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Song Dynasty

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Song Dynasty (960-1279) [115-116] is Chinese history deck Five dynasties and ten Kingdoms Lower opening Yuan Dynasty the Central Plains dynasty , points The Northern Song Dynasty (960-907) (960-1127) and The Southern Song Dynasty (1127 -1279) two periods, a total of 18 emperors, enjoying 319 years. [115]
The year 960 The Later Zhou Dynasty Imperial Guards general Zhao Kuangyin pass The Chenqiao mutiny Take the throne and make Tokyo the capital Kaifeng Prefecture The Song Dynasty was founded. Zhao Kuangyin to avoid Late Tang Dynasty The state was divided and Eunuch dictatorship Chaos, take Worship literature and suppress martial arts Policy, strengthen centralization And deprive generals of their military power. Emperor Taizong of Song After his accession to the throne, he ended the situation of division and separation. In 1004, it was reached by the Song and Liao Dynasties Chanyuan alliance The Song Dynasty gradually entered the world. Emperor Renzong of Song Later, the social crisis in the Song Dynasty became increasingly serious. Emperor Shenzong of Song After the throne, appointment Wang Anshi They carried out reform activities and achieved some results, but the Song Dynasty was deeply trapped Rivalry between old and new parties Medium. From 1125 onwards, Jin Dynasty In 1127, Tokyo was captured and the Northern Song Dynasty collapsed. In the same year, King Kang Zhao Gou In Nanjing Ying Tianfu He ascended the throne and established the Southern Song Dynasty. The Shaoxing Peace Debate After signing, the Southern Song Dynasty Qinling Mountains - Huaihe River For the boundary, to be safe in a corner. 宋孝宗 , Emperor Ningzong of Song Two expeditions to the north ended in failure. 1234 Southern Song Dynasty Biemiamin , then Song and Yuan Wars Eruption. 1276 Yuan Army captured Linan Prefecture . The year 1279 Battle of the Cliffs Later, the Southern Song Dynasty fell. [115]
The Song Dynasty was Chinese history In the era of commodity economy, culture and education prosperity [2] . This was a period of relative political openness, agricultural development, commercial and urban prosperity, social change, Confucianism Post-revival formation neo-confucianism Technology is developing rapidly. Song Ci Prosperous, calligraphy, painting art also made high achievements [140] . Some scholars calculate that 1000 years Song Dynasty GDP It accounted for 22.7% of the world economy at that time [3] In 1124, the total population of the Song Dynasty reached 126 million [4] [129 ] . More scholars praised "the culture of the Chinese nation, the evolution of thousands of years, created the best in the Zhao and Song dynasties" [5] , the West and Japan Historians have also proposed that the Song Dynasty is the most important in Chinese history Renaissance Views with the economic revolution period [6 ] [7] .
Chinese name
Song Dynasty
Foreign name
Song Dynasty
alias
The song dynasty , The Song Dynasty , State of Song , Song Dynasty , Zhao and Song Dynasties
Time frame
960 to 1279 [115]
emperor
Zhao Kuangyin , Zhao Jiong , Zhao Xu , Zhao Gou , Cho 昚 Etc.
metropolitan
Tokyo Kaifeng Prefecture , walk on Linan Prefecture
Major city
Nanjing Ying Tianfu The western capital Henan Prefecture , Beijing Daimyo
species
Refined words [141]
currency
Copper coins , paper money (mating, mating)
Population number
126 million (1124), 80.6 million (1223) [8]
Major nationality
The Han nationality
Land area
About 28,000,000 km² [74] [79] (The first year of Zhenghe, 1111)
inaugurator
Zhao Kuangyin (Song Taizu)
Last monarch
Zhao Bing

catalogue

  1. 1Title of a kingdom
  2. 2history
  3. ▪Unify the Central Plains
  4. ▪Step into the world
  5. ▪Law reform and party struggle
  6. ▪Jingkang's shame
  7. ▪South crossing and peace negotiation
  8. ▪South of the Yangtze River
  9. ▪Internal troubles and external troubles
  10. ▪Resist the Mongolian army
  11. ▪Battle of the Cliffs
  12. 3territory
  13. ▪Territorial scope
  14. ▪Administrative division
  1. 4political
  2. ▪Political system
  3. ▪Legal system
  4. 5economy
  5. ▪population
  6. ▪Taxes and corvee
  7. ▪agriculture
  8. ▪Handicraft industry
  9. ▪commerce
  10. 6Science and technology
  11. 7culture
  12. ▪Confucianism
  13. ▪literature
  1. ▪history
  2. ▪penmanship
  3. ▪painting
  4. ▪religion
  5. ▪sculpture
  6. 8Military affairs
  7. ▪tissue
  8. ▪Military system
  9. ▪instrument
  10. ▪The defence of a city
  11. 9society
  12. ▪Class structure
  13. ▪Daily life
  14. ▪Urban development
  1. ▪Clan association
  2. ▪Status of women
  3. 10nation
  4. ▪Liao and Jin
  5. ▪Tangut
  6. ▪The Northwest and southwest nationalities
  7. 11diplomacy
  8. ▪With Southeast Asia
  9. ▪Yokoryo
  10. ▪With Japan
  11. 12Imperial lineage

Title of a kingdom

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EDITOR
Zhao Kuangyin That is, when the emperor was on the throne, he issued an edict Tang Wu Revolution , send a tuba Cis ; Han Tang Kaiji, because of the beginning of the seal and the founding of the state, Yiguo is the Song Dynasty " [8] Because Zhao Kuangyin was in the position before Songzhou germanize Governor of a provincial government in charge of military affairs Hence the name of the country. Because the royal family's surname is Zhao, it is also called "Zhao Song". [9] ; Also cause The five virtues begin and end Say, Song dynasty for Fire and morals Therefore, it is nicknamed "Fire Song" and "Inflammation Song". Because of Cho's Korimaki for Tianshui Therefore, later generations also called the Song Dynasty" The sky is the water " [5] .
Lineage table of the Song emperors in the Encyclopedia of China [115]

history

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EDITOR

Unify the Central Plains

  • Taizu Jianguo
Subject article: The Chenqiao mutiny , Northern Song unification War , A cup of wine releases military power , The Union of Golden Deficient
Sitting statue of Emperor Taizu of Song Dynasty [10]
The sixth year of Xiande (959) of the later Zhou Dynasty, Emperor Sejong Chai Rong The death of his young son, Emperor Gong of Zhou Chai Zongxun To ascend the throne. Before the death of King Sejong, in order to prevent a coup d 'etat, the palace of the supreme leader of the Forbidden Army was inspected Zhang Yongde He was relieved of his military post and replaced by Zhao Kuangyin. In his early years, Zhao Kuangyin took refuge under the curtain of Guo Wei, made repeated achievements in battle, and later gained the trust and reuse of Chai Rong, becoming a pivotal figure in the later Zhou Dynasty. Xiande seven years (960) on the first day of the first month, came from northern Xinjiang liao And the Northern Han army invasion of the war report, actually presided over the prime minister Typical substance , Wang Pu Decided to order Zhao Kuangyin to lead the Forbidden army to meet the enemy. Zhao Kuangyin marched to the northern suburbs of Kaifeng Chen Qiaoyi "Under his command." Put on a yellow robe He was proclaimed emperor, known in history as the "Chenqiao Mutiny". Then Zhao Kuangyin seized the later Zhou regime without bloodshed and established the Song Dynasty, known as the Northern Song Dynasty, which was still the capital Break a seal , called Tokyo. Zhao Kuangyin was Emperor Taizu of Song Dynasty. [1] [117]
After Taizu became emperor, he first put down the old officials of the later Zhou Dynasty Li Jun , Li Chongjin The rebellion consolidated the Northern Song's rule in the former territory of the Later Zhou Dynasty. With the advisor Zhao Pu After a discussion on a snowy night, he decided to take "the south and then the north" as the steps to unify the country. [115] For those from the north liao (Khitan), The Northern Han Dynasty (206 B.C.) And the northwest Tangut Such threats, Taizu sent a group of military generals to guard the border counties, to ensure that the Northern Song no northwest danger, in order to try to unify the southeast. [117]
Kande In the first month of the first year (963), the Song Dynasty launched a campaign against Hunan. Wuping Army ) Renegade General Zhang Wenbiao In the name of Jingnan. When the Song army pressed the border, Jingnan was in control Gao Jichong Forced to surrender, Jingnan ( Nanping Became the first separatist regime to be eliminated by the Song Dynasty. Soon after, the Song army marched southward day and night, and soon annexed Hunan. At this point, the Song Dynasty was cut off Southern Tang Dynasty , A surname with Later Shu The connection, for the future to break up the conditions. The Song Army can come from Gangnung Down the river, the southern Tang can no longer rely on Yangtse River Nature takes care of itself. [117]
At the end of the second year of Kande (964), the Song Dynasty began to attack Shu and forced the later Shu Emperor in just over sixty days Meng Chang Surrender. Kaibo At the end of the third year (970), the Song army moved south from Hunan and entered in less than half a year Xingwang Mansion The Southern Han Dynasty was cut down and parts of Guangdong and Guangxi were brought under the rule of the Northern Song. [117]
The weakness of the Southern Tang Dynasty was fully exposed when Zhou Shizong seized Huainan. After the establishment of the Song Dynasty, the Southern Tang Dynasty represented vassals. Master of the Southern Tang Dynasty Li Jing After death, the next Lord Li Yu It is to the Song honourable minister festival, in order to continue to be a corner of peace. But in October of the seventh year of Kaibao (974), Taizu still decided to send Cao Bin Led 100,000 troops to attack the Southern Tang, and soon surrounded Jinling . In the winter of the following year (975), the Song army captured Jinling and the Southern Tang Dynasty ended. At this point, the only remaining secessionist powers in the South were those that had already submitted to the Song Dynasty Qingyuan Legion Governor of a provincial government in charge of military affairs Chen Hongjin and Wu Yue King Qian Chu . [117]
In order to unify the country, Taizu also established Pile sealing depot To save money cloth, hope to be able to buy Yanyun sixteen state from Liao in the future. [112] He twice invaded the Northern Han, because Liao sent troops to help, but returned in vain. [117]
  • Taizong period
Subject article: The War of the Song Dynasty against the Northern Han Dynasty , Battle of the Gaoliang River , Yongxi's northern expedition
In August 976, Taizu decided to attack the Northern Han again, but on October 19, he died suddenly, leaving behind" The sound of candles and axes "The historical mystery. After the death of Taizu, his brother Zhao Jiong He ascended the throne and became Emperor Taizong. There is also a folk legend that Taizong was killed. To ensure the legitimacy of the regime, Taizong threw out his mother Empress Dowager Du By decree, that is," The Union of Golden Deficient ". At the beginning of his reign, Taizong was busy with the rectification of the government, and the unification project was temporarily halted. [11]
In April 978, in the third year of Taiping and Xingguo, Chen Hongjin found that the Song Dynasty was determined to destroy the separatist forces, and he volunteered two prefectures and fourteen counties. Qian Chu also offered his 13 prefectures to a military eighty-six counties. At this point, the whole south was unified by the Song Dynasty. In the first month of the fourth year of Taiping (979), Taizong personally invaded the Northern Han Dynasty and decided to destroy it in one fell fell. May, the Northern Han Emperor Liu Jiyuan The Northern Song finally eliminated the last Han separatist regime and brought the Yellow River basin, the Yangtze River basin and the Pearl River basin under its jurisdiction, ending the situation of division and division since the end of the Tang Dynasty and achieving partial unification. [117]
After the destruction of the Northern Han, despite the opposition of his ministers, Taizong set out from Taiyuan to attack the Liao Dynasty in the north, and at first recovered Yizhou and He Zhuozhou . After being defeated by the Liao army, the first northern expedition failed. Yong Xi Three years (986), Taizong sent 200,000 troops, divided into three ways, once again attacked the Liao army, the Song army first won and then lost. After the war, the strategic relationship between Song and Liao changed from offensive to defensive, and the relationship between Song and Liao was "sluggish". [111] . In addition, the wind of land annexation and land concentration flourished in the early Song Dynasty, which intensified class contradictions. From the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty, small-scale peasant uprisings broke out constantly. Chunhua four years (993) early, Sichuan Wang Xiaobo and Li Shun revolted It broke out and was crushed two years later. Thereafter, the rulers felt acutely threatened by the peasant revolt. Therefore, Taizong, who had twice failed in his war against Liao, decided to adjust his ruling policy and fully implement it. Keep the inside but keep the outside The policy was to take a passive defensive stance against Liao and Western Xia, and put the prevention of "internal troubles" in an absolute priority position. [117]
Later, Emperor Taizong forced his son to death Zhao Dezhao and Zhao Defang And dethroned Jo Tingmi Two years after arriving in Fangzhou, Zhao Tingmei died in exile. Eldest son of emperor Taizong Zhao Yuanzuo He was also destroyed for sympathizing with Cho Ding-mi, the other son Jo Won-hee After a sudden death, King Zhao Yuankan was named crown prince and changed his name Zhao Heng . [12]
Taizong himself was a vassal and fond of poetry, so the government paid special attention to cultural undertakings, and the Song Dynasty began to emphasize education. [14]
During the unification war, Taizu and Taizong initially established the central decision-making system with reference to the Tang system. A series of measures have also been taken to reform the central and local political systems and centralize military, financial, judicial, and official appointment and removal powers to change the past five generations. Fang Zhen Too heavy, the king is weak, the minister is strong "problem. This series of measures permeated with the spirit of "preventing fraud", to a certain extent, achieved the expected effect and strengthened centralization , consolidated and stabilized the rule; However, it also brought about the negative consequences such as the weakening of the military combat effectiveness, the low efficiency of the government administration, the heavy burden of the peasants and the decline of the military wind in the society, which laid the root of the later ruling crisis. [115] [117]

Step into the world

  • Zhenzong period
Subject article: Chanyuan alliance , The east is sealed and the west is offered , The five ghosts work
Chanyuan alliance [73]
In 997, Emperor Taizong died. Empress Li eunuch Wang Ji 'en They tried to make him emperor. Prime minister (in feudal China) Lv Duan Properly handled, Zhao Heng successfully ascended the throne, that is, Song Zhenzong. [13] Zhenzong came to power as a logistical political state, and the Northern Song Dynasty entered from there The rule of Hamping . [15]
After Yongxi's northern expedition, Liao Dynasty often robbed and killed at the border of Song and Liao [16] By the first year of Jingde (1004), it finally evolved into a large-scale invasion of the Song war [17] . then Emperor Shengzong of Liao with Empress Dowager Xiao Led the whole nation to the south, broke several states, deep into the Song. Zhao Heng was very frightened, and under the guidance of some ministers, he even wanted to move the capital and flee to the south. Finally at the chancellor Kou Zhun The Forbidden Army general Gao Qiong Under the persuasion of others, decided to take part in the battle. The True One came Chzhou (a county in Henan Province) At the front, the Song soldiers were greatly encouraged and their morale was greatly boosted. The Liao Dynasty saw the situation and then had the intention of peace, and the true Emperor immediately agreed to reach a "Chyuan alliance" with the Liao Dynasty, in order to send a certain amount of money to the Liao Dynasty every year. Year coin At the cost, the Song and Liao ended more than 40 years of hostility, and the two sides were about brotherly countries, and basically maintained peace from then on until the end of the Northern Song Dynasty. [117]
In order to whitewash the peace, cover up his failure in dealing with the relationship between Song and Liao, and strengthen the legitimacy of Zhao and Song imperial power, Zhenzong Tong Wang Qinruo Others forged the "book of heaven", East seal Mount Taishan , Western Sacrifice Fenyin The palace was built in an attempt to revive "Tianwei", but it cost a lot of manpower and wealth. [117]
Manzumi Empress Liu No children. Once, he occasionally visited Li Shi, one of Liu's handmaids (i.e Li Chenfei As a result, Li gave birth to a son in the third year of Dazhong Xiangfu (1010). Zhao Shouyi He was later named Emperor Renzong. Later Liu and another concubine Yang (i.e Empress Zhang Hui ) Shared custody of the child.
  • Reign of Emperor Renzong
Subject article: Song and Summer Wars , Rehee and increase the currency , New policy for celebrating the calendar
In the first year of Qianxing (1022), on February 20, Zhenzong died, the 12-year-old prince Zhao Zhen took the throne, and Empress Liu was honored as the Empress Dowager, which began more than ten years Govern from behind a curtain Times. [18] Empress Dowager Liu put an end to the long "book of Heaven" movement, governing the country well, but at the same time trusting courtiers and rewarding them arbitrarily. [117] In the second year of Ming Dao (1033), Empress Dowager Liu died and Emperor Renzong began Take over the REINS of government .
Imperial examinations during the Song Dynasty
At this time, the situation in the northwest was increasingly tense. Party leader Li Yuanhao In 1038, he proclaimed himself emperor and established the Western Xia Dynasty. Since then, several years of war broke out between Song and Summer, and the Song army was defeated many times, until the fourth year of Qingli (1044), Song and Summer were exhausted, and a peace agreement was reached. Celebrate the calendar and discuss peace ". Li Yuanhao submitted to the Song Dynasty on the surface and was named Xia King by the Song Dynasty. The Song Dynasty gave 150,000 pieces of silk, 70,000 taels of silver and 30,000 jin of tea to the Xixia every year, and reopened the border negotiation field. During this period, the Liao Dynasty took advantage of the gap to press the border with heavy troops, and under the pretext of claiming back ten states in the south of the Guan, Emperor Renzong forced Liao to increase the annual coin silver by 100,000 taels and silk by 100,000 pieces. [19]
When the Northern Song Dynasty developed to the reign of Emperor Renzong, the bureaucracy was overlaid, and the bureaucratic team became increasingly large and the administrative efficiency was low. In order to maintain these huge expenditures, the Song Court increased the number of taxes and taxes to increase the exploitation of the people. Farmers are overwhelmed, in large numbers owner-peasant Bankruptcy, coupled with years of famine, resulting in a large number of refugees in society, frequent uprisings. Moreover, in the face of the intrusion of the Western Xia and the threat of the Liao, the Song Dynasty appeared weak, and the military weakness formed for a long time was exposed. The expansion of the army and the increase of the annual currency have also made redundant expenses surge, and the financial crisis has become increasingly serious every year. [117]
In order to get rid of the social crisis and strengthen the rule of the Song dynasty, some members of the ruling group began to consider trying reforms, most notably by Fan Zhongyan , Rich and helpful The "Celebration New Deal" presided over by others. In August 1043, Emperor Renzong appointed Fan Zhongyan as governor and Fu Bi as deputy governor, hoping to rely on them to reform the corrupt government, reform the political situation, and put forward written suggestions on the urgent affairs of the world. Fan Zhongyan and Fu Bi after consultation, played the famous" Answer the instructions and ten things Emperor Renzong adopted most of these reform proposals, issuing a series of edicts from September of the third year of Qingli (1043) to the fourth year of Qingli (1044), announcing reforms to the previously practiced methods of selecting and promoting bureaucrats. The New Deal introduced these measures to rectify malfeasance As the main content, it is conducive to improving the autocratic rule of the Song Dynasty. But it offended some vested interests of bureaucrats and dignitaries and was strongly attacked by them. They accuse pro-reform officials of being" cabal ", and even play conspiracy, create rumors, and malign Fan Zhongyan and others. Therefore, when the border situation became more stable, Emperor Renzong believed that the world had been peaceful, so Fan Zhongyan, Fu Bi and others were released as local officials. The New Deal died. [117]
However, small-scale peasant uprisings and low-level soldiers mutiny still occurred in various places. The wave of demands for change within the ruling establishment also continued to rise. [117]
  • Engzong period
Subject article: A surname
Emperor Renzong lost three sons in his life, and in his later years he had to officially appoint King Pu in August 1062, the seventh year of Jiayou Cho Yoon-rang The thirteenth son Zhao Zongshi was named Prince Shu. [118] In March 1063, the eighth year of Jiayou, Emperor Renzong died at Funingdian, Tokyo. Zhao Shu He ascended the throne as Emperor Yingzong.
Emperor Yingzong was often ill, and initially ruled under Emperor Renzong's empress Cao (see Blessed Light to the Queen (In charge. After the May of the first year of the reign of King Ping (1064), Emperor Yingzong began to govern. After Emperor Yingzong came to power, Prime Minister Han Qi proposed to discuss the name of Emperor Yingzong's biological father. The English emperor wanted to honor his biological father, but the courtiers were divided and the debate was fierce. Some argue that Renzong is called Imperial examination Pu Wangwei Imperial uncle Some people argue that Wang Pu is called Emperor Exam. The two sides debated for nearly a year and a half, known as the Pu Debate. Emperor Yingzong wished to call King Pu Emperor Kao, and tried to obtain Empress Dowager Cao's consent. The prime minister and the government supported the position of Emperor Yingzong, while Taiwan remonstrated, Two systems Using the public opinion of scholar-officials as an excuse, they opposed calling Pu Pu an imperial examination. As a result of the discussions among the ministers and the maneuverings of power, Emperor Yingzong achieved his goal and announced that King Puanyi was proclaimed to be a relative, and the title was given to King Pu and the temple was set up. After the battle of Puyi, the Taijian force suffered a severe blow, and the imperial power and the power of Zhongshu were strengthened. [118]
In addition, during the short reign of Emperor Yingzong, he continued to employ the former court officials and boldly explored new people. Also attached importance to the editing of books," A lesson learned through capital The writing of the book was initiated by him [20] . He also wanted to get rid of old abuses, but was unable to embark on reform because of the bad weather. [117]

