Du Fu (February 12, 712 ^[1] - 770 years), word Zimei, named Shaoling wild old, Tang Dynasty A great realist poet, his ancestral home was Xiangyang (now Hubei Province), and he moved to Gongxian (now southwest of Gongyi, Henan Province) since his great-grandfather's time. ^[67] with Li Bai Collectively" Li Du ". For the other two poets Li Shangyin with Du Mu To wit Xiao Li Du To distinguish, Du Fu and Li Bai are also collectively known as" Big Lidu Du Fu is also often referred to as" Lao Du ". Later generations called it Du Gexi, Du Gong Ministry, also called him Du Shaoling, Du Caotang.

Du traveled extensively in his youth Wu Yue And Qi Zhao, during which had gone Luoyang The job is not good. After the age of 35, first in Chang 'an Take an exam and fail; Later, he presented gifts to the emperor and to the dignitaries. Officialdom is not successful, witnessed the extravagance and social crisis of the upper class of the Tang Dynasty. Trimble Fourteen years (755), The Rebellion of An Shi Eruption, Tongguan (a county in Henan Province) Lost, Du Fu has moved many places. Qian Yuan In the second year (759), Du Fu abandoned his official position and entered the Sichuan Province. Although he avoided the war and lived a relatively stable life, he still cared about the people and kept the state in mind. Du Fu wrote" Ascend a height "" Spring View "" Northerly expedition "And" Three officials "," Sanbetsu "And so on. Although Du Fu was a realist poet, he also had some Wild and unrestrained One side, from its famous" Drink the eight immortals song It is not difficult to see Du Fu's Heroic and dry clouds . Grand calendar In the winter of 770, Die of an illness He was 59 years old.

Du Fuzai Chinese classical poetry Its influence was so profound that it was honored by later generations as" poet-sage His poem is called" History of poetry ". The core of Du Fu's thought is Benevolent government Thought, he has "to the king Yao and Shun, ancient dynasties On, and then make customs Chun "grand ambition. Du Fu was not famous when he was alive, but later he became famous. Yes Chinese literature and Japanese literature Have had a profound impact. About 1,500 of Du's poems have been preserved, most of which are collected in his works. The department of Du work set ". ^[3]

Full name: Du Fu
alias: Du Shaoling , Department of DU works , Du Xueyi , Du Caotang , Lao Du , poet-sage
word: Zi Mei
No.: Shaoling wild old man
age: Tang Dynasty
Ethnic group: The Han nationality
Place of Birth: Gong County ^[1]

Date of birth: February 12, 712
Date of death: 770 years
Place of death: Leiyang ^[15]
Major achievement: Tang Dynasty's great realistic literature writer, Tang poetry thought and art of the master
Major work: Mangak , Ascend a height , Spring View , The cottage is broken by the autumn wind , Three officials , Sanbetsu
Top office: Left relics, Hua Zhou Sigong joined the army
eigenname: Du Fu

catalogue

biography

broadcast

EDITOR

Family background

Du Fu's distant ancestors were Emperor Wu of Han A famous cruel official of the period Du Zhou , grandfather Duchenne's statement . ^[2] Du Fu and another great poet of the Tang Dynasty, namely "Xiao Li Du" Du Mu He was both a scholar and a famous man in Jin Dynasty Du Yan After that, the two tribes were far apart. Ancestral home Xiangyang (now Hubei Province), great-grandfather Du Yiyi He was ordered by Gong County and lived in Gong County (now Henan Province). Du Fu Zi Du Yan Second son A surname And Du Mu came from Du Yue Shaozi A surname . Du Fuyu Tang Ruizong Tai Chi On February 12, 712, he was born in Gongxian County. ^[1] ^[62] His mother, Cui, died when Du was young. Cui family is also a famous family, he had many times in his life and close and distant uncle, cousin met.

Young fame

Du Fu^[66]

When Du Fu was a teenager, his family environment was superior, so he lived a relatively stable and prosperous life. He has been studious since childhood, and can write poetry at the age of seven. "When he is seven years old, he is strong and opens his mouth to chant phoenix." ^[4] Is interested in "to you Yao and Shun, ancient dynasties Go up, and then make customs simple." ^[5] . When he was young, he was also very naughty, "the memory of fifteen heart is still a child, healthy as a yellow calf." Pears and dates are ripe in August before the court, and trees can be a thousand times a day."

Du Fu had the opportunity to be influenced by various cultures and arts in his youth, which had a great influence on his later poetry creation. For example, he was five or six years old in Henan Yancheng (a county in Henan Province) Saw a dancer Aunt Gongsun 's sword weapon Hun Tau dance ; After the Qwang in Luoyang Shangshan Square Li Fan In the house, Zunhua Li Xuanzong's favorite Cui Di Before the court, yes Li Guinian The singing voice; In Luoyang Beimangshan Mountain Enjoy the painting saint in the temple of the Emperor Xuanyuan Wu Tao-tzu The five saints and the ranks of thousands of officials in the painting are reflected in his later poetry creation. At that time, celebrities Cui Shang and Wei Qixin saw the Ci fu he wrote and praised him for it Ban Khao , Yangxiong The Wind. In addition Li Yong , Wang Han Such elders deign to visit him. ^[6]

Early travel

The New Century In nineteen years (731), the nineteen-year-old Du Fu traveled concealer Present Shanxi Lin Yi ) ^[7] . At the age of twenty, Du Fu wandered Wu Yue It took years. The New Century Twenty-three years (735), Du Fu returned to his hometown to participate in the" countryman ". In the 24th year of Kaiyuan (736), Du Fu participated in Luoyang A successful candidate in the imperial examinations I failed the exam.

Du Fu's father was Yanzhou A surname A post, Du Fu then went to Yanzhou, and Su Yuanming Together, to the Qizhao plain, for a second tour. He spent four or five years in the Qi and Zhao regions." Jhuma is frivolous "Happy" life, but also left some of the earliest extant poems: Ascend the tower of Yanzhou ", is the province's father in Yanzhou works; And also... Painted eagle "" Room soldiers Cao Huma "Two songs, with the enthusiasm of young people to sing the eagle and the horse; And a song called" Mangak "Is one of the masterpieces, and the two sentences at the end are famous sentences passed down through the ages:" It's gonna be overwhelming , See all the small mountains ", revealing the poet's extraordinary ambition in his youth.

Two encounters with Li Bai

In April of the Third Year of Tianbao (744), Du Fu was in Luoyang with the emperor Emperor Xuanzong of Tang It's for the money Li Bai Meet, two people together to visit Liang, Song (today Henan Kaifeng, Shangqiu area). Met the poet Highly suitable This is the third tour. After that, Du went to Qizhou (now Shandong Province) Jinan (in Shandong Province) ).

Tembo four years (745), he in Qilu County And meet with Li Bai, in drinking poetry, and discussed alchemy for fairy, and visited Yanzhou city north of the hermit fan Savage. The two men also exchanged poems. Du's poem to Li said: "Yu also east to receive visitors, pity the king like a brother." Drunk sleep autumn together, hand in hand with the day." Li gave Du the poem said: "Autumn waves fall surabaya, sea color clear sorai. Separate from each other, and empty the cup in your hand!" The two never saw each other again.

