The Uighurs of Ganzhou

According to the old and new Book of Tang "Records, Uighurs have long been in Hexi There is activity. As early as Emperor Taizong of Tang Zhenguan six years (632) there are Uighur - Qibi Department more than six thousand in 契苾何力 Led down to Shazhou, was placed in the Tang Dynasty, Gan, Liang two states.

Emperor Gaozong of Tang Early Uighur leader A surname He helped Tang put down the Turkic rebellion and made great achievements in the war General chapter In the first year (668), he moved his meritorious tribe to Ganzhou. Empress Wu Zetian When the Eastern Turkic Empire was restored, it attacked Mobei Uighur base of Ud鞬 mountain, a large number of Uighurs then under the leadership of its chief south between Gan, Liang, Tang take its fine riding Chishui Army . The Rebellion of An Shi After the outbreak, Tibetan regime in ancient China Seizing Hexi, the local Uighur became a Tubo subordinate. After 840, a large number of Uighurs moved here from Mobei. From the present Zhangye (Ganzhou) north out of the Ejin River (today Heihe ), Juyan Sea Arrived in Mongolia The Weng Jin River basin line, since ancient times Hexi area The main road of communication with Mobei. It is reasonable that the Uighurs came from Mobei and south along this road. In the Hexi region, Ganzhou is a relatively concentrated Uighur settlement area, in addition, there are scattered in Hexi and A surname Among the many tribes recorded are the Uighurs of Helan Mountain, The Uighur people of Qinzhou , Lliangzhou Uighur, Heluochuan Uighur, Sukju Uighur and melon, Shazhou Uighur Let's wait.

Tibetan regime in ancient China The Uighur rule did not last long. In 842, the Tubo Kingdom broke out in civil strife. Ruling class Split into two factions, fighting each other. The year is 848 Zhang Yichao Taking advantage of the internal unrest in Tubo, they launched an uprising, which received the response of all ethnic groups, and soon overthrew Tubo's rule in Shazhou, and then sent troops to capture Gua, Yi, Su, Gan, Shan, He, Xi, Min, LAN, and Kuo. Emperor Xuanzong of Tang buy Returning Army In Shazhou, Zhang Yichao was the ruler. The Uighurs of Hexi came under the control of Zhang's rebel army, which gradually grew in power.

As for when the Uighur kingdom of Ganzhou became an independent state, the academic community has different opinions. Some say it was established before 884, others say it was established in 872, and others say it was established between 884-887, 890, 894, 895-900, and the early 10th century. In short, by the early 10th century at the latest, the Uighur kingdom of Ganzhou had been established and basically controlled the Hexi region after continuous campaigns from east to west. In addition to Uighurs, there are also Han, Tubo and Tibetan ethnic groups Tangut Let's wait.

When the Uighur kingdom of Ganzhou was founded, it was an era when the Hexi region was dominated by one after another, with frequent national changes and wars. The rise of Tubo, the rise of Western Xia, Sand State Rebel Army The existence of the regime posed a great threat to the survival of the Uighurs in Ganzhou. Therefore, the Uighurs of Ganzhou adopted the strategy of distant friendship and near attack, and actively developed relations with the Central Plains Rear beam , The Later Tang Dynasty , The Later Jin Dynasty , Later Han Dynasty , The Later Zhou Dynasty He established good political and economic relations with Liao and Song, especially with the five dynasties governments in the Central Plains The Northern Song Dynasty (960-907) Dynasty, nephew uncle match, tribute makes exchanges very frequent. In 1001, the Uighurs of Ganzhou sent Cao Wantong as a tribute to the Song Dynasty and established an anti-Xia alliance with him. Since then, the Uighurs of Ganzhou have repeatedly turned to them The Western Xia Dynasty (206 B.C.) The attack gave a heavy blow to Xixia and captured the key town of Hexi from its hands Lliangzhou Basically drove the Western Xia forces out of Hexi. However, since then, the power of the Western Xia continued to grow, while the Uighurs declined due to the lack of unified centralization and the growth of separatist forces. In 1028, the Western Xia launched a surprise attack and conquered Ganzhou, and the Uighurs of Ganzhou died.