Law reform and party struggle

  • The Xifeng Reform
Subject article: Wang Anshi's reform
During the reign of Emperor Renzong and Emperor Yingzong, the social economy developed further, technology and culture and education made remarkable achievements, and various systems became increasingly strict. But since the early Song Dynasty," Worship literature and suppress martial arts ", Strengthen the trunk and weaken the branch The policies and measures of keeping inside and outside the virtual, resulting Triple redundancy The crisis intensified and government finances were in trouble. [115]
Wang Anshi, who carried out the reform
In 1067, Emperor Yingzong died of illness, his eldest son Zhao Xu He ascended the throne, that is, Song Shenzong. Shenzong was determined to change the situation of internal and external troubles and financial hardship, and launched the famous Wang Anshi . He first appointed Wang Anshi after assuming the throne Bachelor of the Imperial Academy ", allowing him to present his political views directly to himself. In the second year of Xining (1069), he promoted him to Participate in political affairs And founded" Set up three division regulation division As the institution presiding over the reform, Wang Anshi is personally responsible for the implementation of the reform. [115] [117]
In terms of financial management, Wang Anshi put forward the basic policy of "generating the wealth of the world because of the power of the world, receiving the wealth of the world to provide the cost of the world" and implemented it Homogenization method , Green seedling method , Farmland water conservancy law , Act of immunity , Law of exchange , dispensation , Land equalization tax law And other measures. At the same time, in order to strengthen the ability of the Song dynasty to deal with "internal troubles" and "foreign aggression", it also implemented Armor preservation , Horse protection method , Martial arts And establish Weapons inspector And other measures. Reform is also under way Imperial examination system And reorganize schools to train and recruit talents who support the new law. [117]
The reform carried out by Wang Anshi took "enriching the country and strengthening the army" as the core, which lasted for nearly two decades. The goal of making the reform a "rich country" has been partially achieved, and the central and local finances have greatly improved. In terms of "strong soldiers", they began to gain strategic advantages over the Western Xia. However, the implementation of the art of war failed to significantly improve the combat effectiveness of the Forbidden Army, and the law of Baojia was restored." Put soldiers on the farm The idea of the system was also difficult to realize under the historical conditions at that time. [117]
The new law more or less offended the interests of the royal family, middle and senior officials, the powerful, and the usurers, and was therefore opposed and obstructed by them. Although he was committed to change, he also sought a balance between the old and new parties in terms of personnel. The seventh year of Xining (1074), Wang Anshi for the first time quit. The following year, Emperor Shenzong called Wang Anshi back to Beijing to resume his post and continue to implement the new law. However, the two men disagreed on how to reform the law, and Wang Anshi did not receive more support after his restoration. Plus the division within the reformists, Aiko Wang Pang After his death, Wang Anshi resigned his position as prime minister in the ninth year of Xining (1076), and since then he has been living in Jiangning House, concentrating on learning and not asking about the world. [117]
After the dismissal of Wang Anshi, Shenzong continued the reform cause on his own, making large-scale adjustments to the central decision-making system and the official system. Reform of Yuanfeng ". With the increase of national power, Emperor Shenzong shifted his focus to foreign aggression. He was determined to destroy the Western Xia Dynasty. In the fifth year of Xining (1072), in May, Emperor Shenzong began the western expedition to Xixia, which achieved great success and greatly encouraged his confidence. In April 1081, a coup d 'etat occurred in the Western Xia Dynasty, and Emperor Shenzong once again invaded the Western Xia Dynasty. Only to find The Battle of Yongle City Suffered a crushing defeat. Therefore, Shenzong fell ill and died of depression. [115]
  • Be Mired in party strife
Subject article: Yuan you more , Tell me about it , Rivalry between old and new parties
Scroll of Emperor Song's Sitting Portrait in Taipei National Palace Museum [83]
At the beginning of the first month of the eighth year of Yuan Feng (1085), the sixth son of God Zong Zhao (later renamed Zhao Xu ) for the crown prince. In March, Emperor Shen died of illness, and Zhao Xu succeeded him as Emperor Zhe of Song. By Shen Zong's mother Gao Shi (i.e Queen Xuan Ren Sungyeol (govern from behind a curtain. The Empress Dowager Gao was the main opponent of the new law within the court, and as soon as she assumed the power of the court, she quickly changed the law Sima Guang , The works of Lv Gong , Wen Yanbo The senior ministers who opposed the reform recalled Kaifeng and asked them to recommend conservative figures to the court. After Sima Guang became Prime minister, within a little more than a year, he repealed most of the reform measures enacted during the Xining years. [117]
In the eighth year of Yuanyou (1093), Empress Dowager Gao died of illness, and he immediately joined him Zhang Dun , Zeng Bu When the new party is combined, it plays the banner of inheriting the "legacy" of Shenzong and changes the yuan Thieu Sang To restore some of the decrees issued by Emperor Shenzong. Known historically as" Tell me about it ". [21] During this period, new laws such as exemption from service, green seedling and city change were gradually restored. Militarily, Emperor Zhezong resumed the battle of Hehuang, taking over the Qingtang area, and launched it twice The Battle of Pingxia And brought the Western Xia to subjection. But the new party's internal division, so that the new law was greatly affected, the party contention intensified. The rule of the Northern Song dynasty fell into a deeper crisis. [115] [117]

Jingkang's shame

  • A son without a path
Subject article: Six thieves in power , Song Jiang Uprising , Fang La uprising , Xuan and the Great riots in the north
Emperor Zhezong left no heirs, and died to his younger brother Zhao Ji Huizong reuse Chae Kyung , Tong Guan Wait for" Six thieves In the name of implementing the new law, fine Amass wealth by heavy taxation The reality, so that the new law completely deteriorated. CAI Jing et al. changed the tea method and salt method several times; Set up Xicheng Kuotian offices and forcibly occupy civilian fields; Establishment of a service bureau and Bureau of fabrication , in a big way floritopsida , build Gengake and Yeonbokgung ; Launched a war against the Western Xia and Qing Tang to expand the territory. In the case of intensifying social contradictions, armed resistance finally broke out among people everywhere. [115]
In the first year of Xuanhe (1119), Song Jiang Gathered the crowd to revolt, captured more than ten prefectures and counties, and attacked the south to Haizhou (today's Lianyungang, Jiangsu), in the third year of Xuanhe (1121) by Haizhou governor Zhang Shuye Ambushes, defeats, capture, failed insurrections. [119] Meanwhile, the master of the paint garden betula In the second year of Xuanhe (1120), he led an uprising in Shexian County. He himself was captured in the second year of the uprising, but the rest of the army was still fighting. Suffering from the plunder of the officials, the people responded to the rebel army, so that it soon captured dozens of prefectures and counties, and the number of troops grew to nearly one million, shaking the southeast. It was not until the fourth year of Xuanhe (1122) that the remainder of the rebel army was completely suppressed by the Song army. This uprising brought great destruction to the rich Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and laid the groundwork for the Jingkang Rebellion five years later. [120]
  • Jingkang's shame
Subject article: Alliance at sea , Jingkang's shame
徽宗本人好大喜功，当他看到辽被自东北崛起的 Jin Dynasty After a series of defeats, he sent an envoy in the spring of the first year of Chungwa (1118) Horse government Since the Tengchau Crossing the sea to Jin, in the second year of Xuanhe (1120) set the alliance. The two sides discussed a joint attack on Liao: the Jin Army captured the middle capital of Liao Dading mansion (present-day Ningcheng border of Inner Mongolia), the Song army was responsible for attacking Nanjing of Liao Sijinfu (present-day Beijing) and Xijing Taedongfu (now Shanxi Datong); After the destruction of Liao, the land of Yanyun was returned to Song, and the old money given to Liao by Song was changed into gold. This is the alliance of the sea. [115] [117]
After the conclusion of the "Alliance on the Sea", the Jin Dynasty successively captured the Upper capital of the Liao Linhuang County Middle Beijing Datong Mansion and West Beijing Datong Mansion. Emperor Tianzuo of Liao Escape Jiashan (near Baotou, Inner Mongolia). Liao imperial family Ye Yu-chun Proclaimed himself emperor in Yanjing. Because the Song Dynasty was busy suppressing the Fangla uprising, it was not until the fourth year of Xuanhe (1122) that it sent troops to attack Yanjing, which resulted in a great defeat. Soon after, Ye Yuchun died of illness, and the Song Dynasty again sent troops to invade Liao, and suffered another defeat. In order to cover up his defeat, Tong Guan secretly sent the Jin Army to attack Yanjing. So, the Jin army crossed the Great Wall and captured Yanjing. Xuanhe five years (1123), Golden Taizu After robbing the population of Yanjing, the six states of Yanjing were distributed to the Song Dynasty. After the Song Dynasty occupied the Yandi, it continued to plunder and extract the people who had not been fully searched by the Jin army, causing the people to violently resist. [117]
Change diagram of Jingkang
It was established after the death of King Taizu Kim Tae-jong In the seventh year of Xuanhe (1125), he sent two armies to the south to attack the Song Dynasty. December, Song Yanjing guard Pharmacist Guo Descending gold, the gold army divided into two large scale south invasion, long straight into Kaifeng. Zhao Huan . Emperor Qinzong hesitated between war and peace. He used to appoint famous ministers against gold Li Gang Mobilize military and civilian organizations The Battle of Tokyo In addition, the arrival of the king's troops from all over the country forced the Jin army to withdraw from the north in February of the first year of Jingkang (1126). However, in August of the same year, the Jin Army again invaded south in two ways and pressed Kaifeng. Emperor Qinzong still tried to beg the Jin Dynasty to withdraw with silk, silver and land, and did not prepare for resolute resistance. At the end of November, the Jin army again surrounded Kaifeng. The Kaifeng people insisted on resisting the Jin army, but due to the Song Dynasty's surrender policy. Open and finally fall. On February 6, the second year of Jingkang (1127), Emperor Qinzong was deposed and demoted to the common people. The Jin Dynasty appointed another minister Zhang Bangchang To establish a state called "Great Chu" (known in history as "Great Chu") Pseudo Chu state ") of Puppet regime [22] . The city of Kaifeng was also ransacked by the Jin army. History called Jingkang shame or Jingkang disaster. The Northern Song Dynasty ended. [115] [117]

South crossing and peace negotiation

Subject article: Jian Yan south ferry , Yue Fei's northern expedition , Heaven will soon make peace , The Shaoxing Peace Debate Etc.
Sitting statue of Emperor Gaozong of Song Dynasty [110]
The Jin captured many of the Song emperor, King Kang, during the Jingkang disaster Zhao Gou Was one of the ones who slipped through the net. In the second year of Jingkang (1127), Zhao Goucong Jeju South to Nanjing, the secondary capital Ying Tianfu When he ascended the throne, he was changed to the Yuan by Emperor Gaozong of Song Dynasty Jian Yan Reconstructing the Song Dynasty. Half a year later, in order to avoid the attack of the Jin Army, he went into exile successively in the name of traveling Yangzhou (in Jiangsu Province) , Suzhou (later upgraded to Pingjiang Prefecture ), Jiangning Mansion (Later upgraded to Jiankang Prefecture, now Nanjing, Jiangsu Province), Yuezhou (later upgraded to Shaoxing Prefecture ), Hangzhou And other places, all with" Travel in "The name of it. Jian Yan three years (1129) in July, Hangzhou Linan Prefecture . Shaoxing eight years (1138), the capital of Lin 'an Fu, in fact, "in". [117]
At the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty, the Jin Army only opened two roads leading to Kaifeng, and the rest of Hedong and Hebei were still in the hands of the Song army. The people of the two rivers organized themselves to fight against gold and contained the large number of forces of the Jurchen nobles. Within the Song Dynasty, Emperor Gaozong appointed Li Gang, and the strength of the anti-Japanese faction was also strengthened. Li Gang also recommended Zunze Let Tokyo stay, to Kaifeng to organize anti-gold struggle. Wang Yan Led" The Figure Eight "Growing in the struggle, absorbing Taihang Mountains More than 100,000 volunteers in the area formed a strong anti-gold force. Zong Ze actively contacted the volunteers in Henan and Hebei, echoed each other with the "eight-character Army", and dealt a heavy blow to the Jin Army in the north and south of the Yellow River, so that the Jin Army had to temporarily slow down the pace of southern invasion. [117]
At this time, Emperor Gaozong was flattered Huang Jinshan , Wang Boyan Others, in an attempt to cede territory and Sue for peace, tried to destroy Li Gang united volunteers against Jin. Li Gang was dismissed after less than 100 days in office. Pursued by the Jin army, Emperor Gaozong fled south to Yangzhou in search of peace and pleasure. Zong Ze repeatedly asked Emperor Gaozong to return to Kaifeng, accumulated anxiety into illness, in the second year of Jianyan (1128) July died with hatred, he gathered a group of volunteers without a leader, was defeated by the Nuzhen nobility. The Jin army was able to capture the two river counties one by one. [115] [117]
The Song and Jin Wars in Shaoxing period
At the end of the second year of Jianyan (1128), the Jurchen nobles initially established their rule over the Lianghe area, and then continued to attack south, soon occupying large areas such as Shandong and Henan, and pushing into Yangzhou. Emperor Gaozong fled to the south of the Yangtze River in a hurry, and the Jin Army pursued him all the way to Mingzhou (now Ningbo, Zhejiang Province). With no way to escape, Emperor Gaozong had to flee to the sea and drifted for four months along the coast of Wenzhou. Due to the wet weather in the south, and the Southern Song Dynasty army and people's heroic resistance, Jin coach Wanyan Zongbi Decided to withdraw and move north. Retreat to the north Zhenjiang When, by Song general Han Shizhong Intercepted, forced in Yellow tiandang . The Song army besieged the Jin army with 8,000 men and held the Jin army for 48 days, until the Jin army finally opened the gap with a fire attack, defeated the Song army and was able to retreat (see article) The Battle of the Yellow Sky ). The Golden Army is here again Kien Kang be Yue Fei Defeated, never cross the river again. [23-24] [117]
After that, the Jin rulers decided to temporarily take the defensive position on the front battlefield of the Song and Jin Wars. At the same time, it was established in the area south of the Yellow River to north of the Huai River pseudo-identity The regime, as a buffer zone to draw out troops, concentrated on the Shaanxi side. By March of the first year of Shaoxing (1131), the Jin soldiers had basically occupied all the five roads in Shaanxi (see entry Battle of Sichuan and Shaanxi ). Since then, Song and Jin appeared in the Sichuan-Shaanxi border area of the long-term tug of war situation, the two sides along Dasanguan (southwest of Baoji, Shaanxi Province) to Huaihe River The front line confrontation, the Song and Jin war entered the stalemate stage. [117]
In the fourth year of Shaoxing (1134), Wanyan Zongbi, the general manager of the Jin Army, again led his troops to invade the south, which was resolutely resisted and ended in failure. The following year (1135), Emperor Taizong died, Jin Xizong After enthronement, the Nuzhen nobility had internal strife for power and profit. In order to Wanyan Chang Led by the Nuzhen nobles proposed to return the former areas ruled by the puppet Qi in Henan and Shaanxi to the Southern Song Dynasty and negotiate peace with the Southern Song Dynasty. Shaoxing 8th year (1138) in December, by the Prime minister Qin Hui Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty knelt to receive the credentials of the Jin Dynasty.
According to legend, the "Zhongxing Four Generals Map" drawn by the Southern Song Dynasty reflects the four "Zhongxing" military officials of the Southern Song Dynasty
In the ninth year of Shaoxing (1139), in July, Wanyan Zongbi launched a coup d 'etat, seized military power, and broke the peace agreement, and in the following year (1140) in May, Jin troops divided into four routes to the south, quickly recaptured Henan and Shaanxi. But the golden Army is here The Battle of Shunchang integument Liu Qi They were defeated and forced to retreat to Bianjing. In July, led by Yue Fei Yuejia's Legion Contiguous in Battle of Yancheng , The Battle of Yingchang In the defeat of Jin Bing, the vanguard troops recapture Zhengzhou, Luoyang. Many volunteers who persisted in the struggle behind the enemy were greatly encouraged to play the flag of the Yuejia Army and prepare to respond, and the anti-gold situation was excellent in the north and south of the Yellow River. However, Emperor Gaozong ordered the Song army to withdraw in order to negotiate peace. Yue Fei and others firmly opposed the peace at this time, and still took the restoration of the Central Plains as their duty, and Wanyan Zongbi instructed the Southern Song court to get rid of Yue Fei. In August of the eleventh year of Shaoxing (1141), Yue Fei was dismissed from office and subsequently charged with "treason" Dali Temple Prison . At the same time, Emperor Gaozong and Qin Kuei stepped up their efforts to reduce gold and seek peace. By November of the same year, the Song and Jin reached an agreement. The Shaoxing Peace Debate ". The provisions of the peace negotiation: Song to Jin minister, Jin named Song Kang king Zhao Gou emperor; The boundary should be set at the Middle Stream of the Huai River in the east, Dasan Pass in the west, Song in the south and Jin in the north; The Song paid 250 thousand taels of silver and 250 thousand pieces of silk to gold every year. The confrontation between north and South has since been established. When the peace agreement was reached, Yue Fei, Han Shizhong and others were relieved of their military power. Yue Fei himself was killed shortly after on "trumped-up" charges. [117]

