German (German: Deutsch; English: German language), belongs to Indo-European The Germanic language family West Germanic Its Standard form, called Standard German, is Germany , Austria , Switzerland , Liechtenstein , Belgium , Luxembourg and Italy the Autonomous Province of Bolzano the Official language , use Latin alphabet Write.

German is spoken by about 3% of the world's population and is the sixth most spoken language in the world in terms of number of countries Great power Language one, as well European Union The most widely used inside Native language . According to the data of the European Language Management Center in September 2015, the number of speakers and learners of German in the world is nearly 177 million, of which 95 million are native speakers, 12 million are second language users, and 70 million are foreign language learners, making it one of the most commonly learned foreign languages in the world.

The formation of German standard common language can be traced back to Martin Luther right Latin " Bible "Translation work. Most German words come from Indo-European The Germanic language family The language, some words come from Latin and Greek language And some of it comes from French and English .

There are huge differences in the German language, including High German with Low German Dozens of dialects within the two branches; vocabulary , grammar No, we can't talk to each other. High German Be distributed among Alps And the neighboring mountains of southern Germany, Low German It is found mainly along the north coast of Germany, where Low German is usually divided East Low German , Low Saxon , Low Frankish. The German word Hochdeutsch is often used to refer to it Standard German ", rather than High German dialects.

Chinese name: German
Foreign name: Deutsch (German)
German (English)
System of language: Indo-European

Language family: The Germanic language family
branch: West Germanic
Number of users: About 177 million
Learning difficulty: On the high side
Area of use: Germany , Austria , Switzerland Etc.

catalogue

Historical evolution

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Middle Ages The word first appeared in German. its root Come from The Germanic language Hit the mark People ( thioda , adjective thiodisk It means that this is a language used by the common people, the common people. In contrast, at that time Franks The higher classes generally use "Frankish. Latin ", which later evolved into French . German at that time was not a uniform language, it was many places dialect The general term for.

Middle Ages Germany Inside the country Dukes Separation, coupled with the inconvenience of transportation, each German dialect The development varies greatly. Although there have been attempts to establish a common language, it has generally been confined to the regions and used only by certain classes. Like North Germany Low German in Hanseatic League At its peak Beihai and Baltic Sea The coastal strip became the lingua franca of local commerce.

In the 16th century, for reformation , Martin Luther A surname Bible Translated into a dialect of German, it played a very large role in the unification of German. The German dialect used in Luther's Bible, which gained very wide popularity, became later Standard German The foundation of...

The year 1781 John Christopher Adlon The first German book was published dictionary .

Since 1852 Jacob Greene and William Greene Brother began to edit the most extensive German dictionary. The work was not completed until 1960.

In 1880 Conrad Duden published a German full orthography dictionary. After minor modifications in 1901, the dictionary became a model of Standard German. It was not until 1998 that the text was revised to coincide with the controversial 1996 German orthography reform.

During the transition period, new spellings were taught in most schools, but in the media there was a mix of old and new spellings. Federal Constitutional Court of Germany States could still decide whether to adopt the new orthography, and it would be mandatory only in schools. This means that people can still use the old orthography outside of school.

In 2007, without the intervention of the Reichstag, another major review of orthodoxy was conducted. In 2007, some of the old spellings finally failed. The most obvious effect of the new orthography was that -ss at the end of words, such as dass and muss, became acceptable spellings. This spelling is not allowed in traditional orthography, and must be written as daß and muß.

Geographical distribution

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German is one of the most commonly learned foreign languages in the world and is commonly spoken in Europe Second foreign language Teach.

In Europe, German-speaking countries and regions are:

Map of native German speakers (yellow areas)

Frequency of German in continental Europe

letter

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alphabet

Writing and use of German Latin alphabet . German letters minus the standard 26 Latin alphabet In addition, there are three diacritics (Umlaut) vowel A/a, O/o, U/u, and a special letter ẞ/ß.

German alphabet
A a	B b	C c	D d	E e	F f	G g
H h	I i	J j	K k	L l	M m	N n
O o	P p	Q q	R r	S s	T t	-
U u	V v	W w	X x	Y y	Z z	-
A a	O o	U u	ẞ ẞ	-	-	-
German alphabet

Garbled code problem

Germanic computer encoding In Western European languages, International standard ISO-8859-1, so in the use of GB series or BIG5 Coded Chinese systems (such as common Windows Series) with some plain text can not display the umlaut character correctly, must be converted to German text Unicode The code can be displayed correctly in the text editing tool.

Especially when using default GB2312 The browser will also appear garbled when viewing German web pages with no language coding given. But in the Chinese version GNU/Linux In due to default use UTF-8 And avoid garbled codes. If the umber character is saved directly in the GB series or BIG5 encoding, it will become garbled when opened again.

Character substitution

In some cases, the four special German characters a, o, u, ß can be replaced by ae, oe, ue, ss, respectively.

Writing font

French archaic round writing is very aesthetic, and Roman style is very different, German archaic and Roman style is also very different, ancient printing for beginners who are not familiar with German there are difficulties in distinguishing. Many places in Germany, such as beer halls, still use traditional printing to display tradition, so learning German also requires an understanding of German fonts.

In print, German is divided into Druckschriften (printed) and Schreibschriften (written). The writing is generally known as Gebrochene Schrift in bold. And the black body printing is divided into Schwabacher body, Fraktur body, and so on. Writing is divided into Sutterlinschrift, Offenbacher Schrift, Kurrentschrift, and so on.

Voice

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Elaboration of pronunciation

The following description of the pronunciation method fits phonetics Angle, please refer to vowel , consonant , International phonetic alphabet Wait for the entry.