The Uighur people are an ancient people in the north of our country Minority nationality , long lived in Mongolian plateau Above, descendants of the ancient Tin-zero people. Ding Zero people nomadic in the 5th century BC in the northernmost people in China, divided into east and west two, the eastern branch nomadic in the contemporary Baikal To the south, the Western branch is nomadic in contemporary The Irtysh River and Balkhash Lake Between. After the Huns moved west, the Ding0s gradually moved south.

Huihe is one of the Ding Zero people. The Ouigour people lived in the early days Mobei Nomadic, until around the 5th century, moved to Tula And the northern area of Tianshan nomadic. Lived in the middle of the 6th century Altai Mountain The region of the Turkic ministry rose up, established khanate . The Turkic Khanate At its peak, its territory was vast, "from the west of the Liao Sea in the east to the west Sea for thousands of miles, from the north of the desert to the North Sea in the south, five or six thousand miles are all Yan." It's a powerful one Tribal alliance The reason why it can form a vast empire in a short time is also strong Military force . Because there is no common culture, Economic basis As soon as Military superiority When it is broken, it quickly falls apart, or when another powerful figure emerges.

During the Sui Dynasty, the Turks split into two great empires. During Zhenguan years of Tang Dynasty, Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty, appointed generals Li Jing Direct an army 100 grand, attack the Turks in six ways, Tang Jun Capture Eastern Tujue alive Valerihan . A few years later, the Tang Army defeated again Western Turkic Dynasty . Later, the Turks took advantage of the Tang government to engage in a war with the Tubo, and re-emerged as a khanate with the former Eastern Turkic territory, known as the Khanate post-Turkic . post-Turkic It's constantly being hit during the swim Central Plains dynasty In the end, the attack was divided internally and was taken over by the Tang Dynasty.

In the struggle against the Turks, the Ouigour people gradually grew stronger and formed a tribal alliance centered on the Ouigour people, which was mainly composed of nine tribes A surname of nine Ouigour. They were Hui, Fu Gu Hun, Basyegu With Ross, baselmi , Qarluc , Rhizoma sanguinis Wait for nine tribes. The leaders of the Ouigour tribe were born from the "Khan family name" in the "nine family names", that is, "Medicine Roge's".

Huihe took full advantage of the delicate relationship between the Tang dynasty and the Turkic people as it grew. They successively helped the Tang army to attack the Turks, defeat Korea and annihilate them Xue Yantuo . Emperor Xuanzong of Tang In the third year of Tianbao (744), Gulipei Luo, the Huihe leader, was named Huairen Khan. Later, the Huihe people attacked and killed the last Khan of the Turks The White Brow Khan After the establishment of East Xing 'an Mountains The Great Khanate between the Altai Mountains in the west. Huihe had a good friendship with the Tang Dynasty from beginning to end, and helped the Tang Dynasty to defeat it The Rebellion of An Shi And retook Chang 'an and Luoyang. Although the Huihe soldiers helped the Tang Dynasty, they also plundered the agricultural areas they passed through. In particular, after the recapture of Tokyo and Luoyang, the Ouigour soldiers "collected wealth and silks from the storehouses and plundered in the village squares for three days", and even set fire to monasteries, killing up to 10,000 people. However, on the whole, the Tang dynasty maintained good relations with Huihe.

According to records, in Emperor Su of Tang to 唐宪宗 In fifty years, seven Tang princesses were married to the Ouigour Khan, who also paid tribute to the Tang Dynasty BMW Mink fur and other treasures. In the fourth year of Tang Zhenyuan (788), Huihe was changed to Uighur, mainly to take the meaning of "brisk and insidious Yugur". Uighur is one kind of Birds , mainly refers to falconidae People often put Peregrine falcon Call it a Uighur. Call it a Yanur Uighur . Du Fu There was a poem saying, "Gaotang see the birth of Uighur, soughing autumn bones."

