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Anto Momoyama era

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The Momoyama era is also known as the Oritoyo era ( 1573-1603), Oda Nobunaga with Toyotomi Hideyoshi Seek hegemony Japan The Times of... To Oda Nobunaga's own city Azuji Castle And Toyotomi Hideyoshi's home town Momoyama Castle (also known as" Fushimi ") in the name of. It took 30 years. deck Muromachi period , open down Edo period .
Also put the 1467 The chaos of benevolence By 1615 Battle of Osaka Including the Momoyama era is called the broad sense Warring States Period . Characteristics of The Times From the division of the Warring States period to the unification of the Toyotomi and Tokugawa periods, accompanied by the trend of modernization.
Strong military leaders emerged during the Momoyama era. They defeated the daimyo who fought against each other and united Japan. Three major figures successively dominated this period: Oda Nobunaga (1573 --1582), Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1582 --1598), Tokugawa Ieyasu (1598 --1615). Three main figures continued to rule this period, Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu. They appeared as major lords and commanded large armies. As they grow in strength, they all become Kyoto The court sought support. Oda Nobunaga in 1571 with a well-equipped The Regular Army Defeated the Tentai Sect Monk soldier And burned the symbol of medieval Japan - the Buddhist holy mountain, the Tentai sect's base camp Buwra . In 1573, he was banished The Muromachi shogunate Last general Ashikaga Yoshiaki And created the period of Antu Momoyama in history.
Oda pacifies most of Japan, and Hideyoshi reunites the world, after Totomi be Tokugawa displace . Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi carried out many advanced political initiatives that promoted the modernization of Japan. [1]
Chinese name
Anto Momoyama era
Foreign name
Anto Momoyama era
A Japanese kana
あずちももやまじだい
Start time
1573 (or 1568)
End time
The year 1603
Initial marker
Oda Nobunaga evicted the last one The Muromachi shogunate general Ashikaga Yoshiaki
End mark
Tokugawa Ieyasu Set up The Edo shogunate

catalogue

  1. 1history
  2. ▪Yasuto period
  3. ▪Momoyama period
  4. 2political
  5. 3Military affairs
  6. ▪Oda Nobunaga
  1. ▪Toyotomi Hideyoshi
  2. 4economy
  3. ▪Land policy
  4. ▪Commercial and industrial policy
  5. ▪trade
  6. 5culture
  7. ▪religion
  1. ▪unit
  2. ▪painting
  3. ▪drama
  4. ▪Tea ceremony
  5. 6The chronology

