has no military leadership and is under the direct leadership and command of the Vietnamese Ministry of Defense and the General Staff of the Vietnamese People's Army. The Vietnamese Army has eight military regions: the first Military region, responsible for the Northeast region of Vietnam, based in Taiyuan City; The 2nd Military Region, responsible for the Northwest Region of Vietnam, based in Viet Chi City, Phu Tho Province; The third Military region, responsible for the Red River Delta region, stationed in coastal defense; The 4th Military Region, responsible for north-central Vietnam, based in Vinh City, Nghe An Province; The 5th Military Region, responsible for south-central Vietnam, based in Da Nang; 7th Military Region, in charge of south-eastern Vietnam, based in Ho Chi Minh City; 9th Military Region, Mekong Delta, based in Can Tho City; And the High command in Hanoi, the capital, responsible for the city's garrison. In addition, the Vietnam Army is organized into four army corps, directly under the headquarters, as the national strategic mobile field forces. The First, Second, third, and Fourth armies of the Vietnamese People's Army. In addition, Vietnam's provinces have a "military department", which commands local forces called "provincial corps", consisting of one or more infantry regiments. In Vietnam, the county has a "military department", and the local forces under its command are "county battalions", consisting of one or more infantry battalions.

The Vietnamese Navy includes the Naval Command, the Naval Political Bureau, the Naval Logistics Bureau, the Naval Technology Bureau, and the Naval Academy Training Bureau. It has a naval front office in Ho Chi Minh City. The maritime area is the war zone of the Vietnamese Navy, which includes ships, naval aviation, marines, island defense forces, coastal defense forces, and radar, communications, and logistics support units. Each sea area generally has 1-2 naval detachments, 1-2 garrison regiments, and 1 radar battalion. Vietnam is divided into five maritime zones: the first maritime zone is responsible for the coast of the Gulf of Tonkin, from the mouth of the Beilun River in Quang Ninh Province to the Thang Aung SAN Sea Zone in Hojing City, including the islands and reefs in the Gulf of Tonkin, and the headquarters is located in Haiphong City; The third maritime area is responsible for the central coast, from the Daw Aung Sea area in Quang Binh Province to the Qui Nhon Sea Area in Binh Dinh Province, including Hungo Island, Lee SAN Island, etc., as well as the Paracel Islands claimed by Vietnam, and the headquarters is located in Da Nang; The fourth Sea area: responsible for the central and southern coastal areas, from Qui Nin Hai District of Phu An Province to Binh Thuan Province, including Fugui Island and more than half of the islands and reefs of Nansha Islands under Vietnam's actual control, with the headquarters located in CAM Ranh Bay; The second sea area is responsible for the southern coast, from Binh Shun Province to Bo Liao City Kunlun Sea area, the southern continental shelf, including the key Marine economic zones DK1, DK2, the headquarters is located in Renze County, Tongnai Province, the second sea area has been withdrawn into the fourth sea area; The 5th Sea area is responsible for the southwest coast of the Gulf of Thailand, from the Kunlun Sea area of Jinou City to Jian Giang Province, and the headquarters is located in Phu Quoc Island.

The Vietnamese Air Force has 1 Air Force headquarters, 4 aviation divisions, and a total of 12 flying groups, including 5 fighter groups, 3 transport groups, 3 trainer groups, and 1 strike aircraft group. In addition, Vietnam has six anti-aircraft artillery brigades, six radar brigades, and 100 air defense units.

Total strength: The total military strength is about 450,000, including 260,000 army, 35,000 navy, and 45,000 air force.