By the middle of the ninth century, under the influence of natural and man-made disasters, the Uighurs began to decline and were ruled by the Uighurs for a long time galgus People, take the opportunity to rise and attack the Uighur capital. In 840 they killed the Uighur prime minister and the Khan and burned down the Uighur royal palace. The Uighurs escaped separately and divided into three groups: one moved in Turpan Basin They are called Gaochang Uighurs or Xizhou Uighur ; Another one moved to the Chu River west of the Onion Ridge, that is The West Uighur of Onion Ridge ; Move to Hexi Corridor It is called Hexi Uighur. The second year of Tang Huichang (842) Pontecan Fifteen of them moved west, and one of them stayed in Hexi, and Punteqin became Khan in Ganzhou. It is also believed that Ponte Qin moved west to Ansidu Protectorate Subject to Qiuci (a county in ancient China) Khotan, Shule, Leaf scraps Around. The people in Ganzhou are one of them, and Ponteqin is the ancestor. There were also Uighurs who came from Youzhou. Migrate to Hexi Corridor The Uighurs, scattered in Wuwei Zhangye, Jiuquan, Dunhuang As well as Tianshui, Helan Mountain and other places. They did not belong to each other, and the Uighurs who entered Ganzhou were the most powerful. According to records, in the fifth year of Tang Dazhong (851) Zhang Yichao After recovering ten prefectures such as Gan, Su, and LAN, he sent an envoy to report to the Tang Dynasty. Since the road to the east was occupied by the Tubo, Zhang Yichao's emissaries had to use the Uighurs to pass through Heluochuan (today Ejin Head east and finally arrive at the Tang garrison. The following year, in Zhang Yichao With the acquiescence of Puntegan, he first entered Ganzhou Censored Dan (now Red lily And he shall be ordained there Dental curtain (Wang Ting), the Tang Dynasty also conferred the title of Punteqin Huaijian Khan . Since then, they have been known as the Uighurs of Ganzhou. Since the Ganzhou Uighurs have been associated with neighboring peoples such as Tibetan regime in ancient China And maintained a good and harmonious relationship. The Uighurs, centered in Ganzhou, began to grow and grow, reaching a maximum population of 300,000 people and becoming a large tribe.

The Uighurs of Ganzhou built a huge city in Shandan. It is recorded that the new city of the Uighurs in Ganzhou occupied 25 Square kilometer It's just like before The Kyrgyz Khanate Built in the capital, the wall is 10 meters high Height of building 12 meters, 14 meters high watchtower. It takes a day to get through the city. Later, a big food writer saw this city and mistakenly thought that this city was the royal city of China. As for the specific location of the city, some people think that it is in the contemporary Shandan Malay camp, and others think that it is in Minle county Yong Gu Nan's horse yingdun Around.

By the Song Dynasty, living in present-day Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia The three provinces at the junction of the Party people rise, due to the Hexi Corridor Geographical position Important, the party Xiang people launched many times to seize Wuwei, Zhangye war. The Uighurs of Ganzhou and the six Tubo tribes of Liangzhou formed an alliance to resist together The Western Xia Dynasty (206 B.C.) Noriyo Liao Dynasty The two sides depended on each other and fought many wars. In the face of the attack of the party leaders, Nishiryongfu Governor Ding Weiqing died in the battle, and the Uighurs of Ganzhou and the six valleys of Tubo won many victories. However, at the same time that the Uighurs of Ganzhou won two great victories against the Western Xia, the Liao State sent troops to attack the Uighurs of Ganzhou twice. Emperor Song Zhenzong Large and medium-sized auspicious symbols Three years (1010), northwest Liao Recruitment envoy Xiao Tuyu The conquest of Suzhou dealt a great blow to the Ganzhou Uighurs. Emperor Renzong of Song The Heavenly Sage In 1028, the Liao army besieged Ganzhou for four months, but failed to break the city and finally had to withdraw. Who knows? Li Yuanhao But took the opportunity to attack, the Uighurs of Ganzhou could not reach, the city was destroyed, most of the Uighurs of Ganzhou fled to the west of the onion Mountain, a small number of them were annexed to the Song Dynasty, and some were captured by the party. The other retreated to the southwest, where it had been herding in Shazhou, Kwa Chau The Uighurs joined forces and retreated south to the west of Gua and Sha. At this time, they were still quite powerful, forcing the Western Xia government to send a force of 30,000 men A standing army Stationed in Gua, Sha two states. These Uighurs are known as Yellow headed Uighur Why do they call them "yellow Uighurs"? There have been many explanations, some people think that their hair is yellow, others think that they prefer to use yellow, in fact, yellow head means that these Uighurs are the royal family of Uighurs, so they are called yellow head Uighurs. The Yuan Dynasty was called "Suri" A surname In the Ming Dynasty, it was called "Sari Wai 'er". "Sari Vwo" is Turkic "Sari" means yellow, and "Wowu" is a Uighur pronunciation.