history

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EDITOR

Yasuto period

The chaos of benevolence After that, the great names of Japan rose one after another, the war raged, and the people were destituted. In the mid-16th century, a man determined to unify Japan by force and end the chaos emerged Oda Nobunaga . Vinh Loc Three years (1560), Oda Nobunaga was defeated by 2,000 men at Gungakama Imagawa Yoshimoto Twenty-five thousand troops, Have a great reputation . In 1567, Saitou was destroyed and the capital was moved to its own city, Inaba Mountain, and renamed Gifu , from now on Tianxia Buwu . In 1568, the Japanese capital of Kyoto was captured (the Japanese term for this action is Alto Lac ). post-unification Kinki And prepared to attack Shanyin, Addison . During this period, Shinchang built a magnificent, magnificent and bright Azuji Castle . Therefore, the era of Nobunaga is called" Yasuto period ". [2]
Oda Nobunaga in Kiyoju (now Japan Nagoya District) when implementing Military reform The implementation of the "militia separation" policy has created a long-term stable government in Japan, which is still mainly in agriculture Military force , thus Military strength Grew strong quickly. At the same time, the Saito family in the Mino region (during the Oda Nobunaga administration of the Oda family, the Saito family and the Oda family were related, that is, the alliance relationship) declined, in the "Saito Sanlao" and Takenaka Haniwai After successively betraying the Saito family and joining the Oda family, the Oda Nobunaga launched a war against the Saito family and occupied the Saito family's castle Inaba Mountain Castle . After the expansion, Oda Nobunaga named the new town "Gifu" (after King Wen of Zhou From Qishan Feng Ming Qishan > And Confucius The home of Qufu "). meanwhile Oda Nobunaga Declaring "the world Buwu" shows the determination to unify the world by force. And then he took advantage of it The Emperor Masahimachi And General Ashikaga asked him to help restore them in Owari The territory and power of the time, achieved a unified national legal status. In September 1568, Oda Nobunaga occupied Kyoto and stood up Ashikaga Yoshiaki As a general, he took control of the emperor, coerced the emperor to make the princes, and accelerated his efforts to unify the country.
After these major steps, he controlled about a third of Japan through a massive war.
  • Daimyo league
Oda Nobunaga
1560, the strongest in the country daimyo Imagawa Yoshimoto Attempted to attack Kyoto, but in May 1560 The Battle of the Barrels He was defeated and killed by Nobunaga. Nobunaga had the emperor's support and installed his own candidate in the shogun's succession struggle. After the army withdrew, Nobunaga had taken control of the shogunate. In the Kyoto area, the initial resistance came from Buddhist Rival daimyo and rival merchant. In order to get rid of the siege of the enemy, Nobunaga first defeated the rich by secular forces in 1571 militancy And destroyed their monastic center near Kyoto Buwra And killed thousands of monks. In 1573, he defeated the local daimyo and banished the last Ashikaga general, ushering in the Yasutomomoyama period in history. This period is named after the castles of Nobunaga and Hideyoshi. After these major steps, Nobunaga built a seven-story castle surrounded by stone walls at Anto on Lake Biwa. The castle could withstand the blows of muskets and became a symbol of the Warring States period. Nobunaga increased his power by granting conquered daimyo fiefdoms, removing barriers to tax-free commerce, and bringing degraded religious groups and merchants into his own military system. He controlled about a third of the province through large-scale warfare, and also established and implemented a series of provinces Administrative management Institutions such as systematic village organization, taxation and standardized measures. Meanwhile, other daimyo, both those already conquered by Nobunaga and those outside his control, built their own extremely strong castles and modernized their garrisons. In 1577, Nobunaga sent his chief warlord, Hideyoshi, to capture West Honshu Of the twelve provinces. The war dragged on. In 1582, when Nobunaga led the army to support Hideyoshi, he was defeated by his generals Mitsuki Conspiracy and murder. After eliminating Sensei Mitsuki, Hideyoshi became Nobunaga's minor eldest grandson. Oda Hidenobu One of his protectors. In 1584, Hideyoshi was eliminated Shibata Katsuya Forced Oda Nobunaga Sanko Oda Nobutaka He commits suicide and forces Nobunaga to the second son Oda Nobuo Surrender and take full control of Kyoto, becoming Nobunaga's undisputed successor. Hideyoshi was born as a farmer without a surname, and he was adopted by the Fujiwara family as an adopted son Grant sb. 's surname Toyotomi, became a noble, and got the position of Guan Bai. This meant that all of Japan's domestic and military affairs were under his control. In the following year he maintained an alliance with three of the nine major daimyo, and continued in Shikoku and Shikoku Kitakyushu The war. In 1590, Hideyoshi mobilized 200,000 troops and defeated the control of East Honshu Kanto region The last enemy. The rest of the big names have surrendered, Japan Warring States Period The war is over. Hideyoshi dictatorially controlled all of Japan, either by direct means or by sworn escorts. new Central government The system is working. The country was united by a daimyo league, but it remained decentralized.
Toyotomi Hideyoshi is Warring States period of Japan The most outstanding figures in history. Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi in the process of the great cause of the reunification of Japan opened the Ashto Momoyama era History of Japan In the most brilliant and splendid era. [2]
  • Seek cure in chaos
In the 15th century, Japan was in The Muromachi shogunate The reign took place The chaos of benevolence . local daimyo The Muromachi shogunate's central rule remained in name only as it waged a war to expand its sphere of influence. In the national secession war, many guardian daimyo died, and at the same time, many samurai rose to become Daimyo of the Warring States Period . By the sixteenth century, this situation had become more and more serious and had become a pandemic. In these New rise In the Warring States daimyo, again Gross profit dollar and Saito Michizo For prominence. The Maori dollar was originally attached to the ruling Japan Chinese places The great princes of the Kingdom Otsuchi Samurai, low social status, but resourceful, and extremely ambitious. when Yoshitaka Ochi vassal Tao Qingxian When the rebellion was murdered, Maori Yuan seized the opportunity to attack Tao Qingxian, who was far more powerful than himself. On the way out Tao Qingxian In the process, it greatly expanded its sphere of influence, and then controlled almost the whole of China, becoming the hegemon of the Japanese islands.
Saito Michizo, whose real name is Nagai Kasu, is an oil salesman. The man is resourceful and has great talent and great strategy. He serves Mino (now Gifu Prefecture Daimyo Tsuki . The spring of 1542. He suddenly mutinied and drove out the family master A surname From the United States to lead the warring States daimyo.
In the original guardian daimyo, there are many outstanding. A letter area Kakei (now Yamanashi ) always by Takeda World Collar. His famous name Takeda Nobuko Eldest son Takeda Shingen The army drove out my father and replaced him. Subsequently, Takeda Shingen invaded the east and west, and dominated the Shinano, becoming Kai The Tiger of... In addition, the more after Kamisugi , Kanto Gohojo's Imagawa of Tokaido, Kyushu area Shimadzu's And the Shikoku region Nagazong I Be Also has outstanding performance.
in Owaraguni (now Aichi-ken In the middle of the 16th century, there appeared a remarkable hero, who was always criticized as "the great fool with the tail." Oda Nobunaga . In 1548, Oda Nobunaga succeeded his father and became the master of the Oda family. At this point, his power is extremely weak, and no one will care about him. But. The great name of the United States Saito Tao three unique insight, concluded that letter long will become overlord. In 1556, he took his daughter Saito Kibi Married to Nobuchang, and to get under the Mino country as a dowry. son Saito Yoshiryu Very dissatisfied with this, he killed his father, became the master of the house, and became an enemy of Nobuchang.
In the spring of 1560, he controlled Suruga, Yuanjiang, and Sanhe Imagawa Yoshimoto After full preparation, concentrated a large number of troops to the neighboring Weizhang state launched a war, and unstoppable even the Weizhang city, the army near the Weizhang State city Qingzhou city (today Nagoya City ) in an attempt to open the way to Kyoto. At that time, Oda Nobunaga was so weak that his demise was only a matter of moments, and even his subordinates believed that there was no way to return to heaven. But a miracle happened at Oda Nobunaga's hands. Late on the night of May 17, Oda Nobunaga led hundreds of soldiers to braved the rain and cut off the head of Imagawa Yoshimoto's army, who was resting in the bucket narrow. Nobunaga's officers rushed to help the battle, and in one night, the 3,000 Nobunaga troops wiped out the 25,000 Imagawa troops. " Battle between the buckets Rewriting Japanese history, it pushed Oda Nobunaga into the foreground of history.
In 1562, Matsudaira was taken hostage in the Imagawa family Motoyasu Matsudaira (i.e. Tokugawa Ieyasu After the defeat of the battle of Imagawa's bucket, he was devastated Three Rivers country Okazaki Castle (present-day Aichi Prefecture) independence. Oda Nobunaga allied with Tokugawa Ieyasu, ordered Ieyasu to resist Takeda Shingen's expansion, and began the northern expedition to Mino to avenge his father-in-law's death.
The "Minamata Castle" is a strategic event that Oda Nobunaga began to develop outward from the tail. The main character of this event is Hideyoshi Toyotomi.
Toyotomi Hideyoshi His real name was Kinoshita Fujiyoshiro, born on February 4, 1536, in a poor village in Okagunaka Peasant family . Because of his very small size and humble origin, people called him contemptuously "monkey". During his childhood, Fujiyoshiro went to Surugawa Imagawa Yoshimoto's family Matsushita's main line as a servant. In 1555, at the age of 19, Fujiyoshiro was introduced by an acquaintance to return to the Oda family as a domestic servant. Because he is loyal and smart and capable, get oda Nobuchang special love, break the title of samurai, when the oda home minister, become oda Nobuchang tent under the small infantry head.