Letters or combinations	phoneme	Pronunciation method	Phoneme appearance form	case	remark
a	[a ː]	When pronouncing, the tongue is lowered to the lowest position, and the lips are opened in an expansive shape. Similar to "ah" in Mandarin Chinese.	a ah aa	Tag, Name nah, Bahn Waage, Saal, Maal	-
a	[a]	It's basically the same as a long sound, but much shorter.	a	Mann, dann, Ball	-
a.	[epsilon ː]	When pronouncing, the front of the tongue descends, descends Half low The position of the lip is a flat spread lip.	a. ah	Bär, Käme, Däne Nähe, nähen	-
a.	[it]	The pronunciation of it is basically the same as the long sound [ε], but more short.	a.	Bälle, kälte, kämmen	-
b	[p]	The upper and lower lips are closed to form a barrier, and the air is pumped out of the barrier. The vocal cords do not vibrate. [p] is a clear consonant.	b	ab, Dieb, gab	b at the end of the word
b	[b]	The upper and lower lips are blocked, weak air flows away, the vocal cords vibrate. [b] is a voiced consonant.	b	baden, bitte, bad	-
c	[k]	The back of the tongue surface is raised to the soft jaw to form an obstruction, and the air is pumped out of the obstruction. [k] is a clear consonant.	c	Computer, Café, Camping	Mainly used for foreign words
c	[ts]	When pronouncing, the pronunciation preparation action of [t] is formed to obstruct, and the air flow is released at the same time as the [s] sound. It is similar to the Mandarin Chinese word "bared".	c	Celsius, Cent	Mainly used for foreign words
d	[t]	The tip of the tongue pushes against the gum to create a barrier, and the air pushes out the barrier. The vocal cords do not vibrate. [t] is a clear consonant.	d dt	Band, Land, Stadt	d is at the end of the word
d	[d]	The tip of the tongue presses against the gums, the weak air rushes out, the vocal cords vibrate. [d] is a voiced consonant.	d	Daten, dumm, das	-
e	ː [e]	When pronouncing, the front part of the tongue rises, rises to Half height The position of the lip is a flat spread lip.	e ee eh	eben, beten, neben Kaffee, Beet, Meer gehen, sehen, dehnen,	-
	[it]	When pronouncing, the front of the tongue descends, descends Half low The position of the lip is a flat spread lip. Shorter than [ε] sample.	e	Geld, kennen	-
	Schwa]	When you pronounce, the tongue rises, rises to centre Location. Similar to the Mandarin "uh".	e	Name, Katze, Bombe	In reduced syllables
f	[f]	The lower lip is in contact with the upper incisor, forming a smaller gap through which the air is rubbed out. [f] is a clear consonant.	f ff ph	Faden, fein, fett Neffe, Muffe, Affe Phon, Photo	-
g	[k]	The back of the tongue surface is obstructed by contact with the hard palate. The vocal cords do not vibrate. [k] is a clear consonant.	g	Tag, mag, klug	g at the end of the word
	[g]	The back of the tongue is obstructed by contact with the hard palate, and the weak airflow breaks the obstruction, and the vocal cords vibrate. [g] is a voiced consonant.	g gg	Gabe, geben, gibt Dogge	-
	[ç]	The central part of the tongue is in contact with the hard palate, and the air flow is squeezed out from the narrow gap between the tongue and the hard palate. The vocal cords do not vibrate. [c] is a clear consonant.	ig	Richtig, fleißig, wichtig	-
	[ʒ]	The tongue lobe (that is, between the tip of the tongue and the surface of the tongue) is in contact with the back of the gum, and the air is squeezed out from the narrow gap between the tongue lobe and the back of the gum, and the vocal cords vibrate. Round your lips. Soft is the soft consonant. Soft g is the same as in English and French.	g	Ingenieur, Garage	Mainly used for foreign words
h	[h]	The air is forced out of the vocal cords to create a sound. [h] is a clear consonant.	h	Haar, Hafen, hier, hei	-
h	[ː]	Indicates the preceding vowel to read the long sound.	-h	Stahl, war, Zahl, ihn	-
i	[I ː]	When pronouncing, the front part of the tongue rises forward and upward, rising to The highest The lip is flat so as not to rub against the front palate. It is similar to "yi" in Mandarin Chinese.	i ih ie ieh	Dina, Ina, Tide ihn, ihr, ihm die, bieten, Bier Vieh	-
i	[ɪ]	When pronouncing, the front part of the tongue rises forward and upward, rising to second-highest The position of the lip is flat. Shorter than [i sample].	i	bitte, dick, innen	-
j	[j]	The tongue is close to the hard palate, the vocal cords vibrate, and air flows out of the space between the tongue and the hard jaw. [j] is a voiced consonant.	j	ja, Jahr, jeder	-
k	[k]	The back of the tongue surface is obstructed by contact with the hard palate. [k] is a clear consonant.	k	Kate, kunde, kommen	-
l	[l]	The tip of the tongue presses against the upper gum, the vocal cords vibrate, and air flows out of the space on either side of the tongue. [l] is a voiced consonant.	l ll	laden, lesen, Lust Ball, Null, pelle	-
m	[m]	The upper and lower lips are blocked, the soft palate sags, the vocal cords vibrate, and air flows through the nasal passages. [m] is a voiced consonant.	m mm	im, ihm, Miete dumm, Gummi	-
n	[n]	The tip of the tongue gets in the way of the upper gum, the soft jaw sags, the vocal cords vibrate, the air flows through the nasal cavity. [n] is a voiced consonant.	n nn	Name, nehmen, Nadel Kinn, Kanne, dann	-
o	ː [o]	When pronouncing, the back of the tongue rises, rises to Half height The position of the lip is round. Similar to Mandarin "oh", but with a higher tongue position.	o oo oh	oben, loben, Politik Boot, Moor Mohn, Rohr, Bohnen	-
o	[oo	When pronouncing, the back of the tongue descends, descends Half low The position of the lip is round. It is shorter than [o] sample. Similar to Mandarin "oh", but with a lower tongue position.	o	Tonne, Dock, Optik	-
o	[ø ː]	[øsample] is the counterpart of [e sample]. When pronouncing, the front part of the tongue rises, rises to Half height The position of the lip is round.	o oh oe	ofen, Lowe, bose fröhlich Goethe	-
o	(root)	[string] is the round lip sound corresponding to [ε]. When pronouncing, the front of the tongue descends, descends Half low The position of the lip is round.	o	offnen, Loffel, konnen	-
p	[p]	The upper and lower lips are closed to form a barrier, and the strong air blast away the barrier. [p] is a clear consonant.	p pp	Piep, Puck, Peter tappen, nippen, Kippe	-
q	[kv]	After [k], then [v].	qu	quer, Qualität	Always used with u
r	[r]	The wide notation [r] indicates that the actual pronunciation may be uvular trill [ʀ] or uvular fricative [ʁ], and the gingival trill [r] is also found in the square sound. It is a voiced consonant, but it often becomes clear when followed by a clear consonant. Uvula trill [ʀ] : The back of the tongue is in contact with the uvula, causing the uvula to vibrate when air flows out between the back of the tongue and the uvula. Uvula fricative [ʁ] : The back of the tongue is in contact with the uvula, and air is rubbed out through the narrow gap between the back of the tongue and the uvula. Gingival trill [r] : The tip of the tongue is in contact with the gingiva, causing the tip of the tongue to vibrate when the air flows out between the tip of the tongue and the gingiva. After the short vowel, the actual pronunciation may also be [̯], but the phonetic notation in the dictionary does not change. Such as vierzig standard sound] [ˈ f ɪ RTS ɪ c, actual pronunciation in addition to the [ˈ f ɪ ʀ ts ɪ c] and [ˈ f ɪ ʁ ts ɪ c] outside, also can be [ˈ f ɪ ɐ ̯ ts ɪ c].	r	Rasen, reisen, Rost vierzig [komf sound rts Sound c]	Before vowel and after short vowel
	[ɐ]	When pronouncing, the tongue surface descends to the second lowest position and the lip shape is not round. Somewhere between "ah" and "uh" in Mandarin.	er	Hafer, klappern,	-
	[ɐ ̯]	Same as [log]; An unsyllabic vowel immediately following a long vowel.	r	ihr, Uhr, Haar	postvowel
s	[s]	The tongue is in contact with the gum, and the air is forced out through the narrow gap between the tongue and the gum. [s] is a clear consonant.	s ss	das, was, bis dass, muss, Fluss Mass, Fuss,	-
s	[z]	The pronunciation method is roughly the same as [s], except that the vocal cords need to vibrate. [z] is a voiced consonant.	s	sehr, lesen, sie	prevowel
t	[t]	The tip of the tongue presses against the upper gum to create an obstruction, and the air is pumped out of the obstruction. [t] is a clear consonant.	t tt dt th	Tag, tut, tun, Kant Gatte, bitte, matten Stadt, Schmidt Thema, Theater, Theke	-
u	[u ː]	When pronouncing, the back of the tongue rises backward and upward, rising to The highest The lip is rounded so as not to rub against the soft palate. It is equivalent to the word wu in Mandarin Chinese.	u uh	du, Nu, gut Kuh, Buhmann	-
u	[ʊ]	When pronouncing, the back of the tongue rises backward and upward, rising to second-highest The position of the lip is round. It is shorter than [u] sample.	u	und, unten, Hund	-
u	[y ː]	[y] is the rounded lip sound corresponding to [i]. When pronouncing, the front part of the tongue rises forward and upward, rising to The highest Lips rounded so as not to rub against the front palate. Similar to the "encounter" in Mandarin Chinese.	u uh	Gute, uber, su Süden, kühl, fühlen	-
u	[ʏ]	[ʏ] is a sound that sounds like a rounded lip. When pronouncing, the front part of the tongue rises forward and upward, rising to second-highest The position of the lip pinch is rounded.	u	gründen, dünn, fünf	-
v	[f]	The lower lip is in contact with the upper incisor, forming a smaller gap through which the air is rubbed out. [f] is a clear consonant.	v	vier, Vati, Vater, vor	In the native German language
v	[v]	The pronunciation method is roughly the same as [f], except that the vocal cords need to vibrate. [v] is a voiced consonant.	v	Vage, vital, Motive, Video	Many foreign words
w	[v]	The pronunciation method is roughly the same as [f], except that the vocal cords need to vibrate. [v] is a voiced consonant.	w	wo, was, wer, wann	-
x	[ks]	After [k], then [s].	x chs ks	Axt, Text, Marx Achse, wachsen, Wuchs links	-
y	[y ː]	[y] is the rounded lip sound corresponding to [i]. When pronouncing, the front part of the tongue rises forward and upward, rising to The highest Lips rounded so as not to rub against the front palate. Similar to the "encounter" in Mandarin Chinese.	y	Typ, Lyrik, Typus	-
	[ʏ]	[ʏ] is a sound that sounds like a rounded lip. When pronouncing, the front part of the tongue rises forward and upward, rising to second-highest The position of the lip pinch is rounded.	y	System	-
	[j]	The tongue is close to the hard palate, the vocal cords vibrate, and air flows out of the space between the tongue and the hard jaw. [j] is a voiced consonant.	y	Yuan, Yacht, Yoga	-
z	[ts]	When pronouncing, the pronunciation preparation action of [t] is formed to obstruct, and the air flow is released at the same time as the [s] sound. It is similar to the Mandarin Chinese word "bared".	z ts tz ds	Zoo, zu, Zeit nichts Satz abends	-
au	[a ʊ ̯]	Quickly slide from [a] to [a], tightly compound. Where [conversations] are non-syllabic vowels.	au	Bau, kaufen , Augen	-
ai ei ey ay	[a ɪ ̯]	Quickly slide from [a] to [a] tight compound. It is a non-syllabic vowel sound.	ai ei ey ay	Mai, Maier nein, Eis, mein Meyer Mayer, Bayern	-
eu	[ɔ ɪ ̯]	It slides rapidly from [the name] to [the name] to [the name]. It is a non-syllabic vowel sound.	eu au	neu, heute, neun Bäume, säubern, häufen	-
ch	[x]	The back of the tongue makes contact with the soft palate, and the air flows from Posterior lingual surface Forced out by friction with the narrow space between the soft palate. The vocal cords do not vibrate. [k] is a clear consonant. It is similar to the initial of "drink" in Mandarin Chinese.	ch	acht, doch, noch	After a, o, u
	[ç]	The central part of the tongue makes contact with the hard palate, and the air flows from Central part of the lingual face Forced out by friction with a narrow space between the hard palate. The vocal cords do not vibrate. [c] is a clear consonant.	ch	ich, dich, mich	It's after the i, the e
	[k]	The back of the tongue surface is raised to the soft jaw to form an obstruction, and the air is pumped out of the obstruction. The vocal cords do not vibrate. [k] is a clear consonant.	ch	Chor, Chlor, Chrom	dialect
	[ʃ]	The tongue blade (that is, between the tip of the tongue and the surface of the tongue) is in contact with the back of the gum, and the air flow is squeezed out from the narrow gap between the tongue blade and the back of the gum. Vocal chords don't vibrate. Lips are rounded. [Heaping] is a clear consonant.	ch	Chef, Chance	In French loanwords
	[t ʃ]	The lingual lobe (that is, between the tip of the tongue and the surface of the tongue) makes contact with the back of the gum to form an obstruction. When the air flow breaks through the obstruction, send [heape]. Vocal chords don't vibrate. Lips are rounded. [t Heaping] is a clear consonant.	ch	Couch, Chili	Loanwords in English and Spanish
sch	[ʃ]	The tongue blade (i.e. the back of the tip of the tongue) is in contact with the back of the gum, and the air flow is squeezed out from the narrow gap between the tongue blade and the back of the gum. Vocal chords don't vibrate. Lips are rounded. [Heaping] is a clear consonant.	sch s(p) s(t)	schade, scharf, Schein Sport, Spiel, Spiegel Student, Stadt, Staat	sp, st is located at the beginning or after the prefix
tsch	[t ʃ]	The lingual lobe (i.e. the back of the tip of the tongue) makes contact with the back of the gum to form an obstruction. When the air flow breaks through the obstruction, send [heape]. Vocal chords don't vibrate. Lips are rounded. [t Heaping] is a clear consonant.	tsch	Deutsch, Kutsche	-
ng	[ŋ]	The back of the tongue touches the soft palate and blocks it, the vocal cords vibrate, and the air flows through the nasal cavity. [The sound] is a cloudy consonant.	ng	Leitung, jung, Ordnung	-
nk	[ŋ k]	[k] followed by [K].	nk	Dank, danke, links	-