Be in trouble

Du Fu

Trimble Six years (747), Xuanzong ordered the world to "pass a master" to Chang 'an to take the exam, Du Fu also participated in the exam. Due to power Li Linfu Wrote and directed a" All the wild are wise. "Farce, to participate in the exam all failed. Since the way of imperial examination was not feasible, Du Fu had to turn away from the door of power and donate in order to realize his political ideal Have an interview with an official And so on, but to no avail. He lived in Chang 'an for ten years, ran to give, frustrated, frustrated in his career, lived a poor life, "not in the middle, trapped Chang 'an" ^[8] .

Tianbao ten years (751) First month, Xuanzong will be held sacrifice The three grand ceremonies of Taiqing Palace, Taitemple and Heaven and Earth, Du Fu then pre-dedicated the book in the winter of Tianbao Nine years. Three great gifts ", get the appreciation of Xuanzong, life To be prepared in House of talent However, only the "parameter selection" qualification is waiting for allocation, because the subject is still Li Linfu So he didn't get an official position.

In the 14th year of Tianbao (755), Du Fu was awarded a minor official such as a Hexi lieutenant, but Du Fu was not willing to accept the official post of "not being a Hexi lieutenant, but being a desolate man", and the court changed his position to that of the right guard Soldier Cao joined the army . (One said that any right guard led the government and Cao Shen army, but Du Fu in the" After the official show "Under the title of the original note said:" when free Hexi lieutenant, for the right guard rate Fu soldier Cao." And the Tang dynasty writers Yuan Zhen and New Book of Tang However, Du Fu is mentioned as a "Zhou Cao Shen Army", so his official position is still controversial) ^[63]

Du Fu, who was forty-four years old and had been in Chang 'an for more than ten years, accepted the useless post he had learned for his livelihood. In November, Du Fu went to Fengxian (now Pucheng County, Shaanxi Province) provincial home, Du Fu just entered the house, heard crying, it turned out that the youngest son starved to death. On the experience of Chang 'an in the past ten years and what he saw along the way, he wrote the famous" From Beijing to Fengxian county wing five hundred words ". ^[9]

Displaced by war

Tembo 14th year (755) November, The Rebellion of An Shi In June of the following year, Tongguan fell, and Xuanzong fled west in a panic. July, Prince Li Heng Be located at Lingwu (now Lingwu City, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region), was Emperor Su.

At this time, Du Fu had moved his family to 鄜 (now Shaanxi (Province) Fu County The Qiang village took refuge, and when he heard of Emperor Suzong's accession, he went north alone in August to Lingwu, where he was unfortunately captured by the rebels and taken to Chang 'an. With whom he was captured Wang Wei Under strict supervision, Du Fu was not imprisoned because of his official age. Despite his personal misfortunes, Du Fu was always worried about the country and the people.

He kept an eye on the development of the situation and wrote two articles during this period: For Huazhou Guo to make the king into the destruction of the remnants of the situation diagram "And" In the Qianyuan Yuan Year, Huazhou Tried to ask five Questions ", to give advice for the eradication of An Shi rebels, considering how to reduce the burden of the people. When the main force of the rebellion, the northwest court of the town Li Siye When his army passed through Washington, he wrote" Watch Anxi soldiers go to Guanzhong standby two The poem, expressed a strong patriotic enthusiasm. ^{[11] 10 -}

Work as a relic collector

The work department is like

Shitoku In April 757, Guo Ziyi The army came north of Chang 'an, and Du Fu ventured from the west of the city Golden Gate Escape Chang 'an through the confrontation between the two armies to Fengxiang (Present Shaanxi Baoji ) Defected to Emperor Suzong. On May 16, he was ordained by King Su left-hander The deceased is called "Du Gexi".

Got demoted to Washington

Unexpectedly Du Fu soon due to rescue A surname Emperor Su was banished to Huazhou (now Hua County) and was in charge sacrifice , Rites and music , school , elect , medical divination, Examination course Let's wait.

to Hua Zhou After that, Du Fu was in a very depressed and troubled mood. He often swims by the West Stream Zheng County Pavilion (near the old official platform in Xinglin Town today) to relieve worries and boredom. He wrote in" The pavilion in Zheng County "" Early autumn bitter heat pile case still "" independent "And" gallop "And other poems, expressed the frustrated career, the world, crafty flattery of lamenting and resentment.

Empty rescue house guanxi this thing, Du Fu Jing Prime minister (in feudal China) Zhang Hao Force to save and release. But "the emperor himself is not very province record", since then, Su Zong no longer reuse Du Fu. Chang 'an was recaptured in September of that year. In November, Du Fu returned to Chang 'an, still left to pick up the relics, although loyal to his duty, but eventually because of the Fang guan case Qian Yuan In June of the first year (758), it was demoted to the state of Hua Si gong joined the army .

Three officers and three parting

At the end of the Qianyuan Year (758), Du Fu temporarily left Huazhou to Luoyang , A surname (all in present-day Henan Province) to visit relatives. In March of the following year, the Tang army fought with the Anshi rebels Battle of Yecheng The Tang Army was defeated.

On the way back to Huazhou from Luoyang, Du Fu saw the endless disasters brought to the people by the war and the patriotic behavior of the people who endured humiliation to join the army and participate in the war, and was filled with emotion, so he worked hard to create an immortal epic. Three officials "(") The new An Officer "" The official of trench "" Tongguan official ") and "Three Farewells" (" Three Farewells ") Wedding farewell "" Care for one's elders while parting "" Muiebetsu ") and revised it after returning to Washington. "Woe begets trouble, because people travel far."

Living in Qinzhou

In the summer of the second year of Qianyuan (759), there was a great drought in Huazhou and Guanzhong. Summer Sigh "And" Summer Night Sigh ", worry when hurt chaos, singing country refugees suffering.

After the beginning of autumn of that year, Du Fu, distressed by the dirty current politics, gave up his position as Sigong in Huazhou and went west to Qinzhou (now Tianshui, Gansu Province One belt). Du Fu wrote more than 30 poems during his tenure as Sigong in Huazhou.

Wandering in the middle of Sichuan

Du Fu finally arrived after several trips Chengdu , in Strict martial With the help of others, west of the city Huanhagye By the side, a cottage was built, known as" Du Fu's Cottage ", also known as" The Raccoon Cottage ". After being recommended by Yan Wu as a section of the staff, the whole family sojourned in Sichuan Fengjie county . ^[12]

Du Fu's Cottage

Guangde In the spring of the second year (764), Yan Wu returned to Shu, Du Fu CAI returned to the cottage, after wandering away for nearly two years. Yan Wu table recommended Du Fu check The Ministry of Works in feudal China Scholars and foreigners Did Yan Wu's staff, later generations also called Du Fu for the Ministry of Du. Du Fu resigned again soon after.