South of the Yangtze River

Subject article: Long xing northern expedition , Longxing peace discussion , Dry chun governance
After the "Shaoxing Peace Council", Qin Hui, with the connivance and support of Emperor Gaozong, dominated the government for 18 years. During this period, Qin Kuei persecuted officials who had different political views with him, married relatives and made friends with ministers. Tai remonstrating official also became a tool for Qin Kuei to repel dissenters. Because Qin Hui was so powerful, Emperor Gaozong was also wary of him. In the 25th year of Shaoxing (1155), Qin Kuei became seriously ill, and Emperor Gaozong quickly ordered Qin Kuei and his son Qin Xi Write an official post To sever the possibility of Qin Xi taking over the phase. Soon after, Qin Hui died. [25] [122] After Qin Kuei's death, Emperor Gaozong still relied on Qin Kuei's remaining party, and the government did not improve. [121]
Shaoxing thirty-one year (1161), King of Jin Hailing Perfect beauty South invasion, but in quarry (now Anhui Ma On Shan Southwest) quilt Yu Yunwen Commanded by the Song army repulsed. At this time, the Jin Dynasty rebellion arose, Ge King Wanyan Yong He was proclaimed emperor. in Kuazhou Wanyan Liang lost ground, and was eventually killed by the court, the Jin army withdrew from the north, and the Southern Song regime was able to survive the crisis. But the Song and Jin wars did not stop. [121]
Emperor Hyozong of Song 昚
Emperor Gaozong lost the ability to bear children in his early years, so he had two descendants of Emperor Taizu, Zhao Yuan and Zhao Jing To choose a successor. In the 32nd year of Shaoxing (1162), influenced by the invasion of the Jin army, Emperor Gaozong began to withdraw. Zhao Yuan was made crown prince and changed his name Cho 昚 . He himself said A surname Ju De Shou Palace. When Emperor Gaozong became Emperor, he indulged in great pleasures, spent a lot of money, and often interfered in government. [26]
At the beginning of his reign, he reversed Yue Fei's unjust imprisonment, expelled Qin Kuei Party members in the court, and appointed ministers of the war faction Zhang Jun And strive to recover the Central Plains. Li Xianzhong , Shao Hongyuan They sent troops to the north, hoping to change the relationship between Song and Jin. Although the northern Expedition once won, but because of the discord between the various generals and the idea of slighting the enemy, the Northern Expedition army in The Battle of Departure Meet with failure. Tang Sichui To begin peace talks with Kim. In December of the second year of Longxing (1164), Song and Jin officially signed a peace treaty, known in history as" Longxing peace discussion ". In the peace negotiations, Song no longer referred to the Jin emperor as a vassal, changed his name to nephew; The "annual tribute" was changed to "annual coin", and the amount of silver and silk was reduced by 50,000 each to 200,000 pairs; Song cut Tang (today Henan Tanghe), Deng (today Henan Dengzhou east), sea (today Jiangsu Lianyungang), Si (today Jiangsu Xuyi North) four states, and then cut business (today Shaanxi Shangzhou District), Qin (today Gansu Tianshui) two states and gold. For the next thirty years, there was no large-scale war in Song and Jin. [121]
However, due to the death of a group of civil and military generals such as Yu Yunwen, the northern expedition ended in failure. [27] [121]

Internal troubles and external troubles

  • Unfilial to the son of God
Subject article: Shao Xi inner Zen
After Gojong's death, Emperor Hyojong became increasingly indifferent to politics, and finally decided to give way to his son in the 16th year of Chunxi (1189) Zhao Dun That is, Song Guangzong. However, shortly after taking the throne, Kwangzong became ill with mental illness and was subject to Empress Li Queen Sainte Cherie A memorial ceremony is held. The ruling and opposition parties are extremely dissatisfied with this unfilial behavior, and the situation in Lin 'an City is chaotic and turbulent. Members of the imperial clan Zhao Ruyu , Zhao Yanyu Began to secretly plan new prince, they contact relatives Han 侂 Ju Persuaded the Empress Dowager Wu to support them in establishing the king of Jia Zhao Quan When he ascended the throne, he honored Emperor Guangzong as Emperor Taishang, and Zhao Quan was Emperor Ningzong of Song Dynasty. [27] [121] [123]
  • Powerful ministers specialize
Subject article: Kyung Won Party banned , Kaixi northern expedition , Four evil spirits and three evil spirits
Shi Miyuan, a prime minister in power for a long time under Emperor Ningzong of Song [109]
In the early Ningzong period, Ruyu was appointed Prime minister. Zhao Ruyu himself has good political integrity. However, due to the fact that the imperial family was not in accordance with the law, and Han 侂 Zhou incited the fire, he was finally dismissed. In order to completely eliminate Zhao Ruyu's influence and exclusion of dissent, Han 侂 Zhou created a ban on Qingyuan Party in the name of academics. will neo-Confucianism It was called "pseudo-learning", and many ministers who believed in neo-Confucianism opposed Han 侂 Zhou. Han 侂 Zhou used this to drive all scholar-officials who believed in neo-Confucianism out of the government. [115] Kyung Won Six years (1200), Han 侂 Zhou saw that neo-Confucianism was no longer a threat, he lifted the party ban. [28] [121]
The party is forbidden from popular support, in order to win over scholars and consolidate their political status, Han 侂 Zhou decided to launch a war against Jin. Considering the political and military situation of Song and Jin at that time, Xin Qiji , Ye Yi Others opposed a hasty expedition north. Kaixi In the second year (1206), Han 侂 Zhou launched the Northern expedition. Although the Southern Song Dynasty also won some local victories, it failed to save the overall defeat. The failure of the northern expedition made Han 侂 Zhou a target of public criticism. His political enemies Shi Miyuan Take this opportunity to win over the opposition of the main and faction and Han 侂 Zhou. And the Jin killed Han 侂 Zhou as one of the conditions for peace talks. In the third year of Kaixi (1207), Shi Miyuan and others forged a secret message and killed Han 侂 Zhou. The following year (1208) and the Jin Dynasty" The Jiading Peace Debate ". Shi met all the requirements put forward by the Jin, so that the Southern Song Dynasty in the relationship with the Jin once again demoted the status, in the national letter called the Jin Lord uncle. In addition, the age of three hundred thousand coins, with three million rouleaux to redeem Huai and Shaanxi. From then on began the period of Shi's dictatorship. Shi Miyuan and Empress Yang Collusion, power alone. [29] [121]
Ningzong had eight sons, but all died young. So he appointed the son of the king of Yi Zhao Hong For the crown prince. Zhao Hong is very dissatisfied with the dictatorship of Shi Miyuan. Therefore, Shi Muiyuan abolished Zhao Hong's position as prince and changed it Zhao Yun Heir to the throne. Jiading 17th year (1224) in August, Ningzong died, Shi Miyuan affront Zhao Yun was appointed Emperor of the Song Dynasty. After Emperor Rizong ascended the throne, Shi continued his dictatorship, and Emperor Rizong also pursued a strategy of bide his time. [121]
  • The end is more smooth
Subject article: The end is more smooth , Battle of Caizhou
Sitting statue of Emperor Lizong of Song Dynasty
Saudin Shi died in October 1233. The following year, Li Zong reformed the Yuan Hold even The implementation of a series of reform measures, known as the "end of the more". Rizong abolished the old party of Shi Miyuan, and the government was once changed. Meanwhile in the north, the Jin Dynasty is facing Mongolia Step by step, facing the collapse of the country. The foreign policy of North Korea and China is also divided into two groups. One group believes that they should unite with Mongolia and resist gold. The other faction believed that we should bear in mind the truth of the death of the lips and the lesson of the sea alliance, aid the Jin Dynasty, and let the Jin become the screen of the Song. [30]
As early as December 1232, in the fifth year of Shaodin, the Mongols sent envoys to discuss the Song and Mongolian cooperation against the Jin Dynasty, and most of the current court ministers agreed. Emperor Lizong agreed to the Mongols' request, and the Mongols promised to return Henan to the Song Dynasty after the destruction of the Jin Dynasty. However, it was only an oral agreement, leaving no written agreement, thus storing up future problems. Jin Aizong After learning of this, he also sent envoys to the Song Dynasty to state the interests, hoping to unite against the Mongols, but was refused by Emperor Lizong. In the sixth year of Shao Ding (1233), he presided over the eradication of gold affairs Shi Songzhi Send Jiang Hai, Jiang Wanzai uncle and nephew Meng Gong Such as leading 20,000 troops, transporting 300,000 grain stones, combined with the Mongolian army surrounded Caizhou . Hold even In May of the first year (1234), Caizhou After being conquered, Emperor Aizong hanged himself and the Jin Dynasty collapsed. Meng-gong brought Jin Aizong's remains back to Lin 'an, and was enshrined in Taimiao by Zong to comfort the emblem and the spirit of Qin two Zong in heaven. [31]

Resist the Mongolian army

Subject article: End flat into the lo , Mongol-song Wars
After the collapse of the Jin Dynasty, the Mongolian army withdrew to the north, and Henan was empty. Tongguan (a county in Henan Province) ), guarding the river (Yellow River), recovering the three capitals (Tokyo Kaifeng, Nanjing Ying Tian , Xijing Luoyang) [32] The restoration of the Central Plains. In the first year of Duanping (1234), he was appointed Emperor Lizong Zhao Kui For the head coach, full Zicai for the vanguard, under the edict to send troops to Henan. On June 12, Quanzi recaptured Nanjing. On July 5, the Song army entered Kaifeng. However, as the three cities had been looted by the Mongols, the Song army ran out of food and fell into a desperate situation. When the Song army attacked Luoyang, it was ambushed by the Mongolian army and suffered heavy losses. The Song army retreated on all fronts. End flat into the lok declared failure. [121] This provided a pretext for the Mongol invasion of Song.
In the second year of Duanping (1235), the Mongolian army invaded the south for the first time and was repelled. The Mongol army did not accept defeat, and settled in September of the third year of Duanping (1236) Jia Xi In the first year (1237), two southern invasions, the front of which was almost close to the north bank of the Yangtze River. Because the Song army fought bravely, defeated the Mongolian army, and once again defeated the Mongolian army's attempt to cross the river to the south. Later, the army and people of the Southern Song Dynasty fought against the Mongolian general Meng Gong, Yu Jie Under the command of others, the Mongolian army was defeated many times, so that it had to attempt a detour. In 1258, the Mongol army launched a second full-scale offensive. Khai Khanh The first year (1259) was the Mongol Great Khan Mongo On the offensive Hop Chau He was wounded by a stray shot from the Song Army and died in the army. Younger brother Kublai Khan When he heard the news, he immediately prepared to withdraw in order to seize the throne of the Great Khan. When in Ezhou to supervise the war of the southern Song right prime minister Jia Sidao The envoy to Kublai Khan for peace, willing to pay tribute, ceding land north of the Yangtze River. He hid the private peace agreement, falsely claimed victory over the Mongolian army, and assumed the lead after the liberation of Ezhou. rebuild "Gong", increased the official Jin Jue, and further seized the power of the court. [33] [121]
In the later period of his reign, Emperor Lizong gradually neglected political affairs and indulged in sex and entertainment, which made the government bad [33] . Rijong's two sons died young, so Rijong finally chose his younger brother Zhao and Rui Son of Cho 禥 For the Crown Prince. Because Zhao 禥's mother used to take abortion pills during pregnancy, Zhao 禥 was born with a congenital deficiency and lower intelligence than ordinary people. In the first year of Jing Ding (1260), in June, Emperor Li ordered Zhao 禥 to be crown prince. In December 1264, in the fifth year of Jingding, Emperor Lizong died and Zhao 禥 ascended the throne as Emperor Duzong of Song. After taking the throne, Duzong ignored the government and indulged in sex and entertainment all day long. [121] Jia Sidao is therefore in power. Jia Sidao formed cliques for personal gain and excluded dissenters. He forbade Duzong to know about the war on the front. It is said that Xiangyang, Fancheng It was three years after the siege that Duzong learned of it. Hamchun Seven years (1271), Kublai Khan mostly The founding number is Yuan. In the ninth year of Xianchun (1273), Fancheng and Xiangyang fell one after another, and the Jinghu front collapsed. [33]

Battle of the Cliffs

Subject article: Kublai Khan's war against the Song Dynasty
Kublai Khan's war against the Song Dynasty
In July of the tenth year of Hamchun (1274), Dojong died, his eldest son Cho 㬎 Take the throne as Emperor Gong of Song. At that time, the Song Dynasty was in a state of paralysis. In the spring of the first year of Deyou (1275), the Yuan army conquered the major military towns of the Southern Song Dynasty Anqing and Chizhou Coercing Jiankang, the Yangtze River defense line collapsed. The government and the opposition earthquake, all walks of life hope Jia Sidao can go out, the result of the Song army The Battle of Dingjiazhou A big defeat. The main force is broken. In November, Changzhou and Pingjiang fell one after another. On the fifth day of February in the second year of Deyou (1276), the surrender ceremony was held in Lin 'an City, and Emperor Gong was captured. [34] [105]
After the fall of Lin 'an, the Song Dynasty and the vast patriotic army and people never surrendered, desperately resisting. Brother of Emperor Gong Zhao Shi , Zhao Bing Escaped from Lin 'an under the protection of the minister. Zhao is enthroned in Fuzhou, is the Song Duan zong, changed to Yuan Jingyan (1276). Meanwhile, Wen Tianxiang On land, organize the army and the people to resist the Yuan Army, while the courtiers Chen Yizhong , Zhang Shijie , Lu Xiufu Others escorted Zhao is, Zhao Bing boat south escape, and Song house adrift at sea, composed A surname . In the spring of the third year of Jingyan (1278), the Song Dynasty arrived Leizhou . In April, Zhao died at the age of 11. Lu Xiufu and his ministers supported Zhao Bing as emperor and reformed the Yuan Xianghung . [105] In the same year, Wen Tianxiang was defeated and captured. Subsequently, Leizhou fell under the onslaught of the Yuan army. The small court moved to Cliff mountain (Guangdong Xinhui). Xiangxing two years (1279), Yuan general Zhang Hongfan The army followed closely and launched a general attack on Yashan. The Song army was defeated on the whole line. Lu Xiufu threw himself into the sea carrying Zhao Bing. Zhang Shijie led the rest of the breakout, also drowned in Pingzhang Mountain (about the southwest of Yangjiang City, Guangdong Province, off the sea of Hailing Island). At this point, the Song Dynasty completely collapsed. [115]

territory

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Territorial scope

  • Northern Song Dynasty
After the founding of the Song Dynasty, it experienced many wars in Bring peace and prosperity to the country The unification of the Central Plains was completed in four years (979). In the north, the border between Song and Liao remained stable for a long time Yanmen Mountain - Taemusan - Baigou A line. In southern Xinjiang, the Song also did not regain control of the ethnic minority areas in the southwest that had broken away from the rule in the late Tang Dynasty [78] ; In what is now northern Vietnam, the rulers of the early Song Dynasty recognized it Ding Dynasty To break away from the reality of Chinese rule and instead establish itself with it Suzerain-vassal relationship [76] . In the northwest direction, the rise of Dangxiang tribe made the northwestern territory of Song Dynasty compressed to Hengshan To the east [77] . After the establishment of the Western Xia Dynasty, Li Yuanhao continued to encase some lands along the northwest of the Song Dynasty. For some time thereafter, the northwestern boundary of the Song Dynasty was roughly stable in present-day Gansu Lanzhou (capital of Gansu Province) , Jingyuan County , Ningxia concentric And Baigan Mountain line in northern Shaanxi Province. To the Song Shenzong tried to expand the territory, from Qing Tang Tubo Sui, Xi, He, Tao, Min, LAN and other states were acquired in the regime. Zhe Zong, Huizong after repeated contention, and further achieved Huangshui River The River Basin, The Taohe River (in Hebei Province) Upstream and Your Virtue A belt of land. The Triennium of Chongning (1104) was established on the basis of these repossessions Long right all protect house . In this way, the territory of the Song Dynasty expanded to Wushao Mountain South of the Huangshui basin, Bactria River basin, Taohe river basin. At the same time, in the southwest, the Song Dynasty gradually restored its control over the areas inhabited by ethnic minorities, and today southern Sichuan, southwest Hubei, west Hunan, northeast Guizhou and west Guangxi were re-included in the territory, and official prefectures and counties were set up Jimo . [78]
Scholarly evidence Tan Qixiang Editor-in-chief of Historical Atlas of China " [75] It is estimated that the territory of the Song Dynasty in the first year of Zhenghe (1111) should be about 2.64 million km² (excluding Longyou Du Fu). [74] .
The territory of the first year of Zhenghe of the Song Dynasty (1111) did not include Longyou [84]
  • Southern Song Dynasty
Jian Yan south ferry After that, the territory of the Song Dynasty was greatly reduced, limited to the south of the Qinling Mountains and the Huai River, Minshan Mountain To the east. Xuanhe three years (1121), Xi 'an Prefecture , Wild German army And was taken by the Western Xia. The Song Dynasty also established Li, Xu, Lu, Qian, Yong and other prefectures at the border with Dali, but the southern and southwestern borders did not change much compared with the Northern Song. In the eighth year of Shaoxing (1138), the Song and Jin first negotiated peace, and the Jin planned to return Henan and Shaanxi to the Song Dynasty, roughly bounded by the Yellow River. The second annuity broke the contract and sent troops to seize Henan and Shaanxi. In the eleventh Year of Shaoxing (1141), The Shaoxing Peace Debate "Reached to Huai River - Dasanguan For the Song and Jin borders, the Song cut Tang, Deng and Shang, Qin two states more than half of the gold. It is estimated that the territory of the Southern Song Dynasty in the twelfth year of the Shaoxing Dynasty (1142) was about 1.76 million square kilometers [74] . From then on until the outbreak of the Song and Yuan (Mongolia) war, The Southern Song Dynasty Although there are local changes in the territory, but basically stable Huai River - Dasanguan A line. [78]
( Southern Song Dynasty atlas reference [84] )