Fujiyoshiro became Oda Nobunaga family minister although received elephant Shibata Katsuya Such senior samurai are constantly difficult, bullied and excluded, but. With his excellent wisdom and ability, he engaged in a large number of civil affairs work, and his achievements were very outstanding, and he began to get people's attention. It can be said that Oda Nobunaga's growing strength and Fujiyoshiro's role are inseparable.
In 1563, after a long preparation, Nobunaga decided to seize it Saito Michizo The dowry presented by the United States. But, Saito Ryuki (Saito Yoshiryu's eldest son) is very powerful. As for Saito's Combat system An important component of Minamata was built at the crossroads of Omi Jang and Mino Strategic point It seems very necessary. However, Minamata was scarce and vulnerable to Saito attacks, making it impossible to build a city for a long time. Oda Nobunaga proposed this plan, which was resolutely opposed by all the family ministers except Fujiyoshiro. However, the letter long force against the public opinion, stick to their views, has appointed their most trusted minister Shibata Katsuya and Sakuma Nobumari Perform this task. However, two attempts to build the city failed due to armed harassment by the Saito clan. In this case, Kinoshita Fujiyoshiro stepped forward, applied and began to execute the construction of the city.
Fujiyoshiro summed up the lessons of the two previous fortifications and concluded that time was the decisive factor in the extremely difficult situation of defending. He invited ronin with both wisdom and courage Masatsu Wasuga Served as an armed garrison during the construction of the city. he Off-site processing All the building materials of the city, when the flood broke out, the building materials were floated to Minamata and assembled overnight. Due to careful planning and strong measures, the site construction was miraculously completed in only one night.
"Minamata Night City" for the first time comprehensively demonstrated Kinoshita Fujiyoshiro's boldness and superhuman planning and organization talent. From then on, this one monkey Received Oda Nobunaga special trust.
  • Kanazaki brings up the rear
In 1568, Oda Nobunaga acquired Mino Hideu Matsunaga Expelled shogun Muromachi Ashikaga Yoshiaki Welcome back to Kyoto to take charge of the central government. Later, he will sister Oda Married North Kinjiangguo A surname Asai Nagamasa . It covers a large area on the northern shore of Lake Biwa in Japan, bordering Kyoto to the south, Danhou to the west, and Echizen to the north Strategic position Extremely important area. Oda Nobunaga Yo Asai's The purpose of the marriage was to allow Asai Nagamasa to help him hold the northern part of the territory, so that he could focus his superior forces on the southern bank of Lake Biwa in a large area of the Nanjin River area to achieve control Kinki Prefecture the Strategic objective .
From 1568 to 1570, Oda Nobunaga, with the help of Asai Nagamasa, captured the city Kaka Yoshihyun Ruled the South near the River area and Kitada Ku Kyo reigning Ise District, and weakened control of the Kinki region Three good righteousness The power of... The territorial area and the number of farmland ranks first in Japan.
Oda Nobunaga forces Rapid expansion It aroused the fear of General Ashikaga Yoshiaki and the great names of Hanoi, Izumi, Suetsu, Yamashiro, and Yamato in the Kinki region. In the spring of 1571, General Ashikaga Yoshiaki, in the name of the shogunate, gathered the daimyo of Asakura, Miyoshi, Takeda, Kamisugi and other countries, as well as the religious leader Hongenji Kanaru to Oda Nobunaga Encirclement attack Oda Nobunaga is in a dangerous situation under siege.
In this case, oda Nobuchang decided to invite shallow well long government to send troops, his army directly to the whole country Echizen State , Eradication Asakura Yoshikei Rip open the encirclement set by General Ashikaga Yoshiaki. In the summer of 1571, while Oda Nobunaga's army was engaged in a bitter battle with Asakura Yosei at the city of Kanazaki in Echizen, Asai Nagamasa suddenly signed a secret pact with Ashikaga and Asakura Yosei, and attacked Oda Nobunaga's rear position with a large number of troops. All of a sudden, Oda Nobunaga's army was about to be surrounded by 30,000 enemy troops. In order to preserve the strength accumulated by painstaking efforts, Oda Nobunaga ordered a decisive retreat. In this crisis, the lowly status of Kinoshita Jiyoshiro resolutely came forward, led hundreds of soldiers to the rear, cover Main force Retreat.
To fight with a small force of a few hundred people against an enemy dozens of times larger than oneself is undoubtedly to strike a stone with an egg. Fujijiro used a lot of strategies to maneuver with the enemy, and fought for the main force to withdraw the time of Mino.
Miogawa daimyo Tokugawa Ieyasu learned that Oda Nobunaga was surrounded after the news, immediately came to support. Fujijiro complete the task of cover, and home kang together to defeat the shallow well long government, led the remnants of the safe withdrawal to Gifu.
After his retreat from Kanki, Oda Nobunaga took a short rest and began a war to conquer the Hokukien region. After two years of fighting, he completely destroyed Asai Nagamasa in 1573. Direct control The whole Lake Biwa area. In the same year, Oda Nobunaga marched into Kyoto and exiled Ashikaga Yoshiaki, formally ending the rule of the Muromachi shogunate regime in Japan for more than 230 years and beginning to seize the central power.
  • Regime fragmentation
Warring States Time in the daimyo territory goods Economic development , businessmen, farmers Economic power Growing stronger, but the feudal division, division and melee not only destroyed Agricultural production Increasing the burden of farmers, and because of the barriers between countries, currencies and System of quantities It's not uniform. It's blocked Commodity circulation . Therefore, farmers and merchants are opposed to separation and desire unity. In the face of the peasant uprising and the struggle of the citizens, the feudal lords also tried to concentrate their forces, eliminate the dissenters, and establish a national central power.
In the middle of the 16th century, the great name of the Warring States, with such ambition and power, was Kanto Kitjo's , Kamisugi , midland Takeda, Asakura, China (Shanyin, Addison Two lanes) are available Maori Four countries Changzong our Ministry But actually holding the initiative is a smaller daimyo, Oda Nobunaga of Ojang (Aichi Prefecture). Owari It is located in advanced agriculture Thick tail plain ( Nagoya Regions), the old forces are weak, Small yeoman The class is developed. Oda Nobunaga, while enriching economic strength, strengthened political and military power and implemented" Separation of soldiers from agriculture "Policy will lead the country namesake The samurai were organized into their own vassals and formed a standing army with rifles and lashers. He adopted the strategy of making friends at a distance and attacking near and near, and destroying each other. In the 3rd year of Yongrok (1560 AD) in Ojang's bucket Gakujian (today Aichi-ken Toyoake City southwest) to attack to defeat 10 times the strength of the enemy guardian Daimyo Imagawa Yiyuan. In order to consolidate the rear, Nobunaga ceded Imagawa territory to the daimyo Matsudaira Ieyasu of Miogawa (southern Aichi Prefecture). Tokugawa Ieyasu He then eliminated the lords of Mino (Gifu Prefecture) who stood in his way of taking Kyoto Saito Ryuki , build Kifu Castle It becomes the military town of Oda. The Muromachi shogunate, who had lost power in Nagroku 11 (1568 AD), and the emperor both asked Nobunaga to invade Kyoto and restore the position of the imperial court and the shogunate. Nobunaga then borrow to establish Ashikaga Yoshiaku shogun In the name of the government, led the ministry to Beijing, seized power.
In the 12th year of Nagoru (1569 A.D.), Oda forced the Free City boundaries to submit. At this time, agriculture developed Kinki Kazukai, Kyoto, Nara All the rich cities are in his hands. His rifle team was an unrivaled force, turtle Two years later (1571 AD), the fortress of the conservative forces was burned down Yanli Temple ; Two years later, he forced Ashikaga Yoshiaki, who was dissatisfied with his puppet position and attempted to unite with some daimyo against Oda, to surrender and remove him from his general position. The Muromachi shogunate Perish.
Antu Momoyama era situation map
There were two fundamental reasons for Oda's victory: First, it recognized the existence of parasitic landlords who collected land rent from small farmers, so that the Oda army was able to leave its home base for a long period of conquest politics. The second is the acquisition of rich areas around the province. They also acquired new weapons such as rifles and cannons to ensure military victory. In addition, Oda focuses on the Warring States period Social contradiction - The popular movement from below to break the feudal system and the Lord movement from above to strengthen the feudal system, in the form of victory of the latter.
Oda brutally suppressed the peasant uprising in the process of unification. From 1571 to 1574, he suppressed the uprisings in Ise Long Island and Echien, killing tens of thousands of people. Tianzheng 8 years (AD 1580) captured Honwon-ji He also sent Shibata Katsuka (1530 A.D. - 1583 A.D.) to put out the Kaga uprising, and at the same time, continued to fight against the daimyo of various countries. In the 3rd year of Tensho (1575 AD), he allied with Matsudaira Ieyasu and defeated the strongest daimyo in central Japan at Nagashino (in the territory of Mikawa) Takeda Katsuri In total, the armies of 26 countries were pacified. Tianzheng 4 years (AD 1576) in the lake Biwa near the river An earth built Azuji Castle As the base of rule. Tenzheng 10 November (AD 1582), the national unification was just around the corner, but on June 2 of that year, he was in Kyoto Bengenji Under one's command Mitsuki Was forced to set himself on fire. The reasons for wise light show's rebellion are varied, such as the resentment of Letter long, the ambition to seize the world, and the protection of the court. [3] Recent historical records suggest that Nobunaga may have attacked daimyo, who was close to Mitsuxiu Long had my ministry Yuan kin Caused by. The change of Instinct Temple It was a setback for Japan's modernization movement.