During these five or six years, Du Fu's life was still very bitter under the patronage of others, and he said: "The book of the old man is broken off, and the child's color is desolate." Bohemian "The foolish son does not know the father and son's rites, so he cries angrily for rice and cries to the east gate."

He used some of the details of life to show the hardship of his life, he said that no sensible children do not know to respect their father, I do not know the father and son ceremony, when hungry, whether it is father or not, whether it is to follow the father and son ceremony, hungry clamor for food, crying outside the east door.

In the autumn storm, Du Fu's hut was dilapidated, his old wife was hungry, and he could not sleep all night. The cottage is broken by the autumn wind ". One of the most famous lines is:" There are thousands of buildings in Ande The poor people all over the world are happy."

Creative climax

Yongtai In April 765, Yan Wu died and Du Fu left Chengdu. Via Georgia ( Lac Son ), Rongzhou ( Yibin ), Yuzhou ( Chongqing ), Chungju ( Zhong County ), Yun 'an ( Yunyang It arrived in the first year of Zong Dalii (766) of the Tang Dynasty Kuizhou (a county in Sichuan Province) ( Honour a feudal ruler ).

Due to the care of the governor of Kuizhou Baimaolin, Du Fu was able to stay here temporarily and take charge of Dongtun for the public Gongjeon After a hundred hectares, he rented some public land, bought forty acres of orchards, hired several laborers, and did some labor for himself and his family.

In this period, the poet's creation reached a climax, and in less than two years, he wrote more than 430 poems, accounting for 30 percent of the existing works. " Ascend a height The "boundless falling wood Xiao Xiao down, not the Yangtze River rolling" has become a unique song through the ages. ^[13]

Homesick on the way home

Grand calendar Three years (768), Du Fu homesick, by boat out of the gorge, the first to arrive Gangnung , change again Public security At the end of the winter, I drifted to Hunan Yueyang , moor a boat Yueyang Tower Down.

Get up Been longing for a long time Yueyang Tower, with xuan overlooking, facing the vast, magnificent boundless Dongting Lake Thinking of his old age wandering, the country suffering, filled with emotion, so he wrote" Climb Yueyang Tower " ^[14] .

Because of the difficulties of life, not only can not return to the north, but also forced to go further south. The first month of the fourth year of the calendar year, from Yueyang to Tan Zhou (Changsha), and from Tan Zhou to Hengzhou (Hengyang), and back Tanzhou .

Dead in the boat

Dali five years (770), Zang Jie in Tanzhou After the rebellion, Du Fu fled to Hengzhou, originally intending to go again Chenzhou Go to my uncle Choi 湋, but I can do it Leiyang Meet the river surge, had to berth Square field relay Five days did not eat, thanks to the county magistrate Nie sent wine and meat to be saved.

Later, Du Fu had to swim more than 200 li upstream from Leiyang to Chenzhou, but when the flood did not recede, Du Fu originally wanted to return to the north, so he changed his plan and sailed downstream to Tanzhou.

In the winter of the fifth year of the Dali Calendar (770), Du Fu was on his way from Tanzhou Yueyang Died on a small boat. He was fifty-nine years old. ^[15]

Character achievement

broadcast

EDITOR

Poetic achievement

Number of poems

Du Fu's Poems "There are Sixty Volumes" ^[16] Lost early. The Northern Song Dynasty (960-907) Baoyuan Two years (1039) Wang Zhu It contains 1,405 articles in 18 volumes, entitled" The department of Du work set ". Qian Qianyi Compiled a collection of Notes Du Gongbu.

Poetry status

Yang Lun Say: "Since Six dynasties Since then, Yuefu problem rate more simulation plagiarism, Chen Chen, the most annoying. Zi Mei came out and alone on the feelings of the time, above compassion for the country, below the pain of the poor people, at will to set up a topic, completely out of the previous model." ^[17] .

Du Fu of the thirty-six poetry immortals in Qing Dynasty

In his middle age, Du Fu's poems were called "poetic history" because of his melancholy style and his concern for the country and the people. His poetry is famous for its ancient style and rhythmic poetry, with a variety of styles. The four words "melancholy and frustration" accurately summarize his own style of works, and melancholy is the main one.

Du Fu lived in the historical period of the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline, and his poems mostly dealt with social turmoil, political darkness, and people's sufferings. His poems reflected the social contradictions and people's sufferings at that time, and recorded the historical changes of the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline, expressing the noble spirit of Confucian benevolence and strong sense of distress, so it was known as "the history of poetry".

Du Fu was concerned about the country and the people, and his personality was noble. Poetic art Superb. Du Fu wrote more than 1,500 poems in his lifetime, many of which are famous poems passed down through the ages, such as "Three Officials" and "Three Farees"; Among them, "three officials" are the "Three Officials". The official of trench "" The new An Officer "And" Tongguan official ", "Three different" is" Wedding farewell "" Muiebetsu "And" Care for one's elders while parting ". The poem Du Fu handed down is Tang poetry He was one of the most outstanding poets in the Tang Dynasty and had a profound influence on later generations. Du Fu's works are known as the devastation of the world, and the sage in his poems; The sufferings of the people, the bottom of the wave. It is a representative work of realistic poetry.

Poetic achievement

Rhythmic poetry occupies a very important position in Du's poetry. The achievement of Du Fu's rhythmic poetry, first of all, lies in expanding the scope of expression of rhythmic poetry. He not only used poetry to write about social gatherings, thoughts, fetters, banquets, and landscapes, but also used poetry to write about current events.

To write current affairs in rhythmic poetry is more difficult because of the limited number of words and meter, but Du Fu can use it freely. Du Fu wrote the rhythmic poems as arbitrary, full of the ability to change, in harmony with the rhythm but can not see the constraints of the rhythm, and neat but can not see the traces of the opposite.

For example, Yang Lun called "Du Ji's seven-character law first". Ascend a height It is such a poem: "The wind is urgent, the sky high apes howl, Nagisa clear sand white birds fly back." The boundless forest sheds its leaves shower by shower. The endless river rolls its waves hour after hour. Thousands of sad autumn often visitors, more than a hundred years of disease alone on the stage. Hard bitter hate numerous frost temples, down and out new stop liquor cup." ^[18] The whole poem in the rhythm of the sentence pattern, but also very precise, exquisite. All eight sentences are right, and the first sentence is right. The strict opposition is covered up by the flow of images, and the tightness becomes sparse.

The highest achievement of Du Fu's rhythmic poetry can be said to be in writing this style in a smooth flow, no trace can be found, if written casually, make people forget that it is a rhythmic poem. As... Happy rain on a spring night "Good rain knows the season, when spring is happening." The wind goes into the night, Moisten things silently . Wild path cloud all black, river ship fire alone Ming, Xiao see red wet, flowers heavy Jin Guan city." On the four sentences with water, the spring rain charm written down, silent and no breath, however, the end of the joint to write a sudden look back to the surprise, strict and unqi.