Administrative division

Subject article: Administrative divisions of the Song Dynasty
The Song Dynasty learned the lessons of the Tang Dynasty, and the first-level administrative division was changed to" Road, ". To the third year of Tao (997), it was designated as fifteen roads, including Jingdong, West Beijing, Hebei, Hedong, Shaanxi, Huainan, Jiangnan, Jinghu South, Jinghu North, Liangzhe, Fujian, Xichuan, Xia, Quang Nam East, south west five road. The fourth year of Hamping (1001) was divided into Nishikawa Lizhou Yizhou two road, the gap road for Kuizhou (a county in Sichuan Province) The second road of Catalizhou. The fourth year of Tian Xi (1020) Jiangnan Road The two roads are east and west of Jiangnan. Xining five years (1072) minutes Jingxi Road For the north and south two roads, Huainan Road for the east and west two roads, Shaanxi for Yongxing Jun, Qinfeng two roads. And then again Hebei Road Divided into east and west two roads, divided into Jingdong East, Beijing East and west two roads. In the fifth year of Chongning (1106), the Kaifeng Palace was promoted to Gyeonggyirno .
There were four capital cities in the Song Dynasty, Tokyo Kaifeng Prefecture , Nanjing Ying Tianfu [36] The western capital Henan Prefecture , Beijing Daimyo .
Xuan and He Four years (1122) Song and Jin covenants, agreed to destroy the Liao after Song Yanshan Fu Road and Yunzhong Fu Road . The result was not set later. Jian Yan south ferry Later, the Song Dynasty retained sixteen roads: Two Zhejiang East Road Two Zhejiang West Road, Jiangnan East Road, Jiangnan West Road, Huainan East Road, Huainan West Road, Jinghu South Road, Jinghubei Road, Chongqing Fu Road, Kuizhou Road, Tongchuan Fu Road, Jingsouthwest Road, Chengdu Fu Road, Lizhou Road, Fujian Road, Guangnan East Road, Guangnan West Road.
The administrative division and local political system of the Song Dynasty can be said to be more internal than external, and the central government is highly centralized. Though avoided The state was divided The situation, but led to weak local defense, but also let the end of the Song generation more than foreign aggression [35] .

political

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Political system

Subject article: Official system of the Song Dynasty , Political system of the Song Dynasty
Song Dynasty bureaucracy Very complicated, this is because in the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, not only inherited all the forms of the Tang bureaucracy, but also developed Put into service And institutionalize it so that assign Become a real official. later Honkan There are many changes in orders. [114] The central organs are roughly divided into five systems: administration, military, finance, judicial supervision and royal service. [114]
Administrative system
From the point of view of the administrative system, there are still two characteristics of the prime minister, one is the change of official name, the other is less power than the previous generation. Early Song, along the late Tang system, set Under the Chinese book Is the place where the vice chancellor rules. It is called the prime minister The same book under the peace chapter of government affairs "Said the vice chancellor Participate in political affairs . It has five rooms to handle specific affairs. Reform of Yuanfeng When the book was revoked, the early Tang Dynasty was restored Sansei System, to Shangshu left servant shot and under the door for the squire Left phase Shangshu right servant shot and in the book squire for Right phase To the servant under the door, the book servant, the book about Cheng deputy phase. Since then, although there have been repeated reforms, but generally in accordance with the Yuan-feng system. In the Southern Song Dynasty, he was a permanent prime minister and was still a deputy prime minister. In general, the Northern Song Dynasty had military and political Privy Council In charge, financial yes Sanji In charge, the prime minister is only the head of administration, and the deputy post of the prime minister is defined as the governor, which also formed a powerful check on the prime minister. Therefore, the prime minister power of the Northern Song Dynasty was smaller than that of previous dynasties. [114]
In the early period of the Northern Song Dynasty, the original three provinces, six departments and twenty-four departments were virtually the same, and their official names were only used as the basis for determining product rank and salary, called praetorian . Real power was transferred to newly created bodies such as the Privy Council, the Three Divisions, Court of examiners , Internal broach , Third class court , Too Chang Li Yuan Wait for control. After the reform of Yuan Feng, in addition to the Privy Council, these institutions were gradually eliminated, thus restoring the functions of the three provinces, six departments and 24 departments. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the 24 divisions had provinces. [114]
There were nine temples and six temples in the Song Dynasty. In the early Northern Song Dynasty, there were nine temples and six supervisions in addition Dali Temple , The Imperial College , superintendency , Metropolitan water supervision , Weapons inspector Besides, all exist in name only. After the reform of Yuanfeng, the department of Heavenly supervision was abolished and set up separately Imperial Bureau of History , Nine temples and five prisons Each began to specialize in his own duties and set up an official position, just like the Tang system. In the Southern Song Dynasty, each temple supervisor had a province. [114]
Military system
From the point of view of the military system, the Privy Council is the highest administrative body in charge of the national military, and it is also called under the Chinese script Nifu . The prefect of Council is Privy envoy or Know the privy Council , mostly by civilian officials; besides A close deputy Wait for the undersecretary. The status of the privy councillor is equivalent to that of the minister, and the deputy councillor is equivalent to the governor. The Lord and Vice-Chancellor of the Privy Council and the Lord and Counsellor are called" Be in power Officer ". Chancellor and consul are also called" Zaishi ". The Privy Council consists of various chambers, which are responsible for various specific matters. The Privy Council has the power to direct troops, but does not directly command the army. The agencies in charge of the Forbidden Army are Tenmaji with Imperial guards . The service Department is divided into the Service horse division and the Service Guard Division, and the temple front division A surname . The third government and the Privy Council kept each other in check to prevent the soldiers from mutiny. [114]
Financial system
From the point of view of the financial system, the early Song Dynasty followed the old system of the five dynasties, with three departments ( Ferric salt , Degree branch , The Ministry of Household Affairs in feudal China It is the body responsible for the finances of the whole country, known as the province, second only to the Middle School and the Privy Council. suzerain Three chief envoy The position of the minister is slightly lower than that of the governor. When Yuanfeng was reformed, the three departments were abolished and assigned to the Ministry of Ministry of Shangshu Province. The three departments make the decision The Ministry of Ministry Shangshu Replace. In order to better manage the national finance, in the late Northern Song Dynasty, there were total financial officials and officials Warp setter . [114]
Judicial supervision system
From the perspective of the judicial system, the early Northern Song Dynasty had The Ministry of Punishment in feudal China Dali Temple, Imperial historian's desk and Court of trial . Dali Temple is the judicial institution, responsible for detailed examination and reporting of cases. The Criminal Department is in charge of criminal litigation. However, in the early Northern Song Dynasty, the functions and powers of the criminal Department were often usurped, either by his official management, or by the Imperial Bureau to judge. The Imperial Palace is in charge of judicial affairs. The court of Trial is located in the palace. In the early Northern Song Dynasty, all cases were adjudicated by Dali Temple and reported to the court for review deliberator Write a written opinion, report to the book, submit to the emperor's ruling. After the reform of Yuanfeng, the Court of Trial and Punishment and the judges established by the Imperial Palace were abolished, and the judicial functions were exercised by Dali Temple and the Ministry of Punishment. [114]
The Song Dynasty followed the previous generations and still took the Imperial Platform as the highest supervisory body. The governor is Cheng of the Imperial history . The imperial doctor was promoted to an official and did not appoint a regular officer. Subordinate institutions are the same as those of the Tang Dynasty, there are daiyuan , Main yard , Inspection hospital . In the early Song Dynasty, the imperial history was often used as the official, and the Yuanfeng reform began to correct his position. In addition, the supervision of the imperial history of the Song Dynasty was not divided into local responsibilities, mainly the supervision of the six departments of the Shang Shu. Similar to the functions of the imperial Palace Imperial censors . In the early years of Song Renzong, it was established Imperial Remonstrance The chief said he knew the remonstrance of the court. Yuanfeng reform abolished the remonstrate court, to around Counsel doctor , A surname , Correct words Remonstration post, divided into two provinces, under the staff, the book. The Remonstrance Court was re-established in the early years of Emperor Gaozong. In the Song Dynasty, remonsterers were not only remonsterers, but also impeached ministers. In addition to the main supervision, the imperial history station also had the responsibility of advising and remonstrating. The two held similar positions, he said A surname . [114]
Royal service
Song Cheng Tang system, also set up the academy. To draft various documents on behalf of the emperor Bachelor of the Imperial Academy Several. A senior bachelor The Imperial Master gives orders . Admission without a bachelor's degree Naoin . There are those who do not belong to the Academy but to the Academy The Imperial Academy read the bachelor , imperial Academy Bachelor of education He took it as his job to tell the history of books around the emperor. In addition, the Song Dynasty also added a new palace bachelor, generally as a very high prestige or ruling minister's honorary title. There are also cabinet collection offices such as Dragon Map and Heaven Chapter, each with a bachelor, a straight bachelor, a servant, a straight court and other officials. These officials were in charge of esoterica and served as ministers to literary attendants. However, court officials often add the title of a court bachelor to show grace. [114]
According to the eunuch body that served the emperor Enter the inner province and chamberlain Respectively in charge of the internal life of the palace and the palace cleaning and other chores. [114]
Taimei uterus Eastern palace official . The setting was the same as that of the Tang Dynasty, with his official concurrently, and the crown prince was abolished after the throne of the emperor. [114]

Legal system

Subject article: Laws and regulations of Song dynasty
Compared with the previous dynasties, the law forms in Song Dynasty were various and the relationship was complicated. In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, its legal form inherited from the Tang Dynasty and the five dynasties The law of , order, case, form, Imperial edict First, to make, to rescript, to declare, and then again Works written by the emperor , Case study , state , regulations Let's wait. "History of the Song Dynasty · Annals of Criminal Law" believes that the characteristics of the early legal system of the Song Dynasty "the king is governed by leniency, so the legislation is strict and the usage is lenient". In the second year of Yuanfeng (1079), in June, Emperor Shenzong made a new definition of rescript, order, pattern and style, which made their nature and the relationship between them change greatly. From then on to the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty, "the criminal book is increasing" and "the criminal administration is in turmoil". In the Southern Song Dynasty, it was characterized by "the arrest under the power handle, the officials of the prefectures were also quite specialized, and the breadth and fierceness of the punishment depended on them". [126] [128]
The law of the Song Dynasty was outstanding, and it had a profound influence on the formulation of criminal law, civil law and other legal provisions, the establishment of judicial institutions and the operation of judges' judicial trials, which had an important influence on the legal construction of Liao, Western Xia, Jin and later Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. For example, the Song Jiangrand Detailed Punishment System edited by Taizu (referred to as "Song Jiangrand Detailed Punishment System") Song Xingtong It was the first rigid codex in Chinese history [142] In history, it is said that "in the Song Dynasty, it cannot be changed". [143] . However, the law of Song Dynasty also had some defects, such as ineffective punishment of corrupt officials, heavy punishment of people's resistance with torture, and suppression of civil rights with neo-Confucianism and family laws and regulations. [127]

economy

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EDITOR
Subject article: Economy of Song Dynasty
The Two Song Dynasties, China's social and economic rapid development, completed The center of economic gravity has shifted south . Although the Northern Song was the smallest Central Plains dynasty in Chinese history, the two Song dynasties always had rich southern areas and made outstanding achievements in agriculture, handicraft and commerce, which was not only higher than the Liao, Western Xia, Jin and Mongolian national regimes, but also in the world at that time. [145]

population

  • Total population
In the five years of Taiping (980), there were 6418,500 households and about 32.1 million people in the country [54] If the number of households not included in the main customer statistics is added, there are 6.87 million households in that year, nearly 37.1 million people; By 1110, there were 20,882,258 households and 46,734,784 people in the country [55] According to scholars' research, the Song Dynasty household registration only counted adult males who undertook labor, so the actual population reached 112.75 million, and proposed that the peak population of the Northern Song Dynasty appeared in The Jingkang Rebellion In the Sixth year of Xuanhwa (1124), there were 23.4 million households with 126 million views [129 ] . [4]
During the Song and Jin dynasties, the population was greatly reduced due to the war, The Jingkang Rebellion In the sixth year of Xuanhe (1124), there were about 13.6 million households in the South, and by the fifth year of Shaoxing (1135), there were about 10.86 million households and 56.5 million people in the Southern Song Dynasty The Shaoxing Peace Debate After the southern population gradually recovered, by the 32nd year of Shaoxing (1162), the Southern Song Dynasty had about 12.4 million households, 64.5 million people; In the middle and late period of the Southern Song Dynasty, the population grew slowly because of the problem of "dense population and narrow land" [57] 56 - , to Gia Dinh In the sixteenth year (1223), the number of registered households peaked, with 12,670,801 households and 2,8320,085 people officially counted [58] , the scholar considered Hermit's household This year, the number of households is estimated to be 15.5 million and 80.6 million [4] .
  • distribution
In terms of population distribution, the south accounted for 56.9% of the total population of the country in the five years (980), and the north accounted for 43.1%, which was the late Tang Dynasty The Five Dynasties The result of the long-term war in the north and the relatively peaceful development in the south, however, after the unification of the Song Dynasty, the proportion of the northern population in the country did not rise. After a hundred years of development, the proportion of the southern population in the country rose to 62.6% in the first year of Yuan Feng (1078), while the proportion of the northern population fell to 37.4%. By the first year of Chongning in the late Northern Song Dynasty (1102), the proportion of the northern population rose to 62.6%. The proportion of the North and South is 64.1% and 35.9% respectively. [59]
The difficulty of Jingkang Later, a large number of people from the Central Plains migrated south again. There are two waves of this southern migration, the first climax is from the difficulties of Jingkang to the" The Shaoxing Peace Debate The second peak is in the Golden Emperor Perfect beauty During the southern invasion, the population of the South increased significantly, as in the 32nd year of Shaoxing (1162) Chongning Compare the first year (1102), Liangzhe Road An increase of 260,000 households, Jiangnan West Road An increase of 420,000 households, Fujian Road An increase of 330,000 households, Tongchuan Fu Road Adding 240,000 households, Kuizhou Prefecture With the addition of 140,000 households, about five million northern migrants moved into the South during the Song and Jin dynasties. [4]

Taxes and corvee

The system of farm labor in the Song Dynasty roughly continued that of the late Tang Dynasty Dual law But it has increased Head tax , while corvee It's a huge burden on the people, so Wang Anshi's reform sometimes Act of immunity The implementation of... The statement about the annual income of 160 million yuan is actually the combined total of different units of production, such as copper coins, rice wheat, silver, cotton, silk and grass [45] The highest financial income of the Song Dynasty was more than six million yuan [46] Business taxes account for about 70% of total fiscal revenue.

agriculture

In Song Dynasty, water conservancy was developed greatly, land was opened up in a large area, and agricultural tools were improved. [47] Many new forms of land appeared in the Song Dynasty, such as terraced fields (appearing in mountainous areas), Yutian fields (using the silt formed by the washing of rivers), Sha Tin fields (sand and silt fields on the sea), and jitian fields (making wooden rows on the lake and laying mud on them). This greatly increased the area of arable land in the Song Dynasty. [48] By the second year of Dao (996), the country's cultivated land area was 3,125,200 hectares, and by the fifth year of Tianxi (1021) it had increased to 5,247,500 hectares. [136]
All kinds of new farming tools appeared in the Song Dynasty, replacing the cattle ploughing Foot plow A martingale used for planting rice seedlings and for carrying water High rotating cylinder car irrigated Water turned over the car . New tools have also allowed crop yields to soar. Generally, farmland can receive one stone per mu per year, and Jiangsu and Zhejiang areas can reach two to three stones per year. In Zhenzong of Northern Song Dynasty, it was drought tolerant and early maturing Zhancheng rice And in Western India (present-day India) Mung bean Also be promoted [137] . [136]
As far as agricultural production is concerned, there is a great imbalance between different regions. Agriculture in areas south of the Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River continued to develop, further expanding its advantage over the north. Among the southern regions, the most advanced is Liangzhe, especially in the Taihu Lake basin Su, Hang, Chang, Hu, Xiu and other states, Chengdu Fu Road, Fujian coast is second, the two lakes are inferior, Guangxi and Guangxi and Kui Zhou are relatively backward. Some of the northern crops of millet, wheat, millet and beans came to the South. Cotton is popular in Fujian and Guangzhou. Tea is widely distributed in present-day Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hubei, Chongqing, Hunan and Sichuan. Mulberry planting sericulture And the area of hemp is also increasing. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Taihu Lake area ranked first in the country in terms of rice production, "Su Changshu, the world foot" said. [136] The area north of the Qinling Mountains and the Huai River, mainly the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, including the North China Plain and the Central Plains, was the earliest developed and had a good foundation for agriculture. Although agricultural production had been severely damaged by multiple wars since the end of the Tang Dynasty for more than 300 years, there was a certain degree of recovery and development in the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty and the middle of the Jin Dynasty when the political stability was relatively stable. [145]
In addition, sugar cane was planted all over Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong and other provinces in the Song Dynasty, and sugar has become a widely used food, and the world's first monograph on sugar production appeared. Icing spectrum " [146] .