Phonetic notation in a dictionary

Some words that are difficult to pronounce directly are listed in dictionaries as International phonetic alphabet (IPA) marked; For not marked International phonetic alphabet A word marked with a dot (short vowel) or a horizontal line (long vowel) below a stressed syllabic vowel.

The following table lists the phonetic symbols used in Duden Online. The first column is the IPA, the second column is the corresponding example, and the third column is the correct pronunciation of the example:

a	H ạ t	hat
a ː	Ba ̲ hn	ba ː n
ɐ	O ̲ ber	ˈ o ː B ɐ
ɐ ̯	U ̲ hr	u ː ɐ ̯
a.	pensee	Pa ˈ se ː
a. ː	Abonnement	Ab ɔ n goes ˈ ma ː
A ɪ ̯	We ͟ it	Va ɪ ̯ t
A ʊ ̯	Ha ͟ ut	Ha ʊ ̯ t
b	B ạ ll	bal
c	ị ch	ɪ c
d	D ạ nn	dan
D ʒ	G ị n	D ʒ ɪ n
e	Metha ̲ n	Me ˈ ta ː n
e ː	Be ͟ et	be ː t
ɛ	H ạ ̈ tte	H ˈ ɛ t goes
ɛ ː	Wa ̲ hlen	ˈ v ɛ ː L goes n
ɛ ̃	Timbri ͟ eren	T ɛ ̃ ˈ bri ː R goes n
ɛ ̃ ː	Timbre	ˈ t ɛ ̃ ː Br goes
goes	H ạ lte	ˈ the halt goes
Goes ̯	Gru helped ̲ ezi	ˈ ɡ ry goes ̯ tsi
ɛ ɪ ̯	Rating	ˈ ɛ r ɪ ̯ t ɪ ŋ
f	Vi ͟ el	fi ː l
ɡ	Gu ̲ t	ɡ u ː t
h	H ạ t	hat
i	Vita ̲ l	Vi ˈ ta ː l
i ː	Vi ͟ el	fi ː l
I ̯	Stu ̲ die	ˈ ʃ tu ː Di ̯ goes
ɪ	B ị rke	ɪ ˈ b fairly rk goes
j	Ja ̲	ja ː
k	K ạ lt	kalt
l	L ạ st	last
L ̩	Na ̲ bel	ˈ na ː Bl ̩
m	M ạ st	mast
M ̩	Gro to decide ̲ with em	ˈ gro ː Sm ̩
n	Na ̲ ht	Na ː t
N ̩	Ba ̲ den	ˈ ba ː Dn ̩
ŋ	L ạ ng	La ŋ
o	Mora ̲ l	Mo ˈ ra ː l
o ː	Bo ͟ ot	bo ː t
O ̯	Loya ̲ l	Lo ̯ a ˈ ja ː l
o	Fondue	Xsl-fo ˈ dy ː
o ː	Fond	fo ː
ɔ	P ọ st	P ɔ st
ɔ ː	Talkshow	ˈ t ɔ ː ʃ k ɔ ʊ ̯
ø	Okono ̲ m	ø ko ˈ no ː m
ø ː	O ̲ l	ø ː l
root	G ọ ̈ ttlich	Tl ɪ ˈ g root c
root ː	surfen	ˈ s root ː ɐ ̯ fn ̩
Root ̃	chacun a	ʃ ak root ̃ a
o	son goût	So ˈ gu
Root ̃ ː	Parfum	Par ˈ f root ̃ ː
ɔ ɪ ̯	He ͟ u	H ɔ ɪ ̯
p	P ạ kt	pakt
pf	Pfa ̲ hl	pfa ː l
r	R ạ st	rast
s	W ạ sser	ˈ vas ɐ
ʃ	Scha ̲ l	ʃ a. ː l
t	Ta ̲ l	ta ː l
ts	Za ̲ hl	tsa ː l
T ʃ	M ạ TSCH	Mat ʃ
u	Kul ạ nt	ku'lant
u ː	Hu ̲ t	hu ː t
U ̯	Gouache	ɡ u ̯ a ( ː ) ʃ
ʊ	P ụ lt	P ʊ lt
v	W ạ s	vas
w	Software	ˈ s ɔ FTW ɛ ː ɐ ̯
x	B ạ ch	bax
y	Physi ̲ k.	Fy ˈ zi ː k
y ː	Ru ̲ be	ˈ ry ː B goes
Y ̆	Etui	E ˈ ty ̆ I ː
ʏ	F ụ ̈ llen	The goes n ˈ f ʏ l
z	Ha ̲ se	ˈ ha ː Z goes
ʒ	Genie	ʒ e ˈ ni ː