Poetic influence

Du Fu is good at using many systems of classical poetry and developing them creatively. Du Fu's concern for the suffering of the people's livelihood and his achievements in rhythmic poetry are directly affected Middle Tang Dynasty Yuan Zhen , Bai Juyi Et al. Sinyuefu Create.

He's Sinyuefu The pathfinder of poetry. his Yuefu poetry It contributed to the development of the New Yuefu Movement in the Middle Tang Dynasty. His long works of five and seven ancient dynasties, which are also poems and histories, began to elaborate and focus on the whole circle, marking the high achievement of Chinese poetry art. Social contradictions abound Song Dynasty It is the most prosperous era to learn Du Fu, there is a Dufu as the Zong Jiangxi school of poetry . Late Ming and early Qing Dynasties Gu Yanwu They also had an obvious tendency to learn from Du, and like Du Fu, they reflected the struggle against the Qing Dynasty with rhythmic poetry and were impassioned.

Five Ancient Monuments by Du Fu

Du's poems were widely valued after the Song Dynasty. Wang Yucheng , Wang Anshi , Su Shi , Huang Tingjian , Lu You Du Fu and others respected to times. Research data For nearly a thousand years, the practice of Dudu has continued. There are many Du poems in Song Dynasty Chronological order , sort , variorum Such books as Wang Zhu " The department of Du work set ", "Guo Zhida" A collection of nine poems ", Lu compilation, Chae Mengbi Hui-chi's "Du Gongdu's Grass Hall Poems" and Xu Juren's "Separate Notes on Du Gongdu's Poems", among which his works are "Du Gongdu's Poems". Wen official army received Henan Hebei "" Spring View "" A surname "" Mangak "And so on.

There are also more than 100 kinds of annotations on Du Ji in later generations, the more popular ones are Qian Qianyi's Du Gongbu Ji, Qiu Zhaoao " Du Shi detailed notes ", Yang Lun " Du Shi mirror Quan ", Pu Qilong " Read the heart to understand ". New and old Book of Tang All have Du Fu's biography. After the Song Dynasty, the notes of poetry are rich in comments and explanations of Du's poems.

In 1964, Zhonghua Book Company edited the Ministry of Tang and Song Dynasty in the Compilation of Classical Literature Research Data · Du Fu Volume. The late Ming Dynasty A surname There is a... Du Min ", clear Shi Hongbao There is a... Read Du Shi said ". In addition, Zhonghua Book Company will also May Fourth Movement The most important papers since then have been compiled into Du Fu's Research Papers.

Biographies and new research monographs are available Feng Zhi " Tale of Du Fu ", Xiao Difei " Du Fu's study ", Fu Gengsheng Du Fu's Poetics, Zhu Dongrun " Talk about Du Fu ". A more detailed chronology is Wen Yiduo The Annals of Mr. Shaoling and the Annals of Du Fu of Sichuan Literature and History Research Center.

Calligraphic achievement

Calligraphy "Yan Gong nine days Nanshan poem" by Du Fu

Du Fu's view of calligraphy creation is very mature and profound. From the record, his writing is in the form of Regular script in Chinese script Running script And work, the whole to the intention of the line, appreciation of the ancient and majestic, pay attention to the speed of writing, rhythm, stroke, Method of using ink and water And so on, in the Tang Dynasty is also a very deep calligrapher.

At the same time, he praised the Tang Dynasty official script writers, for Cao Ba , Zhang Xu The evaluation is enough to make him leave a reputation in the history of calligraphy, and his "book expensive thin hard" said even more settle Du Fu's important position in the history of calligraphy theory. ^{19-20] [}

Literary characteristics

broadcast

EDITOR

Poetic expression

Language

Dufu's poesy In language, it is generally believed that it has the characteristics of "melancholy", and the language and text structure are rich in changes, emphasizing the refinement of words and sentences. The word "melancholia" first appeared in the Southern Dynasty, "melancholia of the body, Wenli Sun and moon" ^[21] Later, Du Fu wrote more "depressed" four words accurately summarized the language of his own works, "as for depressed, agile at any time, and Yangxiong , A surname For those, please refer to 跂." ^[22] .

The further study of Du's poetry finds that the formation of his poetic style is closely related to his adherence to Confucianism. At the same time, Du Fu was at the end of the prosperous age, and he was ambitious in his youth, "He will be the top of the mountain and see all the small mountains." ^[23] , later The Rebellion of An Shi The outbreak, the decline of the country, coupled with the political career is not good, the huge gap between the ideal and the reality also makes Du Shi Poetic style Big change, close realism . ^[23]

imago

Du Shi's individuation of image selection is the basis of Du Shi's language. The images that often appear in Du's poems, such as the ancient fortress, autumn clouds, apes, torches, desperate gorges, dangerous cities, lonely boats, falling flowers, sunset, and other natural landscapes, as well as ordinary people such as Zhinu, old women, old peasants, 嫠妇, as well as officials, generals, villains and other powerful forces, all express Du Fu's "enthusiasm for restoring prosperity to the world, criticizing 淆乱 Qiankun, and indignation at being arbitrary." Sorrow for the wandering, pity for the suffering of the people, regret for the exhaustion of the material resources, praise for the generosity of the people." ^[24] And it is the expression of these heavy emotions that makes Du's language tend to be "depressed".

Wu An's Ring Xi Poetry Commenting on Du Fu's late poems "unrestrained changes, Yang opens and Yin closes", he also said: "But its meaning is far away, that is, people cannot know the next sentence." Wu Hang also said: "When people write poems, they only say one thing, and they say two more. Du Shi can say three, four, five things in one sentence; Ordinary people write poems, but they can speak in front of their eyes, far more than a few tens of miles, Du Shi can speak hundreds of miles, can speak of the two armies, and can speak all over the world, which is wonderful." ^[25] .

style

Du Fu's poetry has a variety of styles. Yuan Zhen Du Fu said: "As for the beauty of the son, the so-called upper thin coquettishness, the lower Shen and Song, the words of Su and Li, the arrogance of Cao and Liu, the mask of Yan and Xie, the beauty of Xu and Yu, all the physical power of the past and the present, and everyone is unique." ^[26]

Qin Guan There is also a similar view: "So Du Zi beauty, poor high and wonderful grid, very luxurious gas, package diluted interest, and Jun clean posture, prepare algae Li state, and the family is less than how." If we do not gather the strength of the family, Du Shi can not be alone." ^[27] For example, Du Fu also has a wild and uninhibited side, from his famous work" Drink the eight immortals song You can see Du Fu's pride.

The mainstream view is that the style of Du Fu's poems is depressed, the language is refined, the metrical is rigorous, the poor is skillful, the feelings are sincere, the plain and simple, the description is profound, the delicate and touching, the image is bright. "For the sake of human nature, You can't stop talking " ^[28] It's his creative style. As far as Du's unique narrative style and argumentation style are concerned, some scholars believe that it is influenced by the The Book of Songs · Little elegance ", and its tragic and generous style, and" Lisao County Close.

