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Gerhard Fritz Kurt Schroder (German: Gerhard Fritz Kurt Schroder) was born in Germany on April 7, 1944
North Rhine-Westphalia
Mosenberg, Detmold, politician, 33rd Chancellor of Germany,
German Social Democratic Party
Former party chairman.
[13]
Gerhard Schroeder studied law at George August University in Gottingen in 1966. He became a lawyer in 1976. On 13 May 1990, he was elected as the new state Chancellor of Saxony. On 27 September 1998, he was elected Chancellor of Germany after winning the 14th Bundestag election. On 12 April 1999, he was elected Chairman of the Social Democratic Party. He became Prime Minister on 22 October 2002. On 17 November 2003, he was re-elected as Chairman of the Social Democratic Party.
[20]
On 6 February 2004, he resigned as chairman of the Social Democratic Party. On 21 November 2005, he announced his retirement from politics. In March 2006, he was elected Chairman of the Supervisory Board of the Nordic Gas Pipeline Construction Company. In 2022, participate in resolving the Russia-Ukraine crisis.
[4]
Gerhard Schroder, as leader of the SPD, changed the traditional democratic socialist line and proposed a "new centrist policy".
[24]
At home, Schroder embarked on reforms. In the first term, he adopted relatively moderate reform measures and put forward an economic revitalization plan, which achieved certain results. In his second term, he promoted a package of reform programs, "Agenda 2010", which focused on reducing welfare and reducing the burden on the state, but caused great opposition and eventually led to his resignation.
[40]
In foreign policy, follow America's lead
War in Afghanistan
While still upholding national interests and adhering to the friendly policy of the former Kohl administration, he visited China in May and November 1999 and in 2001, December 2002 and December 2003.
[23]
Overview diagram source
[19]
- Chinese name
- Gerhard Schroeder
- Foreign name
- Gerhard Schroder
- nationality
- Germany
- Date of birth
- April 7, 1944
- Graduate School
- University of Gottingen
- occupation
- statesman
- Major achievement
- 33rd Chancellor of Germany (1998-2005)
- Place of Birth
- Detmold, North Westphalia, Germany
- Have faith in
- Christianity
- Representative works
- The Choice: My Political Life
Schroeder's parents
In 1958, Schroeder entered a China shop as an apprentice
[34]
Standing behind the counter of a grocery store in Lemgo selling China.
[32]
In 1961, Schroeder entered a retail shop as an apprentice.
[34]
In 1963, Schroder joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).
[34]
In 1966, after finishing night school and high school, Schroeder began working at the University
University of Gottingen
Study law.
[34]
In 1971, Schroeder passed the first state examination and received his diploma.
[34]
In 1969, Schroeder was elected president of the youth wing of the SPD, the Federation of Young Socialists of the Gottingen Region of the SPD, but lost the election in 1970.
[34]
From 1978 to 1980, Schroder was president of the Young Socialists of the Social Democratic Party.
[34]
In 1980, Schroder was elected as a member of the Social Democratic Party
Lower Saxony
The capital
Hanover
Representative of the constituency, elected to the German Bundestag.
[33]
In 1984, Schroder became the SPD chairman of Lower Saxony.
[34]
In 1986, Schroder was elected to the Social Democratic Party
Lower Saxony
A leading candidate in the state parliamentary elections, he also entered the SPD Federal Council as one of its leaders. He served until 1990
Lower Saxony
Chairman of the Parliamentary Group of the Social Democrats.
[34]
In 1990, the SPD won elections in Lower Saxony, and Schroder became chancellor, winning three consecutive state elections until March 1998.
[34]
On 17 April 1998, Schroder was officially nominated as the party's candidate for federal chancellor at a special congress of the Social Democratic Party. On September 27, Schroder won the 14th Bundestag election in Germany, defeating the president who had been in power for 16 years
Helmut Kohl
Chancellor, who became the new Chancellor of Germany, was sworn in on 27 October of the same year.
[18]
In February 1999, 104 days after the Schroder government came to power, the SPD was trashed in an election in the central German state of Hesse, losing its majority in the Bundesrat.