The following table lists the phonetic symbols used in English:

ɑ :	Sergeant	engl. Alpha ː D ʒ goes nt
æ	Campus	engl. Qæmp
ʌ	Countrymusic	engl. Komu k has ntr over mju ː Z ɪ k
goes ː	Lindbergh	engl. Looks like an ndb UBE ː ɡ
E ɪ ̯	San Diego	engl. sæn di stock e covers ̯ polemicists ̯
Goes ʊ ̯	Roosevelt	engl. I/O protocol ̯
ð	on the rocks	engl
Theta.	Synthesizer	engl. The stock is a sound nθ sound sa sound ̯z uh

Other symbols:

\|	Indicates a glottal stop (throat stop), as in CO [tse ː '\|o ː ]. Omit at the beginning, as Effet Is pronounced [doing so 'fe ː Doing so instead of [\| 'fe ː ]. (In the official IPA, the symbol for the glottal stop is [ʔ], which represents a minor prosodic segment.)
ː	Long. Indicates that the preceding vowel is a long sound, as Chrom [kro ː m].
~	Rhinalize. Attached to a vowel indicates that the vowel is a nasalized vowel, such as Fond [fo ː ].
ˈ	Stress it. Precede a stressed syllable, as Expose [ɛ kspo ˈ ze ː ].
̩	Syllabify. Following a syllabic consonant, as ²handeln ['h is doing a giro ndl̩n].
̯ ̆	It's not syllabic. It is attached below the non-syllabic vowel, and the descending symbol is above it, for example Milieu [mi ˈ li ̯ ø ː ], Etui [ˈ e ty ̆ I ː ].

German grammar

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EDITOR

Parts of speech

German words are divided into 10 categories according to grammatical function: article , noun, pronoun, adjective, numeral , verbs, conjunctions, prepositions, adverb Interjections. The first six categories have conjugations, called variances Parts of speech ; The last four classes have no conjugation and are called invariant classes. In German, the first letter of a noun must be capitalized, This rule also started with Martin Luther. This rule often leads to errors, especially when using gerunds, so (in the 1990s) changes were discussed orthography It was proposed that the rule be abolished. Although this proposal was supported by some well-known linguists and some newspapers and television programs, it was opposed by most people and therefore was not adopted.

German nouns have three kinds of sex (masculine, feminine and neuter), and the sex of other words is often irregular except for the rules of sexual comparison of nouns directly to people. German also has four cases (nominative, nominative, Objective case , dative, Possessive case ) and two numbers (singular, Complex number ). In use, in addition to some changes of the noun itself, it mainly relies on the changes of the articles, pronouns, adjectives and several numerals before the noun to express the sex, number and case of the noun in the sentence. The conjugations of verbs include person, number, and tense: present tense (prasens), past tense (Praterium), future tense (Futur I), present perfect tense (Perfekt), Past perfect tense (Plusquamperfekt) and future perfect tense (Futur II), voice (active voice, Passive voice ), language (direct statement, imperative, virtual) changes.

syntax

German sentence Structural features: Verbs predicate Is the core of the sentence, it requires the ergative object Or prepositional objects and various complement . In a common statement, subject The predicate verb always comes second when the sentence or other sentence element is first. If the predicate consists of two parts, it is composed of the variable part (time Auxiliary verb Or modal auxiliary verb) and the immutable part (the infinitive or second binary of the verb), then the variable part is the second (in some sentences the first), and the invariant part is the end of the sentence, which is a specific predicate "frame structure" in German. syntax Another feature of the Subordinate clause The predicate of the Chinese verb is located at the end of the sentence Sentence component The order is: conjunctions or relative pronouns - subject and other elements of the sentence - verb predicate.

etymology

The German language has an estimated vocabulary of 300,000 to 500,000. According to their sources, they can be divided into three types: 1, the inherited words, which refer to the words and their derivatives and compounds handed down from the Indo-European and Germanic periods; Two, loanword Words that have historically been absorbed from foreign languages and have been assimilated into German; (3) Loanwords refer to words that have been absorbed from other languages but still retain their original characteristics. Inheriting and borrowing words stress Most of them in the first one syllable Above, the stress of a loanword is on the last syllable or the penultimate or third syllable. Lexical construction is characterized by the extensive use of derivation and compound methods, and compound construction is the most common in German word formation. Two or more words of any kind can be combined to form a new word.

Four lattice displacement

1.
The first case (Nominativ) : aka Nominative case . do subject , predicative .
2.
Second case (Genitiv) : aka Genitive case . It can also be the object of an intransitive verb or preposition.
3.
Third case (Dativ) : Also known as the dative case. Do the "static three moving four" of the "static three"; Or as an indirect object; Or as the object of an intransitive verb; Or as a prepositional object in an interobject structure that supports only the third case
4.
Fourth case (Akkusativ) : aka Objective case . Be the object of a direct object or preposition.

Ich mag das Buch von dem Kind. I like the children's book.

Here ich is one case, das Buch is the fourth case, and dem Kind is the third case governed by the preposition von.

The same meaning can be expressed as Ich mag das Buch des Kindes. Here des Kindes is the second case of das Kind, denoted by the attributive of das Buch, i.e., "this child's" book.

Note: About "static three moving four" :

German means "being" and "moving" by adding different cases of nouns after the location word, using the third case for "the object exists somewhere" and the fourth case for "the object moves somewhere".

For example, Ich bin nach Frankfurt am Main gefahren.

Gestern ist es schon in die Schule gegangen.