Some scholars believe that Du Shi has the traditional spirit of benevolent government thought, Sima Qian The spirit of the record. There are also views that Du Fu's poems have a "humanitarian spirit". The great writers of the Tang Dynasty Han Yu Once tied Du Fu to Li Bai And said: "Li Du's article is here, the flame is long." ^[29] . Wang Anshi Commend Du Shi "ugly yan size ten thousand special, but do not see how to carve 锼" achievement ^[30] . Chen Shan Volume 7 of "New Words of the Beggar" : "Lao Du's poem is regarded as the" The six channels "Other people's poems are the flow of all the sons." Jiang Shiquan "Zhong Yatang Collection" volume 1 "Du Poems Detailed Notes Integrated Preface", also known as "Du poems, poems of the" Four books "Also."

A surname

Du Fu's poetry has a refined character in the meter, antithesis Neat characteristics, in line with the Chinese poetry "architectural beauty". In addition, Du Fu has many innovations in the genre, for example, his creativity in the five and seven rules is also unique in his literary creation. ^[31]

content

In terms of the content of Du Fu's poems, most of his works reflect the social situation at that time, with a wide range of themes and far-reaching messages, especially describing the sufferings of the people, and expressing his feelings of compassion for the people, love for the country and worry for the people. Du's poems are known as the history of poetry Late Tang Dynasty "Du Fenglu Mountain's difficulty, flow Yong long Shu, Bi Chen in poetry, infer to hidden, almost no legacy, so it is called the history of poetry" ^[32] . The conclusion of the Song Dynasty was reached, but the meaning of the history of poetry has its own interpretation. Some people note Du's poetry with historical events, and think that Du's poetry is a documentary poem, which can supplement history and prove history, so it is called the history of poetry. This argument only emphasizes the truth of historical events, but ignores the emotional characteristics of poetry.

Some people believe that Du Fu has a sense of history, and his brushwork is as strict as that of Sima Qian, a historian of the Han Dynasty. And the critics of poetry can "not be beautiful, not hidden evil." ^[33] So the name of the history of poetry. This is advisable.

On the other hand, the reason why Du Fu's poems are famous in the history of poetry is because of his compassion for the world and his sense of time, which is also desirable to some extent. ^[34] But there are those who don't like Du Fu's poems, Yang Yi I don't like Du Fu, Yoo 攽 " Zhongshan poetry "Cloud:" Yang Danian does not like Du Gong ministry poetry, called the village master."

Main idea

In Du Fu's own words, "poor years worry about Li Yuan", is his central idea, "Ji time willing to kill", is his consistent spirit. He used them to challenge himself and to encourage his friends. He commends Yuanyu Said, "Dao Zhou worry Li, the word Qi Hao." Other pairs Strict martial He said, "If the public is on the stage, the body is not loved in danger." He also said to Pei Qiu, "To you, Yao, Shun, Fu Gong, etc., I have long asked Lu Si to die." It is these progressive thoughts that form Du Fu's political enthusiasm that never wanes, his indomitable character, and his broad-minded optimism, which make him the most politically powerful great poet in Chinese history. Of course, this is inseparable from his practice of living close to the people.

See a Guest off at the Gate^[35]

Du Fu was born in a bureaucratic family with a long tradition of "adhering to Confucianism and guarding officials" for generations. The family gave Du Fu an orthodox Confucian cultural upbringing and the ambition to make a difference in his official career. Therefore, Du Fu called being an official the "plain business" of his family - a job passed down from generation to generation, and his various cultural upbringing and subsequent behaviors were all related to the pursuit of official career and official life. As he wrote in Gift Wei Zuo Cheng Zhang 22 rhyme "Wrote in" self called quite out, Liden to road jin." To the Jun, Yao and Shun, and then make the customs chun "this is a kind of hope to enter the official, in the official career to achieve their" to the Jun, Yao and shun, and then make the customs chun "ideal ambition, that is, eager to make contributions in the actual work of society, and help the people.

Before the age of thirty-five, it was the period of Du Fu's study and grand tour. Just in the prosperous era of Kaiyuan, Du Fu's economic condition was also better, which was the happiest period in his life. From the age of twenty, he ended his study life and began a "grand tour" that lasted more than ten years. In this long tour, Du Fu came into contact with the rich cultural heritage of our motherland and the magnificent rivers and mountains, which not only enriched his life, but also expanded his vision and mind, and brought quite a strong romantic color to his early poetry. " Mangak Poems can be representative. "Will be Ling the top, a list of small mountains", is revealing the poet's ambition for all undertakings (including creation). But because of this way of life, it is impossible to get close to the people and dive into reality. Therefore, as a great realist poet, this is only a period of preparation for his creation.

Du fu trend realism From the second phase (thirty-five to forty-four years old) ten years of Chang 'an's plight began. This is The Rebellion of An Shi In the gestation period, the traitor was in power Li Linfu and Yang Guozhong Du Fu not only can not realize his "to the Jun Yao Shun, and then make the custom of Chun" political aspirations, and began to live "toward the buckle of the rich door, with the fat horse dust at night" humiliating life, and often hungry and cold: "hunger move to one day, our clothes. Not different from There are many problems hanging in the balance." In the suffering of hunger and cold, Du Fu also thought of retiring and making a "natural and unrestrained send the sun and moon" nidus , Xu You Du Fu did not avoid hardship, or resolutely embarked on the road of active accession to the WTO. Life tortured Du Fu, but also fulfilled Du Fu, so that he gradually penetrated into the lives of the people, saw the suffering of the people, but also saw the crimes of the ruling class, so as to write" Caravan shop "" Beauty Walk "And" Go to Fengxian Yonghuai "and other realistic masterpieces. Du Fu also once had such a poem "men born in the world, and strong when the marquis"; "The husband swore to the country, how angry are you? Fame is a Qilin, war bones are quick decay." Another example is "the husband's four aspirations, Ancho can quit the poor", etc. These verses all reflect Du Fu's ambition to help the world and make contributions, but Du Fu's ideals and aspirations are based on a strong sense of social responsibility and anxiety. As a result of ten years of hardship, Du Fu became a poet who worried about the country and the people. Only then did Du Fu determine the direction of his life and creation.

From the age of forty-five to forty-eight, it was the third period of Du Fu's life, the period when he was caught in a thief and became an official. This was the most violent period of An Shi Rebellion, the country was in danger, the people suffered great disasters, and the poets went through hardships. The An-Shi Rebellion was of the nature of national contradictions, and the war waged at that time was a war of self-defence concerning the survival of the country. Therefore, Du Fu's attitude towards the war was different from before, not against it, but actively calling for it. He mourned the "40,000 rebels" who had sacrificed their lives for the country, and he warned civil and military officials to "join hands to sweep away guns." On the one hand, he vigorously exposed the darkness of military service and sympathized with the people. On the one hand, encouraging the people to go to war. Because of his deep involvement in the people's lives and practical struggles, he wrote the book Sad chentao "" Ai River Head "" Spring View "" Chaung "" Northerly expedition "" A surname "And" Three officials "," Sanbetsu A series of poems with a high degree of people's character and patriotic spirit, and reached the peak of realism.