[18]
In March,
Oscar lafontaine
Losing a power struggle with Schroder, he resigned as finance minister and chairman of the Social Democratic Party. Schroder was officially elected on 12 April as the eighth post-war leader of the SPD.
[18]
In the 2002 German Federal election held on 22 September 2002, the red-green coalition won another four-year term for Schroder.
[18]
In February 2004, Schroder resigned as chairman of the SPD to focus on the reform process in Germany
Franz Mintefering
Take over as chairman. Because Schroder's reform program failed to gain popular support, the SPD was largely defeated in regional elections across the country.
[18]
On 22 May 2005, when the SPD was upended by the CDU in a state election in the traditional stronghold of North Rhine-Westphalia, Schroder quickly declared that he would accept his unpopularity and "pave the way for a new federal election as soon as possible", first passing a motion of no confidence in him personally in parliament. In accordance with the Constitution, early federal elections are called for the dissolution of parliament by the president. The request for early elections was passed, and in the early general election held on September 18 of the same year, although Schroder led the Social Democratic Party quite successfully to retain and reverse the support of some voters, continuously recovered the public opinion rate, and further obtained a large number of votes beyond the estimate of the prior survey institutions in the final election, it was still not enough to reach the majority with the Green Party and continue to govern. In the subsequent multi-party coalition negotiations, gradually lost the initiative, and eventually the Social Democratic Party and the main competitor CDU and
Christian Social Union
Form a grand coalition, elected by the other side
Merkel
As Prime minister. In October, Schroder announced that he would no longer serve in the Cabinet, and that he would retire from politics in November.
[14, 15]
After leaving office in December 2005, Schroder became the world's largest producer and exporter of natural gas
Gazprom of Russia
Chairman of a gas pipeline construction project, he leads a board of directors that is fully involved in strategic decisions in all areas of the company's activities.
[17]
On February 5, 2022, Schroder was nominated as a member of the Supervisory Board of Gazprom.
[3]
On March 10, 2022, Schroeder was entrusted by the Ukrainian government to Moscow, the Russian capital, for talks with Russian President Vladimir Putin on the situation between Ukraine and Russia.
[5]
On May 17, 2022, Germany's ruling coalition began to reduce the staff of former Chancellor Gerhard Schroder, but retained his security force. The reason is that Schroeder refused to resign from several management positions at Russian state-owned companies despite the war in Ukraine.
[7]
On May 20, 2022, Schroder resigned from the board of Directors of Rosneft.
[8]
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Reform party
Under the leadership of Schroder, the German Social Democratic Party in accordance with the requirements of theoretical adjustment and governing policy adjustment, the organization of the party, the way of propaganda and the relationship with the German trade unions were reformed. Through these reforms, the German Social Democratic Party has established a broader social and political foundation, the age structure of party members tends to be reasonable, and the German Social Democratic Party has made the democratic atmosphere stronger after discussing various theoretical issues. In terms of propaganda, the German Social Democratic Party learned to make full use of the power of the media to achieve the purpose of propaganda, and Schroder was good at communicating with the media. His good image in the media attracted a lot of votes for the German Social Democratic Party in the general election. The German Social Democratic Party has made a lot of achievements in the adjustment of party governing theory and policy, and is evaluated as a model to solve the challenges of globalization within the framework of the national system.
[27]
In his first year in office, Schroder became known as the "media chancellor," earning a moderate image by occasionally resorting to negotiations to finalize personal decisions. After several cabinet reshuffles, the opposition
Christian Democratic Union
in
Bundestag
Schroder's style is sometimes subject to abrupt changes in the mandate of the chancellor's office. But Schroder's eight years in office have divided the SPD with a series of reforms. People who split from the Social Democrats joined the left. This dispersed the votes of the Social Democratic Party, resulting in some elections after the government, and always have a certain gap with the CDU in the election, but also make it difficult for the Social Democratic Party to regain power.