Language feature

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EDITOR

German Indo-European The Germanic language family . Also belonging to the same language family are: English , Dutch , Norwegian language , Swedish Language , Icelandic .
in Germany , Austria , Liechtenstein German is the official language.
in Switzerland , Belgium , Luxembourg , Namibia German, as one of the official languages, plays an important role.
The German language has 30 letters, four of which are special letters.
German has its own unique pronunciation rules, master the pronunciation rules (generally need about 10 lessons), you can read the general German articles smoothly.
There are no phonetic notations for German words in general word lists or dictionaries. It should be read according to the German pronunciation rules, and if there are special cases, such as words from other languages that have not yet been Germanized, the pronunciation is usually marked.
There are 42 in German phoneme , Vowel phoneme 19, 23 consonant phonemes.
There are three kinds of nouns in German: masculine, neuter and feminine. Can not correspond to the Chinese word division. For example, the German word for girl (Madchen).
To learn German for the first time, you must accumulate a certain amount of vocabulary before you can find a little bit of the so-called laws inside. Taking morphology as an example, the nouns ending in -er,-or,-ist,-ant,-ent are mostly masculine; Nouns ending in -e, -ung, -heit, -schaft, -in, -tat, -tion, -ssion, -sion, -ie are mostly feminine; Nouns ending in -chen, -lein, -nis are more neutral.
Verbs are conjugated in German. According to the change of the person tense, the verb should have the corresponding change, as well as the change of the first participle and the second dichotomous word.
German Word order There are three kinds of word order: positive word order, negative word order and final word order.

Linguistic relation

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EDITOR

Most German words come from Indo-European The Germanic language family Some words come from Latin and Greek, and some from French and English.

The independent languages of the West Branch of the Germanic family include German, English, Dutch, Frich, Belgian-Dutch, Afrikaans , Lowland Scots and other independent languages. Although the spelling of words is not exactly the same in each language due to the influence of foreign words. However, the basic pronunciation (the pronunciation of independent languages of European Germanic languages is not like that of traditional Indo-European languages in many places), the basic vocabulary, and the internal logic are very similar.

On account of The Anglo-Saxons Be from Denmark South. North of Germany Schleswig ANGEL and Germany Lower Saxony (Nieder Sachsen), Old English (Old English, or Anglo-Saxon, refers to English from 450 to 1150) has been heavily influenced by Old Low German, and the pronunciation, grammar, and spelling of words are very similar. English incorporates a lot of foreign words, like a lot of French, Spanish, Latin Norse and Greek vocabulary, and grammar is simpler than most independent languages in Europe, and is one of the most exotic of the independent languages of European Germanic languages.

Example sentence:

We want to stay where we are.

1.
English: We want to remain what we are.
2.
Dutch: We willen blijven wat we zijn.
3.
Luxembourgish: Mir welle bleiwe wat mir sinn
4.
German: Wir wollen bleiben,was wir sind.
5.
French: Nous voulons rester ce que nous sommes.

What can I do for you?

1.
English: What can I do for you?
2.
Dutch: Wat kan ik voor je doen?
3.
German: Was kann ich fur Sie tun?
4.
French: que puis-je faire pour vous?

German is most similar to Dutch, more similar to English, and not at all similar to French, except for a few French words.

German dialect

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EDITOR

German dialects are generally divided into Low German and High German Two kinds.

Modern German dialects are divided into Middle German and Upper German, and Standard German is based on Middle German. Austria and Switzerland The dialect belongs to Upper German. There are more dialects in the south of the German-speaking region, such as Austrian, Schlaben Dialect, Bavaria Dialect, Hessen Dialect, Cologne Dialect, Berlin Dialects, etc. Generally speaking, the more southern dialects are pronounced, the stronger the pronunciation, the more short sounds, the more a sounds.

High German

High German The German dialects of southern Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. "High ground" means Alps And the neighboring mountains of southern Germany.

It is worth noting that High German is often associated with Standard German They are confused, but they are two completely different concepts.

The German equivalent of High German is Oberdeutsch, the word "Ober" meaning "high, above" Alps And the neighbouring mountains of southern Germany; while Standard German The German equivalent is Hochdeutsch, where the word "hoch" also means "high" but here it means "noble and superior" rather than referring to a geographical concept.

The word Hochdeutsch is specific in German Standard German , Standard German pronounced as central Germany ( Hanover Based on dialects, Germany, Austria, and Switzerland use the same German orthography.

Low German

Low German is generally divided into three main systems:

1.
East Low German, including Berlin , Mecklenburg Such areas are used east and west Prussia All German is East Low German.
2.
lowland Saxony Languages such as Mennonite Plautdietsch, spoken by German communities in Kansas, North America, Bremen , Dusseldorf The vast majority of cities in North Rhine-Westphalia, Lower Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein are used, as well Netherlands Part of many southeastern provinces.
3.
Low Frankish, including Dutch and Belgian The Flemish language (Although it is different from Dutch, but the pronunciation of the corresponding words is the same), the Dutch West Limburg language, so in essence Dutch is also a low German, but because of political factors is independently called Dutch. General linguists consider Low German to be separate languages rather than dialects of German. Low German has been developed over the past century Standard German The impact is huge. Low German is still widely spoken in northern Germany. Low German preserves some of the more primitive elements of the Germanic language family, and has more in common with Dutch and Old English than with the various High German languages. Various types of Low German are usually pronounced softer, e ː There are more sounds and long sounds.

Swiss-German

General linguists believe that Swiss-German Schweizerdeutsch is a dialect of German, closely related to the Schwaebisch dialect. The pronunciation of Swiss German is so different from that of Standard German that it is generally German I don't understand. The orthography of Swiss German is basically the same as that of Standard German, the main differences are:

1.
with ss In place of all To decide For example Stra ss e=Stra To decide e
2.
In some places where the initial letter of the name Umlaut is Umlaut, the original letter +e is used instead of the UMlaut mark.

Although there are also people in Switzerland who use the pronunciation of Swiss German to write, this form of writing is not officially recognized.

Bureaucratic German

Bureaucratic German (Beamtendeutsch), actually this is just the ancient German Language evolution As a result, somewhat similar to the classical Chinese, many people mistakenly believe that bureaucratic German is exclusively for the government. This German is the language used in German organs (Behoerden), courts (Gerichte), and so on. In theory it is the most standard standard German. But with China's Classical Chinese writing The difference is that such German sentences are often very cumbersome (subclauses, etc.), mixed with abbreviations for organs, courts (Abkuerzung) and regulations for quoting laws (Gesetze), communiqu (Amtstexte), and so on. Coupled with many of the jargon jargon (e.g., fire does not use the common "Brand" in bureaucratic German, but rather the lengthy "Feuerereignis", accident of fire), many Germans with less education, or those unfamiliar with a profession, are often unable to read communiques or official letters written in bureaucratic German. Bureaucratic German is often used to satirize Germany's large, rigid bureaucracy.

Basic knowledge

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EDITOR

Basic vocabulary

Personal pronouns and possessive pronouns

First case	Third case	Possessive pronoun	Fourth case	Chinese interpretation
ich	mir	mein or meine	mich	I
du	dir	dein or deine	dich	you
er╱sie╱es	ihm/ihr/ihm	sein /ihr /sein or seine/ihre/seine	ihn╱sie╱es	He/she/it
wir	uns	unser or unsere	uns	us
ihr	euch	euer or euere	euch	you
Sie╱sie	Ihnen/ihnen	Ihr/ihr or ihre	Sie╱sie	You/them

Note: The possessive pronoun "mein/dein/sein/Ihr" is used before masculine and neuter nouns, and "meine/deine/seine/Ihre" is used before feminine and plural nouns.