As in his poem" Climb Yueyang Tower "Once heard Dongting water, now on Yueyang Tower." Red sox and red Sox all day and night. Friends and relatives have no word, old illness has a boat. Army horse Guan Shanbei, with xuan Si flow of tears." In this poem, the poet stands on the Yueyang Tower, through the distance, thinking of the social situation of chaos and war, so as to rely on the window porch, mind home, can not help but weep and exchange tears.

See also: Wen official army received Henan Hebei "Outside the sword suddenly spread the thistle north, the first smell of tears full of clothes." But to see his wife's sorrow where, the book of poetry and joy crazy. Singing during the day must drink, the company of youth good return home. That is, from the Ba Gorge through the Wu Gorge, then down Xiangyang to Luoyang." In this poem, the news of the court's recovery of the lost territory is greeted with wild surprise.

These two poems were written when Du Fu was wandering. Due to the rebellion of An and Shi, the society was in shambles, so Du Fu always expected to quell the rebellion and return to social stability. Therefore, when he thought of the country suffering, the war will not end, the lives of the people would not stop crying, and when he heard that the government army had recaptured the north of Jili, he wept with joy, and could not restrain himself. It can be seen that Du Fu's sorrow comes from the state, and his happiness also comes from the state, which is the social responsibility and sense of anxiety that Confucian intellectuals have in taking the world as their own responsibility.

"Woe begets trouble, because people travel far." In the second year of Qianyuan (759), in July, Du Fu left office and arrived in Chengdu at the end of the year, built a straw hut in the western suburbs of Chengdu, and began his last period of "wandering southwest" life. In the eleven years of wandering, he often lived a "career like everyone" day. He loved to interact with the working people, and hated bureaucrats, so he said: "Do not love to enter the state capital, afraid of people think I am true." And I will return to the Maoyu, and I will never be angry." Du Fu's life was still very hard, and in the year of his death, he went hungry for five days because of the chaos of Zang Jie. What is valuable is that no matter how hard he is in life, no matter where he is drifting, he is always concerned about the security of the country and the sufferings of the people. At the same time, he never forgot or relaxed his own creation, in the eleven years of wandering, he wrote more than a thousand poems. " The cottage is broken by the autumn wind "" Wen official army received Henan Hebei "" And Wu Lang "By Tian Fu mud drink" " generals "" Chukhung "" Year of Yanxing "Are the best works of this period. Different from the earlier stage, it is more lyrical in nature and more diversified in form. It is particularly noteworthy that the seven-character verse is creatively endowed with significant political and social content.

Du Fu drifted in Sichuan for eight or nine years, in Hubei and Hunan for two or three years, and in the winter of the fifth year of the Calendar year (770), he died on a broken ship from Changsha to Yueyang. "The blood of the war is still flowing, and the voice of the army is still moving", which is his last memory of the country and the people. ^[36]

( The reference materials are from Du Xiaoqin's Literature Research Summary of Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties in the 20th Century )

Character evaluation

broadcast

EDITOR

Tang Dynasty Han Yu ① Only the ministry of work called the United States, the poet did not propose that day. (Topic Du Gongbu Grave) ^[37] ② Li Du's article is in, the flame is long. (" Change one's registration ") ^[38]
Tang Dynasty Bai Juyi (Du Shi) Throughout the modern and ancient, the law of wisp, do good work. (" With Yuan nine books ") ^[37]
Tang Dynasty Yuan Zhen ① Du's poems are vast and boundless, and everywhere they are attained. (" Write poems and send Lotte books ") ^[37] Du Fu is quite talented and every poem he finds is like a lover. Flow channel straight to the language of the time, not the heart source near the ancients. (" Reward Li Fu see gift ") ^[39]
The Northern Song Dynasty (960-907) Sima Guang : The ancients for poetry, more expensive than the meaning of words, so that people think and get, so the speech of innocent, smell of the foot ring also. Du Zimei is the poet of modern times. (" epilogue ") ^[40]
The Northern Song Dynasty (960-907) Su Shi There are many ancient and modern poets, and Du Zimei is the first, did not not live in hunger and cold, and never forget you? (" Wang Dingguo's Poetry Collection ") ^[41]
Song Dynasty Ye Mengde The poet works on a word, and the world knows it, but Lao Du's changes are surprisingly infinite, almost impossible to trace. (" Shi Lin poetry ") ^[42]
Song Dynasty Xu Fu The old Du poem can not be discussed, nor need praise, if you have something, you must not forget it. (" Yanzhou poetry ") ^[43]
The Southern Song Dynasty Lu You : The article from the world, the loyalty is inspiring. (" 游锦屏山谒少陵祠堂 ") ^[37]
Qing Dynasty Peng Dingqiu Etc. : Tianbaojian, Fu and Li Bai equal name, called Li Du. Ran Yuan Zhen said: "Li Bai Zhuang waves unbridled, put to restraint, sincere also poor shoulder son beauty." Even if you lay out the end, compared to the rhyme, large or thousand words, the second is hundreds, the word is heroic, and the wind is clear and deep, it is the law cut, and the abandonment is close, then Li still can not go through its Han, the situation is good?" Bai Juyi also said: "Du poetry throughout the ancient and modern times, the best work, almost more than Li." Yuan, white theory is so. Cover its source of labor lost, joy, sorrow and anger, good Yin and evil, a see in the poem. And to be loyal to the king and worry about the country, when the injury read chaos as the purpose. Reading his poems can know his world, so it was called "poetry history" at that time. (" Poetry of the Tang dynasty ") ^[44]
Modern times Lu Xun I always feel that Tao Qian stands a little further away and Li Bai stands a little higher, which is also a result of The Times. Du Fu does not seem to be an ancient person, as if he is still living in our pile today. (Liu Dajie, Lu Xun on Classical Literature) ^[45] Du Fu is the backbone of the Chinese nation! (" Du Fu, Famous Person in Junior High School Chinese Textbook ") ^[37]
Huang Jinxiang: "The only person who holds Tang poetry is Li and Du!" ^[46]
Modern poet Kenneth Rexroth : There is no doubt that my poetry is mainly influenced by Du Fu. I think he is the greatest poet who has ever lived outside of epic poetry and drama, and in some ways he even surpasses Shakespeare and Homer, at least he is more natural and intimate. (Commentary on Five thousand Years of Chinese Writers) ^[47]

Anecdotal allusion

broadcast

EDITOR

He lashed out at the royal family

The Tang Dynasty during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong was a great power in the world at that time. However, in this large country that still looks strong on the surface, there are already signs of collapse due to many reasons such as bullying. Finally, the Tang Dynasty quickly reached the turning point of collapse --" The Rebellion of An Shi "The occurrence.