Handicraft industry

The traditional handicraft sector in the Song Dynasty developed significantly compared with the previous generation in terms of production technology, product quality and production scale. The south became the most prosperous area of handicraft production. [145]
  • Textile industry
The production center of silk weaving industry in the Song Dynasty was still in Sichuan, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, Hebei, Jingdong and other regions. With the migration of many Han families in Hebei. The silk industry also developed north of the Great Wall of China. The hemp fabric of southwest China is famous in the world for its novel technology and exquisite products. The cotton textile industry has developed from Hainan Island to Guangxi, Fujian and Zhejiang, which has epoch-making significance in the history of Chinese cotton textile industry. [145]
The Song government was also established in areas where the silk industry was most developed Brocade House That is, government-run silk weaving workshops. The silk tapestry industry is booming, and it is recorded that only "tapestry Academy" employs more than 1,000 people. [147] And the related printing and dyeing industry also developed.
  • Porcelain manufacture
Song Dynasty Guan kiln People kilns are all over the country. There are Kaifeng official kiln, Ruzhou Ru kiln , Yuzhou Jun Kiln Longquan Brother Kiln, Jingdezhen Jingde kiln , Jianyang Jian kiln Quyang Ding kiln The porcelains produced by the seven famous kilns, as well as many large and small kilns distributed around the country, were exported overseas through the Maritime Silk Road, such as Japan, Korea South Asia, India, Central and Western Asia and other regions. Among them, Jun porcelain is the crown of Song porcelain with its magical kiln characteristics and rare output of 36 pieces per year. [49] In general, the exquisite porcelain produced in the Song Dynasty, the number and variety are much more than the previous generation. [145]
宋朝瓷器 宋朝瓷器 宋朝瓷器 宋朝瓷器 宋朝瓷器 宋朝瓷器 宋朝瓷器 宋朝瓷器 宋朝瓷器 宋朝瓷器 宋朝瓷器 宋朝瓷器 宋朝瓷器 宋朝瓷器 宋朝瓷器 宋朝瓷器 宋朝瓷器 宋朝瓷器 宋朝瓷器 哥窑香炉 宋朝哥窑——米色釉贯耳瓶
Song dynasty porcelain
  • Mining and metallurgy industry
The development of mining and metallurgy industry in Song Dynasty was also particularly prominent. The output of copper, iron and other important mineral products has increased significantly compared with the Tang Dynasty, and the mining scale and smelting technology have also made new breakthroughs. The main minerals of the Northern Song Dynasty included gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, tin, coal and so on. In the Northern Song Dynasty, there were more than 270 metal deposits, an increase of more than 100 compared with the Tang Dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Renzong, each year he acquired more than 15,000 taels of gold, 219,000 taels of silver, 5 million catties of copper, 7 million catties of iron, 90 thousand catties of lead, and 330 thousand catties of tin. Coal (coal) carboniferous At this time, it also became an important fuel in the lives of urban and rural people in Kaifeng and Hedong areas. [145]
In addition, the emergence of" Droid well promoted Well salt The rapid development of industry. [145]

commerce

During the Song Dynasty, commodity economy developed rapidly and commerce prospered [145] . Some scholars estimate that in 1000, China's total GDP will be 26.55 billion US dollars, accounting for world 22.7% of the total economy, per capita GDP of $450, more than at that time Western Europe Four hundred dollars. [3]
  • Monopoly policy and prosperity of city economy
The Song government used tea, salt, alum and other materials as well as frankincense imported from overseas Have a monopoly in Private private transactions are not allowed, called" taboo ". During the reign of Emperor Shenzong of Song Dynasty Law of exchange Moreover, the government-run business is implemented as a national policy. [145]
Tokyo, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty Kaifeng Prefecture It is the largest commercial center, in addition to a number of regional commercial capitals. These big commercial cities have completely broken through the restrictions of square (residential areas) and city (commodity trade zones), and business activities are more free. In addition, all levels of government also have a very active commodity trading market. Under the county seat, there are many towns and cities. And in the countryside outside the town Grassy market Regular market trade. In the Southern Song Dynasty, with Hangzhou as the center, commerce continued to develop in the vast areas of the Yangtze River Valley and the South of the Yangtze River. [145]
  • Monetary policy
Banknotes of Song Dynasty: Jiaozi
In line with commercial development, in use Iron money In Sichuan Province, China's earliest paper money appeared first Make love . However, throughout the Northern Song Dynasty, the use of Jiaozi was still limited to a certain area, and it was rarely used by the people. Copper coins And iron money is still the main currency in circulation. The Song Dynasty was the dynasty with the largest amount of coins in ancient China, and it was also the most stable and prosperous period of the ancient copper money system. Some scholars estimate that the total amount of money minted in the Northern Song Dynasty reached 200 to 300 million yuan. Due to the good credit of Song Dynasty copper coins, they were smuggled to Southeast Asia and West Asia in large quantities. [53] The Song people described the outflow of copper coins as "heavy carts out of the border, and the sea ships returned with full loads." A large outflow of copper coins made Liao, Western Xia, Jin, Japan, Cochin, Goryeo and other countries use copper coins at that time, and East Asian countries also copied Song Dynasty copper coins to mint their own copper coins, thus forming the East Asian copper money system. [90] In the Southern Song Dynasty, the government also issued new paper money get-together And circulate in parallel with copper coins. Circulation of paper money. It opened up a new era in the history of Chinese currency. The emergence of this phenomenon of parallel circulation of multiple currencies is not only a reflection of the development of commerce and commodity economy, but also has a positive impact on the future social and economic development. However, the rulers of the Southern Song Dynasty later took the excessive issuance of paper as a means to make up for the fiscal deficit, resulting in the serious devaluation of paper money and the confusion of the currency system, which had a negative impact on the development of commerce. [145]
  • foreign trade
Because the Western Xia Dynasty blocked the northwest Silk Road Coupled with the southward movement of economic centers, from the Song Dynasty, the status of maritime trade continued to improve, and the ports along the southeast coast became new trade centers. During the Tang Dynasty, it was set only in Guangzhou Bureau for foreign Shipping Responsible for foreign trade affairs. [51] In the Song Dynasty Guangzhou , Hangzhou, Quanzhou, Michigan Banqiao Town, Runzhou, Suzhou, Wenzhou, Jiangyin The army, Mingzhou Jiaxing Prefecture (Xiuzhou) Huating County ( Songjiang ), Ganpu Town ( Sea salt ) and Shanghai Town of Jiaxing Prefecture ( Shanghai Such places set up municipal ship departments to regulate overseas trade. In the late Southern Song Dynasty, Quanzhou became the world's largest port and the starting point of the Maritime Silk Road.
Overseas trade in Song Dynasty was divided into two ways: official management and private business management, among which private foreign trade accounted for a large number. In the third year of Yuanfeng (1080), the government of the Song Dynasty enacted a "Guangzhou City Code of Commerce", which was the first trade law in Chinese history. And each foreign trade port also set up "Fan city" in the city, exclusively selling foreign goods; "Fan Fang" for foreigners to live in; "Bo study" for foreign children to receive education, the government has also formulated a special penalty for Bo business crimes. There are still many tombs in the cities of Guangzhou and Quanzhou, which become evidence of the prosperity of overseas trade at that time. [52]
In addition to a large number of folk maritime trade activities, the Song government also adopted" Pay tribute The way of "return" and trade with many Asian countries and regions along the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The countries that trade with China are: Zhancheng, Zhenla, Three Buddhas , Kelantan , Boni, Balinfeng, Lanwuli, Tiche, Three Yu, gorge Fifty-eight countries in Eurasia, such as Daqin, Persia, Baida, Majia, Ilu, Guilin, Xilan, Dengliumei, Zhongli, Skari Field, Mulan PI and so on [44] . Song exports included silk, porcelain, sugar, textiles, tea, and hardware. Imported goods include ivory, coral, agate, pearls, frankincense, myrrh, benzoin, pepper, glass, tortoiseshell and other hundreds of commodities. The commercial activities carried out by the Song Dynasty and overseas countries through the sea routes exceeded those of previous generations in terms of the range and scope of activities, as well as the variety and quantity of import and export commodities. The tax revenue of the Song Dynasty from the large number of imported goods through the city ship department, from the Northern Song Huangyou (1049-1054) 530,000 yuan, Zhiping (1064-1067) 630,000 yuan, to the Southern Song Shaoxing (1131-1162) has reached 2 million yuan, accounting for about 6% of China's fiscal revenue. [53] The income of the bureau became an important source of financial support for the Song Dynasty. [145]
On land, the Northern Song government attached great importance to developing commercial ties with Liao, Western Xia, Dali and other regimes, and set up various border areas forum To manage trade transactions. The Song Dynasty exported medicinal materials, tea, cotton, rhino horn, ivory, etc., and imported northern pearls, ginseng, fur, horses and other goods [81] . The countries located in the Western regions also had contacts with the Northern Song Dynasty. among Uighur Trade relations with the Northern Song Dynasty were very close, when many Uighur merchants and their families lived in Kaifeng for a long time to do business. [145]
The distribution of the main discussion field in Song Dynasty [80]

Science and technology

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EDITOR
  • pandect
Subject article: Science and technology of Song Dynasty
Astronomical Map of the Southern Song Dynasty (partial) [80]
Under the premise of social, economic and cultural development, science and technology in the Song Dynasty made great progress, and its exploration and achievements in mathematics, astronomy, calendar, geography, medicine, agriculture and other aspects reached a very high level. British historian of technology Joseph Needham In... History of science and technology in China It is believed that the development of science and technology in China's feudal society reached its peak in the Song Dynasty, and in many aspects it has actually surpassed the mid-18th century Industrial revolution Pre-british or European level. [88]
Northern Song Shen Kuo He was hailed as "the most remarkable figure in the entire history of Chinese science". His book Dream stream pen talk Related to ancient China's natural science, technology and social and historical phenomena, is "the coordinates in the history of Chinese science." [60] [144] Zeng Gongliang , Ding editor-in-chief Martial arts always "Is China's first new Books on the art of war It is also an ancient military encyclopedia. [108]
  • Agronomy, biology
The Southern Song Dynasty Shaoxing Nineteen years (1149) completed the agronomy work" Chen 旉 Nongshu It is a summary of the experience of agricultural production technology accumulated by the working people in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in production practice since Sui and Tang Dynasties, reflecting the level of paddy field cultivation and cultivation technology in the Tang and Song dynasties, and has been discussed in the aspects of land preparation and seedling cultivation, ploughing and weeding technology, baking field and irrigation, fully reflecting the ancient Chinese agriculture Intensive cultivation The traditional thought. [88]
两宋时期的动植物谱录已大量出现，园艺业的高度发展，宋徽宗在开封建立“ Gengake "Not to the land, different terroir", transplant plants from the south, and planting a variety of horticultural plants in different areas, with the prototype of modern botanical garden. In Flora and Fauna, Tsai Hsiang Litchi tree Ouyang Xiu Luoyang Peony ", Lu You" Tianpeng peony spectrum ", Liu Meng "Chrysanthemum Spectrum", Song Zi 'an" Dongxi tea test record "And other books, not only describe the history of various horticultural plants, character characteristics, varieties and classification, cultivation methods, but also describe the formation of varieties and their evolution process, all of which are of certain value in agronomy and biology. [88]
  • Medical science
Bronze acupuncture figure
In the two Song Dynasties, medicine developed to different degrees in education, theory, diagnosis and treatment of various clinical departments, materia medica and bureau, which made Chinese medicine enter a new stage of all-round development. The Song Dynasty attached great importance to the revision of various medical books: During the reign of Emperor Taizu, Liu Han , Ma Zhi Etc. Kaibo Herb 21 volumes, containing 983 kinds of drugs; During the reign of Emperor Renzong of the Song Dynasty, Su Song and others edited the book "Jiayou Materia Medica", which contained 1,082 kinds of drugs and was organized into a book called "Jiayou Materia Medica". Picture by materia medica ". Tang Shenwei Edited edition Preparation of emergency materia medica for classics and history "Includes more than 1700 kinds of drugs (compared to" Tang herbal medicine New 476 kinds), all kinds of diseases, cases of medication and food taboo and drug fear, Jin, Xu, make, etc., so that people have a general understanding of the source of herbal medicine and drug incompatibility. Before the Song Dynasty, Chinese medicine was divided into three disciplines, and after the Song Dynasty, it was subdivided into Nine disciplines : Dafang pulse department, wind department, acupuncture department, small pulse department, ophthalmology, obstetrics, oral and pharyngology department, sore and fold disease department, golden arrowhead book prohibition department, the targeted greatly strengthened. [88]
There are two other things that must be mentioned about medicine in the Song Dynasty Song Ci 's Record of washing away wrong cases It is the first systematic work on forensic science in Chinese history. The second is Wang Weiyi 's Figure of acupuncture and moxibustion on acupoints "And" Bronze acupuncture figure embody Acupuncture and moxibustion There has also been great development. [88]
  • Maths
In the science and technology subjects of the Song Dynasty, the development of mathematics is more prominent. emerge Qin Jiushao Nine Chapters of Mathematics, Yang Hui 's Detailed explanation of nine chapters algorithm ", etc. Shen Kuo's contributions to mathematics are his "gap blocks" and "Gap Blocks". arcuation "And laid the foundation for future generations' research. [88]
  • Papermaking, printing
The Song Dynasty papermaking technology was also comprehensively improved, and the use of paper was more extensive. [145] At that time, the main papermaking materials included silk, bamboo, rattan, hemp, wheat straw and so on. Chongqing, Sichuan, Anhui and Zhejiang are the main papermaking regions. Yuchuan area of cloth head, cold gold paper, hemp paper, bamboo paper, Anhui condensation cream, Chengxin paper, millet paper, Zhejiang rattan paper and so on are famous in the world. There are even paper quilts, paper clothes, paper armor and so on.
A surname
The mass production of paper and movable type printing provided the basis for the prosperity of the printing industry. In the Song Dynasty, official, private and private engravings had great development [145] Divided into three major systems, official engraving system The Imperial College The books engraved were called supervision books, while the books engraved by folk bookstores were called Fang books, and the books engraved by gentry families themselves belonged to the private engraving system. Tokyo, Lin 'an, Meishan Jianyang, Guangdu and so on are the printing industry center at that time. At that time, Zhejiang was the best place to write books, called Zhejiang, followed by Sichuan, called Shu. Fujian's engraving book to win the quantity, called the building of this, especially to Jianyang Masa Town The most, known as the Masaben. It is popular in society to carve books. Among them, the quality of the book engraved in Lin 'an Guozi Prison is the best. Engraved books of the Song Dynasty are famous for their fine paper and ink, clear layout, round font, exquisite workmanship, rare handed down to the world, and great value. [50]
In addition, The Northern Song Dynasty (960-907) printer A surname In the printing practice to sum up the experience of predecessors, invention Movable type printing . Its creative Clay type , Wooden type Typesetting is a fundamental reform in the development of Chinese printing, which has made important contributions to the cultural exchanges between China and the rest of the world. [89]
  • astronomy
In the Northern Song Dynasty, there were scientists who said, "Since the book contract, the theory of nine streams and hundreds of schools of history, as for the law of drawing latitude Yin-yang and five elements, Lv star palace, mountain classics and herbs, everything is impenetrable. Su Song [82] He led the creation of the world's oldest astronomical clock." Water transport instrument image table " [88] To open the precedent of modern watch escapement.
The most representative calendar of the Song Dynasty is the Fourth year (1198) issued by Emperor Ningzong and Qing Yuan. Meteorological almanac ". The calendar consists of Yang Zhongfu Created. It is only 26 seconds different from the modern value measured, and the data used in the current Gregorian calendar is the same, more than the Western" Gregorian calendar "Was promulgated 383 years earlier. However, due to the unproven prediction of solar eclipses, the Calendar was only used until the third year of the Opening Jubilee (1207). In the same year, he created the "Kaixi Calendar" instead of the unified calendar, which was used for 45 years. [61]
  • Architecture, machine building
The Northern Song Dynasty (960-907) Li Jie He presided over more than ten construction projects such as the five king mansions, the King's Palace, and the Shangshu Province. On the basis of practice, he referred to ancient documents, concentrated the wisdom of craftsmen, and compiled the" Construction method The book is one of the complete architectural monographs in ancient China and has important historical value. [138]
Mechanical manufacturing, Northern Song Dynasty Yan Su invent Southward pointing cart , Jiri drum , Lotus fistula And has drawn the "tide map" to explain the principle of tides.
  • Shipbuilding and navigation
The level of shipbuilding technology in the Song Dynasty was the highest in the world. In the first year of Yuanfeng (1078), Mingzhou Two thousand materials (about 600 tons) Shenzhou were built. In 1974, an ancient Song Dynasty ship was unearthed in Quanzhou, Fujian Province. There were 13 silos, one or two silos leaking, and the ship would not sink. Silo technology, by Marco Polo Introduction, into Europe. The main shipyards of the Song Dynasty were located in Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Hunan, Shaanxi and other regions. Qianzhou, Jizhou, Wenzhou and Mingzhou are all important shipbuilding bases. During the Taizong period, more than 3,300 ships were built every year. In the Southern Song Dynasty, due to the abundant water in the south and the increasingly developed maritime trade, the shipbuilding industry developed faster. Lin 'an Prefecture (Hangzhou), Jiankang Prefecture (Jiangning Prefecture, now Nanjing), Pingjiang Prefecture (Suzhou), Yangzhou, Huzhou, Quanzhou, Guangzhou, Tanzhou, Hengzhou And become a new shipbuilding center. The large sea Mulan boat made in Guangzhou can "float the South China Sea and the south, the boat is like a giant room, the sail is like a cloud hanging in the sky, the rudder is several wars, hundreds of people in a boat, and the grain is stored for a year." In the early Southern Song Dynasty, Zhong Xiang and Yang Yao improved the official army Vehicles and boats So that the maximum number of "24 cars", and more than ten different kinds of vehicles and boats, the ship not only has offensive weapons "collision (clap) rods" and so on, there are defensive protection plates to protect the wheels [139] . It also appeared in the Southern Song Dynasty Flying Tiger Battleships Wait for new warships.
In the Song Dynasty, by hand magnetize The way it was made Compass It is widely used in navigation. [130]
  • Geological and mineral aspects
The development of geoscience is characterized by the compilation of geographical works in the form of map classics, and map classics are also transitioning to the way of local Chronicles. Compiled by Wang Cunet in the Northern Song Dynasty Yuan-feng nine domain records Focusing on the "affairs of the world", the number of miles, the name of the castle, the situation of the mountains and rivers are described in detail. According to the records of the History of Song Dynasty, there are more than 100 kinds of local records in the Song Dynasty, and the records with maps are called "map records" or "map classics". Extant Song Dynasty stone maps of Xi 'an and Suzhou," Huayi diagram "" Yu trace map "" Geographic map "And" Nine domain guard map It has great value and characteristics, and is the earliest painted square map seen at present. The river and coastline are accurate, representing the level of surveying and mapping in the Song Dynasty. The development of geosciences played an important role in the development and progress of mineralogy and water conservancy construction. With the development of mining industry in Song Dynasty and the atmosphere of people's field investigation of geological phenomena, people's understanding and research of minerals and some geological phenomena have made great progress. Three Years of Shaoxing (1133) Du Wan His book Cloud forest stone spectrum It records 116 kinds of stone products, each recording its origin, mining method, occurrence, luster, and evaluation, which reflects the new level of people's understanding of minerals. [88]

culture

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EDITOR
Subject article: Song dynasty culture