Cardinal rule

There's no pattern between 0 and 12. Remember this

0 null

1 eins

2 zwei

3 drei

4 vier

5 fünf

6 sechs

7 sieben

8 acht

9 neun

10 zehn

11 elf

12 zwölf

13 dreizehn

14 vierzehn

15 fünfzehn

16 sechzehn

17 siebzehn

18 achtzehn

19 neunzehn

20 zwanzig

30 dreißig

40 vierzig

50 fünfzig

60 sechzig

70 siebzig

80 achtzig

90 neunzig

From 20 to 99 digits +und+ ten, e.g. 21 einundzwanzig= ein+und+zwanzig

100~999 hundred + ones +und+ ten places, for example: 221 zweihunderteinundzwanzig

1000 ~ 9.999 million + one hundred + bits + und + 10 cases: 1141 (ein) tausendeinhunderteinundvierzig...

Ordinal numeral

1~19 Suffix plus te+ suffix change (same as adjective)

1erste

2 zweite

3 dritte

4 vierte

5 fünfte

6 sechste

7 siebte

8 achte

9 neunte

10 zehnte

11 elfte

12 zwölfte

13 dreizehnte

14 vierzehnte

15 fünfzehnte

16 sechzehnte

17 siebzehnte

18 achtzehnte

19 neunzehnte

20 and after ste (Zwanzigste, Dreißigste, Vierzigste, Funfzigste, Sechzigste, Siebzigste, Achtzigste, Neunzigste, Hundertste, Tausendst) e, Millionste, Milliardste, Billionste, Billiardste, Trillionste, Trilliardste)

Example: einundzwanzig-einundzwanzigste

week

1.
Monday der Montag,-e
2.
Tuesday der Dienstag,-e
3.
Wednesday der Mittwoch,-e
4.
Thursday der Donnerstag,-e
5.
Friday der Freitag,-e
6.
Saturday der Samstag/Sonnabend,-e
7.
Sunday der Sonntag,-e

month

1.
January der Januar
2.
The month of February is der Februar
3.
March der Marz
4.
der April Der April
5.
May der Mai
6.
June der Juni
7.
der Juli
8.
der August
9.
der September Der September
10.
der Oktober in October
11.
der November Der November
12.
In December, der Dezember

season

1.
Spring der Fruhling, -e
2.
Summer der Sommer, -
3.
Autumn der Herbst, -e
4.
der Winter, -

The pronunciation of letters

Used in subscript sound International phonetic alphabet (IPA).

1.
A [a sample]
2.
B [be sample]
3.
C [tse Sample] (in which [ts] is similar to the Mandarin Chinese "byets".)
4.
D [de sample]
5.
E [e sample]
6.
F [εf]
7.
G [ge sample]
8.
H [ha sample]
9.
I [i sample]
10.
J [j] (Yo t)
11.
K [ka Sample]
12.
L [εl] (first [ε] and then the tip of the tongue against the gum [l].)
13.
M [εm] (in English.)
14.
N [εn] (in English.)
15.
O [o sample]
16.
P [pe sample]
17.
Q [ku Sample] (Cool)
18.
R [giro r] (first [ε] followed by uvula trill)
19.
S [giri s] (in English)
20.
T [te sample]
21.
U [u sample]
22.
V [fa conversations ̯]
23.
W [ve sample]
24.
X [Beijingks]
25.
(ʏ) an accurate lip-like sound similar to that found in Mandarin, but with a lower tongue position.)
26.
Z [tsεt] (where [ts] is similar to the Mandarin "bared")
27.
a [sample]
28.
o [ø] (round lips)
29.
u [y] (Round lips, u in pinyin)
30.
A surname

pro usage

jeder/es/em, is an alteration of jed- jed- is a pronoun with the following uses:

1. Make an attribute. Attributive changes depending on the noun it modifies in the sentence, jed- changes strongly as an unarticle adjective, hence the form jeder/es/em and so on.

As the noun does the first case Jeder Einkauf (Jedes ProjektJede Fahrt) kostet viel Zeit.

Sie kommt jeden Monat (jedes Jahr,jede Woche)

Ich habe jedem Neffen (jedem Kind,jeder Nichte) ein Buch geschenkt.

jed- modifies the noun to do the second case. Ich bin mit den Leistungen jedes Neffen(jedes Kindes, jeder Nichte)ganz zufrieden.

2. As a noun there is no second case. Hier darf jeder herein. Anyone can come here.

Jede der Frauen hat heute das Recht auf Arbeit. Every woman today has the right to ask for a job.

Jedes der Kinder hat sein eigenes Zimmer. Each child has his own room.

Ich habe jeden gefragt, der vorbeiging. I inquired (about it) with everyone who passed by.

Language simplification

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EDITOR

German The new orthography Germany has officially launched the German spelling simplification program, the goal of the spelling simplification program is to make it easier for foreigners and new immigrants whose mother tongue is not German to master German, and increase the number of German users worldwide. In fact, Austria and Switzerland have already introduced simplified German spelling, but the plan has been met with strong resistance in Germany. The two major German media, Die Welt and Der Spiegel, have publicly stated that they will reject the simplified German language. German parents worry that their children will be taught unorthodox German at school. The new German orthography came into force on August 1, 2005, after a seven-year transition period from 1998 to 2005.

Longest word

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EDITOR

Among the many foreign languages, German words can be said to be "famous". Comprehensive foreign media reported on June 3, 2013, Germany abolished a 63-letter legal term. For the previous six years, it had held the title of "the longest word in German."

This is the whole put together of super-long word Rindfleischetikettierungsuberwachungsaufgabenubertragungsgesetz, usually abbreviated to "RkReUAUG", meaning "beef label commissioned law" regulation, It was a local law in the former state of Pommery, Germany. The regulation was introduced in 1999 to prevent consumers from contracting mad cow disease. Because of its length, it was selected as one of the top ten words of the year by the media.

According to the European Union's proposal, meat cattle will no longer be monitored for mad cow disease, so the long word will lose its original meaning. In its place is a new law called the "Local Regulation on the right to Supervise the labelling of beef and veal". Since this legal term is expressed in multiple words, there are no very long words.

Actually this prevents Mad cow disease It was only in 2007 that its legal name became the longest word in German. Before this, is the longest word Grundstucksverkehrsgenehmigungszustandigkeitsubertragungsverordnung, meaning "land driving license authorization method", a total of 67 letters, in the year to be scrapped.

Well-known German linguistics professor Anto Stranovich said that in fact, according to the characteristics of German, theoretically can create infinite words, the German Language Association has in the "beef labeling supervision task delegation law" on the basis of a joke invented a longer word to show this characteristic of German.

So, after the abolition of the 63-letter super-long word, which word is now the longest in German? As of June 3, 2013, it is unknown, and the Germans are looking for a new "record holder". "Other states should try to invent a new long word," joked a spokesman for the former Pommel state Department of Agriculture. ^[1]

Common sentence

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EDITOR

1.
Guten Tag! Good day!
2.
Guten Morgen! Morning, morning!
3.
Guten Abend! Good evening!
4.
Gute Nacht. Good night.
5.
Wie geht es dir? How are you?
6.
Wie geht es Ihnen? How are you?
7.
Vielen Dank! Thank you very much!
8.
Herzlich willkommen! Welcome!
9.
Zum Geburtstag. Happy birthday.
10.
Auf Wiedersehen! See you later! (more formal)
11.
Tschuss! See you later! (more informal)
12.
Danke! Thank you!
13.
Danke schon! Thank you very much!
14.
Bitte schon! You're welcome/please!
15.
Wie heißen Sie? May I have your name?
16.
Wie ist Ihr Name? What's your name? (Or what is your name?)
17.
Entschuldigung! Excuse me. I'm sorry.
18.
Entschuldigen Sie. I'm sorry. Sorry.
19.
(Es) tut mir leid ! I'm sorry. I'm sorry.
20.
Egal! Whatever!
21.
Ich weißnicht. I don't know.
22.
Ich liebe dich. I love you!
23.
Wie ist deine Handynummer/Telefonnummer? What's your phone number?
24.
Wie viel Uhr ist es? What time is it?
25.
Wie spat ist es? What time is it?