Military Expenditure: Military spending in 2011 was about $2.6 billion. ^[16]

traffic

broadcast

EDITOR

In recent years, Vietnam's transportation industry has been restructured, improved service quality, and achieved good economic benefits. In 2023, Vietnam's transport industry continued to recover, with 74 million passengers transported, up 34.5% year on year, and 1.1 million tons of cargo transported, down 9.3% year on year. Among them, the number of international passenger transport reached 32 million, 1.7 times that of 2022. ^[69]

highroad

The total length of roads in Vietnam is 668,000 km, of which 85.8% are rural roads. The length of national highways is about 24,600 kilometers. The length of expressways is about 1,800 kilometers, of which 1,163 kilometers have been completed and opened to traffic. By the end of 2020, road freight accounted for more than 65% of the total domestic freight transport in Vietnam. Roads in Vietnam connect China, Laos and Cambodia. ^[4]

The land border between China and Vietnam is 1,450 kilometers long. Seven provinces in northern Vietnam border with Guangxi and Yunnan provinces of China. There are 28 pairs of land ports of different levels between the two countries, most of which can be connected by large and small highways, and the larger ones are Dongxing - Mong Street, Youyi Pass - Friendship, Hekou - Lao Street, etc. ^[4]

railway

Subject article: Railways in Vietnam

The first railway in Vietnam, the Saigon-Dike tram, opened in 1881. Vietnam's railway infrastructure is generally backward, only 34 provinces and municipalities in the country have railways, 7 main lines and 12 branch lines with a total mileage of 3,143 kilometers. 85% of the road is the old meter rail, the standard rail only accounts for 6%, and the remaining 9% is the sleeve rail. With an average speed of less than 60 kilometers per hour, rail freight accounted for only 0.6 percent of the country's total freight. Railway passenger traffic in Vietnam accounts for less than 1% of the country's passenger traffic, and passengers use trains as a last resort. ^[4]

According to the "Railway Development Plan to 2020", in April 2018, the Ministry of Transport of Vietnam organized an expert study to study the construction of Haiphong - Hanoi - Lao Street 391 km standard rail electrified railway line, the design of the line of buses will reach 160 km/h. In the adjusted railway development plan, Vietnam will build a North-South high-speed railway connecting Hanoi City and Ho Chi Minh City in stages before 2050, spanning 20 provinces and cities, with a total mileage of 1,559 kilometers, a design speed of 350 kilometers per hour and a running speed of 320 kilometers per hour. The China-Vietnam railway connects only at Pingxiang and Yunnan estuary in Guangxi. Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City are building urban rail systems, and the first urban rail, Hanoi Light Rail Line 2, has been completed and officially launched into commercial operation on November 6, 2021. ^[4]

Air freight

A total of 22 airports are operating in Vietnam, including 10 international airports. The total operating capacity is 95 million passengers per year. Hanoi Nei Pai Airport and Ho Chi Minh City's Tan Son Nhat Airport are the two largest hub airports, both of which meet the 4E standard (ICAO).

Hanoi Airport hosts 68 overseas airlines from 25 countries and regions, as well as 6 local airlines including Vietnam Airlines, which operate domestic and international aviation markets. The main aircraft types of Vietnam's civil aviation are Airbus (320, 321, 330, 350) and Boeing (737, 767, 777, 787). The number of civilian airliners is 190-210. In addition to Vietnam's six domestic airlines, 68 foreign airlines from 25 countries operate international routes to Vietnam. ^[4]

Vietnam International Airports
Hanoi Nei Pai International Airport	Ho Chi Minh SAN International Airport
Da Nang International Airport	CAM LAN International Airport, Nha Trang
Phu quoc International Airport	Can Tho International Airport
Haiphong Jibei International Airport	Hue Fu Pai International Airport
Da Lat Lian Kang International Airport	Kunlun International Airport ^[12]

Water transport

Vietnam manages and develops a total length of 19,000 kilometers of inland waterways, most of which are naturally developed, of which 6,700 kilometers are state-level inland waterways. The depth of the northern ship is guaranteed to be 2-2.5 meters, and the southern ship is guaranteed to be greater than 3 meters. The volume of freight and passenger traffic of inland transport in Vietnam is second only to road transport, ranking second in the national transport industry. There are 131 inland waterway ports, 13 of which can dock foreign ships. The main ports are located in Ho Chi Minh, Hanoi, Hebei, Yue Chi, Ninh Binh, and other provinces and cities. The fleet is dominated by vessels ranging from 5-20 tons to 1000-2000 tons. Low traction, about 4-5 tons per horsepower; Slow speed, 5-8 km/h. Inland waterway transportation is a common mode of transportation in Vietnam, and the goods mainly include grain, coal, cement, stone, sand and so on. ^[4]