Confucianism

Song Dynasty is ancient China Study of Confucian classics An important period of development, the completion of the "Sinology" to" Studies of Song Dynasty "The shift from The study of chapters and sentences Turn into The theory of righteousness . [125]
The study of Song Dynasty was guided by the revival of Confucianism in the middle and late Tang Dynasty. From the late Tang Dynasty to the end of the Five Dynasties, there were endless wars and economic decline, Han Yu The neo-Confucianism that he advocated disappeared. In the early decades of Song Dynasty, the society was relatively peaceful, the economy developed rapidly, and the ideological and cultural fields were gradually active, with Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism infiltrating each other. In the early Renzong Dynasty, Hu Yuan , Sun Fu , lithocypris They put forward various reform plans and launched fierce debates, Doubtful channel The wind of thought springs up. Emperor Benevolence Qing calendar During this period, a new school, Song School, which absorbed Buddhism and Daoism to elaborate Confucianism, gradually took shape. Li Gou , Fan Zhongyan , Ouyang Xiu Others have played an active role in promoting it. From the later years of Emperor Renzong to the early years of Emperor Shenzong, the study of the Song Dynasty developed greatly, and various university schools officially appeared. Wang Anshi's New learning It is the most important school in the early Song study, and has the greatest influence, and has dominated the academic position for sixty years. Wang Anshi put forward that the study of classics should serve the reality and advocate reform. while Sima Guang The Shuo school vigorously propagated the concept of heaven and "rule of etiquette" and actively maintained the existing order. Sima Guang, who had made great achievements in history, was the most important representative of Song Confucianists who attached great importance to history. " three-su 's School of Shu It is based on Confucianism and other theories, because it lacks a fixed ideological system, it is easy to change in politics, but it has outstanding achievements in literature. [125]
neo-Confucianism Formed in the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhou Dunyi With" Second pass ", Zhang Zai , Shao Yong As the founder of neo-Confucianism or the founder of the initial development, they are called" The five sons of the Northern Song Dynasty ". In fact, in the Northern Song Dynasty, in addition to Wang Anshi's new learning, the second journey Luo Studies Zhang Zai Guan School In addition, most of the other schools have not yet established themselves and their influence is limited. After entering the Southern Song Dynasty, with the sudden change of the political situation, the strength of each school of Song learning rose and fell. Luoxue met the needs of the rulers of the Southern Song Dynasty, so it was advocated by the court and achieved great development. From the Song Dynasty Yang Shi , Hu An-guo , Hu Hong Early Southern Song Dynasty Jang 栻 , Lu Jiuyuan , Zhu Xi They made great contributions to the further development of neo-Confucianism. Neo-confucianism, mainly constructed by the four schools of Lian, Guan, Luo and Min, is a philosophical Confucianism, which discusses "nature" (focusing on human nature and combining physical nature) and "rationality" (focusing on physical nature). The laws of heaven , The way of heaven ) as the center to explain the Confucian classics. Neo-confucianism also praises learning, neo-Confucianism professes itself to be inheritance The Way of Confucius and Mencius The orthodoxy. Until Zhu Xi established a complete ideological system, neo-Confucianism became a dominant school in Song learning. At the same time, under the stimulus of the national crisis, the formation of Lv Zuqian Representative of Jinhua school , as well as Ye Yi Representative of Yongjia school Yoyi Chen Liang Representative of Yongkang school The three are collectively known as eastern Zhejiang Meritorious school . The East Zhejiang meritorious School advocates the study of knowledge Apply to the world Oppose the empty talk of life and righteousness of Neo-Confucianism. [125]
Emperor Lizong of Song Dynasty When he was in power, he took various measures to improve the status of neo-Confucianism, and officially affirmed that Ercheng and Zhu Xi were the real heirs of the Daoism since Confucius and Mencius neo-confucianism As an official philosophy, it had a profound influence not only in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, but also in Korea and Japan. After the establishment of the supremacy of Neo-Confucianism by Cheng and Zhu, the other schools of Song School went into decline, and Neo-Confucianism itself became increasingly rigid and stale due to lack of competition. Neo-confucianism was conceived and formed on the basis of the combination of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. It has made unprecedented achievements in the development of theoretical thinking and occupies an important position in the history of Chinese thought. The three principles and the five constants Greatly strengthened the spiritual bondage of feudal ethics. [125]

literature

The literature of Song Dynasty was developed, with great achievements in poetry, Ci, prose and so on.
  • word
Subject article: Song Ci
The literary achievements of the Song Dynasty stand out word On the creation. The development of commodity economy, the prosperity of city culture and economy in Song Dynasty provided the material basis for the prosperity of Song Ci. The combination of Ci and song makes Ci widely spread. [132] According to the Ci of the whole Song Dynasty The number of Song poets reached 1,330, and the total number of works and fragments reached more than 20,400. among Yan Shu Known as the first ancestor of Song Dynasty Ci, his Ci and graceful. Ouyang Xiu The words are also rich The Flower Garden School The style of... Liu Yong In the history of the development of Song Ci has a watershed role, his slow words are refreshing, to determine the status of long tone, enrich the form of words, enrich the expression of words, is the Song Dynasty Graceful and restrained school The representative figure of... The work was so popular that people at the time said, "Wherever there is a well to drink, you can sing willow poems." [64] .
Then, Su Shi And the Song Ci to carry on the thorough innovation, the establishment Bold and unconstrained school Expand the selection range of words. Zhou Bangyan is Metrical school The first ancestor. A female poet in the early Southern Song Dynasty Li Qingzhao He is also a representative of the graceful school. After the difficulty of Jing Kang, the sense of distress made the bold school occupy the dominant position of Ci, among which Xin Qiji For great success. [65]
  • prose
Subject article: Poetry and prose innovation movement in the Northern Song Dynasty
In the early years of the Song Dynasty, there was a weak literary style in the literary circle collect Words, to focus on carving, gorgeous for the job. Later, more and more people were disgusted by this flashy style of writing, and began a movement of poetic innovation. They promote writing Han Yu , Liu Zongyuan That kind of prose, advocates the text Double track , For practical use Opposed to frivolous style of writing. Especially after Ouyang Xiu ascended to the literary circle, the poetic and literary reform movement made greater progress. [132] Ouyang Xiu's prose has clear theme, rich content and plain nature, which laid the tone for the prose style of the Song Dynasty. " three-su "Of which, Su Xun The article is good at discussion, and the style of writing is strong and simple. Su Shi's articles are free and easy, fresh and bold with some melancholy, before and after the "Red Cliff Fu" and other articles confirm his unshakable position in the literary world. His disciple Chen Shidao , Huang Tingjian , Qin Guan , Zhang Lei , Chao Buzhi and Lee 廌 Be known as" The six gentlemen of Sumen ". During the Southern Song Dynasty, Su Shi's prose even became a model essay for the imperial examinations, and people said: "Su Wen cooked, ate mutton; Vincent Sullivan, eat the soup." while Su Zhe His essay is less about narrative and more about discussion. Zeng Gong He faithfully follows Ouyang Xiu's style, focusing on narrative and argumentative essays. The style of writing is natural and simple, with few flowery words. Wang Anshi It is also a long argumentative essay with a strong and natural style. However, after the Southern Du, the prose of the Song Dynasty began to decline, and subsequent literati could not be compared with the six families of the Northern Song Dynasty. [62]
  • The poem
Subject article: Poetry of Song dynasty
Song poetry is not as good as Tang poetry, but far above the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Poetry of the whole Song Dynasty The collection of Song poetry works up to more than 160,000 huge. Similar to prose, Ouyang Xiu also created the poetic style of the Song Dynasty, the first poem in the history of Chinese poetry. 61 poetry "Is his book [63] . Wang Anshi's poetic style is practiced, and he pays more attention to rhetorical skills and allusions than Ouyang Xiu. Su Shi's poems are varied and free. It absorbed the techniques of all the poets in the previous dynasty, and was good at all kinds of poetry styles, especially the ancient style and the seven-character style, which can be described as unique, bold and clever, and became a major generation of Song poetry. Although Huang Tingjian came from Su men, he created Jiangxi school of poetry , his poetry imitates Du Fu Pay attention to the word calcining sentence, it is intriguing. Huang Tingjian had important theory of poetry and unique skills of poetry, which had an important influence on the poetry circle of Song Dynasty. [132]
After the southern crossing, there were "four people in the Southern Song Dynasty", that is Yang Wanli , Fan Chengda , Lu You and A surname It is also comparable to the three in the Northern Song Dynasty. Yang Wanli's poems are fresh and lively, mainly with natural scenery; Fan Chengda's poems are concerned about people's livelihood, and the poetic style is beautiful and graceful. Lu You's poems are known for patriotism. His poems antithesis Neat, after people say "good duality is put weng exhausted."
  • Text of a story-telling book
Urban in Song dynasty storytelling The show is popular, and the story is based on Text of a story-telling book . [130] One of the most famous stories is" The three countries will speak in the same language "" New compilation of five dynasties history Pinghua "" The three Tibetan classics of Tang Dynasty "" The legacy of Xuanhe of the Song Dynasty ", etc.; Some vernacular novels of the Ming and Qing dynasties are also adapted from Song Dynasty novels. [66]

history

Song Dynasty history There were abundant works and many historians, which reached the peak of the development of ancient Chinese historiography. "Chinese historiography flourished in the Song Dynasty," said historian Chen Yinke.
The book and shadow of the "Comprehensive Guide to Capital Management"
Song Dynasty biography Remove from historical books Book of Tang "" New Book of Tang "" The Dongdu Incident In addition, there also appeared a biographical general history General annals "; After the decline of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the chronicle history books got unprecedented development in the Song Dynasty, and Sima Guang edited the great work of history. A lesson learned through capital Two hundred and ninety-four volumes, and influenced the compilation of later chronological works, was born Li Tao " Continue to learn from the long compilation ", Li Xinchuan " Jianyan since the department year to record "And Xu Mengxin " The Three Northern Leagues will compile Books describing the historical facts of the Song Dynasty (or Northern Song Dynasty); Ma Duanlin in the late Song Dynasty compiled a classic style history book General literature examination ". [85]
The Song Dynasty re-examination of data, making the Song dynasty history of a class of history books quite developed, since Sima Guang opened the wind, "to the southern Song the most refined Bo", Li Tao, Li Xin for everyone. epigraphy Specialized learning is also formed. The Southern Song Dynasty The framework of mutual reference Created a new genre of historical books Outline style It stands side by side with biography, chronicle and chronicle. Learning case style History books also sprouted from Zhu Xi's work in the Southern Song Dynasty. The Annals of Iluo ". [86] Chronicles And so on rise and get great development, the number of notes is large. [85] There are more than 20 kinds of local records of counties and counties in the two Song Dynasties, which have been preserved till now. One of the most famous records in the Song Dynasty is Bring peace and prosperity to the country (976-984) Taiping World Book The content is mainly Chinese, and also includes foreign areas, but also adds a lot of characters and art chapters, creating a new style of local Chronicles. Due to the frequent exchanges between China and foreign countries during this period, the accounts of field trips and hearsay formed many important geographical documents outside the region, such as Ye Lu Chu CAI's book. Journey to the West Record ", Zhou Qufei's" Lingwai answered "And Zhao Rushi's" All kinds of records There are many anecdotal accounts. [88]
In addition, the Song Dynasty was full of history, and the number of official and private history books was much higher than that of previous generations. The History of Song Records of art and literature In addition to the 29,201 volumes already recorded in the New Book of Tang · Literary Records, 13,808 volumes were written by the Song people. According to my neighbor's statistics, there are about 300 million words in the Song Dynasty classics that have been preserved so far. [86]

penmanship

The calligraphy of the Song Dynasty inherited the style of the previous generation and made a major breakthrough. The Tang people's calligraphy is solemn and solemn, while the Song people's calligraphy is smooth and expansive, which is a major breakthrough in the history of Chinese calligraphy. [132] In the "scholastic flow" class of Song Dynasty, calligraphy is the first important art, and it has become the main means of just feeling and prosperity. extrinsic "The purpose of" "outside the rhyme". [133]
In the early Song Dynasty, Ouyang Xiu and others broke through the pattern of calligraphy in the five generations and formed their own calligraphy style. In the later period of the Northern Song Dynasty, calligraphy tended to mature. There were four calligraphers, Su, Huang, Mi and CAI, who were called "the Four calligraphers" by later generations. Sisi ". Sue, it's Su Shi. Huang, it's Huang Tingjian. Meters, yes Mi Fu . CAI, yes CAI Xiang (say something Chae Kyung ). Su Shi is good at running and regular script, with a rich brush, to win the rhyme. Huang Tingjian's handwriting is tall and graceful, and he is good at line and grass. Mi Fu was also good at calligraphy and cursive writing. CAI Xiang's regular script is dignified, cursive smooth. [132] In addition to the "Four families of the Song Dynasty", many scholars, ministers and emperors of the Song Dynasty were also good at calligraphy, such as Ouyang Xiu, Fan Zhongyan, CAI Jing, and Song Huizong Zhao Ji Emperor Gaozong of Song Zhao Gou , Qin Hui , Yue Fei Fan Chengda, Lu You, Zhang Xiaoxiang , Zhu Xi, Jiang Kui , Wen Tianxiang Let's wait. Thin gold ". [133]
With the increasing communication with other countries, Song Dynasty calligraphy also spread to East Asia Korea Japan. The style of writing in the early and middle period of Goryeo still advocated the Tang style, especially Ouyang Xiu's style. [134] At that time, the Japanese scrambled to imitate the Song Dynasty style of writing, among which Emperor Udo and Emperor Godaigo Deep essence, two people's calligraphy dragon flying Phoenix dance, abundant tendons more strength. Garden emperor Calligraphy was also influenced by the Song Dynasty. [135]

painting

Painting developed rapidly in the Song Dynasty. The Song Dynasty established in the capital" The Hanlin Academy of Painting It has become a temporary creative center and cultivated a group of painting talents. Painting study Included in the subjects of the imperial examination. From the end of the Five Dynasties to the early Northern Song Dynasty, Landscape painting The representative person is Li Cheng , tong , Fan Kuan . There came later Guo Xi Et al. Southern Song Li Tang Good at drawing cows, he and Liu Songnian , Ma Yuan , Hagwe Known as the four great painters of the end of the South. The Song Dynasty also appeared a group including Huizong Bird-and-flower painting Home, as well as some painters who specialized in painting religious figures. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhang Etuan 's Qingming river picture The painting vividly reflects the city life of Kaifeng at that time Genre painting The representative works of... [132]

religion

During the Song Dynasty, the main religions popular in China were Buddhism , Taoism , Manichaeism Among them, Buddhism and Taoism are the most powerful and have a great influence on politics. [125]
After the establishment of the Song Dynasty, Emperor Taizu adopted a protective and restrictive attitude towards Buddhism. Emperor Taizong advocated Buddhism, and with his support, Buddhism developed greatly. Emperor Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty became more enthusiastic about Buddhism and rewarded monasteries everywhere. The successive generations of emperors who followed Zhenzong continued the policy of protecting Buddhism. After the Song Dynasty moved to the south, the emperors all adopted a protective attitude towards Buddhism. Due to financial constraints, the late Northern Song and Southern Song governments had a large number of sales A certificate issued by a government under the age of 18 As an important financial revenue, this has resulted in an increasing number of monks and nuns. There were many Buddhist factions in the Song Dynasty, among which the most powerful was Zen Buddhism and Pure Land school , followed by Tiantai sect , Huayan school , A surname . [125]
Taoism was also popular during this period. However, for most of the time, Taoism was less powerful and influential than Buddhism, with the exception of Zhenzong and Huizong in the Northern Song Dynasty. [125]
Emperor Wuzong destroyed Buddha Manichaeism also suffered a blow and nearly disappeared in the Central Plains. There were still Manichaeism activities in the coastal areas of Zhejiang and Fujian in Song Dynasty. Some uprisings in the Northern Song Dynasty used Manichaeism as a tool to organize and mobilize the masses. Therefore, the Song government banned Manichaeism from the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, and the ban was even stricter in the Southern Song Dynasty. After these blows, Manichaeism declined further. [125]

sculpture

Many sculptures from the Song Dynasty are treasures in the treasure house of Chinese art, such as Taiyuan in Shanxi Province Jin Memorial Temple Notre Dame In more than 40 statues, reached a very high level. Chongqing Municipality Dazu stone carving Most are from the Song Dynasty. [132]

Military affairs

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EDITOR
Subject article: Military system in the Song Dynasty

tissue

Bronze seal of Song "The Second Commander of the Fourth Army of Shenwei Left, the Fifth Capital" [79]
At the beginning of the founding of the Song Dynasty, in order to strengthen the stability of the imperial power and the military class, the implementation of" Worship literature and suppress martial arts Strategy of" [37] . The Song Court adopted the principle of "armature (court) holding military records, Tiger tally , A surname In charge of the army, Chief minister The main soldier handle, each has his own defense "military leadership system. The purpose of this system was to make the construction, movement, and command of the army centralized in the emperor through a clear and mutually restrictive division of administrative authority. This military leadership system of the Northern Song Dynasty continued from the beginning of the Song Dynasty to the end of the Song Dynasty. [148]
After the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, the wars against Liao, Xixia and other countries increased military costs, and too many restrictions were placed on military commanders. [38] Will not be a special soldier, moving phase pull, "Yuan Rong do not know whether the school, the school do not know the three armies of courage, each jurisdiction, to humility." [39] The Song army was seriously short of training because of the unclear military discipline, and all day long, they "played in a market place, sold their skills and sold their paintings as their business, and their clothes were not like those of the army". It is forbidden for soldiers to hire others to pay for food without paying for it themselves." Zhang Yan said: "In the Song Dynasty, the military ministers were treated with thick pay and thin ceremony." Wang Fuzhi He pointed out: "Those whom the Song Dynasty is afraid of, the military minister who is striving for power, are not the scribes who seek favor by stealing life."
The main forces of the Southern Song army were the soldiers in Tun and the three officials. The soldiers in Tuen Mun have a strong combat effectiveness and are mostly private recruited troops, such as Yuejia's Legion There is a saying that "shaking the mountain is easy, shaking the Yuejia army is difficult". By this time, the court's ability to control the army had weakened, and the powers and responsibilities of the Privy Council were gradually reduced. In the eleventh year of Shaoxing (1141), Han Shizhong , Yue Fei The military power of other generals was reduced one after another [40] .