Time language

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EDITOR

The following are the differences between English and German in terms of time, listed in tabular form.

English	German
What time is it?	Wie spät ist es? Wie viel Uhr ist es?
It's one o'clock	Es ist ein Uhr
It's quarter past one	Es ist Viertel nach eins
It's half past one	Es ist halb zwei
It's quarter to two	Es ist Viertel vor zwei
It's two o'clock	Es ist zwei Uhr
It's quarter past two	Es ist Viertel nach zwei
It's half past two	Es ist halb drei
It's quarter to three	Es ist Viertel vor drei
It's three o'clock	Es ist drei Uhr
It's quarter past three	Es ist Viertel nach drei
It's half past three	Es ist halb vier
It's quarter to four	Es ist Viertel vor vier
It's four o'clock	Es ist vier Uhr
It's quarter past four	Es ist Viertel nach vier
It's half past four	Es ist halb fünf
It's quarter to five	Es ist Viertel vor fünf
It's five o'clock	Es ist fünf Uhr
It's quarter past five	Es ist Viertel nach fünf
It's half past five	Es ist halb sechs
It's quarter to six	Es ist Viertel vor sechs
It's six o'clock	Es ist sechs Uhr
It's quarter past six	Es ist Viertel nach sechs
It's half past six	Es ist halb sieben
It's quarter to seven	Es ist Viertel vor sieben
It's seven o'clock	Es ist sieben Uhr
It's quarter past seven	Es ist Viertel nach sieben
It's half past seven	Es ist halb acht
It's quarter to eight	Es ist Viertel vor acht
It's eight o'clock	Es ist acht Uhr
It's quarter past eight	Es ist Viertel nach acht
It's half past eight	Es ist halb neun
It's quarter to nine	Es ist Viertel vor neun
It's nine o'clock	Es ist neun Uhr
It's quarter past nine	Es ist Viertel nach neun
It's half past nine	Es ist halb zehn
It's quarter to ten	Es ist Viertel vor zehn
It's ten o'clock	Es ist zehn Uhr
It's quarter past ten	Es ist Viertel nach zehn
It's half past ten	Es ist halb elf
It's quarter to eleven	Es ist Viertel vor elf
It's eleven o'clock	Es ist elf Uhr
It's quarter past eleven	Es ist Viertel nach elf
It's half past eleven	Es ist halb zwölf
It's quarter to twelve	Es ist Viertel vor zwölf
It's twelve o'clock	Es ist zwölf Uhr
It's quarter past twelve	Es ist Viertel nach zwölf
It's half past twelve	Es ist halb eins
It's quarter to one	Es ist Viertel vor eins
it's midnight	Es ist Mitternacht
it's midday	Es ist Mittag
in the morning	am Morgen
in the afternoon	nachmittags
in the evening	abends

Learning method

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EDITOR

method

1.
First of all, pay attention to the phonetic learning of German. This stage is very important, it takes about half a month to a month, while learning some simple sentence patterns and daily expressions.
2.
Second, the learning process from dialogue to text, memorize words, look at grammar. German words and English are similar, grammar is relatively similar, but it still needs a lot of work to learn.
3.
Third, learning German must grasp the verb, the verb is the core of German, in learning can refer to the English sentence structure, but must all start from the actual German learning, remember phrases, phrases, sentences.
4.
Fourth, German is a very "reasonable" language, many language phenomena are hidden under the fixed grammar rules, many rules are more complex than English, although German sounds not as beautiful as English, French and so on, but the thinking expression is more rigorous. Therefore, we should pay attention to grammar analysis and sentence structure analysis.
5.
Fifth, like any foreign language learning, learning German requires a lot of perseverance, a lot of memorization, a lot of reading, often trying to translate or write, and speaking practice on appropriate occasions... In short, it is necessary to learn every day, even a little, over the years can accumulate a wealth of knowledge. Sixth, make full use of the Internet, in today's era, there are many German learning websites, German professional friends are more, make full use of all these opportunities and possibilities, to create a happy learning atmosphere, so that you can easily on the road.

The German language can be divided into six major areas: Vocabulary, grammar, listening, speaking, reading, writing.

Here are tips for studying these six areas.

vocabulary

Vocabulary is the blood of a language, and no one doubts that a large vocabulary brings benefits and convenience to language learning, and this is most obvious when we do reading. There is a saying that in order to carry on a simple conversation, the minimum vocabulary is 1000, and in order to basically understand the average German newspaper and magazine, the minimum vocabulary is 5000. As a result, many Chinese students are crazy about memorizing vocabulary, and many people are against dry memorizing words.

So should we memorize words, and how many words should we memorize? I want to start with an example from around me. I have a friend who is so obsessed with memorizing words that he used to memorize German words like a dictionary that the teacher occasionally had to ask him for help when he forgot his words in class. His German, however, was mediocre (though he eventually passed his DSH), and if he didn't review the memorized words for a while, they would soon be forgotten.

So, how do you memorize words? Different words should be memorized in different ways:

1.
Words that appear in reading comprehension (these words are usually more difficult and very written) : you only need to be familiar and know the Chinese meaning, you do not need to be able to read and write - the most important thing is that you can know its meaning when you do reading comprehension.
2.
Spoken words: know the meaning, can accurately say, can not write is not important - mainly when you can communicate with others to say it. Open your back as much as possible and read your back accurately.
3.
Listening words: To be able to reflect its meaning, it is best to write it out - the key here is to be able to reflect its meaning, back when you can through their own recording, repeatedly listen to familiar.
4.
Words in writing: in addition to being able to spell it out correctly, its sexual number should be clear, but also know how to use it, and it is best to remember in the sentence.
5.
In German, the male name is not Herr Frau, and the female name is sometimes difficult to distinguish. Theodor Therse, for example, asked you to distinguish between men and women. Here's a trick: German men's names end in consonants, while women's names end in vowels.

In fact, in the above five points, which words belong to which point is not fixed, you can completely rely on your subjective judgment to decide which way to memorize a certain word. What I have said above - from another point of view - is to remind you of the importance of vocabulary mastery in foreign language listening, speaking, reading and writing

A better method is: interest self-study + teacher guidance.

grammar

Grammar is the backbone of a language. Language is formed by filling in the appropriate words in the grammatical boxes. If you want to understand complex sentences, if you want to speak accurately, and write the article correctly, you must have a solid grammar foundation. Grammar and words are the basis of learning a language, and they are the basic skills that need to be played well in the primary.

But there is another view that despises grammar. They are opposed to memorizing the rules of grammar, and they believe that the expression of language (such as speaking) should depend on the sense of language. Speaking should be a kind of behavior that can be blurted out when you want to say something, and the brain should not analyze the grammar of the sentence before saying it again. In other words, we should speak as a natural act, rather than a logical thought that requires forethought. When we speak Chinese, we rely entirely on our sense of language and never consider its grammatical structure in advance. Learning German should also be like this, you don't need to know why a certain sentence is said, you just need to know that the sentence is said, and continue to put this sentence into habit, develop nature.

hearing

Here are some of the problems we often encounter when doing listening:

Distracted. A lot of people will be like this, listening to the mind wandering, this is a big taboo exam ah! The habit of distraction should be completely eliminated during regular listening practice. In fact, you should train your brain to be in the habit of constantly moving when listening, constantly understanding and guessing. If your brain gets lazy because it doesn't understand well, then distractions will follow.