Port transport in Vietnam

Vietnam has 49 sea ports, of which 17 are Class I ports, 23 are Class II ports and 9 are Class III ports. There are 286 ports in the national seaport system, of which Haiphong Port has a maximum of 50, followed by Pati - Tau Tau with 45 and Ho Chi Minh City with 43. In 2020, the cargo throughput of Vietnam's ports will be 692 million tons, accounting for 78.7% of the total transport volume of Vietnam's ports, and the throughput is mainly concentrated in the northern port group and the southern port group, accounting for about 80% of the total throughput. There is no international transit port in the country, and import and export goods need to be transited through Singapore, Hong Kong, China and other places. ^[4]

Vietnam's shipping fleet is mainly composed of domestic new vessels and imported second-hand vessels, with a total of more than 1,600 shipping vessels with a gross tonnage of 6.2 million tons, ranking 31st in the world. The largest shipping company in Vietnam is the Vietnam Marine Corporation (VINALINES). ^[4]

Six ports in Vietnam
Northern port group from Quang Ninh Province to Ninh Binh Province	North Central port group from Thanh Hoa Province to Ha Tinh Province
Central port group from Quang Binh province to Quang Ngai Province	South central port group from Binh Dinh Province to Binh Thuan Province
Southern port group	Jiulong River plain port group ^[4]

society

broadcast

EDITOR

Science and technology

The level of science and technology in Vietnam is not highly competitive either in the world or in Southeast Asia, but scientific and technological work has contributed to the economic and social progress of the country. There are nearly 300 research institutes (institutes, centers) in Vietnam. ^[4]

The Ministry of Science and Technology of Vietnam is the overall management department of science and technology in Vietnam, as of February 2020, there are 1,629 public scientific research institutions with a total of 141,000 employees, and 1,961 private scientific research institutions with a total of 23,000 employees, and the total domestic R&D expenditure accounts for 0.5% of GDP. ^[11]

Seventy percent of Vietnam's population under the age of 35 is digitally savvy. ^[58]

People's livelihood

Since 2020, despite the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic and natural disasters, the life of Vietnamese residents has been generally stable, and the number of poor households and poor areas across the country has continued to decrease. The unemployment rate in 2023 is 2.28%. ^[69]

education

At present, Vietnam has formed an education system including early childhood education, primary education, secondary education, higher education, teacher education, vocational education and adult education. General education lasts for 12 years and is divided into three stages: the first stage is a 5-year primary school, the second stage is a 4-year middle school, and the third stage is a 3-year high school. In 2000, Vietnam announced that it had basically achieved the goal of universal compulsory primary education. In 2001, nine-year compulsory education was made universal. There are 376 institutions of higher learning in the country. Famous universities include Hanoi National University, Ho Chi Minh City National University, Hue University, Da Nang University and so on. ^[69]

Vietnam's diploma system is divided into primary school diplomas, junior high school diplomas (secondary school diplomas), senior high school diplomas, university diplomas, master's and doctoral diplomas. The degree system includes four levels: Xiu CAI (high school graduate), Jian Ren (bachelor), master, and Jinshi (Doctor). Bachelor, master, and doctoral students can obtain degree certificates issued by the degree-granting units confirmed by the State Academic Degree Committee after they have defended their theses. In 2000, Vietnam declared the completion of literacy and universal compulsory primary education. In 2001, nine-year compulsory education was made universal. ^[4]

In the 2020 school year, Vietnam has 5 million preschool children, 17 million primary and secondary school students (8.7 million primary school students, 5.7 million middle school students, 2.6 million high school students), and 1.5 million tertiary students. There are 1,913 vocational education schools in the country, including 402 universities, 472 junior colleges and 1,039 continuing education centers. ^[4]