Military system

Practice in Song Dynasty Mercenary system [42] And the recruitment of refugees and hungry people as pawns in disaster years is a traditional state policy to play a role in stabilizing the regime. There are four kinds of armies, namely Imperial Guards , Xiang Jun , Rural soldier , the army. The Forbidden Army was the central Army and the main force of the Song Dynasty army. They were town troops in each state, controlled by the local governor. The rural soldiers were able-bodied men drawn from the organs. The Han troops were non-Han ethnic troops defending the border [43] .
In the arms structure, infantry is the main arms, and a small number of cavalry. The lack of adequate horses in good grazing lands in the north plagued the Song armaments for the rest of the Song generation (especially when the Liao and Jin had superior cavalry), and became one of the important reasons for the demise of the two Song dynasties.

instrument

The bedzi crossbow of the Song Dynasty
Weapons used by the Northern Song army Bow and crossbow For the Lord, Hwa Mt Saying, "There are six of the thirty armaments, and the bow is the head." There are eight out of ten martial arts skills, and the bow ranks first." In addition to common weapons, the Song army was also equipped with some more advanced weapons, such as bedbow It is said that the largest bedzi crossbow can shoot three swords and arrows to 465 meters. It was developed by Buyi Li Hong during the period of Song Shenzong Divine Arm Bow It is a strong crossbow, with a shooting range of more than 372 meters, and can be carried and launched by a person, "applied to the military, it is really a miracle", and the God arm bow has been widely implemented after the mountain God Emperor. [131]
The military technology of Song Dynasty made great progress and entered the era of cold weapons and firearms. Since the Song Dynasty, gunpowder was produced in large quantities and used in the military, and gradually developed from combustion type firearms to explosive type firearms and tubular firing firearms. [130] Firearms commonly used by the Song people are thunderbolt , Seismic thunder , fireball, cannon Rockets, fireballs, muskets, artillery, etc. The development of water warfare equipment, boat division is still in the river, coastal areas of development, the Southern Song Dynasty there are still vehicles and boats. Trebuchet There are car guns, single-tip guns, seven-tip guns and cyclone guns. [41]

The defence of a city

Urban defense facilities were developed into urban systems, crossbows, enemy towers and other facilities. Among them, the mountain city defense system is the most famous, the Southern Song Garrison Yu Jie In the defense of the Mongolian Army in Sichuan, in order to consolidate the Yuchuan area, he adopted the principle of "keeping the point but not the line, connecting the point to form the line" and built Fishing City Chongqing Hechuan District East), Dawei (Sichuan Cangxi County South), Qingju (South of Nanchong, Sichuan), Genting (Sichuan Jintang South), God Arm (Sichuan Hejiang County Northwest), Born (Chongqing Wanzhou District More than ten cities, such as the West, formed a defense network and successfully resisted the attack of the Mongolian army. [41]

society

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EDITOR

Class structure

The main body of Song Dynasty Rank There are two classes, landlords and peasants. Landlord class Can be roughly divided into Royal household , Official household , officials, villages Ueto , monk Doto, operator Wait a few levels. Apart from the Zhao imperial family, the official households, as a legal class, were at the highest level of society, Relatives on the side of one's family Generally can be included in the official household, Members of the imperial clan Part of it can also be included in the official account. The vast majority of government households owned varying amounts of land. The official households were the second ruling class after the official households, and had more households than the official households, and they were more direct rulers, oppressors, and exploiters to the masses. Rural households generally refer to landlords who have no official or official status. Although there are different property standards for the division of households, rural households often have more than a few hundred acres of land. According to the Song Dynasty system, rural households must serve the official service, that is, official service. Monk Taoist household refers to monk temples and Taoist temples. In the household registration of Song Dynasty, only temples can be listed in the number of main households, while monk Taoist individuals are listed in the number of main households. operator It is a special class, they are the high servants of official households and landlords, but to the peasants, they are direct exploiters. [124]
The peasant class consists mainly of the countryside client and Shimoto Composition, they each bear different duties. In the Song Dynasty, the distinction between rural owners and customers mainly depended on whether there was land or not. Rural customers often become Tenant farmer A synonym for... According to the amount of property, rural households are divided into five levels, of which the first, second and third level households are called upper households, the fourth and fifth level households are called lower households, and sometimes the third level households are called rural households. Due to complex reasons, a large number of landless tenant farmers who should be counted as rural customers are also included in the household registration of rural households. In addition, city dwellers in the Song Dynasty were called Fang Guo Hu According to whether there is real estate, it is also divided into main households and customers, and Fang Guo main households are divided into ten households. [124]
The production relations in agriculture in Song Dynasty were contractual Tenant system Mainly, employ As a supplement, the employment system was gradually adopted in industry and commerce as well as in domestic labor. The status of a tenant farmer is The editors and the people are in harmony The personal attachment to the landlord is greater than before." Annotation of family records "The tenant was somewhat relaxed. The legal name of private slaves in Song Dynasty was" manpower "And" emissary Their social status was also improved compared to that of slaves in the Tang Law. [124]

Daily life

  • Food, clothing, shelter and transportation
clothing : see entry Costume of Song Dynasty
food Meat in the Northern Song Dynasty was mainly mutton -- mutton in the Southern Song Dynasty was too expensive for ordinary people to eat.
Stay: The people's housing is relatively simple, and the slightly richer people have a combination of thatched and tiled houses.
line : oxcart -- mule -- sedan chair. [7]
  • Mental outlook
The thought of Zen Buddhism was very popular in the Song Dynasty. It emphasized the understanding of the mind and the realization of Buddha. At the same time, it advocated self-adaptation in life attitude, which not only had its unique place, but also corresponded with the thought of Lao-Zhuang's silence and inaction. The conscious acceptance and deep understanding of Buddhism, Zen and Laozhuang, combined with the traditional Confucian attitude of "poor is alone", gradually formed a unique spiritual cultivation and rational pursuit, making the Song people's spiritual outlook and life attitude generally more detached and philosophical, and gradually accumulated into a generation of social fashion. [87]
  • Entertainment life
Vacher Is an important plebeian playground, within hurdle For general entertainment. Tokyo's Washe has more than a dozen. There are twenty-three Vashes in Lin 'an. The performance content of Vasher presents a new trend of commercialization, specialization, popularization and popularization. The performances mainly include rap, drama, acrobatics and martial arts. Its forms are diverse and well received by the public. [67]
In the Southern Song Dynasty, sports organizations mainly focused on recreational sports activities appeared, which was caused by the relatively stable social environment, the growth of the citizen class, the high development of urban cultural life and the great development of guilds. [68]

Urban development

Tokyo in the Song Dynasty
The urban commodity economy of the Song Dynasty was particularly developed. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, there were cities with a population of more than 460,000. Including Kaifeng, Luoyang, Ying Tian (today A surname ), Daimyo, Hangzhou, Zhenjiang, Suzhou, Gangnung (Jingzhou), Guangzhou, Chengdu, Fuzhou, Tanzhou (now Changsha), Quanzhou, etc. The Kaifeng Prefecture in Tokyo, the capital of the Song Dynasty, had a population of more than one million and more than 6,400 shops. Song Dynasty break Fong market The system of zoning, in which shops could be opened arbitrarily, also appeared Night market with Morning market . The Southern Song Dynasty Walk in the place The population of Lin 'an Prefecture (now Hangzhou) reached 1.25 million at the end of the Song Dynasty, and the city was extremely prosperous and was known as the first state in Southeast China. [67]

Clan association

In the countryside, clansman The system has become the main reason to maintain the society, and the county level is completely managed by "township protection" and "patriarch". Under the influence of neo-Confucianism and scholars, the government handled social assistance; Through Confucianism, the merchant class financed social assistance. The contents of the rescue are not to be handled Academy of learning , order Township contract In addition to motivating moral character, it is also generally handled Nghia Trang To help the poor and orphans and to support education; do Shechang In case of a shortage; do Bao Jia In order to replenish the local armed and protect the people. This kind of spontaneous rescue work by scholars has become a major factor in the social stability of China since the Southern Song Dynasty. Before the Song Dynasty, the official social assistance activities were mostly temporary in nature. Since the Song Dynasty, various permanent social assistance institutions have been established in various counties. The patriarch maintained social order by making village covenants and rules. Local gentlemen benefit the village by running schools, relief undertakings, repairing Bridges and paving roads. [69]

Status of women

Influenced by Neo-Confucianism of Cheng and Zhu, chastity The view was carried forward in the Song Dynasty and began to be practiced by middle and upper class women from the end of the Five Dynasties to the Song Dynasty foot-binding Customs severely persecuted women's bodies and minds, Official prostitute The system had become synonymous with prostitution during the Song Dynasty.

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EDITOR
Subject article: Diplomacy of Song Dynasty
The Song Dynasty had frequent foreign enemies, and the importance of foreign negotiations (including with various ethnic regimes) was increasing. According to different objects, the museum should be treated differently and specialized. Pursued by the Song Dynasty Pay tribute The system, however, focuses on political and economic interests, that is, "do not refuse to come, do not chase." [71] . The Western Xia Dynasty (206 B.C.) , Korea Vietnam (Song Dynasty first called it "cochin" and later changed it to "Cochin") Annam ". During the Song Dynasty, Vietnam experienced the rule of the Ting, Former Li, Li, Chen and other dynasties, because the Song Dynasty regarded them as Vassal state Therefore, the diplomatic documents and gifts issued are called "edict" or "gift", and the diplomatic recognition of their country is called "diplomatic recognition". Confer titles on ".
The Song Dynasty set up a number of diplomatic reception halls in the capital as a place for the state to receive foreign envoys. Liao Jae Dutingyi The Western Xia is in Du Ting West Yi , Goryeo in the Yangmun Anju lane Tongwen Hall, Uighur , Khotan in Protocol house , Three Buddhas , Chenla , Dali , gorge Etc. in the Juniper cloud pavilion or Huaiyuanyi County .

Liao and Jin

In the last two Song Dynasties, in the north liao , gold Both dynasties posed a great threat to the Song Dynasty, whose foreign affairs were dominated by Privy Council The house is responsible for [70] Including the exchange of documents, the dispatch of envoys and all reception matters. Yuanfeng During that time, the Privy Council was changed North chamber Palm north boundary Guoxin, followed by the Southern Song Dynasty. In addition, the Song Dynasty specially set up the main management exchange, as a specific affairs organization responsible for exchanges with Liao and Jin. Its specific relationship with Liao and Jin changed as follows.
  • Yoliao
The Northern Song Dynasty anonymous "Four Pictures of Jingde · Khitan Dynasty Recruitment Picture" (partial) [80]
At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, there was a conflict with the Liao Dynasty The Northern Han Dynasty (206 B.C.) Issues clashed, but there was generally no great discord, on both sides Make 轺 Meet and follow each other on the way. Song Taizong in Taiping Xingguo four years (979) after the destruction of the Northern Han Yanyun The problem of the attribution of the region attacked Liao, and the result was defeated in Battle of the Gaoliang River In the third year of Yongxi (986), the north expedition was again defeated Battle of Qigou Pass . Then the Song switched to defense. Taizong and Zhenzong dynasties, Emperor Shengzong of Liao With his mother Empress Dowager Xiao The invasion of the south made the war continue. The huge military expenditure and the destruction brought by the military disaster had a great impact on the Northern Song Dynasty. The first year of Jingde (1004) Chanyuan alliance After signing, the Song Dynasty went on strike and returned to agriculture, "Tong. Trade fair ( forum ), the city, the recruitment of exile, wide savings, by Hebei people to safety." True Emperor Chancellor Wang Dan He thinks: "The reconciliation of the country has come, and the river has reached the soul, and it has been blocked, although it is given every year (referring to Year coin It is less than one percent of the cost of troops." In general, the relationship between Song and Liao was extremely harmonious after the "Chanyuan Alliance", according to statistics of scholars, the exchange of envoys alone was as many as 388 times (379 times after the "Chanyuan Alliance"). The Song Dynasty, because of the rapprochement between the two countries, in the format of the credentials, "above the title of the northern and Southern Dynasties" to show Far and near There is no distinction between one family and another boundary . In order to facilitate the employment, the Song Dynasty set up a special Guoxin department in charge of its affairs, the Liao Dynasty also set up interpreter Host the exchange, and set up in Yanjing Huitong Hall Receive the Emperor Song. The two sides received each other's emissaries higher than the standard of other countries, not only in the emperor's birthday, Zhengdan when both sides have rich gifts to give, but also in the treatment of ambassadors is also very good. More than 100 years of peace have greatly promoted economic and cultural exchanges and development between the two sides. [97]
However, there were also occasional conflicts between the Song and Liao, such as in the second year of Song Renzong Qingli (1042), the Liao side took advantage of the Song Dynasty trapped in the Song and Summer War, through the threat of force and diplomatic means, forced the Song Dynasty to lose at the original "year", and then added 100,000 taels of silver and silk each. The calendar increases the currency ". During the reign of Emperor Shenzong, disagreements arose over the boundary issue of Hedong. Then the Liao Dynasty collapsed and the relationship between Song and Liao came to an end. [97]
  • Yogane
Shaoxing Heyi Song Jin demarcation sketch [99]
Jin Dynasty 崛起于东北后，宋徽宗秘密派遣 Horse government by Tengchau Floating sea to Jin meet to attack Liao, and Golden Taizu conclude Alliance at sea . Between the Seventh year of politics and the Fifth year of Xuanhe (1117) and the fifth year of Xuanhe (1123), the Song Dynasty sent ten envoys to Jin Sixteen states of Yan Yun After repeated disputes over the ownership of the city and its aftermath, the Song army entered Yanjing in April 1123. But the Song people Too many things to see In the seventh year of Xuanhe (1125), the Jin people defeated the alliance and invaded the Song, and in the second year of Jingkang (1127), Hui and Qin emperors were captured by the Jin people in the "Change of Jingkang", and the Northern Song Dynasty was destroyed. After the collapse of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Jin people did not dare to rule directly, so they set up one after another Zhang Bangchang As Emperor Chu, Liu Yu For Emperor Qi, in order to receive the puppet remote control effect. At the same time, they continued to send troops to attack the Southern Song in a large scale, although the offensive was swift and rapid, it was difficult to make the Southern Song army and people yield. In the ninth year of Shaoxing (1139), the Jin Dynasty ruled Wanyan Zongpan They plotted to negotiate peace with the Song Dynasty and return Shaanxi and Henan to the Southern Song Dynasty (see entry Heaven will soon make peace ). Soon after, the king and his minister were killed, Jin Xizong In the following year (1140), he broke the contract and continued to attack the Song. At the end of the eleventh year of Shaoxing (1141) Qin Hui The picture, under the decision of Emperor Gaozong, Song and Jin reached" The Shaoxing Peace Debate "Song ceded territory and paid reparations to Jin at the same time. [98] The two sides have since enjoyed a period of peace. Shaoxing thirty-one year (1161), the Golden Emperor Perfect beauty A big push south, but because Yu Yunwen Quarrying victory, gold internal chaos and encountered failure. Long xing northern expedition "He tried to recover the Central Plains, but was brutally defeated and had no choice but to conclude with the Jin Dynasty." Longxing peace discussion The peace between Song and Jin was restored. However, the relationship between Jin and Song Dynasty was adjusted from the relationship between king and minister to the relationship between uncle and nephew, and the Song Dynasty changed the name of "annual tribute" to Jin, and the amount of silver and silk given to Jin was reduced from 250,000 taels (pieces) to 200,000 taels (pieces) each. [100] Song Ningzong Kaixi two years (1206), the prime minister in power Han 侂 Ju Launch" Kaixi northern expedition ", still defeated, killed Han 侂 Zhou's Lord and faction Shi Miyuan Equal and gold reached" The Jiading Peace Debate ". The relationship between Jin and Song dynasty became the relationship between uncle and nephew, and the silver silk exported by Song Dynasty increased to 300,000 yuan. A few years later, the Song and Jin wars resumed, and with Great Mongolia Rising in the north, the Jin Dynasty became increasingly weak, and the rulers of the Southern Song stopped exporting the coins after the southern Jin moved to Bianjing and chose" Biemiamin ". [101]

Tangut

The Western Xia Dynasty (206 B.C.) The predecessor of the late Tang Dynasty was Xia Zhou Casualty Force . After the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Dingnan Army still regarded the Song as its sovereign state in order to maintain its own power. During the reign of Emperor Taizong, the Northern Song Dynasty annexed Xia Prefecture. Li Jiqian They took the strategy of serving Liao Dynasty and connecting Liao Dynasty to fight Song Dynasty, repelled Song army many times and expanded their forces. Li Deming After taking the throne, in order to consolidate the new territory, peace talks with the Song Dynasty were reached in the third year of Jingde (1006). However, Li Deming maintained his relationship with the Liao Dynasty. In 1038, he was the eldest son of Li Deming Li Yuanhao Declaring himself emperor and founding a state, State mud determines the state He said that men did not agree with him, and repeatedly invaded the Song Dynasty frontier. Song Renzong, dissatisfied with the independence of the Western Xia, sent troops to attack, triggering the first stage of the war Song and Summer Wars . Qing Li four years (1044), Song Xia reached Celebrate the calendar and discuss peace The Song Dynasty gave the title of "Xia State Lord", and the Western Xia Dynasty proclaimed itself to the Song Dynasty, but in fact the rulers of the Western Xia still claimed to be Kings in the country; The Song Dynasty gave money, tea and other goods in large quantities. During the reign of Emperor Shenzong of Song Dynasty, five roads were launched to destroy Xia and Xixia The Battle of Yongle City But failed to do so. Although the Western Xia Dynasty won the victory, it also lost the economic benefits of the year and trade, and its internal conflicts became increasingly acute. Neither side had the strength to continue the fight, so it reverted to its original state. But clashes continued along the border between Song and Summer. [93] [117] After the establishment of the Southern Song Dynasty, there was no connection with the Western Xia territory, so there was very little contact.
The Western Xia Dynasty was influenced by the Song Dynasty in terms of system and culture. Its official system has two systems, one of which is modeled on the Song Dynasty, with the central province, the Privy Council, the three envoys, and the Imperial Bureau, respectively in charge of administration, military affairs, finance and supervision. Li Yuanhao had a life Renei Noni Creation of imitation Chinese character shape Western Xia script . Later, the imperial examination system was implemented to select scholars based on Confucianism. [107]