Momoyama period

  • Hideyoshi is in power
In the tenth year of Tien Zheng (1582), The change of Instinct Temple Explosion, Nobunaga died. Oda Shigi Hideyoshi Hashiba Defeat successively Mitsuki and Shibata Katsuya He established himself as his heir. After that, Hideyoshi passed by Four kingdoms expedition , The Nine States Expedition , Battle of Odawara Gradually unify Japan, end of story Warring States Period . Later, he was given the surname "Toyotomi" by the emperor, and was given the post of "Guan Bai". Since Hideyoshi's center of power is near Kyoto peach Mountain city (" Fushimi "), so Toyotomi Hideyoshi The era is known as the Momoyama Era. The origin of the word Momoyama is due to the 9th year of Yuan and 1623. The Tokugawa shogunate He ordered the city to be abandoned as a military city, and planted many peach trees on the city Edo period Scholars call the Toyotomi Hideyoshi period the "Momoyama period".
After the death of Shin long, the unification of the cause for the ministry Hideyoshi Hashiba (1536 AD - 1598 AD) inherited. Hideyoshi was the son of a farmer in Okaguni (present-day Aichi Prefecture), and served Oda Nobunaga from an early age with outstanding abilities. In the first year of Tianzheng (1573 AD), he was promoted to daimyo for many battles, and was the right-hand man of Shinchang with Shibata Katsuka and Wise Light Show.
Anto Momoyama era
In 1577, Oda Nobunaga sent his chief general, Hideyoshi Haba (born Kinoshita Fujiyoshiro, because his stepfather's surname was Kinoshita) Adopt surname Kinoshita. Later joined the oda family, very appreciate oda family minister Niwa Changxiu And Shibata katsuka's talent, in Oda Nobuchang's approval under the name Yu Chai. After dominating Japan, the emperor gave the surname Toyotomi, which is later) to capture the West Honshu Twelve states (then called China Region). This war with the Ukita family, Maori family (here refers to the big Maori family, is the integration of Maori, Yoshikawa, Xiaohayakawa three family strength) is very close, and Hideyoshi Hashiba frequently asked for help. In the 10th year of Tianzheng (1582 AD), when the change of the instinctive Temple, he was A surname (now Okayama prefecture ) the same as 毛利辉元 (1553 AD - 1625 AD), after hearing the news, he made peace with Hui Yuan and returned to Kyoto. Yamazaki Hyogo Southwest) battle to defeat wise light show, light show in the defeat near the river on the way was attacked by farmers suicide, from the letter long died 11 days. In the 11th year of Tianzheng (1583 AD), Hideyoshi cut off his enemies one by one, and first launched the Near River The Battle of Base Mountain Eliminate oda home minister Shibata katsuka. And it was built from that year Osaka Castle (now Osaka ), forced the daimyo to leave the territory, along with the merchants of the city to migrate here, using Osaka as his base to dominate the country. 1584 defeated Oda Nobuo and forced Nobuo's Allies, who had taken control of Tokaido, Kai And part Shinano State The Tokugawa Ieyasu surrender. From Oda's house Right of inheritance The war ended, and since Hideyoshi's three masters (Hidenobu Oda) were only three years old at the time and did not have the ability to manage Nobunaga's reign, the hegemony established by Nobunaga was usurped by Hideyoshi Haba. In the same year, Hideyoshi marched into the four States and forced the Warring States daimyo Long Zong I Motokin Surrender the entire territory. [1] [4]
  • Grant the pass white
In the 13th year of Tianzheng (1585 AD), Hideyoshi conquered the last stronghold of the old forces Wakayama Prefecture the Koyansan (Buddhism Shingon School Base areas) and Kii the Kenraji . The same year forced the court to grant him the post of Guan Bai. He was appointed in 1586 Prime minister He was also given the name "Toyotomi" by the emperor. Tianzheng 15 (AD 1587) attack Kyushu, Daimyo Shimazu Yoshihisa Surrender. This year Xiuji built a grand and rich official Qiu in Kyoto Juradie Around the moats, like Palatial garden . He was here in the 16th year of Heavenly Zheng (1588 AD) The queen Yang becomes the emperor Called oda Nobulong second son Nobuxiong, Tokugawa Ieyasu and so on together to perform the emperor's oath of loyalty. [1]
  • National unity
In the 18th year of Tianzheng (1590 AD), Hideyoshi went to Kanto to fight against the Hojo family and surrounded it Odawara Castle That makes northeast The King of IDA Submit, then move north, and pacify Okha. So far the whole country has been unified, Warring States Period That's it. Van Loc Two years later (1593 AD) he ruled the Warring States Period eyi The Matsumae family in the southern part of Hokkaido was subsumed, and the southern part of Hokkaido was formally placed under the territory of Japan. [1]
  • The Battle of men and women
Diagram of the Asahi War
1588, Takaku, Japan Toyotomi Hideyoshi After the basic unification of Japan, in order to appease the domestic samurai dissatisfaction with the unequal distribution of the feudal powers and to weaken the influence of the various vassals. Decided to send troops abroad to gain more land. In order to force Korea (1589 AD), The Philippines (1591 AD), Ryukyu (1593 AD) came to pay tribute, dreaming of ruling China and Korea. He invaded Korea in order to bring the untamed feudal daimyo abroad to stabilize his rule and suppress the resistance of the people. At the same time, it is to satisfy the desires of privileged businessmen and adapt to the predatory nature of primitive capital accumulation.
Hideyoshi's ambition to invade China and Korea had long been known, but it was first made public in the 13th year of Tenjung (1585 AD). Tianzheng 18 (AD 1590) winter he wrote Kings of Korea He openly declared that he would "drive straight into the Kingdom of Ming, change the customs of my dynasty in more than 400 states, and transform the imperial capital into politics in hundreds of millions of years", threatening to force North Korea to surrender and act as a vanguard for invading China. Korea is loyal to Ming China Vassal state Toyotomi Hideyoshi's unreasonable demands were rightly rejected by North Korea. In the 19th year of Tianzheng (1591 AD), he gave the office of Guan Bai to his adopted son Toyotomi Hideji , self-proclaimed "Taihe", set up the camp in Kyushu Faten beach Naguya Prepare for invasion.
In March of the first year of Wenlu (1592 AD), Pai Ukita Hideya for Aggressor troops Chief of staff. He's from a big city businessman Governor Konishi (? - 1600 AD), Kiyoshimasa Kato In the vanguard, nearly 160,000 troops were sent across the sea to fight Busan Land and dispatch Nine ghosts Jialung , Fujido Tako The navy attacked the coast of Korea.
After a long civil war, the Japanese feudal daimyo accumulated a considerable amount of combat experience, and with the concentration of troops, the use of rifles, so the Japanese combat effectiveness is strong. In contrast, North Korea Lee The court is weak, King Lee Yeon He was also an indecisive person, and the internal fighting in the court was so fierce that "people did not know the soldiers for more than 200 years", and most of the more than 300 counties in the country were not fortified. Japanese army Within two months, they had captured Seoul, Kaesong, Pyongyang The three major capitals. By July, Kato's forces had reached the banks of the Tumen River Huining County . Lee retreated repeatedly, fled to Uiju, and expressed his intention to the Ming emperor The Yalu River Take refuge in China. Toyotomi Hideyoshi was dizzy with the victory of the initial battle, and after capturing the capital in May, he shouted that he would move the capital to Beijing Emperor of Japan He ruled China, dedicating 10 "kingdoms" around Beijing to the imperial palace, giving his official salary, giving his subordinates 10 times the original territory, and even ordering Toyotomi Hideji to pass the Tang Dynasty (China), and the Japanese pass by Hideaki Haba Ukita Hideya As, North Korea is handed over to Yuchai Hidekatsu or Yuxi show home rule, arrogance is very arrogant. [1]
At that time, the entire country of North Korea had been lost, and only Ping an road North, near Liaodong Peninsula Realizing that the area around Uiju was not yet occupied by the Japanese army, it would be impossible to liberate Joseon without the help of the Ming Dynasty, Lee sent several envoys to the Ming for help. In addition to sending official messages to Emperor Manli, the Korean envoys credentials In addition, they lobbied the Ming Dynasty's cabinet ministers, Shangshu, attendants, imperial historians, eunuchs, and even expressed their willingness to be attached to the Ming Dynasty, trying to prompt the Ming Dynasty to send troops to aid the Dynasty as soon as possible.
The Ming Army Go to war
At the request of the Korean government, troops sent by the Ming Dynasty to aid Korea have arrived in Korea since July and entered the battle. But the first 5,000 reinforcements attacked in July Battle of Pyongyang causation Deputy commander-in-chief Zu Chengxun Defeat the enemy, vanguard historian Death in battle, defeat in training. The end of December, longitude Song Yingchang and commander-in-chief Li Rusong A second wave of 40,000 reinforcements arrived, and they were launched again in early January 1593 Battle of Pyongyang In a fierce attack on the Xiaoxi Governor's troops entrenched here, the Ming army "all are one in ten", after a bloody day and night battle, recovered Pyongyang, and then liberated Kaesong. Governor Konishi's troops retreated to the capital, and Kato's troops also withdrew from the north. In late January, Li Rusong led his troops to the capital, due to false belief disinformation , the Military Zhi Green hoof House (30 miles north of the capital) in the enemy ambush, started Battle of the Green Hoof Hall Fighting all day long, retreat to Kaesong. But thereafter Li Bu But can successfully break the enemy Longshan pay road, burn its millet.