[28]
-
Reform package
Schroeder has appeared on the cover of Time magazine several times
On October 16, 2003, the lower house of the German Parliament passed the two main bills of the Schroder Economic reform program, labor welfare reform and tax reduction. According to the law, Germany will implement a total of 15.5 billion euros in 2004 personal income tax reduction plan, while reducing the long-term unemployed welfare subsidies to stimulate them to accept low-paid jobs; To help pull Germany out of a three-year recession. In order to win parliamentary support, Schroder made significant changes to the original plan before the vote and threatened to resign if the plan was not passed.
[11]
-
Tax reform
The main task of Schroder's tax reform is still to cut taxes. When Schroder came to power, he proposed more specific tax cuts. He divided the tax cuts into three phases: the first phase, starting in 1999, amounted to about DM 14 billion; In the second phase, from 2000 to 2001, further tax cuts totalled DM 16 billion; In 2002, the third phase, tax cuts totalled DM 14 billion. At the same time, tax reform cannot be all about tax cuts. In order to achieve fiscal balance, there must be a corresponding revenue increase plan. Therefore, corresponding to Schroder's revenue raising plan, the reform plan aimed at increasing tax revenue came into being. They mainly include the following four aspects: First, increase the basis of tax accounting; The second is to increase the ecological tax collection, and increase the amount of tax; Sell or auction assets owned by the state; Fourth, some tax subsidies will be reduced. Through the implementation of the above reform measures, Germany in the process of carrying out what is known as the largest tax system reform in its history, the national tax revenue did not fall but rose.
[24]
Among Schroder's tax cuts, the biggest reform was the personal income tax. The policy stipulates that the part of German personal income tax exempt income will be increased from €61,500 to €67,500, and the minimum tax rate will be gradually reduced from 22.9% to 15% by 2005, while the top tax rate will be gradually reduced from 53% to 42%. The German tax cuts alone amount to €30bn to €40bn a year.
[26]
The reform increased the income of the lower income class, and some high income earners who had emigrated due to high tax rates returned to Germany. Along with the tax cuts, the tax system has been simplified. Under Schroder, Germany also sharply reduced its corporate income tax rate, bringing the overall corporate tax burden down to roughly the same level as the United States, Japan and other countries.
[25]
-
Welfare cuts
On March 14, 2003, Schroder announced that he would reduce state welfare and promote a sense of personal responsibility, requiring everyone to do their part. In the years that followed, Agenda 2010 overhauled post-war Germany's labor market and social welfare system. Schroder said in his government statement that the goal of the reforms was to return Germany "to its leading position in economic and social development in Europe." To achieve this, as well as "more economic growth and more jobs", Germany needs the appropriate framework conditions.
[21]
The centrepiece of the 2010 agenda has been labour-market reform from the start. Unemployment benefits linked to wages are only available for a maximum of 12 months. Unemployed people over the age of 55 can receive Category 1 unemployment benefits for up to 18 months. After the expiration of the first period of unemployment benefits, people can continue to receive "unemployment benefits", which has been completely abolished and replaced by "second period of unemployment benefits". "Second class unemployment benefits" are no longer linked to pre-unemployment wages, but are paid on demand: recipients cannot own more than a certain amount of property, and must disclose their property status, including family savings and deposits of minor children. Agenda 2010 also stipulates that no legitimate job is too demanding for Category 2 recipients, even if the job pays very little and the recipient's educational qualifications far exceed the job's requirements. If people do not accept jobs, Class II unemployment benefits will drop 30 percent for the second consecutive month. The way of finding work has also changed dramatically since 2003, when the former Labour Bureau became the Labour Department, which, together with the Welfare Bureau, established the "Joint Work Agency". In addition, Agenda 2010 relaxed laws protecting against dismissal, giving businesses more room to hire temporary workers.
[21]
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Educational reform
On June 13, 2001, Schroder delivered a speech on education in the German Parliament, calling for a comprehensive reform of the current German education system to provide equal access to education for every child of different family backgrounds and economic status. Schroder attaches great importance to early childhood and preschool education to lay a good foundation for their future learning; The age at which German children start education should be appropriately advanced; The school should teach students according to their aptitude according to their different circumstances; Attach importance to students' quality education and cultivate their learning ability. He also urged states to work with the federal government to establish 10,000 full-time schools across the country. He said that the German government has increased its investment in education in recent years, and the government budget for education and research is as high as 9 billion euros.
