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Republic of Tajikistan (
Tajik
: Ҷ y um ҳ y m tipҷ y m) m m,
English
: The Republic of Tajikistan), abbreviated as Tajikistan, is located in
Afghanistan
,
Uzbekistan
,
Kyrgyzstan
and
China
In between, yes
Five Central Asian states
Median uniqueness
Main nationality
The non-Turkic country is also the smallest of the five Central Asian countries in terms of land area,
Population 10.36 million (as of March 2024)
[16]
, a total of 86 ethnic groups, of which
Tajik nationality
About 80%,
Uzbek nationality
Accounting for 15.3%, Russians accounted for 1%, the land area of 143,100 square kilometers, the country is divided into 3 states, 1 district and 1 municipality.
In the 9th and 10th centuries, the Tajik nation was basically formed. 13th century by the Mongols
Tatars
Conquer. In 1868
Russian Empire
Annex.
[1]
Established in 1929
Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic
And join
The Soviet Union
, become
Soviet republics
One of them. It became independent on 9 September 1991
Presidential system
.
[1]
Tajikistan's economy is relatively weak and undiversified. The year 1991
Collapse of the Soviet Union
After the political and economic crisis and years of civil war, the Tajik national economy suffered serious damage. Since 1997, the economy has gradually recovered, and since the beginning of the 21st century, a new currency has been issued and the national financial system has been stabilized and improved
Collective Security Treaty Organization
,
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
NATO's Partnership for Peace program,
Organization of Islamic Cooperation
,
Shanghai Cooperation Organization
,
Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia
Member state
[12]
In 2022, Tajikistan's gross domestic product (GDP) was 115.7 billion somoni (about $11.57 billion), an increase of 8% year-on-year.
- Chinese name
- Republic of Tajikistan
- Foreign name
-
The Republic of Tajikistan
(English)
Ҷ y 'er ҳ y 'er 'er threshold ҷ y 'er threshold threshold (Tajik) - Abbreviated form
- Tajikistan, Tajikistan
- continent
- Asia
- capital
- Dushanbe [1]
- Major city
- Dushanbe
- National Day
- September 9, 1991
- National song
- " Anthem of the Republic of Tajikistan "
- Country code
- TJK
- currency
- Somoni, Tajikistan
- Time zone
- UTC+5
- Political system
- Presidential republic
- National leader
- Emomali Rahmon (President) , Kokir Rasulzoda (Prime Minister)
- Population number
- 10.36 million [16] (as of March 2024)
- Population density
- 68.1 people/km2 [9] (2020)
- Major nationality
- Tajik nationality
- Major religion
- Islam [1] (Sunni)
- Land area
- 143100 km² [1]
- Water area ratio
- 1.8%
- Total GDP
- About $11.57 billion (2022)
- Per capita GDP
- $897 [1] (Year 2021)
- International telephone area code
- 992
- International domain name abbreviation
- .tj
- Road access
- Drive on the right
- Leading institution
- Slavic University, Huzhande University, etc
- Calendar method
- Gregorian calendar
- Legal system
- Civil law system
catalogue
- 1Historical evolution
- 2Natural environment
- ▪Regional location
- ▪landform
- ▪Drainage distribution
- ▪Climatic characteristics
- 3Natural resources
- 4Administrative division
- ▪regionalization
- ▪Major city
- 5National symbol
- ▪flag
- ▪National emblem
- 6Population nationality
- 7political
- ▪regime
- ▪constitution
- ▪congress
- ▪government
- ▪judiciary
- ▪Political party
- ▪dignitaries
- 8economy
- ▪industry
- ▪Farming and animal husbandry
- ▪Service industry
- ▪Finance and finance
- ▪foreign trade
- ▪finance
- ▪Foreign capital
- ▪Foreign aid
- 9culture
- ▪Festivals
- ▪Language
- ▪religion
- ▪custom
- 10Military affairs
- ▪policy
- ▪Land force
- ▪Air force
- 11traffic
- ▪summarize
- ▪highroad
- ▪railway
- ▪Air freight
- 12society
from
The Western Han Dynasty (206 B.C.)
to
The Western Jin Dynasty (536-597)
and
Tang Dynasty
The Tajik region belongs to China's territory.