Selected Universities in THE2022 World University Impact Ranking (Vietnam)
National University of Hanoi, Viet Nam	Sun Desheng University
Hanoi Polytechnic University	Phenikaa University
Victoria Sun University	Vietnam University of National Economy
FPT University ^[5]

Medical treatment

The social security system was introduced in 1947 and was modified and supplemented in 1961, 1981, 1985 and 1995. The social security system provides that workers are entitled to sick leave, maternity leave and work-related injury leave, and are entitled to pensions, disability benefits and survivors' benefits. The government bears part of the cost of testing and treatment for all citizens. Since February 1, 2010, health insurance has been compulsory for children under the age of 6. According to statistics, the national health insurance coverage rate in Vietnam will reach 90% in 2020. The number of people covered by social, medical and unemployment insurance was 114 million, or 100.54 percent of the total. Among them, 15.185 million people participated in compulsory social insurance; 13.343 million people participated in unemployment insurance; A total of 551,000 people paid their own social insurance and 85.39 million people participated in medical insurance.

In 2020, the average life expectancy in Vietnam is 73.7 years. In 2020, Vietnam will have an average of 8 doctors and 27 hospital beds per 10,000 people. Common diseases in Viet Nam include dengue fever, typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, poliomyelitis, hand, foot and mouth disease, hepatitis A and parasitic infections, AIDS and other diseases. In 2020, there were 128,970 dengue cases (23 deaths) nationwide. 78063 cases of hand, foot and mouth disease (1 death); 622 cases of viral meningitis (11 deaths); 242 cases of diphtheria (5 deaths). As of December 18, 2020, the total number of people living with HIV in Vietnam is 211,013; The national death toll from AIDS was 99,113.

In 2020, the total number of food poisoning cases in Vietnam was 98, poisoning 2,712 people (22 deaths). ^[4]

Physical education

Vietnam's traditional sports are rich and colorful, with various forms. The main ones that are widely spread are martial arts, chess, Rattan ball And other cattle racing, deeply loved by the Vietnamese people. Since 1991, March 27 has been designated as "Vietnam Sports Day".

Vietnam began participating in the Olympic Games in 1952 and won one gold medal, i.e Rio 2016 Olympic Games male 10 meter air pistol ( Huang Chunrong ); Three silver MEDALS, i.e Sydney 2000 Olympic Games Women's 57kg class taekwondo In 2008 Beijing Olympic Games men's 56kg weightlifting, Rio 2016 Olympic Games Men's 50m pistol. ^[41]

medium

News agency

Subject article: Vietnam News Agency

Vietnam News Agency The National News Agency, founded in 1945, merged with the South Vietnam Liberation News Agency in 1976. It has branches in all provinces and cities in the country, and 27 branches abroad. August 1998 Internet (Vietnamese, English, French, Spanish) opened. ^[69]

Newspapers and periodicals

Vietnam's press and publication law stipulates that newspapers are controlled by the state. There are 450 central and local news agencies. The main publishing houses are the National Political Publishing House, the Cultural Publishing House, the Literature Publishing House, the Science and Technology Publishing House, the Education Publishing House and the World Publishing House. There are 13,515 publications with an annual circulation of 218 million copies. There are about 150 newspapers and the rest are trade tabloids. The main newspapers are: "People", the central organ of the Communist Party of Vietnam, founded in 1951, the electronic edition of May 1998; People's Army Daily, organ of the General Political Bureau of the Vietnamese People's Army; "Grand Unity", the central organ of the Fatherland Front; Saigon Liberation Newspaper (Vietnamese and Chinese), the official newspaper of the Communist Party of Vietnam's Ho Chi Minh Municipal Committee; "Communism", a monthly publication of the political theory of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam, was founded in 1956, and launched in 2001. National Defense monthly. ^[69]

Television media

Subject article: Vietnam television

Vietnam Central Television: Established in 1971, currently has 9 programs. ^[69]

Broadcast media

"Voice of Vietnam" radio station: Established in 1954, four domestic programs broadcast in Vietnamese and several minority languages; Foreign broadcasts are in Mandarin, Cantonese, Russian, English, French, Spanish, Japanese, Thai, Lao, Cambodian, Indonesian, Malay, etc.