[12]
Under Schroder's efforts, Germany's education funding increased, whole-day schools were promoted, and the student loan system was adjusted. The reforms also put more money into childcare facilities.
[21]
-
summarize
Schroeder led the German Social Democratic Party in diplomacy, emphasizing the idea of getting rid of the historical burden, achieving diplomatic normalization, and highlighting the interests of the German nation, which received wide support from the German people. The policies introduced by the German government to ease the pressure of foreign immigrants have been effective. Schroder's government made great efforts to strengthen Germany's political leadership in the European Union, develop the triangular relationship between Germany, France and Britain, and the diplomatic strategy of adopting British law also achieved practical results. At the same time, the Social Democratic government made efforts to develop relations with major countries in the world, the United States, Russia and China, and also won a relatively good diplomatic environment for Germany. In particular, the Social Democratic government was widely praised for its firm opposition to the Iraq war.
[27]
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Relations with the United States
Schroder has appeared on the cover of The Economist several times
Although Germany and the United States share basic values and security interests, they are generally united and cooperative, especially at critical moments. Schroder came to power in October 1998 and quickly "aligned" himself politically and militarily with the United States. On March 24, 1999, the United States-led NATO launched an air campaign against Kosovo. At this time, the Schroder government said, Germany s role has changed and it cannot shirk its responsibility. Therefore, Schroder changed the policy of "self-restraint" pursued by Germany, and under the promotion of public opinion of "normalization" of foreign policy, directly sent four bombers to participate in the first air attack on the South. And for the first time, a German general has become commander of the NATO "peacekeeping" force in Kosovo, which includes the United States, Britain and France. "That sunny morning in New York on September 11, 2001, showed us that the threat to world peace had reached a new level," Schroeder said. After the war in Afghanistan broke out, Schroeder chose to send troops anyway.
[9]
In 2003, the United States prepared to go to war with Iraq. After careful consideration, Schroeder decided against attacking Iraq without conclusive evidence of terrorist links to the Middle Eastern country. Schroeder wrote, "I have made up my mind to resign rather than compromise. Our refusal to fight in Iraq cannot be changed."
[9]
Schroder refused to provide any military support for the war in Iraq.
[31]
His opposition led to political friction between the United States and Germany, symbolizing the end of Germany as America's most important and close partner after World War II.
[30]
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Relations with Europe
European Union policy and North Atlantic Alliance policy have always been the two pillars of German diplomacy. After the Schroder government came to power, it made a careful analysis of the internal and external environment of Germany, believing that under the condition of globalization, the interests of Germany and the EU have been closely linked, and the process of European integration is not only related to the prosperity and stability of Europe and the security and development of Germany, but also related to the success or failure of Germany's efforts to win the status of a major political power in the world. Therefore, the Schroder government attaches great importance to EU policy. In view of Germany's pivotal position in Europe, the EU policy of the Schroder government has and will continue to play an important role in the process of European integration.
[29]
During the Schroder years, Germany's relations with some European countries became strained; For example, Austria,
Czech Republic
Spain and Switzerland. But during its time in office, Germany has also developed a smooth relationship with Russia and moved closer to France, which also supported and opposed the US war in Iraq.
[29]
Under his leadership, Germany also played the role of anti-war and historical reflection, yes
Nazi Germany
Schroder solemnly promised that Germany would "take this historical responsibility seriously." "It seems to me that Germany has a special responsibility to commemorate the pain and suffering that Nazi Germany inflicted on other peoples," Mr. Schroeder said.
[42]
In 2004, Schroder was invited to attend the 60th anniversary of the D-Day landings, becoming the first German chancellor to do so. Schroeder believed that Germany had made amends for the second world war and did not need to dwell on the past, and his invitation to attend the D-Day commemoration ceremony "shows that the post-war period is permanently over".