In February, Li Rusong changed his tactics and in early March burned hundreds of thousands of grain grains in the Japanese granaries at Longshan, forcing them to retreat. The battle held off most of the Japanese army and bought time for the Ming army to raid the Longshan granary. On the 19th, the Japanese army was forced to leave because of a lack of food Seoul Retreat. May Sichuan participation Liu Xian He led 5,000 troops to the aid of the Dynasty and was appointed deputy general. The Japanese retreated to Busan , after that Land battle All of them were concentrated in the four southern provinces of Korea, and mainly in the battle between the Korean King Qin Army and the Japanese army. The Japanese attacked South Korea again in mid-June Jinju City For the second Jinzhou City offensive, the Japanese Army Kiyoshimasa Kato , Nagamasa Kuroda Under the command of Naoki Iida , Zhuang Lin is of one mind , Goto Keji In order to Tortoise shell The car destroyed the city wall, and most of the Japanese army poured into Jinzhou City and captured it. Cherishing general Kim Chun-il died in battle.
Antiwar movement
The Battle of Pyongyang was a turning point for the Japanese from victory to defeat. Hideyoshi's unjust war was unpopular in the domestic army. Portugal The missionary Louis Flores (1532-97), speaking of what he had heard and witnessed in Kitakyushu, said that the people were very disgusted with the recruitment of able-bodied men, which they considered to be tantamount to death. The women were sobbing at the prospect of being forced into widowhood. Unease and sighs filled the land. A prophecy spread that Hideyoshi's conquest would fail and that a rebellion would rise within Japan. Opposition to the war is not limited to Kitakyushu residents, but to the ancient capital Nara , Xingfu Temple After hearing that war mobilization had begun, Handsome, a monk from the monastery, predicted that the war would not have a good result. When the invading army was ravaging North Korean soil, he expressed in his diary "infinite sympathy" for the North Korean people. The peasants refused to accept the army rations and objected War of aggression . Kanto constant land Ibaraki prefecture The peasants refused to accept the army rations, so that the country was about to cross the sea Satake Yoshinobu The army was on the verge of death. In the army, a large number of officers and soldiers and civilians fled and mutinied. According to one data record, the pot Island troops fled from the front line back to 57, these are the main force Combat troops Officers and soldiers, "porter did not count". The desertions were so severe that Toyotomi Hideyoshi had to order the establishment of guard posts (" retentions ") in various places to hunt fugitives. Less than three months after the start of the war of aggression, the Shimazu troops assembled at Heido in Himae refused to cross the sea and mutinied.
After the defeat in Pyongyang, war weariness and anti-war sentiment prevailed in the Japanese army. In a letter to his family, Hamazen Myo Mitsuyoshi, who stayed in the main camp of Nagoya, said: "The Japanese have long wanted to escape from the capital, and they all thought: it is good to be a monk, as long as they can leave one life." I am also looking forward to being able to set foot in my country again while I am alive Fragrant land Even if I drink a glass of hometown water."
At that time, the Japanese morale was not only so, but also more than half of the soldiers were killed (only 53,000 in and around the capital), and food and plants were scarce. plague Popular, Japanese High command Knowing that the capital was in danger, he withdrew from the south of the capital on April 18 and retreated to the southeast coastal area. The Ming army entered the city and divided the pursuit, recovered more than a thousand miles south of the Han River, and the vast majority of the Korean territory was restored.
Make peace tomorrow
In June 1593, due to the loss of the naval battle, the Japanese could not send supplies, coupled with the excessive destruction of Korea, resulting in the epidemic of plague, the local difficult to collect food, and eager to preserve the occupation of the southern four provinces of Korea, so the envoy accompanied the Ming envoy Shen Weijing Peace from Busan to Beijing. In July, the imperial court decreed the withdrawal of the troops for the Japanese tribute, so Li Rusong The army falls back, leaving only Liu Edgewise guerilla Wu Weizhong A total of 7,600 men were guarding the entrance. but The Ministry of Military Affairs Stone star A sense of the Lord and, and then remove Wu Weizhong soldiers, the result is only Liu, he is forced to defend. In September, when King Lee Yeon of North Korea expressed his gratitude to the North for its rescue and restoration, but secretly expressed his dissatisfaction with the exclusion of North Korea in the next Day s peace talks, the Japanese army still occupied four southern provinces of Korea and firmly held the city of Busan. December, Ming Dynasty destiny Governor of Jiliao Gu Yangqian To take charge of North Korea and recall Song Yingchang Li Rusong. Emperor Shenzong ordered the soldiers to withdraw, but at the same time stressed that although the troops were withdrawn, "but the Japanese sentiment is cunning, and the matter can not be quickly concluded."
On May 8, 1593 (the 21st year of Wanli), Toyotomi Hideyoshi met with the Ming Dynasty delegation arriving in Japan at Nagoya. Due to the language barrier, the talks between the two sides are still on Shen Weijing And President Konishi between. Toyotomi Hideyoshi put forward seven "conditions for peace in Daiming and Japan" :
  1. 1.
    After welcoming Princess Daiming as Emperor of Japan;
  2. 2.
    develop Prospecting and cooperation trade ;
  3. 3.
    Ming and Japan Military attache Vow to be good forever;
  4. 4.
    The capital and four roads were returned to Korea, and the other four were ceded to Japan;
  5. 5.
    North Korea sent a prince as a hostage;
  6. 6.
    Return the second Prince of the Korean State and other Korean officials captured;
  7. 7.
    The Korean minister vowed never to betray Japan.
President Konishi and Shen Weijing Knowing that the Ming court would never accept Toyotomi Hideyoshi's seven conditions, it forged the "above table, tabulation He said, "Deep hope to obtain the title of vassal king." Ming Wanli emperor put forward the negotiation and conditions, on behalf of the small west president to Beijing small west such as an said "to heaven and earth God swear, respect these three requirements" after returning home.
  1. 1.
    All Japanese troops were withdrawn from Korea, leaving not a single soldier;
  2. 2.
    Made Toyotomi Hideyoshi King of Japan, but asked for no tribute;
  3. 3.
    Japan and North Korea are making peace. Both countries were subject states of the Ming Dynasty, and Japan could not invade Korea. [5]
  • The Battle of Kyungchang
In 1596, he sent his deputy to Osaka and appointed Toyotomi Hideyoshi as emperor Kings of Japan Toyotomi was very reluctant, but ostensibly still accepted the title of the Ming government, even to Emperor Wanli Imperial mandate In the "thousands of miles of kowtowing, begging inside attached", "Tefeng for the king of Japan" words of inner anger, but can only swallow and accept, the next day also "wearing Ming Dynasty. tiara , in Osaka Castle Give a banquet in honor of Ming Dynasty envoys ". But in fact, it has long been gathering strength to prepare for another attack on North Korea. At that time, Shi Xing, Shen Weijing and others who handled negotiations with Japan also tried to deceive and deceive, and tried to cover up the true intention of Toyotomi Hideyoshi to Wanli Emperor, trying to get away with nothing. Then Toyotomi Hideyoshi will punish the governor of the Konishi, and the Sino-Korean mission deportation . Two years of negotiations broke down completely.
Khanh Chaung In January 1597, Toyotomi Hideyoshi sent 140,000 troops to the North Invasion of Busan. The Japanese launched a general offensive in late July and, after several major battles, approached the capital in August.
Toyotomi Hideyoshi He died in Kyoto on 18 August Fushimi . According to the mandate, the secret does not lose, in the name of show Ji instructs the army to retreat, and strive for the most decent peace. On November 19th, Japanese naval forces In the southeast of the peninsula, Lu Liang Sea surface was intercepted by the Chinese and Korean joint naval forces, launched Wenlu Qingchang Scale of a campaign The biggest naval battle -- The Battle of Luliang . Open testament Dynasty Lieutenant of the Water Division Chen Phosphorous, more than 70 years old veteran Deng Zilong "Fierce spirit", "vigorous attack", unfortunately the boat caught fire, heroic sacrifice. Commander of the Korean navy Yi Sun-shin To rescue Zi long, was also shot dead. By the end of the year, the Japanese Army would gradually withdraw to Japan.
  • End of the age
Toyotomi Hideyoshi died in 1598, due to his settlement Toyotomi Hidei Young, the country once again plunged into chaos. Tokugawa Ieyasu, the most powerful daimyo of the time, used political means to control the center of power in Osaka Castle, causing resentment among most daimyo and Toyotomi civil officials who shared Hideyoshi's position. In 1600, disgruntled daimyo was among the civil servants Mitsunari Ishida Yodaio 毛利辉元 Under the call of the war against Tokugawa Iekang, both sides in Battle of Sekigahara As a result, Tokugawa Ieyasu won a complete victory and became the de facto ruler of the whole country. In 1603 the Emperor decreed it to be General Levy Yi Enter here Edo period . In 1614-15, the Tokugawa Ieyasu defeated the Toyotomi forces in two campaigns. The Toyotomi regime has retired from the stage of history after just 30 years of magnificent bloom.