communication

Vietnam's national communications infrastructure has covered the entire territory, with optical cable and transceiver base stations covering more than 800,000 kilometers by 2020. The mobile network coverage rate has reached 99.7%, and 3G and 4G mobile networks have been widely covered, and 5G mobile network tests are being carried out. ^[4]

As of May 2021, there are seven companies offering mobile communications services in Vietnam, five of which offer 4G services. 63 companies provide Internet services. China has more than 120 million mobile users, with each person owning more than one mobile phone. There were 68.2 million mobile broadband users and 17.95 million fixed broadband Internet users. The total international Internet access bandwidth is 11.6Tbps, and the total domestic Internet access bandwidth is 4.1Tbps. ^[4]

electricity

The Vietnamese government's power authority is the Ministry of Industry and Trade, and the state-owned Vietnam Power Group (EVN) is a power hub enterprise integrating the production, supply, distribution and dispatching of electricity in the country.

By the end of 2020, Vietnam has a total installed power capacity of 69,300 MW, ranking second in ASEAN (after Indonesia) and 23rd in the world. In 2020, the Vietnam Electricity Group (EVN) produced and purchased about 247.08 billion KWH of electricity, an increase of 2.9% year-on-year. Vietnam's national high-voltage power grid is more than 24,000 kilometers, of which 500 kV power grid is 7,800 kilometers long, 220 kV power grid is more than 17,000 kilometers long, and 110 kV power grid is 19,500 kilometers long. About 2.1 billion KWH of electricity will be imported from China in 2020. ^[4]

Leading personnel

broadcast

EDITOR

President: Su Lin ^[80]

National Assembly President: Chen Ching-min ^[80]

diplomacy

broadcast

EDITOR

Foreign policy

The 13th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam reaffirmed that it will continue to adhere to the diplomatic line of independence, independence, peace, cooperation and development, all-round and diversified, take safeguarding the interests of the country and the nation as the top priority in its diplomatic work, emphasize the unified leadership of the Party and the centralized management of the state, and propose to build a comprehensive and modern overall diplomacy with the three pillars of inter-party diplomacy, state diplomacy and people's diplomacy. Vietnam joined ASEAN in 1995 and has established diplomatic relations with 192 countries. ^[69]

Vietnam-china relations

Subject article: China-vietnam relations

China and Vietnam are linked by mountains and rivers, and the two peoples enjoy a time-honored traditional friendship. On January 18, 1950, Vietnam and China established diplomatic relations. ^[15]

November 1991 - General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam Dume President of the Council of Ministers Wu Wenjie During his visit to China, the two sides declared an end to the past, opening up the future and normalizing relations between the two parties and two countries. In March 1999, Jiang Zemin General Secretary and General Secretary of the Viet Cong Le Kebyu In the new century, under the guidance of the 16-character policy of "long-term stability, future-oriented, good-neighborly friendship and all-round cooperation" adopted in Beijing to develop the relations between the two parties and two countries, and the four good spirits of "good neighbors, good friends, good comrades and good partners", the traditional friendship between China and Vietnam has been more deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. Mutual trust, mutual support, comprehensive cooperation, mutual benefit and common development between the two countries have become an important feature of the new type of China-Vietnam relations in the new century, pushing the relations between the two parties and two countries into a new era of all-round development. ^[15]

On November 18, 2009, the signing ceremony of the China-Vietnam land boundary demarcation document was held in Beijing. The China-Vietnam land border has been demarcated in its entirety after 10 years of joint efforts by both sides. The documents signed include the Protocol on the Demarcation of the Land Boundary between China and Vietnam and its accompanying maps, the Agreement on the Management System of the Land Boundary between China and Vietnam and the Agreement on the Management System of the Land Border Ports between China and Vietnam. In July 2010, the China-Vietnam land boundary Delimitation Protocol and other legal documents came into effect. ^[15]