The Ming government was set up successively in the areas where the Salivu people lived valium , Quxian Wei Wait for seven vaits. Here it is History of Ming Dynasty Said in Kansai Seven Guard . After the Ming Dynasty's "Civil Castle Campaign", the king of Turpan Chahatai began to compete Silk Road On Hami, the weak Ming dynasty had no choice but to Khami Inward migration to ANSI, Yumen Sometime soon Kansai Seven Guard The other guards also began to move in succession, and were placed in the southern mountains of Suzhou and Ganzhou, and the Uighurs settled down Qilian Mountains After that, gradually formed the contemporary we in Yugu nationality See in the customs of life.

In the Qing Dynasty, Qing Court They divided their settlements into "seven tribes" and named their leaders as "seven tribes." Governor of the seven tribes To implement the policy of "divide and rule". Since modern times, the Yugu people were deeply oppressed by the feudal forces, and the national decline was increasing The founding of New China Before, the population was just over 3,000. In September 1949, The First Field Army of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Liberated the Hexi Corridor, Yugu nationality The people rose up and became masters. In 1953, it was negotiated with" Yaukhul The similar "Yu Gu" (which also takes the meaning of "rich and consolidated" in Chinese) is unity Clan name . ^[1]

The Uighurs of Ganzhou had a small population and insufficient national power, but they were in a very prosperous position Silk Road The key point of the throat is surrounded by major strengths, so since the day of its establishment, it has been facing an existential crisis, the west Sand State Rebel Army - Jinshan State and from the northeast The Western Xia Dynasty (206 B.C.) In order to annex the Hexi Corridor, and then control the traffic arteries between China and the West -- Silk Road They have always been eyeing the Uighurs of Ganzhou. Therefore, for the Uighurs of Ganzhou, who are struggling to survive in the gap, how to deal with the relationship with the surrounding ethnic groups and the surrounding regimes has always been the key Basic state policy The dominant purpose of...

During the existence of the Uighur regime in Ganzhou for more than a century, it maintained close political, economic and cultural ties with the Central Plains Dynasty. In addition to sending emissaries to pay tribute, and accepting their titles and gifts in return, it also carried out trade activities in the name and way of "tribute". History says: "When the five dynasties, there lived Ganzhou, Western State The Uighurs of Ganzhou, when counted, still called China their brother, and China responded to the edict and called them their nephew."

The Uighurs moved west Hexi Later, due to the great decline of power, the connection with the Tang Dynasty was better than that Mobei Times are much less. Tianfu Year 2 (902) Tang Zhaozong Be carried away Fengxiang ," Lingju Governor of a provincial government in charge of military affairs Hanson Let the Uighurs please lead their troops to the disaster." But permission was not granted. Tianyou In two years (907), the Tang Dynasty was Rear beam (907 ~ 923). Soon after, the Uighurs established contact with it. The historical records about the relationship between the Central Plains dynasty and the Uighur tribute ambassadors in Ganzhou are very detailed, and there are also relevant accounts in Dunhuang documents.

From the historical facts listed above, the tribute relationship between the Uighurs of Ganzhou and the Central Plains Dynasty can be roughly summarized into three situations:

The first is political. On the one hand, the Uighurs of Ganzhou, as an invader from afar, wanted to forcibly occupy a territory in other people's territory, and to gain the recognition of the neighboring regimes, especially the Han dominated Shazhou regime, first of all to gain the recognition and support of the Central Plains Dynasty, so asking the Central Plains Dynasty to grant the title is the most effective way; On the other hand, there are some signs that there is still a military alliance with the Central Plains Dynasty to a certain extent, which is important for the Ganzhou Uighurs to deal with the Shazhou and Shazhou The Western Xia Dynasty (206 B.C.) There are extremely favorable.

Secondly, it was commercial, and the Central Plains dynasty needed imports from or through the Ganzhou Uighurs Horses , medicine, spices, precious jade, etc., while the Ganzhou Uighurs were eager for silk, clothing, gold and silver utensils from the Central Plains. Economic exchanges benefited both sides, especially the Uighur war horses, which played a significant role in strengthening the military power of the Northern Song Dynasty.

What we see more often is its political versus economy The coexistence of dual purposes, that is, the coexistence of Ganzhou as a dental site and the control of traffic and trade along the Silk Road, sought recognition, support and strengthening of the Central Plains Dynasty Tribute trade And find the maximum Economic benefit The dual purpose (as in the horse trade) co-exists.