[41]
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Relations with China
Before taking office, Chancellor Schroder said that he would seize the opportunity to increase dialogue and develop relations with China. Since taking office, he has always regarded relations with China as a priority in Asia. He and Chinese leaders stressed that they view and handle bilateral relations from a strategic height with an eye toward the 21st century.
[22]
Schroeder said: "To overcome these major international challenges, we need China. It is clear to all who know China that we can only achieve this goal through cooperation and mutual trust. In Germany, the opportunity for us to contribute to China's opening up and modernization has not been fully exploited. Of all the European countries, Germany can make the biggest impact."
[2]
Schroder has visited China six times in his seven years in office. For many years, Germany has been China's largest economic and trade partner in Europe, and in 2002, China became Germany's number one trading country in Asia. Schroeder pointed out that the German-Chinese relationship is not a general relationship, but a heart-to-heart relationship.
[2]
[22]
胡锦涛与施罗德
On December 30, 2002, the Academic Degree Evaluation Committee of Tongji University discussed and approved, and the Academic Degree Committee of The State Council approved and decided to grant Chancellor Schroeder an honorary doctorate degree.
[36]
Schroder visits Shanghai
Tongji University
When, at the certificate ceremony by the headmaster
Wu Tu
He was awarded an honorary doctorate from Tongji University, which was the first time he received an honorary degree from a foreign university in Germany.
[35]
German Chancellor Gerhard Schroder was awarded an honorary doctorate at Tongji University [36]
German Chancellor Gerhard Schroder was awarded an honorary doctorate at Tongji University [36]
On October 25, 2006, the German publishing house Hoffmann Kempe published Schroeder's memoir "Choice: My Political Life", in which Schroeder reviewed some major events experienced by the Red and Green Coalition in the seven years of government, summed up the successes and failures, and elaborated on some issues that have caused controversy in Germany in recent years.
[9]
When Schroeder was born on April 7, 1944, his father was fighting on the front lines of World War II and was killed in Romania a few days later. As a World War II orphan, Schroeder never knew his biological father. It wasn't until 2001, when he got a black-and-white photo of his father in military uniform, that Schroeder saw his father for the first time. During the famine years after the war, Schroeder's mother carried him and his sister through the most difficult times alone. Schroeder grew up working in the fields after school. The hardships of the family made Schroeder precocious and began to bear the burden of the family at a young age.
[37]
Schroeder was often quoted as regretting that he had no children of his own until 2004. Doris had an ex-husband named Clara
(born in 1991)
When not in Berlin, the German capital, the Schroders lived with Clara
Hanover
In an ordinary house. To fill this gap, Schroder was in Russia at the end of August 2004
City of St. Petersburg
A kindergarten adopted a little girl. The girl's name is Victoria.
[13]
In 1968, the 24-year-old Schroeder and childhood sweetheart Eva Schumacher first married, but after marriage, Schroeder felt that life was very different from what he had imagined, and he was extremely unfit. Their marriage lasted only three years.
[34]
In 1972, at the age of 28, Schroeder married a 24-year-old schoolteacher, Anne Taschenmacher, and they were married until 1981.
[13]
[34]
In 1984, Schroder chose his third wife, Hiltrude. After her marriage, Hiltrude's fame grew. Schroeder thinks she's out of her depth. Cracks began to appear in the relationship.
[13]
Schroder finally could not stand Hiltrude's stubborn, extreme and critical personality, and on September 25, 1997, Schroder and Hiltrude were officially divorced by the court.
[34]
On the evening of January 4, 1996, Schroeder met Doris Kopf, a blonde journalist for Focus magazine, at the Palace Hotel in Frankfurt. Two people have been talking late into the night, feeling regret to meet each other. In the summer of 1997, Doris and her 6-year-old daughter moved in with Schroeder
Hanover
A place to live. In October, he married Doris 22 days after his divorce from Hiltruth. Unlike Hiltrude, Doris has great respect for her husband and never interferes with his work.