China mainly exports mechanical and electrical products, machinery and equipment, fabrics, textile fibers and other raw materials, and mainly imports mineral resources and agricultural products from Vietnam. In 2022, bilateral trade stood at $234.92 billion, up 2.1 percent year on year. Among them, China's exports were 146.96 billion US dollars, up 6.8% year on year, and imports were 87.96 billion US dollars, down 4.7% year on year. In the first 11 months of 2023, the bilateral trade volume between China and Vietnam was 206.32 billion US dollars, down 2.1% year on year, of which China's exports were 123.58 billion US dollars, down 5.6% year on year, and imports were 82.75 billion US dollars, up 3.7% year on year. ^[70]

According to Vietnamese statistics, by the end of 2022, China's stock of direct investment in Vietnam was 23.348 billion US dollars. ^[70]

2023年10月20日上午，国家主席习近平在人民大会堂会见来华出席第三届“一带一路”国际合作高峰论坛的越南国家主席武文赏。 ^[64]

The two sides announced the new orientation of bilateral relations between the two parties and two countries, and jointly build a China-Vietnam Communist Party of shared future with strategic significance on the basis of deepening China-Vietnam comprehensive strategic cooperative partnership Same body. ^[66]

Vietnam-us relations

Diplomatic relations were established in July 1995. The first ambassadors of the two sides arrived in May 1997. The year 2006 saw significant progress in Vietnam-US relations. In May, Vietnam and the United States reached an agreement on Vietnam's accession to the WTO, concluding bilateral market access negotiations. In November, the United States removed Vietnam from its list of "countries of particular religious concern." In December, the U.S. Congress voted to grant Vietnam permanent normal trade relations. ^[45]

Vietnam-russia relations

Viettong Former Soviet Union They established diplomatic relations in January 1950. In the Sino-Vietnamese War of 1979, the Soviet Union supported Vietnam and demanded that China withdraw its troops from Vietnam. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russian Federation He inherited diplomatic relations with Vietnam. In 1994, the two countries signed the Treaty on Basic Principles of Friendly Relations. In 2006, Vietnam-Russia strategic partnership was further deepened. In 2012, China established a comprehensive strategic partnership. ^[46]

Vietnam-japan relations

In September 1973, Vietnam established diplomatic relations with Japan. In 2002, he was general secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam Nong Teck Muang During his visit to Japan, the two sides established the relationship of "long-term and stable trust partnership". Four years later, Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung visited Japan and the two sides agreed to build a strategic partnership. In 2009, Nong Duc Manh visited Japan again, and the two countries established the relationship as "strategic partnership for peace and prosperity in Asia". In March 2014, Dung visited Japan again, elevating Vietnam-Japan relations to the level of a "broad strategic partnership for peace and prosperity in Asia".

In 1992, Japan began providing government development assistance (ODA) to Vietnam. Vietnam is the largest recipient of Japanese ODA, accounting for 30 percent of the total. ^[47]

According to a report by Japan's Yomiuri Shimbun on October 16, 2023, Vietnam and Japan are discussing to elevate bilateral relations to the highest level of "comprehensive strategic partnership", on the same level as Vietnam-US relations. ^[63]

Vietnam-australia relations

On March 7, 2024 local time, Vietnamese Prime Minister Pham Minh Thien and Australian Prime Minister Albanese A press conference was held to announce the establishment of Vietnam-Australia comprehensive strategic partnership. ^[71]

Aging relationship

On September 5, 1962, Vietnam and Laos formally established diplomatic relations. The establishment of diplomatic relations took place on 12 August 1975. On July 18, 1977, the two countries signed the Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation. ^[48] In 2006, comprehensive cooperation and "special traditional friendship" between Vietnam and Laos were further deepened.

Vietnam-cambodia relations

On June 24, 1967, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and Kingdom of Cambodia Establish diplomatic relations. Vietnam occupied Cambodia in 1979, withdrew and reconciled with Cambodia in 1989.

Relations with ASEAN

In July 1995, Vietnam joined ASEAN. Vietnam has increasingly close relations with ASEAN.