The Northwest and southwest nationalities

  • Tibetan regime in ancient China
In the mid-9th century, Tubo Dynasty After the collapse of Tibet, whether it was the Tibetan government (present-day Tibet), or the Tubo dynasty had ruled Hexi , A surname All regions are in a state of division and chaos. During this period, a number of larger separatist forces gradually formed. The Uighurs of Ganzhou After establishment, location Hexi Corridor easterly Lliangzhou (now Wuwei, Gansu Province) was isolated. The Liangzhou leaders were later appointed by local Tubo leaders, but they all accepted titles from the Central Plains and asked the Central Plains to send emissaries several times. Xianping reign (998 -1003), ruled the Liangzhou area of Tubo Six tanabe leader Panroche He and his descendants actively cooperated with the Song Dynasty in the war against the Party. Liugu also often supplied the Song Dynasty with a large number of war horses, and the Song Dynasty also gave them tea, textile crystals, medicinal materials and even bow and arrow weapons, and the two sides maintained close contact. [117]
In the early 11th century, to Qingtang City (now Xining, Qinghai) as the center, Tubo chief 唃 waiter He established a local regime and became the center of Tubo forces in Ganqing area. In the middle of the 11th century, Liangzhou was occupied by the Western Xia, and the rest of the Liugu Department also defected to 唃. Successive dynasties 唃 waiter The rulers all accepted the title of Song Dynasty, and honored the Song emperor as "Uncle Tianzi". After the Song Shenzong, proceed Huang River Kaibian activities, many times to explore Hehuang Tubo, and Tubo relations tend to be tense. After the Western Xia controlled the whole Hexi Corridor, Gaochang Uighur Businessmen in other places often go through the 唃 regime Shanzhou To trade with the Central Plains, Shanzhou became a hub of communication between the Central Plains and the Western regions. [117]
In the Northern Song Dynasty Jing River and Weihe River There were also many scattered Tibetan tribes in the valley. Among them, those who were incorporated into the government household registration of the Northern Song Dynasty were called" Familiar account The Northern Song retained their tribal organizations and appointed their leaders to various official positions, which were generally hereditary. [117]
At that time, although there was no direct contact between Wangbo and the Northern Song, the Ganqing area and the Tubo tribes in Song became the medium for their contact. [117]
  • Uighur
The Kyrgyz Khanate After their demise, the main part of the Uighurs migrated west to the Hexi Corridor until Green onion Ridge A wide area to the west, especially today Xinjiang In the region, the Ganzhou Uighur, Gaochang Uighur , Khotan Uighurs, The Uighur of Qiuci and The Qarakhanate (or Black Khan Dynasty). During the Song Dynasty, officials from Qin (now Tianshui, Gansu) and Wei (now Pingliang, Gansu) prefectures often sent Yao-school to purchase horses in the Uighur territory of Ganzhou. The Gaochang Uighurs often sent envoys to the Song Dynasty. Taiping Xingguo six years (981), Song Tai sect Wang Yande When he was sent to Gaochang, he received a grand reception. The rulers of Khotan and Qiuci also maintained close ties with the Song Dynasty. [117]
The Uighurs were originally nomads. After moving west, in addition to retaining the original animal husbandry, agriculture and handicrafts also developed. Uighur merchants traveled between East and West. Among them, many Uighur merchants went to trade in the Northern Song Dynasty, and some even brought their families and stayed for a long time. Through tributes and trade markets, the Uighurs transported horses, jade, medicinal materials, spices, etc. that they had produced or transported from other places to the mainland, and exchanged them for tea, iron, and coins. In the process of economic exchanges, Uighur culture has achieved considerable development, mainly Uighur Uighur nationality Gradually form. [117]
  • Dali
After the Song Dynasty destroyed Shu, with the southwest Dali State Border on. Because the rulers of the Song Dynasty believed that the downfall of the Tang Dynasty was related to the Nanzhao Guilin mutiny And the analogy between Dali and Nanzhao is taken as a precaution, and the Song Dynasty appeared as early as the beginning of the establishment of the country. Heavy inside, light outside "The tendency, so the Song Taizu drew Dadu River Delimit (see entry Song wields a jade axe He would no longer send troops, nor establish official relations with Dali, maintaining the state of "not being able to attack, not being able to minister". In 982, in the seventh year of Taiping and Xingguo (982), the Song Dynasty established a patriarchal relationship with Dali, and subsequently Dali repeatedly sent Qiongbu Manhe, which was located in Jianchang Yanglin Man came to the Song Dynasty as a tribute. In order to purchase horses from Dali State and Southwest Zhumen, the Northern Song Dynasty Li Zhou , Ah Chau (now Sichuan Ya 'an) and other places set up a Boyi field. On the one hand, the Southern Song continued the relatively cold attitude of the Northern Song towards Dali, and regarded the areas south of the Dadu River (including Dali) as A surname He was not allowed to pay tribute; On the other hand, due to the demand for horses, it was forced to set up a horse buying department in Guangxi, and buy horses from Dali and Luodian and Ziqi Zhuman. During this period, the folk trade between the Southwest ethnic groups, including Dali, and the Southern Song Dynasty was still going on. Although the relationship between Song Dynasty and Dali was in a very cold state for a long time, the political connection between them was not completely severed before Dali's demise. [72]

diplomacy

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EDITOR

With Southeast Asia

In what is now northern Vietnam coxtoe (also known as Annan) gradually separated from the territory of China after the late Tang Dynasty and five generations, and established a feudal state that was independent of its territory and autonomous of its people. After the establishment of the Song Dynasty, t-neck Calm down" Twelve make the king chaos He established the "Great Qu Yue State", that is Ding Dynasty . After the Northern Song Dynasty destroyed the Southern Han, Ding led the eldest son Ding Lian Begging for a title, Zhao Kuangyin gave Ding Lian the title of Jinghai control envoy and Annan capital protector, and later gave Ding Buling the title of King of Cotoe County. Since then, Chinese rulers have come to regard cochin as" Lehan Acknowledging the fact that it was separated from the territory of China, the two sides established a suzerain-vassal relationship [103] . In the fifth year of the Taiping and reopening of the country (980), riots broke out in Cochin, Le Huan After the Song Dynasty failed to intervene by sending troops to establish the former Li Dynasty, it was forced to recognize him as the Lord of Cochin. After the unrest in Cochin again, Emperor Zhenzong refused to intervene and acknowledged it Li Gongyun established Li Dynasty During the reign of Song Shenzong, it was triggered by the invasion of Li Dynasty The Song - Yue - Xi - Ning War After being defeated, the Li Dynasty made a truce and asked for peace. Chen Dynasty After replacing Li Dynasty, they still maintained the suzerain-vassal relationship with Southern Song Dynasty. In addition to calling themselves Kings in China, Cochin rulers called themselves emperors at home and in other countries. The Song rulers were content with" Thick to thin The tributary relationship, in the normal state never asked Cochin's internal and foreign affairs. Over a period of more than 300 years, the two sides have had nearly 200 inter-governmental exchanges recorded in history. In addition to war and tributary relations, commercial trade between the two countries was also frequent. [104]
The Song Dynasty also applied the suar-vassal relationship towards Cochin in its dealings with other countries in Southeast Asia. After the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty, Champa (at present Vietnam King Seri Intaman sent several tributes, and thereafter the exchanges between the two sides were mainly economic [104] . Subsequently, Southeast Asian countries such as Sri Buddha died They also came to China to pay tribute. [102]

Yokoryo

Shortly after the establishment of the Song Dynasty, the relationship between Gaoli and the Song Dynasty was established, and the three Kings of Guang, Jing and Cheng were conferred titles by the Song Dynasty, and they began to rule the Song Dynasty at the end of the first year of Gan De (963) Reign title [95] . The first Koryo Khitan War After the end, although the Koryo ostensibly to the Khitan minister, but secretly still continued to ask the Song Dynasty for support, the Song Dynasty were negative. After 1029, Goryeo stopped sending ambassadors to the Song Dynasty. The fourth year of Xining (1071), Goryeo Wenzong Send tributes to the Song Dynasty. Goryeo admired the advanced culture of the Song Dynasty very much, especially in the frequent exchanges after the Emperor Wenzong, Goryeo spared no effort to absorb the relics of the Song Dynasty, so that it won the laudatory name of "Little China" [94] . However, Koryo did not renew the enthronement relationship with the Song Dynasty. After the destruction of Liao and Northern Song Dynasty by Jin, Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty sent a faction in 1128 Yang Yingcheng Envoy to Koryo, ask for a false way into gold, Koryo refused [96] . Relations between the two sides have cooled since then.
According to incomplete statistics, from the Third year of Jianlong (962) to the second year of Longxing (1164), during the 203 years, Goryeo envoys came to Song 67 times, and the official envoys of the Song Dynasty went to Goryeo more than 27 times. The two countries make frequent visits to each other with great ceremony. Goryeo received the Song Dynasty envoys must send ministers to welcome and accompany. Sometimes even the king himself to welcome, or in the palace banquet song. In addition to paying tribute to the Song Dynasty, Goryeo also built the Suncheon Pavilion in Kaijing to entertain the Song emperor, and the luxury of the pavilion was not only far above the Yingeun Pavilion and Reneun Pavilion, which received the Liao Emperor, but even "the work system was too high". Similarly, the Song Dynasty also gave special treatment to the Goryeo emissaries, and set up a literary hall in Kaifeng for Goryeo. [95]
After the second year of Longhung (1164), diplomatic contacts between Goryeo and Song Dynasty were interrupted (there was one contact between Emperor Hyojung). Although formal diplomatic relations have ended, the two countries still have indirect contacts through different channels. Especially in the economic and cultural fields of exchanges more frequent, far-reaching influence. [95]

With Japan

The exchanges between China and Japan were quite close in the Song Dynasty. Mingzhou (present-day Ningbo, Zhejiang Province) has always been the gateway of communication between the two sides. At that time, the goods imported from Japan were mainly wood, gold, sulfur, mercury, gold and various handicrafts. The price of gold in China is higher than that in Japan, so a lot of Japanese gold is imported into China. The large amount of gold imported is conducive to the development of China's commodity economy. Japanese made treasure knives and paper fans, famous, after the import of the Song Dynasty scholar-officials love. Ouyang Xiu in" Japanese knife song There is a vivid description. [113]
The goods exported to Japan were mainly porcelain, silk, spices, medicinal materials, books, stationery and copper coins. During the reign of Emperor Shenzong in the early Northern Song Dynasty, the export of copper coins was permitted. And Japan Kamakura Shogunate During this period, commerce was developed, but the domestic currency system was disordered and the quality of copper coins was poor, so the demand for Chinese coins was very urgent. During the reign of Emperor Lizong of the Song Dynasty, the Japanese government shipped 100,000 yuan of copper coins from China at one time. According to incomplete statistics, from the Tang Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty, more than 553,000 Chinese copper coins were unearthed at 28 sites in Japan, of which 82.4% were from the Northern Song Dynasty. As for books, they kept coming to Japan. For example, in the reign of Song Taizong, the Chinese engraving edition" Tripitaka "And other large books were brought back by Japanese monks on Chinese merchant ships and hidden in the Facheng Temple in Kyoto. The large number of engravings has had a great impact on the printing industry in Japan. Liu Wenzhong, a businessman in the Southern Song Dynasty, also brought the New Book of Tang and the History of the New Five Dynasties to the Japanese Left Minister Fujiwara Ryaga . [113]
In terms of cultural exchanges, the frequent travel of monks and nuns between the two countries also played an important role. [106] Japanese monk Eisai He came to China twice in the fourth year of Qiandao (1168) and the 14th year of Chunxi (1187) Zen Buddhism Imported to Japan, also brought tea seeds back to Japan, and wrote" Eat tea health remember The second volume played an important role in the spread of tea in Japan.

Imperial lineage

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EDITOR
Temple title
Posthumous title
name
Time in place
Reign title
portrait
Song Dynasty (960-1279)
He honors the emperor without actually ruling
Saint patriarch
Upper spirit high way nine days of life to preserve the emperor of heaven
Zhao Xuanlang
-
-
No official portrait
Hee-jo
Dao Zhaoji Jiudong Gong Yi Wen Xian Wu Rui and to filial piety emperor
Cho 朓
-
-
Sunzu
Hui Yuan Rui Ming emperor
Zhao Jade
-
-
Wing ancestor
Simple and virtuous emperor
Zhao Jing
-
-
Xuanzu
Let the emperor be honored
Zhao Hongyin
-
-
Song Xuanzu Zhao Hongyin
Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127)
The first founder of a dynasty
Start to set up extremely Yingwu Rui Wen God de holy merit to Ming Da Xiao emperor
Zhao Kuangyin
960 -976
Kien long (960-963)
Kande (963-968)
Kaibo (968-976)
Zhao Kuangyin, Emperor Taizu of Song Dynasty
A surname
To benevolence should Dao Shengong Shengde Wenwu Rui fierce Ming Guang Xiao emperor
Zhao Jiong
976-997
Bring peace and prosperity to the country (976-984)
Yong Xi (984-987)
End arch (988-989)
Chunhua County (990-994)
Bodhisattva (995-997)
Zhao Jiong of Song Taizong
Shin
Should Fu Ji ancient god work to make virtue civilization Wuding seal Shengyuan filial piety emperor
Zhao Heng
From 997 to 1022
Hampyeong (998-1003)
Jingde (1004-1007)
Large and medium-sized auspicious symbols (1008-1016)
Auspicious day (1017-1021)
Kanhung (1022)
Emperor Zhenzong Zhao Heng
Emperor Renzong
Body day Fa Dao extremely gong all de God Wen Sheng Wu Rui Zhe Ming Xiao emperor
Zhao Zhen
From 1022 to 1063
The Heavenly Sage (1023-1032)
Mingtao (1032-1033)
Kyung Woo (1034-1038)
Baoyuan (1038-1040)
Kangding County (1040-1041)
Qing calendar (1041-1048)
A surname (1049-1054)
Perfect harmony (1054-1056)
Jiayou (1056-1063)
Emperor Renzong Zhao Zhen
Yingzong
Body trunk should be Li Longgong Sheng Dexian Wen Su Wu Ruisheng Xuanxiao emperor
Zhao Shu
From 1063 to 1067
quell (1064-1067)
Zhao Shu, Emperor Yingzong of Song Dynasty
Shentong
Shao day law ancient Yunde achievements English fierce Wu Qinren saint filial piety emperor
Zhao Xu
From 1067 to 1085
Xining County (1068-1077)
Yuanfeng (1078-1085)
Zhao Xu, Emperor Shenzong of Song Dynasty
Chaezon
Xian Yuan following Dao Xian De Ding Gong Qin Wen Rui Wu Qi Sheng Zhaoxiao Emperor
Zhao Xu
From 1085 to 1100
Motoyou (1086-1094)
Thieu Sang (1094-1098)
metacharacter (1098-1100)
Zhao Xu, Emperor of the Song Dynasty
徽宗
Body god and Dao Junliesun Gong saint Wenren De Xian benevolent filial piety emperor
Zhao Ji
From 1100 to 1126
Kenzhong Yasukuni (1101)
Chongning (1102-1106)
Grand sight (1107-1110)
Political peace (1111-1118)
Multiple sum (1118-1119)
Xuan and He (1119-1126)
宋徽宗赵佶
Chinzon
Polite, virtuous and filial to the emperor
Zhao Huan
1126 -1127
Jingkang (1126-1127)
Emperor Qinzong Zhao Huan
Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279)
Gojong
受命中兴全功至德圣神武文昭仁宪孝皇帝
Zhao Gou
1127 -1162
Jian Yan (1127-1130)
Shaoxing (1131-1162)
Emperor Gaozong Zhao Gou
-
Prince Yuan Yi
Cho 旉
1129
Apparent receiving (1129)
There is no
孝宗
Shao Tong Guan De zhao Gong Zhe Wen god Wu Ming Sheng into filial piety emperor
Cho 昚
1162 -1189
Long Hung (1163-1164)
Heaven and earth (1165-1173)
Chunxi (1174-1189)
Emperor Hyozong of Song 昚
Mitsujong
Follow the path of Xian Ren Ming Gong MAO De Wenwen shun Wu sage Zhe filial piety emperor
Zhao Dun
1189-1194
A surname (1190-1194)
Zhao Dun, Emperor Guangzong of Song Dynasty
Ningzong
Law days prepared Dao pure de MAO Gong Ren Wenzhe Wu Sheng Rui Jing filial piety emperor
Zhao Quan
From 1194 to 1224
Kyung Won (1195-1200)
Katai (1201-1204)
Kaixi (1205-1207)
Gia Dinh (1208-1224)
Zhao Quan of Emperor Ningzong of Song Dynasty
Rijong
Build a road to prepare the virtue of the great revival of fierce Wenren Wu Sheng Ming Anxiao emperor
Zhao Yun
From 1224 to 1264
Bao Khanh (1225-1227)
Saudin (1228-1233)
Hold even (1234-1236)
Jia Xi (1237-1240)
Junyou (1241-1252)
Baoyou (1253-1258)
Khai Khanh (1259)
Jingding (1260-1264)
Zhao Yun, Emperor Li of Song Dynasty
Tazon
End of civilization Wu Jingxiao emperor
Cho 禥
From 1264 to 1274
Hamchun (1265-1274)
Emperor Duzong of Song 禥
-
-
Cho 㬎
From 1274 to 1276
Deuke (1275-1276)
No official portrait
End race
裕文昭武愍孝皇帝
Zhao Shi
1276 -1278
Jing Yan (1276-1278)
-
-
Zhao Bing
1278 -1279
Xianghung (1278-1279)
Table main reference materials [91-92]
Hit the road
Growth task Introduction to editing Editing rule Edit by oneselfnew
I have a question.
Content questioning Online customer service Official post bar feedback
Complaint and suggestion
Report bad information The article was not appealed Complaint infringement information Blocked query and unblocked

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