When Du Fu learned of this situation, he felt that the people in power did not care about the people's livelihood and only cared about their own enjoyment, which would surely lead to the downfall of the country. So, in a fit of indignation, he wrote down what was later selected as a famous anthology, Three hundred Tang poems ", a poem entitled" Beauty Walk "Seven words long ancient poem. The poem has become a veritable "epic" because of its bold satire and profound disclosure of the hot luxury life of the Yang family. And people have come up with an idiom from it: hot ", used to show that the arrogance is very rich, powerful that No. 1. ^[48]

Relative member

broadcast

EDITOR

relation	introduce
ancestors	Great grandfather duichthys (Sui won Jia County Magistrate) → Great-grandfather Du Yiyi (Tang Gong Magistrate) → Grandfather Duchenne's statement ( The butler ) → Father Du Xian (Tang Fengtianling) ^[64]
grandfather	Du Fu's grandfather was a poet in the early Tang Dynasty Duchenne's statement . Du is talented, but he is proud of his talent. A surname Li Jiao , Cui Rong , Perilla Collectively known as "four friends of the article". Later transferred to Luoyang Cheng. Empress Wu almanac In the first year (698), he served in the army of Jizhou. But at this time offended colleagues Guo Ruana, chief Zhou Ji heavy, two people conspired to frame Du Zanyan, sentenced to death. Du Fu's uncle dudu Thirteen years, the assassination of Zhou Jizhong, the matter shook the court. Du Zhengyan therefore died and was summoned to the capital by Wu Zetian. And because he admired his poems, he gave him Kokoro Official to the kitchen staff. Post-causal collusion Zhang Yizhi Brother, exiled to Bongju . He was later ordered back
parent	Du Fu's father was Du Shengyan's eldest son Du Xian
parent	Her birth mother was from Wucheng, East of Qinghe, but she died shortly after her birth. Father remarried Lu. Du was raised by his aunt. Du rarely mentioned his stepmother
Brothers and sisters	Du Fu had an older brother, who died young, and three half-brothers and a half-sister, whom Du often mentions in his poems
wife	At the age of 30, Du Fu took a temporary break from studying at the University Qilu County Wander between Yanzhao, back to Luoyang, in the northwest of Yanshi County Suyangsan Shimotsuki Luhun Villa And then they married Hongnong county (Changed Lingbao County during Tianbao Year) Senong Shaoqing The daughter of Yang Yi is his wife. Sinong Shaoqing is the vice minister in charge of agriculture and finance, and the official Du Fu family can be described as a family match. His wife was more than ten years younger. Unfortunately, Du Fu did not write a biography of his beloved wife, and Mrs. Yang's name is unknown, but Du's poem mentions her in many places.
Sons and daughters	The eldest son Du Zongwen (nickname Xiong Er), the second son Du Zongwu (Little name Ji Ko) ^[49]
	Another young son, Tembo starved to death in 14 years.
	At least two daughters ^[65] There is a female son. ^[50]

Posterity influence

broadcast

EDITOR

Spring look poetic painting

His poems have rich social content, strong color of The Times and bright political tendency, and truly and profoundly reflect the political current affairs and broad social life of a historical era before and after the Anshi Rebellion, so it is called the "poetry history" of the first generation. Du Fu's poems have all kinds of styles, except The five ancient dynasties , The Seven ancient dynasties , A surname , A surname Besides, I wrote a lot A long line in Chinese calligraphy The use of a variety of artistic techniques, is the Tang poetry thought and art of the master.

Du Fu inherited the spirit of "feeling in sorrow and happiness, being bound by events" of the Han and Wei Yuefu, got rid of the bondage of ancient Yuefu titles, and created many new Yuefu titles, such as the famous "three officials" and "three different". After death by fan Huang, Han Yu Yuan Zhen Bai Juyi Praise from others. Du's pair Yuan Dynasty "New Yuefu Movement" literary and artistic thought and Li Shangyin The modern allegorical current affairs poems have a deep influence. However, Du poetry was widely valued after the Song Dynasty. Wang Yucheng , Wang Anshi , Su Shi , Huang Tingjian Others highly respected Du Fu, Wen Tianxiang It is more to Du Shi as a stick National integrity The spiritual strength. The influence of Du's poetry has been beyond the scope of literature and art since ancient times.

Du received little praise or attention during his lifetime and in the years after his death, partly as a result of his stylistic and metrical innovations, some of which critics consider to be still bold and eccentric. Little is known about him during his lifetime, with only 11 poems written by six poets. And in terms of his influence, none of these poems mention him as a model of poetry and ethical views.

His work became famous in the ninth century, and early positive reviews came from Bai Juyi He popularized some of Du Fu's ethical views, although he only found them in some of Du Fu's works. In addition to Bai Juyi, there are Han Yu, he wrote to refute the opposition Li Du The sound defended their aesthetic status. At the same time, the poems of these two poets have the shadow of Du's poetry. Du Fu is, as Kong Qingxiang put it, "the only poet in China whose influence grows over time."

In the early 10th century, he was a poet of the five dynasties of former Shu Wei Zhuang The ruins of the cottage were found, and the hut was rebuilt so that it could be preserved ^[51] . During this period, there was a wave of "New Yuefu Movement" in China, and Du Fu was highly regarded as the inspiration of this realist poetry movement. Du Fu's realistic creative spirit, since Bai Juyi, has influenced Sun break , Cao Ye , Nie Yizhong , Du Xunhe The creation of others, thus forming a realistic poetry school, in the late Tang Dynasty in the poetry world.

By the Song Dynasty, Du Fu's fame was at its peak, Huang Tingjian , Chen Shidao And so on, specifically exploring the strange side of Du Shi, formed the "Jiangxi Poetry School", and later Wang Anshi , Lu You , Wen Tianxiang In prison, Wen Tianxiang wrote 200 sets of Du Fu's five-character poems, the preface of which said: "If I want to say what I want to say, Zi Mei first speaks for them." ^[52] Du Fu's broader influence was that his work transformed poetry from a game of words into a vehicle for expressing political aspirations, laying the foundation for later poets to write about politics.

Song Dynasty neo-Confucianism The development of Du Fu ensured his supremacy as a model of poetry, Su Shi Explained the reason: "All the ancient and modern poets, and the Zimei alone as the head, not only because of their lives in hunger and cold, and never forget your meal also!" His ability to think made him influential. For his desire to establish a good social order, he was highly respected by politicians, reformers learned from his compassion for the poor, and writers learned from his innovative artistic techniques.

Literary critic of early Qing Dynasty Jin Shengtan Du Fu's poem, with Qu Yuan 's Lisao County ", Zhuang Zhou 's Chuang Tzu ", Sima Qian 's Shih Chi ", Shi Nai 'an 's Water Margin ", Wang Shifu 's Romance of the Western Chamber ", collectively" The Book of six talents ". In contemporary times, Du Fu's loyalty to the state and concern for the people have been reinterpreted to mean nationalism and socialism, and he himself is admired by modern researchers for using the "language of the people".

Du Fu's influence on posterity was also a moral one. In the 20th century, the modern American poet Rexroth believed that Du Fu was concerned with the love between people, tolerance and sympathy between people: "My poetry is undoubtedly mainly influenced by Du Fu. I think he is the greatest poet who ever lived outside of epic poetry and drama, and in some ways he even surpasses it Shakespeare and Homer At least he is more natural and kind."