There are two reasons for distraction: the article may be too difficult, many sentences did not understand, gradually lost confidence and interest, and thus distracted, or the article is too long, the attention can not be maintained for a long time. In both cases you can choose listening passages of moderate difficulty. If a text is too long you can break it up into parts. Don't listen to it all at once. Listen one part at a time and then summarize what you have just heard before moving on. In addition, listening while taking notes can also avoid distractions to a certain extent. Also, do not continuously listen to the same article, an article to listen to the first, the second time the attention is usually more concentrated, after listening to the third time feel boring, also began to be distracted, in this case to listen to it has no meaning, it is better to terminate the article and go back another day.

Spoken language

German seems to be more difficult to speak than English, if the students who study in China, it seems that not many people can speak after learning the primary, even those who study in Germany and pass the DSH, their oral level does not seem to be much stronger than the German three year old. Like listening, speaking is also a traditional weakness for Chinese people.

How to improve spoken English? There are many methods, please choose the one that suits you and can be achieved:

A. Find a language partner. If you're in the country, it's not realistic. In fact, even in Germany, there is not necessarily a good language environment. In fact, finding a language partner does not necessarily need to find a German, as long as he is a foreigner, as long as he does not understand Chinese, as long as you must speak German to communicate. Whatever country he comes from, build up a friendship so that you can harass him every day and speak German every day. At the beginning, I practiced my oral English with a Korean. I remember that at the beginning, we were difficult to understand each other, and the dialogue with him was almost like a chicken talking with a duck. Finally, I had to match a lot of expressions and actions to let the other party decipher. But gradually, we both made great progress in speaking, and I even skipped the oral exam.

B. Talking to myself. If you usually have the habit of speaking Chinese to yourself, change to speaking German to yourself. If you do not have this habit, then develop it, it is a healthy behavior. If you are not the kind of person who likes to talk, you don't even like to talk to yourself, then please translate your thoughts into German. For example, when you take a bath and find that the water is too hot, do not think in your heart: the water is too hot! You should think: "Das Wasser ist zu heiß!" In short, to develop your German thinking. At first you will feel uncomfortable, because you will often come across some words that you can not say, so that your self-talk will not go on, or you will feel uncomfortable, very troublesome, very laborious, very stuttering. But as long as you stick to it is a good thing, when you stick to it for a while you will get used to it, and after you get used to it you will not feel bored. Then you can enjoy the increasing pleasure of speaking English.

The effect of reading on the spoken language is very quick, maybe only two or three days, you will be surprised to find that your mouth always wants to speak German, and your brain's speech response is also flexible, and German is smoother than before. This is mainly because you have a strong sense of language. If you keep reading for a long time, you will soon find that you can read sentences much more fluently than other students in your class.

read

The improvement of German reading level not only lies in the continuous accumulation and exercise of learners, but also in mastering certain reading methods in order to achieve the expected effect.

Method 1: Broaden your reading range. In general, when we learn a foreign language, we can't help but use two language backgrounds to understand, and reading is no exception. Extensive and a lot of reading is very important to improve reading ability, at this time when the selection of reading materials must be wide. We should make full use of radio, television, German newspapers, the Internet and other resources to broaden the channels of learning German.

Method 2: The introduction of relevant cultural background knowledge. Since the relevant cultural background knowledge is very important to reading comprehension, how to guide the cultural background into the teaching process has become one of the requirements of reading class. From the perspective of learners. Only when you are interested in what you want to read, you will have the enthusiasm to read. Therefore, attention will be focused on the reading materials, so as to lay a foundation for effectively improving the efficiency of the classroom.

Method 3: Flexible use of German grammar knowledge. The German language is different from other foreign languages in that it has more grammar rules and it also provides a reading method for us learners because of its more grammatical requirements. Especially when the context of the article is not coherent enough, or the meaning of the word cannot be inferred, the knowledge of German grammar can be very effective in understanding the content of the article.

Telford test

Method 4: Use modern means to help improve reading level. Foreign language learning is a process of improving comprehensive ability. No matter what foreign language you learn, you must work hard in listening, speaking, reading, writing and translating. For reading, if you want to improve its ability faster and better, then the comprehensive use of all aspects can play a multiplier effect. Depending on the subject, different forms of activities can be taken before each reading, such as: asking questions, showing pictures, playing movie clips, playing German songs, discussing, dictating, etc. brainstorming , games, etc., to stimulate learners' interest in reading and original background knowledge. After reading, I will also answer questions, discuss, debate, search relevant materials, make slides, write reports and other activities to create opportunities to repeatedly use vocabulary and expressions related to the topic, and strengthen the memory and retention of language learning.

Grade examination

broadcast

EDITOR

Examination center of Ministry of Education Telford test
National college students German test Band 4, national college students German test Band 6
College German major Test Band 4, college German major Grade 8
DSH The full name of DSH is Deutsche Sprachprufung fur den Hochschulzugang auslandischer Studienbewerber, which means "German test for Foreign Students applying for university entrance".

List of institutions

broadcast

EDITOR

List of universities offering courses in German
Province and city	Colleges and universities
Peking	Peking University, Beihang University, Renmin University of China, Capital Normal University, Beijing Language and Culture University , Beijing Institute of Technology, University of International Business and Economics, Beijing Foreign Studies University , Beijing International Studies University , China University of Political Science and Law, Communication University of China, Beijing City College, University of Science and Technology Beijing
Shanghai	Shanghai Jiaotong University, Fudan University, Tongji University, East China University of Political Science and Law East China Normal University, Shanghai International Studies University University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai Industry and Commerce Foreign Language Vocational College , Shanghai Institute of Electric Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai Normal University Tianhua College, Shanghai University of Applied Technology
Shandong (Province)	Shandong University, Shandong Jianzhu University, University of Jinan, Ocean University of China, Qingdao University, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao University of Technology, Qindao College of Qingdao University of Technology, School of International Exchange of Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Youth Political College (Specialty), Shandong Vocational University of Foreign Affairs (Weihai, Junior College), Shandong University of Finance and Economics
Jiangsu (Province)	Nanjing University Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing University of Technology, China University of Mining and Technology , Soochow University Nanjing University Jinling College, Changzhou College of Information Technology, Taizhou Teachers College, Jiangsu Normal College of Technology, Changshu Institute of Technology
Zhejiang (Province)	Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Zhejiang Shuren University, Ningbo University, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Ningbo Vocational and Technical College, Zhejiang University of Foreign Languages
Tianjin	Nankai University, Tianjin Foreign Studies University
Hebei (Province)	Yanshan University, Tangshan Normal College
Shanxi (Province)	Shanxi University
Liaoning (Province)	Dalian University of Technology, Dalian University of Foreign Languages , Liaoning University, Northeastern University, Bohai University, Dalian Vocational College of Translation , Shenyang Normal University
Hubei (Province)	Wuhan University, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Jianghan University
Amur River	Heilongjiang University
Anhui (Province)	Anhui University, Hefei College
Jiangxi (Province)	Nanchang University, Nanchang Hangkong University
Henan (Province)	Zhengzhou University, PLA Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University (Luoyang), Henan University
Hunan (Province)	Xiangtan University, Hunan Normal University
Kwangtung	Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies , Nanguo Business School, Zengcheng College, South China Normal University
Sichuan	Sichuan University, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu College, Sichuan International Studies University Mianyang Normal University
Chongqing	Chongqing University, Sichuan International Studies University, Chongqing University of Foreign Languages and Foreign Affairs Chongqing Second Normal College
Shaanxi (Province)	Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi 'an International Studies University , Middlebury College, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi 'an Institute of Translation and Interpreting
Ji Lin	Jilin University of Foreign Studies Department of German, Yanbian University, College of Science and Technology
Fujian (Province)	Fuzhou University, Xiamen University
Inner Mongolia	Inner Mongolia University of Technology
Gansu (Province)	Lanzhou University
Hainan (Province)	Hainan Foreign Language Vocational College

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