In the 9th and 10th centuries, the Tajik nation was basically formed. In the 9th century, it was established
The Samanid Dynasty
, appoint the capital
Bukhara
.
Tajik
National culture, customs and habits are formed in this century-long historical period.
Map of Tajikistan
In 1868, parts of the northern Fergana and Samarkand provinces were annexed to Russia, while the southern Bukhara Khanate became a Russian vassal.
From November 1917 to February 1918, the Northern region was established
Soviet power
Join the Tukman Autonomous Republic. It was proclaimed in 1920 after the Bukhara People's Revolution
Bukhara Soviet People's Republic
. On October 14, 1924, the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was established
Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic
. It was established on 16 October 1929
Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic
It was added on December 5 of the same year
The Soviet Union
.
On 24 August 1990, the Tajik Supreme Soviet adopted the Declaration of the Sovereignty of the Republic. It was renamed the Republic of Tajikistan at the end of August 1991; On September 9 of the same year, the Republic of Tajikistan declared its independence and designated that day as the independence day of the Republic. Joined on 21 December
The Commonwealth of Independent States
.
[12]
Tajikistan is a landlocked country in southeastern Central Asia (between 36°40 'and 41°05' north and 67°31 'and 75°14' east) with an area of 143,100 square kilometers. The territory is mountainous, accounting for about 93% of the land area, known as "high mountain country". It borders China's Xinjiang to the east and southeast (430 km border, Dushanbe is 1009 km from the Chinese border), Afghanistan to the south (1,030 km border, Dushanbe 185 km from the Afghan border), and Uzbekistan to the west (910 km border, Dushanbe 185 km border). The capital Dushanbe is 70 km from the Uzbek port to the west) and is connected to Kyrgyzstan to the north (630 km from the border and 368 km from the border city of Karamek).
[3]
[12]
Located in the mountains, the territory of mountains and plateaus account for 90%, about half of which are above 3,000 meters above sea level, known as "high mountain country".
[1]
Mountainous areas account for 93% of the total area. More than half of the area is more than 3,000 meters above sea level, and less than 7 percent of the land is arable.
Pamir Plateau
Ismail Somoni is the highest point in the country at 7,495 meters above sea level. When the glaciers and snow on the mountains melted, they formed flowing rivers. Boreal
Tianshan mountain system
The middle belongs to the Gisar-Altai Mountain system, and the southeast is the ice-covered Pamir Plateau, the highest is
Communist peak
It is 7,495 meters above sea level. To the north is
Fergana Basin
On the western edge, there are Wahsh Valley, Gisar Valley and Pench Valley in the southwest.
[2]
Megalinea
Aral Sea
Water system, mainly
Syr
,
Amu Darya
,
The Zeravshan River
,
The Wahsh River
And the Finnegan River and so on. Water resources are considerable. Lakes are mostly found on the Pamir Plateau.
Kara Nuur
The largest, a salt lake, is 3965 meters above sea level.
[2]
Tajikistan is typical
Continental climate
There is more rain and snow in winter and spring, and less rain in summer and autumn, with annual precipitation of about 150-250 mm. The average temperature in January is -2 ° C, while the average temperature in July is 23 ° C -30 ° C. The highest temperature in summer can reach 40℃, and the lowest temperature in winter is -20℃.
[12]
Tajikistan is rich in water resources, accounting for about 60% of the entire Central Asia, ranking eighth in the world, and the per capita ownership ranks first in the world, but the development amount is less than 10% of the actual. Its main source of water
glacier
There are three main water systems, respectively
Amu Darya
River basin,
The Zeravshan River
Catchment sum
Syr
The river basin. There are four rivers with a length of more than 500 kilometers, and 15 rivers with a length of 100-500 kilometers. There are mainly Eminem -
Pench
(921 km), the Zeravshan River (877 km),
The Wahsh River
(524 km) and Syr River (110 km). There are many lakes in the country, the largest of which is Kelakum Lake (i.e
Kara Nuur
Known as the "Tajik Sea"), the highest lake for the Chapdara Lake (4529 meters above sea level), is also the highest lake in the CIS.
Tajikistan is rich in mineral resources, there are more than 50 kinds of known minerals, which have been proved to be waiting for development
Mineral deposit
More than 600. In the metal mineral resources, silver, antimony, lead, zinc, gold, etc. are the country's superior mineral resources, silver, lead, zinc, uranium and other mineral resources in Central Asia reserves occupy the first place.