Relations with the European Union

Relations between Vietnam and the European Union continued to develop in 2006. Bilateral cooperation in economy, trade, finance, culture, education, science and technology has been developing steadily. The more important the EU is as a trading partner, the more it mainly exports leather shoes and textiles to the EU. In 2006, the EU officially abolished the export quota of Vietnamese textiles.

travel

broadcast

EDITOR

summarize

According to the Vietnam Cultural Heritage Bureau, Vietnam has more than 40,200 sites, including 3,100 state-level sites. Architectural relics such as Hue Imperial City, Hoi An Ancient Town, Meishan Shrine, Shenglong Imperial City, and Hu Dynasty Castle are inscribed on the World Cultural Heritage List. ^[13]

Vietnam's tourism resource areas include mountain scenery tourism area in the northeast, multi-ethnic cultural tourism area in the northwest, historical and cultural tourism area in the middle, water landscape tourism area in the southeast, ecological tourism area in the southwest, and ecological tourism area in the Mekong Delta. ^[13]

Scenic spot

Batting Square

Batting Square Located in the city center of Hanoi, the capital of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, it is an important place for gatherings and festival activities in Vietnam. The square is surrounded by government offices and foreign embassies.

On the west side of the square is the Mausoleum of President Ho Chi Minh, and on the east is the Ba Ting Hall. Several radial boulevards of the square connect with the rest of Hanoi. 320 meters long, 100 meters wide, a total of 210 lawns, the middle is 1.4 meters wide sidewalk. On the west side of Batting Square stands the mausoleum of Ho Chi Minh. To the northwest of the tomb is Ho Chi Minh's old residence in Hanoi, and to the southwest is the Ho Chi Minh Museum. In front of the museum is the Temple of One Pillar. ^[42]

Batting Square

Ha Long Bay

Ha Long Bay It is located in the western part of the Beibu Gulf, 150 km from Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam. In 1994, UNESCO listed Halong Bay as a natural heritage site on the World Heritage List. Halong Bay is divided into east and west sea areas, the west is Halong Bay, the east is Baizilong Bay, the two bays into a whole, including thousands of grotesque and magnificent islands, collectively known as Halong Bay. The area of the Bay designated as a strict protection zone is 434 square kilometers, 788 islands, 460 named, and 328 unnamed. ^[43]

Ha Long Bay

Hanoi Thang Long Imperial City

Shenglong Imperial City Located in Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam, it was built in the 11th century during the Lee Dynasty of Vietnam as a symbol of "Greater Vietnam" independence, and until the 13th century, it was the center of regional political power.

Hanoi is divided into two parts: inner city (city) and outer city (suburb). The inner city is divided into three parts: the Forbidden City, the imperial city and the imperial city. The Forbidden City where the king, his concubine, his children, and his attendants dwelt; Surrounding the Forbidden City was the imperial city, the seat of the offices of the courtiers; Outside the imperial city, the neighborhoods, markets, and residential areas were the capital. The intersection of arts, construction techniques, urban planning and landscape art. In 2010, UNESCO inscribed it on the World Heritage List. ^[44]

Hanoi Thang Long Imperial City

World heritage site

By 2021, there will be eight in Vietnam World heritage site Of these, five are cultural heritage sites, two are natural heritage sites, and one is dual heritage sites. ^[7]

name	type	location
Ha Long Bay	Natural heritage	Quang Ninh
Phongnya Gebang National Park	Natural heritage	Ha Tinh
Hue ancient building complex	Cultural heritage	Seung Tin Hue Province
Hoi An Ancient City	Cultural heritage	Quang Nam
Beautiful mountain	Cultural heritage	Quang Nam
Hanoi Thang Long Imperial City	Cultural heritage	Hanoi
The castle of the Hu Dynasty	Cultural heritage	Thanh Hoa
Scenic spots of Chang 'an	Natural heritage, cultural heritage	Ninh Binh ^[6]

Hit the road

Growth task Introduction to editing Editing rule Edit by oneself

I have a question.

Content questioning Online customer service Official post bar feedback

Complaint and suggestion

Report bad information The article was not appealed Complaint infringement information Blocked query and unblocked

Beijing Public network Anbei 11000002000001