political

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EDITOR
Once again, the allocation of territory became the criterion of power. The stone was established as a new unit for measuring and evaluating land. One stone is equivalent to about 180 litres of rice. Those who owned land capable of producing 10,000 stone or more of rice were defined as daimyo. There are 18.5 million stones in the national inspection area of Japan (1598 data), and Hideyoshi alone owns 2 million of them. Tokugawa Ieyasu The powerful Daimyo of Nakahonshu (not entirely under Hideyoshi's control) holds 2.5 million stones. Despite Hideyoshi's great power and fear of Ieyasu's, Ieyasu's position is absolutely safe. Hideyoshi tried to undermine the daimyo's interests, such as appointing the Tokugawa family to run it Kanto region And surrounded his new territory with trusted advisors. Osaka-based town He took the wives and heirs of the daimyo as hostages and used his marriage alliances to strengthen feudal constraints. He used the stone system and land checks to redistribute land throughout the country.
In 1590, Hideyoshi declared an end to further class movements or Social status The change, this has increased Peasant class The gap between the class and the samurai (only the latter could bear arms).
In 1591, he had a plan to make his adopted son Hideji an official, and to act on his own Imperial pavilion Act as regent. Before the end of his life, Hideyoshi, in order to balance power, tried to establish some form of government and make it formalize : Five elders (Ieyasu is one of them), vows to Hideyoshi to maintain peace and support Toyotomi. Five practices To formulate daily work guidelines and administrative affairs. The three middle and old, maintain the harmony between the old and the old.

Military affairs

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EDITOR

Oda Nobunaga

Oda Nobunaga whereupon Unified process In order to improve power, the first use Ashikaga The shogun, the successor, used the authority of the emperor.
He creatively invented the legion system, which in its heyday divided the conquered territories into the following legions:
Oda Nobunaga's legion
legion
Army commander
jurisdiction
Headquarters location
Chief general
Nobunaga directly commands the army
Oda Nobunaga
Rule the heartland
Kinjiangguo Azuji Castle
Oda Nobubu , Division light Jia, Sadatsu Murai Mori Nagari, Suya Nagari, Hori Hidemasa Etc.
East Hill Road Front Army
Oda Nobutadaka
Mino , tail Zhang, a letter
Mino Kifu Castle
Takikawa Kazuhiro, Saito Nagryu, Kowata Nobusadaka, Mori Nagako, Kitasao Yoshida, Masayuki Sanada Etc.
Hokuriku Front Army
Shibata Katsuya
Echizen, Echizhong, Noto, Kaga
Echizen State North of the town
Sakuma Morimasa , Sasa Shigasa Maeno Katsunaga, Maeda Rika , Okumura Nagofuku , Kinori Nagimoto Etc.
Shanyang Road Front Army
Hideyoshi Hashiba
Chinese places
Borak country Himeji Castle
Hashiba Hideaga , Kimori, Asano Nagayoshi, Hosokawa Fujitaka , Hiroki Ikeda , Kazuki Kamei , Kazutoya Yamauchi Etc.
Shanyin Road Front Army
Mitsuki
Gyeonggi region
Tamba State Gusanseong
Wise and wise , Saito Rizo , Furrow tail MAO Dynasty Wife wood Guangzhong, wise light zhong and so on
South Sea Road Front Army
Oda Nobutaka
Ise
Ise Kuni Kobe city
Yoshikatsu Okamoto, Yasuyoshi Miyoshi, Ten rivers preservation , Motoaki Takeda , Bee house Ryon, Nine ghosts Jialung Etc.
The Tokaido Front
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Genyuansan
Far river Kingdom Hamamatsu Castle
Tadachi Sakai Ishikawa Suchasa, Hondo Masanobu, Okabe Masozuna, Okuhira Nobumasa, Hondo Tadatsu Etc.
In order to help in the battle, Oda Nobunaga sent to the commanders of the army to send the horses, they were originally the ministers of the Nobunaga family, after sending the commanders can use, but still under the control of the Nobunaga. Later, in practice, sending horses became almost the same as the commanders of the army.
The legionary system greatly improved the combat efficiency, but it was easy to end the big, and buried hidden dangers for the fall of the Oda regime later. [6]

Toyotomi Hideyoshi

Toyotomi Hideyoshi's original number of ministers was not large, and most of those who joined the team of ministers in the process of unification were past colleagues and senior daimyo, and the time of obtaining political power was too short, so he did not create his own shogunate, did not obtain the rank of general, but only in the name of "Seki Bai", the king of the daimyo.
Toyotomi regime Central agency : Under the Guan Bai set up five "pursue", the implementation of government affairs, by Maeda Genyi , Nagamasa Asano (1547 AD - 1611 AD), Masuda Nagamori , Mitsunari Ishida , Nagasu Masayoshi Serve, these 5 people are Toyotomi Hideyoshi single-handedly cultivated confidants.
The appointment of five powerful men named five "big old men" as his policy advisers is undoubtedly a means of conciliation.
Five elders Members of:
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Maeda Rika
Ukita Hideya
毛利辉元
Takayake Kohayakawa (After his death in 1597, by Keisei Kamisugi Instead of)
However, Tokugawa Ieyasu's 2.5 million stones, even more than Hideyoshi, became one of the reasons for the short-lived Totomi regime.
To strengthen centralization Hideyoshi Toyotomi (とよとみひでよし) exercised tight control over the daimyo. He placed his people and his subordinates in important areas, such as his adopted son, Shuji Owari Of Qing Ju, brother Xiu long placed in Yamato's Kooriyama Put Ishida Sansei in the near river Sawa Mountain and so on, so as to put Kinki Consolidate it. At the same time, those unreliable daimyo transferred out of the original territory, such as the original Donghai region Tokugawa Ieyasu, who has a huge power, is transferred to Kanto region In order to prevent the daimyo from claiming independence from the original territory. As a means of keeping tight control over the daimyo, he also ordered the daimyo to keep their wives as disguised hostages in Kyoto, Osaka, and Fushimi, and stipulated that they could not marry without permission. [1]