Du Fu is not only famous in China, but also overseas. In 1481, the Korean translated the poem into Korean and called it "Du Shi". Du poem proverb interpretation ". He was a relatively late influence on Japanese literature until the seventeenth century, when he became as famous in Japan as he was in China. Dufu pair Pine tail banana The impact is particularly deep. Du Fu was also a favorite author of American writer Kenneth Rexroth.

Mystery of death

broadcast

EDITOR

There are five opinions in literature and history about Du Fu's death:

First, illness and death

About Du Fu's death, Mo Lifeng , Tong Qiang In the Biography of Du Fu, he wrote: "Winter came, and the poet fell ill. Fall ill in the boat to Hengyang. ... A great star has fallen in this infinite loneliness, loneliness." ^[53]

2. Give death

This saying originated in the Tang Dynasty Li Guan "Du picking up and supplementing". Since this claim was put forward, scholars in subsequent dynasties have refuted it and clearly pointed out the biggest problem in this passage, that is, the passage mentions that Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty gave the death of Du Fu in 770, while Emperor Xuanzong died Baoying County The first year (762).

Three, submerged in water

This theory originated from the "Titdu Zi Mei Fen" written in the name of Han Yu in the Tang Dynasty. Three worthies (referring to Qu Yuan, Li Bai, Du Fu) the same water ". The three men sank themselves, which was obviously an imagination without the slightest basis.

4. Food poisoning

It is a famous modern scholar who put forward this statement Guo Moruo This statement of Guo Moruo is also speculative, and there is almost no literature as the basis for purely personal literary creation.

5. Indigestion

Du Fu's death and hunger have a constant connection, after leaving Sichuan, Du Fu lived in Hunan, because of the sudden flood besieged, continuous hunger for 9 days (one can say continuous hunger for 5 days).

The local magistrate rescued Du Fu with a small boat and treated him with a rare treat of bulgogi (grilled meat) liquor A legendary glutton Once Du Fu has not eaten for a long time, the stomach is difficult to bear, and finally because indigestion And died. ^[15] ^[20] ^{[55] 54 -}

memorialize

broadcast

EDITOR

Tomb of Du Fu

Du Fu was poor in his later years, and in 768, the whole family entered Hunan by Hubei Province, followed the Xiangjiang River, and climbed Mount Hengshan by Yuan Xiang. Dali five years to Chenzhou to visit relatives, because of the surge of Lei water encountered obstacles, living in Lei Yi, Leiyang Nie Lingli as guest. That year, Du Fu because of poverty and illness, died in Leiyang to Hengyang Xiangjiang boat. Nie Ling to build a tomb, back north to south, tomb around the stone fence, the front of the Southern Song Dynasty stone carving "Tang Department Du Gong tomb."

The tang dynasty God bless Four years (907) ring tomb built Du Gong temple, back north south, Siheyuan style closed mountain building, civil structure. In the middle of the main hall, there are sandalwood statues of Du Fu, and more than ten rooms in the east and west corridors for sacrifice and guarding the tomb. In the Song Dynasty, Du Gong Temple was built next to the Duling Academy.

Du Fu wished to be buried Suyangsan But the second son Zongwu because of poverty unable to do, had to temporarily buried in Leiyang. Forty-three years after the poet's death, he was handed over to his grandson Du Siye The coffin is buried under Yanshi Shouyang Mountain in Luoyang, Henan province. Now there is also Du Fu's tomb under Shouyang Mountain.

Du Gong Memorial Hall

Ruins of Du Fu (10 photos)

Hall where there are several, from Chengdu, Leiyang, Kui Zhou outside, there are four temples. The four shrines refer to Gangwon, 鄜, Tonggok, and Kamun shrines. Today Leiyang has key cultural relics protection units in Hunan Province - Du Fu Tomb, Du Gongbu Temple, Du Ling Bridge, Du Ling Academy and other sites, on the basis of Du Fu site there is Du Fu Park. There is a "Du Gongbu Temple" in Shaoling Yuan, Chang 'an, south of Xi 'an City, Shaanxi Province, which was founded in the Ming Dynasty and fully repaired after liberation, turning into a "Du Fu Memorial Hall".

Du Fu's hometown

Du Fu's hometown scenic spot

Located in Zhengzhou, Henan Gongyi City Zhan Jie town Nanyao Bay Village ^[56] . Covering an area of 34 acres, the building is north to south, and the main building is composed of big gate tower, large statue of Du Fu, double-storey pavilion, forest of sacred poets, Du Fu's tomb, poetry pavilion, Xiang Xiang Pavilion, grass pavilion, dedication hall, etc. The whole scenic spot planted flowers and trees more than 3,000 plants, flowers and grasses embellished, trees, pines and cypresses reflected, Wei Wei solemn, various facilities with garden architecture style, has become a shining pearl on the ling.

There is a memorial hall in Du Fu's hometown, which displays the versions of Du's poems and the papers on Du's poems, Du Fu's genealogy, and the poetic paintings of "three officials" and "three different".

Dubujiang Pavilion

Located in the second section of Xiangjiang Middle Road, Tianxin District, Changsha City, Hunan Province, it is an antique garden building built in memory of Tang Dynasty poet Du Fu. with Orange Island , Yuelu Mountain Across the river, distance Tianxin Pavilion Less than a kilometer.

Jiangge Garden area covers an area of more than 6,000 square meters, construction area of more than 3,800 square meters, the main pavilion is divided into four layers, 18 meters high. In 2002, the Changsha Municipal government decided to officially build the building, and on September 19, 2005, the entire building was fully completed and passed the expert acceptance, and then it was opened to the public on a trial basis.

Du Fu's Cottage

Du Fu's Cottage in Chengdu (12 photos)

Sichuan Du Fu's Cottage in Chengdu It was originally built by Du Fu as a cottage, and later as a book The Five Dynasties Former Shu Poet of the hour Wei Zhuang The ruins of the cottage were found and the huts were rebuilt to preserve it. The cottage was restored many times during the Song Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty, of which the two largest renovations were in the Ming Dynasty Great governance Thirteen years (1500) and Qing Dynasty Jiaqing Sixteen years (1811), basically laid the scale and layout of Du Fu's cottage, evolved into a collection of memorial ancestral hall pattern and the poet's old residence style as one of the museum. In the past dynasties, only the tomb of Du Fu and the temple of Du Gong had more than 60 inscriptions. ^[57]

Historical records

broadcast

EDITOR

" Book of Tang Volume one hundred and ninety: The Fortieth Biography ^[58-59]

" New Book of Tang Volume 210 · Biography No. 126 ^[60-61]

" Biography of the Talented Son of Tang Dynasty · Biography of Du Fu, etc

Hit the road

Growth task Introduction to editing Editing rule Edit by oneself

I have a question.

Content questioning Online customer service Official post bar feedback

Complaint and suggestion

Report bad information The article was not appealed Complaint infringement information Blocked query and unblocked

Beijing Public network Anbei 11000002000001