[13]
Proven to have lead, zinc, bismuth, molybdenum, tungsten, antimony, strontium and gold, silver, tin, copper and other precious metals, oil and gas and stone salt, boron, coal, fluorite, limestone, colored stone, gems and other 50 kinds of minerals, including 30 gold mines, the total reserves of more than 600 tons;
Silver ore
It is mostly associated with lead and zinc, with reserves of nearly 100,000 tons, and has the world's second largest silver mining area, namely the Great Kanem Mansur Silver mining area;
Antimony ore
It leads the CIS and ranks third in Asia, after China and Thailand. Tajikistan
Lead zinc ore
Reserves occupy a dominant position in Central Asia, 90% of the domestic mineral deposits are distributed in the northern Ferghana basin near the Kalamazar mining area, only the big Kanem Mansur and Arden-Topkan two mining areas have proved more than 1 billion tons of lead and zinc reserves.
Tin ore
It is mainly distributed in the Zeravshan Valley and southern Pamir, with preliminary proved reserves of 20,000 tons.
Tajikistan has a total of 140 mining materials for building materials, 40 of which have been mined, and many of the reserves can be maintained for 20-25 years or even longer, providing a raw material guarantee for the production of bricks, inert materials, ceramic gypsum, panels, cement and other building materials.
Tajikistan has reserves of 113 million tons of oil and 863 billion cubic meters of natural gas, 80% of which are located in the southeastern region of Tajikistan and the remaining 20% in the northern region, but cannot be effectively developed. The reasons are as follows: first, the resources are buried deep, mostly below 7000 meters; The second is the lack of strategic investors. As a result, more than 95% of its oil and gas is imported.
In addition, Tajikistan
Coal resources
Relatively rich, found a total of 40 coal deposits and mineralization shows that there are 21 officially registered, coal types of lignite, bituminous coal, coking coal and anthracite, etc., the predicted total reserves of about 4.598 billion tons, of which 5.15 million tons of anthracite reserves, coking coal reserves of nearly 1.3 billion tons.
[12]
coke
The quality and reserves are the highest in Central Asia, the grade is up to 80%, the combustion value is higher than 9100 calories, coal
Sulfur content
Small, 0.1-2%, its reserves of nearly 1.4 billion tons, is an indispensable fuel for refining high-quality metals, mainly distributed in the Aini District. tower
anthracite
Ranked second in the world by quality grade, reserves of 5.15 million tons. Tower coal
Open pit mining
Mainly, good mining conditions.
[14]
The country is divided into 3 states (provinces), 1 district, and 1 municipality:
Gorno-badakhshan Autonomous Oblast
,
Saugat State
,
Khatlon
Regions directly under the central government and
Dushanbe City
.
[2]
Monuments in Huzhand, capital of the northern state of Sauga
Other major economic centers are:
Huzhan City
, Pokhtar,
Khorog
The main industries are processing, mining and agriculture.
[12]
Flag of Tajikistan
Coat of Arms of Tajikistan
10.01 million (as of January 2023). There are 86 ethnic groups, of which about 80% are Tajiks, 15.3% are Uzbeks, and 1% are Russians. In addition, there are Tatars, Kyrgyz, Ukrainian, Turkmen, Kazakh, Belarusian, Armenian and other ethnic groups.
[1]
After Tajikistan declared its independence on September 9, 1991, the political situation in the country continued to be unstable due to intensifying conflicts between various political, religious and local interests. In May 1992, armed clashes broke out between militias organized by the opposition and the government's National Guard, and the situation eased after Nabiyev decided to make concessions to the opposition. November 1992, in
Russia
,
Uzbekistan
With the help of other countries, the capital of Tajikistan has basically restored order. In December 1992, heavy armed clashes took place between the SDF and the Gisar militia in Dushanbe. On 16 February 1994, the United Nations Mission in Tajikistan was formally established with a mandate to monitor the military and political situation in Tajikistan, but not to interfere in the internal affairs of the country. In 1997, as a result of the negotiations, Tajikistan reconstituted power, disbanded the armed groups of the opposition, granted amnesty to those who had engaged in civil war and political confrontation, guaranteed the return of refugees and lifted restrictions on political activity. In January 1998, the opposition announced that it was temporarily withdrawing from the National Reconciliation Commission because the Government had not taken any action to implement the agreement between the two sides. In February, Rakhmonov appointed some members of the opposition as cabinet ministers. On 31 March 2000, after two and a half years, the National Reconciliation Commission of Tajikistan ended its historic mission and announced the suspension of its activities following the successful holding of presidential elections in the country.