economy

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EDITOR

Land policy

After the land was concentrated in the hands of the whole country, some of the land was held as a direct territory, and most of the land was given to various names, called Country of knowing and doing (fiefdom), in which the vassal has the privilege of ruling and exercising the state. The amount of land owned at that time was expressed by the number of stones of rice produced. Tianzheng 17 years (AD 1589) of the country paddy Total output It is 15.8 million stone (excluding Iki and Tsushima). In that year, Toyotomi's direct jurisdiction was 46 countries, producing 2 million stone of rice, accounting for more than one-ninth of the total production, and the territories granted to each daimyo accounted for eight-ninth of the total production, among which the largest daimyo Tokugawa The land of rice is about 2.5 million stone, Kamisugi and Maori One million stones each. In terms of land ownership, Toyotomi does not occupy it Absolute advantage But he also has direct jurisdiction over Kai, Kyoto, Osaka , Hakata Such as the most developed commercial and industrial cities Trading port , also control Sado , Shengno gold, Silver ore Therefore, his economic power is far superior to the names.
By great name Knowing and doing system The establishment and nationwide "the people" ( owner-peasant ) Small peasant economy Since then, Japan has formed what Marx called "pure feudalism. Land occupation Organization and a developed smallholder peasant economy ". This single marriage small family - small farmer management than compound large family, home slavery Management is much better, improving the farmers Production enthusiasm . Toyotomi regime The emergence of this small peasant economy should be recognized first.
This small peasant economy was practiced with Hideyoshi Land policy It's inseparable. Oda Nobunaga Soon after his death, Hideyoshi began performing" The imperial Court seized the territory ", Van Loc 3 years (AD 1594) officially stipulated national uniformity Land system : The length of a room that was not uniform in the past was set at 6 feet 3 inches, and the length of 960 steps was changed to 300 steps. The fields are divided into upper, middle, lower, lower and lower four levels, each stipulated Standard yield The number of stones, that is, the upper field is 1.5 stone, the middle field is 1.3 stone, the lower field is 1.1 stone, and the lower field is specified separately; With the standard rise "Beijing rise" "unification of different regions of the old rise. Collected at two-thirds of the standard volume of stone Annual tribute . Try to implement the principle of "one place, one person". The above is "Tai Ge Land inspection "The main content. Toyotomi Hideyoshi The implementation of the inspection is very firm, and the implementation of the local" cinnabar (License stamped with red general's seal) clearly instructs: whether it is the Lord of the city. The tuhao or the common people, who dare to resist the prosecution, all killed, even the whole township or two townships should be so.
The Imperial Court is here Separation of soldiers from agriculture In the institutional aspect, a great land reform aimed at the formation of an army was also a fundamental denial of antiquity feudalism That is, the great cause of the system of power (hereditary private collar). Because skill is the strongest form of private ownership of land, and Taihe inspection land is the ability to collect for public, based on the Lord's country, the national territory is concentrated in the hands of Xiuji, even the old family minister Knowing and doing All belong to the "grace collar" given by Hideyoshi.
At the same time, in the year of Tianzheng 16 (1588 AD), Toyotomi Hideyoshi issued the "Knife Order" on the pretext that the casting of the giant Buddha needed to use a nail saw, and confiscated the "Sword Order" owned by the people. longsword , broadsword , bows and arrows, long guns, rifles and other weapons." In the month following the order, 1,013 long swords, 1,540 waist swords, and 160 spears were confiscated in Kaga Enuma Prefecture alone. Carry out Katanagari It is the fear that the peasants "possess unnecessary weapons, and once they are unable to pay the tribute, they are bound to launch an uprising." At the same time, it is also for the smooth progress of land inspection, and through it to achieve the purpose of "separating soldiers and peasants". Tianzheng 19 (AD 1591) August Totomi The "Identity Control Order" was issued to further clarify the policy of "separating soldiers from farmers" to establishing a separate system. This prohibited the conversion of peasants into samurai, forced farming, and even if the daimyo territory changed, the peasants were not allowed to leave the village without permission, and the peasants were bound to the land. It was also stipulated that craftsmen and merchants were not allowed to change their occupations. The samurai, on the other hand, lost their native character and had to move with the Lord, living under the daimyo and becoming professional soldiers who suppressed the people. In this way, the (military) officers are Ruling class The "four people" feudal hierarchy of farmers, workers and businessmen as the ruling class was established. [1]

Commercial and industrial policy

The centralized and unified policy of the organization and abundance regime is also clearly reflected in the field of commerce and industry. In order to promote the development of commerce and prosperity of the city, Oda Nobunaga once stipulated that" Rakuichi "," Raku "Of the system. This is Daimyo of the Warring States Period The already adopted policy was further promoted by Oda in the construction of Cheongju, Gifu Safe soil, etc town It is stipulated that this item must be added to any ordinance for the town. In June of the 5th year of Tenzheng (1577 AD), he formulated 13 articles of the Rakuichi Rakuza Order for the town of Yasuchi Shihachi.
The basic content of the order is to deny the privileges of the "seat", reward businessmen to settle here, exempt Civil engineering The burden of corvee, to eliminate the "moral government" of the uneasiness, to ensure public security, exemption House tax Let's wait. Toyotomi Hideyoshi also inherited this policy, such as the 13th year of Tensho (1585 AD) to abolish the throne of Kyoto grade The right to intermediate exploitation was abolished in 1587 Nara , Yamato Koriyama In 1591 AD, he ordered the abolition of the Kyoto and Nara seat organization as a general principle.
however Rakuichi , Raku It does not mean complete freedom of trade. Politically speaking, the idea behind this policy is to remove the business from Tersa Emancipated from the subordinated Lord of the manor, placed under the control of Oda and Toyotomi to ensure commercial interests and strengthen their own power. For example, when Toyotomi built Osaka City, he forced some residents of Kyoto and Japan to move to Osaka. Many cities became prefectures of the Toyotomi family, which did not recognize urban autonomy, and the autonomous organizations of the Machi people were replaced by organs that ruled the city.
Traffic policy and Monetary policy It is also oda, Toyotomi developer Part of industrial policy. Oda abolished it in the 11th year of Yonglu (1568 AD) Sphere of influence Within the checkpoints (" Checkpoints "), the collection of "customs money" is prohibited. This move is not only to combat the establishment of the temple community and the power of the manor Lord, but also to facilitate the free exchange of businessmen and the development of business industry. Toyotomi followed this policy, which ended in 1586 and abolished the national checkpoints. Oda as rectification Traffic facilities Part of it, repairing roads and erecting Bridges, Toyotomi unified 1 mile into 36 towns. Stable currency Is necessary for developer premises, Nobunaga In the 12th year of Yonglu (1569 AD), the "Order on Choosing Money" was promulgated, stipulating that "good money" (good money) and "bad money" (bad money) were "good money" (good money). Base coin ) of Exchange ratio Hideyoshi changed the casting of a unified currency, while developing Shi Mi, Sano And so on Bullion ore . For development Overseas trade In the year of Tianzheng 16 (1588 AD), Xiuji published the book" Piracy order ". In the first year of Wenlu (1592 AD), the" Vermilion boat Trade ", granted to the merchants of Nagasaki and Kyoto with a Zhu seal (Shogunate charter ) for protection. It also unified the system of weights and measures, and some of its provisions have been used. [1]

trade

Momoyama art (1573-1615), named after the hill where Hideyoshi built his castle in Fumi (south of Kyoto), flourished during this period. During this period, there was an interest in the outside world, and the development centered on the metropolis, commerce artisan Rise in status. The ornate castle architecture and interior decoration, painted screens decorated with gold leaves, express the power and wealth of the daimyo. alien Nanman "(i.e., Europeans) became common.
By 1577, Hideyoshi had captured Nagasaki, Japan's main point of contact with the outside world. He controlled various trade groups and tried to regulate all overseas activities. Despite China's refusal to guarantee trade Special right But Hideyoshi managed to get the business envoy there Malaysia , Philippine Islands and Thailand . He did not believe in Christianity and persecuted some missionaries. This may have broken the loyalty of the daimyo.