[13]
She has a strong personality, intelligence and determination. After her marriage, she followed tradition and gave up her career as a journalist, which she loved, to become a full-time housewife and support her husband and children at home.
[34]
In 2018, Schroder announced his marriage to Kim So-yeon, 26 years his junior, after the breakup of his fourth marriage. Kim So-yeon, 47, is the Seoul representative of the Economic Development Bureau of the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia and a Korean translator for Schroders.
[6]
Among German politicians, Schroder's English is not very good. His English has a strong German accent and he can't break
A clear fricative sound
(English th sound)
Followed by
Cloudy gingival fricative
(English z sound)
Replace it. He once pronounced "Thepartyisgood" as "Zepartyisgoot" and became the subject of a German television show. At a press conference before the election, Schroder even ungraciously asked an American journalist to ask questions in German because his "English is not good."
[39]
After leaving office in 2005, Schroeder immersed himself in learning English at an 18th-century house in Montgomery, Wales, in order to communicate with international clients. During his seven years as chancellor, Schroder made no secret of his poor English skills.
[38]
He also booked a two-week crash course in English in London in early December 2006.
[39]
During the famine years after World War II, Schroeder lived a difficult life but continued to struggle. Once, the debt collector forced the door, Schroeder gently arms his mother, said: "Mom, you wait, one day, I will use the Mercedes to pick you up!" This promise was finally fulfilled in 1990. Mr. Schroder, who had been elected governor of Lower Saxony, drove his mother from a three-bedroom apartment in Paderboyn in a silver-gray Mercedes to celebrate her 80th birthday.
[37]
Shortly after graduating from high school in 1957, Schroeder became an apprentice retailer. The life of the shop assistant, so that he personally experienced the treatment of people without money and power. In this China shop, Schroeder once said a famous phrase that later became well-known in Germany: "I must get out of here!" Schroeder finished high school by taking night classes and entered the law department at the University of Gottingen in 1966.
[37]
In 1980, Schroder was elected to the German Federal Parliament. The young Social Democratic member of Parliament had another classic legend during this period: one night Schroder and some fellow members of Parliament were drinking beer and passing the Chancellery, he shouted through the iron door: "One day, I want to be the master of this place!"
[37]
Franz Mintefering
Schroder's seven years in office will always be remembered for two important decisions: his bold start on long-delayed economic reforms and his overwhelming opposition to the US war in Iraq. You want Germany to be a peaceful, self-confident country that lets us decide for ourselves what we do on the international stage... You have written a new chapter in the history of this country.
[14]
Horst Koehler
(Former President of Germany)
From the beginning of his chancellorship, Schroder facilitated the Federal Army's overseas combat mission with NATO partners to stop the humanitarian tragedy in Kosovo. The introduction of the euro and the enlargement of the European Union have made Europe closer and stronger, and Germany has thus made an active and important contribution to world peace and freedom. Schroeder recognized that increasing global competition and our country's aging population required a new policy. Schroder pushed through the drafting of the 2010 reform agenda with great political courage and dedication, and withstood enormous pressure. This policy, which aims to transform our country, will surely be a boon to Germany. Schroder threw his political weight behind it.
[14]
Ulrik Bosch
(Female reporter for Star Weekly)
Schroeder is strong and resolute, sometimes bordering on cold. Some people say that if he
(J. Schroeder)
If it was the Titanic, it would be the iceberg. Schroeder's life has been bumpy, many big ups and downs, and no one has ever experienced so many "brilliant victories and bitter defeats in a short period of time like him, but more importantly, whether he wins or loses, he is amazing." He was the "star of hope" of the Social Democratic Party, but both as president of the Young Socialist Party and later in his political career, he was always marginalized, so he became more and more distant from the party, and gradually became like his predecessor Chancellor Kohl, in dealing with his party, "prefer to ask forgiveness after the fact, rather than ask consent." He actually overcame his own party before he overcame his political opponents. He had become cynical after years of being shunned, with a sneer of contempt always on his lips, and the Pope had become the only person in the world who could inspire him with awe. He makes no secret of his lust for power.
[16]