culture

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EDITOR
Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi The culture of the reign period is commonly known as "Antu, peach Mountain culture ", in Cultural history The previous era was called the "Anto and Momoyama Era" (1573-1603). Land in this day Shiga prefecture In 1576, the city was built here by Oda Beinaga. Momoyama in today Kyoto The southern suburb of Fumi District, in the second half of the 16th century, Toyotomi Hideyoshi held power here for about 20 years, because of the peach trees here, it is called peach mountain. The culture of this era is characterized by a diminished Buddhist influence, a secular nature and reality Prominent.

religion

Fuji Momoyama City
Hideyoshi's Catholic policy was also strengthened centralization As the main theme. Oda Nobunaga used Catholicism to fight against a peasant uprising and gain Trade benefit He adopted a policy of protection against the Catholic Church. Hideyoshi initially adopted the same policy, but when he conquered Kyushu in 1515 (1587 AD), he was shocked to see the strong influence of foreign priests on some of the daimyo in Kyushu and the fact that Nagasaki had become a church territory, and feared to endanger his rule. In particular, fearing that the spread of Catholicism among the peasants might lead to the same consequences as the Tsusong Uprising, Nagasaki was immediately annexed to the territory, Catholic missionary work was banned, and foreign priests were expelled from the country. Although he banished the missionaries, he recognized the people's faith in Catholicism and allowed the Portuguese to trade. Until the first year of Qing Chang (1596 AD), a Spanish ship drifted to Tosa The coast, Hideyoshi noted Western countries With the ambition of invading Japan through missionary work, 26 missionaries and Japanese believers were executed in Nagasaki. This was the beginning of the suppression of Catholicism in Japan.
Hideyoshi's policy also fanned xenophobia by using the idea of the so-called "Godnation," claiming that Japan and everything in it was created, grown, and protected by God. The Catholic injunction of the year 17 (1587 AD) said, "Japan is the kingdom of God, not allowed. Catholic country "People from Catholic countries take the Japanese as disciples and destroy shrines. Buddhist pavilion This is unheard of in previous generations." In 1591, Hideyoshi wrote to the Governor of the Portuguese East Indies: "China is the kingdom of God, and God is the root of all things."
Nobunaga After a series of wars of conquest, Xiuji ended the chaotic situation of the Warring States, realized the unity of the country, and destroyed the manor system, which followed Japanese economy Cultural development They all make a big difference. As historical figures, they are the murderers of the suppression of the people, but at the same time, they are still feudal military strategists and politicians.

unit

In terms of architecture. Former Buddhist temples and shrines were newly built The Great Feudal Lord the City wall The temple was replaced. In style, the left and right symmetrical structure in addition to shrines, Buddhist pavilions, are excluded, but the use of asymmetric, labyrinthological structure. its representativeness Buildings are long Azuji Castle Hideyoshi's Juradie , Osaka Castle , Fushimi and Himeji Castle Let's wait. Azu City was built in the 4 years of the Yuan Turtle (1576 AD) near the river, that is, the east bank of Lake Biwa, Building scale It's huge. It has seven storeys on it Tenshou Pavilion (watchtower), all floors of rooms and columns are used Gold leaf The decoration, now destroyed, only the temple at the foot of the mountain is still preserved. Julodi is Hideyoshi Jae Kyoto The palace was built in 1587 AD, but was completely destroyed in 1595 AD, and most of the buildings were moved to Fushimi City. Sai Ben-wish Temple Flying cloud Pavilion, etc. Osaka Castle Osaka east area Baba Built in 1583 AD, it is about 12 kilometers around, with high stone walls and deep rivers, and has grown in scale. The city of Fumi is here Kyoto City Fushen zone East Fujian Mountain, built in 1594 AD, was later The Edo shogunate Damaged, part of the building moved to Datoku Temple, West Benwish Temple. These were military fortresses, and contained the mansions and halls of the great feudal lords. The academy-style palazzo was called the "House", and the interior was luxuriously decorated with golden paintings on the partitions and walls. with Tea ceremony The popularity of... teahouse ( Sukiya Buildings also developed. Teahouse architecture is characterized by simplicity, quietness and narrowness. Generally, it takes nature as the background and is embedded in nature, reflecting the idleness and simplicity Tea ceremony spirit .

painting

In terms of painting. The paintings of this period are very secular, and there is no Buddhist color in the subject matter. They mostly depict flowers, flowers, natural scenery and social customs, which shows the painter's concern for life. But it can also be seen that many of the paintings are not ordinary flowers and animals, most of the paintings are symbols of auspicious birds and beasts. For example, the Tang Lion Screen shows the authority of Kings. The front of the academy and the upper floor of the Tianshou Pavilion are generally painted with images of ancient Chinese sages. plebeian Genre painting It is also very popular, which means that the common class is gradually becoming stronger and occupying the cultural sphere. When Buddhism was in decline, Confucianism As a result, paintings with Confucianism as the theme became the mainstream of this era. In form, to "and Han fusion" of ink painting, its representative painting school is Kano Masanobu initiatory Tano school . In order to Mitsunobu Tosa founder Tosa school The main painting Yamato-e But it has been lost Heian period As for the purity of Yamato painting, the tone of ink painting is aggravated, and there is a tendency to be influenced by the Kano school. The Kano School painters of Momoyama period were: Kano Eitoku , Kano Sanraku Hunting wild mountain snow. And then there's the greatest painter of the Momoyama era Hasegawa et al .

drama

The drama. As the people of the town grew up, popular drama sprang up in the city. As mentioned above, rapping Niu Wakaru Kazu Clear glaze The ancient clear glaze of the Hime story appeared as early as the late Muromachi period, when it was developed in conjunction with puppetry. In addition, as a unique form of Japanese drama, it is still kept alive kabuki It was by this era a kabuki Izumo Koku The founding.

Tea ceremony

During the Momoyama period, the tea ceremony, which was closely associated with samurai and Machi people, was very popular. Tea ceremony was advocated by the Imiming Zen monk in the early Muromachi period and spread among samurai. By this time the merchants of the city of Boundary Senrikyu [7] Set its great achievements, eliminate forms, develop attention to the spirit (and respect for silence, Tea and zen ) of "Tuo tea" interest. [1]

The chronology

broadcast
EDITOR
time
potentate
Hegemonic challenger
The strongest
1568-1573.
Oda Nobunaga
Takeda Shingen , Asakura Yoshikei Etc.
Takeda Shingen
1573-1578.
Kenobu Uesugi , 毛利辉元 Etc.
Kenobu Uesugi
1578-1582.
毛利辉元 The power of the imperial court
Oda Nobunaga
1582-1583.
After the death of the letter long, the family ministers fight for the world
-
Hideyoshi Hashiba (Hideyoshi Toyotomi)
1583-1590.
Toyotomi Hideyoshi (Hideyoshi Hashiba)
Shimazu Yoshihisa , Tokugawa Ieyasu Etc.
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
1590-1598.
The whole country has been unified.
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
1598-1603.
Toyotomi Hidei (Power in name only after 1600)
Tokugawa Ieyasu (de facto ruler after 1600)
Tokugawa Ieyasu
[1]
Hit the road
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