[3]
Tajikistan's political situation was turbulent after independence. Unitary presidential system, civil war broke out in March 1992. On June 27, 1997, under the mediation of the United Nations, Russia, Iran and other countries, President Rahmon and the head of the United opposition, Nuri, signed the General Agreement on Peace and National Reconciliation in Tajikistan in Moscow, beginning the process of national reconciliation.
On 26 September 1999, a referendum was held to amend the constitution, including the preservation of a secular state, the establishment of religious political parties, the introduction of a bicameral parliament, and the seven-year presidential term.
[4]
On 26 September 1999, Tajikistan adopted a new constitution by referendum, amending the constitution of November 1994. The new constitution provides for the establishment of a secular, democratic and rule of law state in Tajikistan; Implement a presidential system; The President is the head of State, Head of Government and commander in chief of the armed forces and is directly elected by the people for a term of seven years. A constitutional amendment passed in a referendum on 22 June 2003 provided for a new presidential election to be held on 6 November 2006, with the new president serving one consecutive term of seven years. In May 2016, the constitution was amended again through a referendum to allow President Rahmon to serve an indefinite term. At the same time, the minimum age for presidential candidates was lowered from 35 to 30.
[12]
Parliament of Tajikistan
It is called "Magilisi Oli", meaning the Supreme Assembly, a bicameral parliament, which is the highest representative organ of the state and the legislature. The Upper house is called "Magilisi Mili", which means House of Peoples, and the lower house is called "Magilisi Namoyandagon", which means Assembly of delegates. The Upper House consists of 33 members, 25 of whom are indirectly elected by the state, city, and district people's congresses, and eight of whom are appointed by the President for five-year terms. The main functions of the Upper House are: to determine, amend and abolish the administrative divisions of the state; On the proposal of the President, the President and Vice-presidents of the Constitutional Court, the President and vice-presidents of the Supreme Court, the Attorney-General and Deputy Attorney-General are elected and removed.
The Lower House is composed of 63 members, 41 of whom are elected by voters in geographical constituencies and 22 elected by parties that receive more than 5% of the vote in party elections for five-year terms. The main functions of the House of Commons are: to form electoral and referendum committees; Submit a draft law to a referendum; To approve the national plan for economic and social development; To approve the acquisition and issuance of state loans; Approve presidential decrees, etc. On March 1 and March 27, 2020, Tajikistan held the sixth elections for the lower house of Parliament and the Upper House of Parliament respectively, with Mahmadur Dzokirzoda elected as the Speaker of the lower house.
Rustam Emomali
Elected Speaker of the House of Lords.
[12]
The highest administrative organ of the State, exercising the executive power of the Republic of Tajikistan.
Kosher Rasulzoda
He is the Prime Minister (A. P.).
[1]
Government agencies include the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Defense, Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Economic Development and Trade, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Transport, Ministry of Energy and Water Resources, Ministry of Industry and New Technology, Ministry of Culture, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Labor, Immigration and Employment, National Security Commission, National Investment and State Assets Management Commission, National Security Council, Ministry of State Investment and State Assets Management National Land Administration and Geodesy Commission.
[12]
Including the constitutional court (dean maher ma jose madoff М. М а х м д о kind guide), the Supreme Court (dean's abdullah, Н. А б д л л а е kind guide), the Supreme Court (dean nazarov, zlatan ibrahimovic, o А. Г о и б н а з а р о kind guide), military court (dean jose ji about, С. Г и ё е kind guide), the general procuratorate (the attorney general, give salim, zadar, Ш. С а л и м з о д а), military procuratorate (military prosecutors, changsha kurban, Ш. К р б а н о kind guide) and local courts and procuratorates.
[4]
In early August 1999, shortly after the United Opposition disbanded, the Ministry of Justice officially lifted the ban on the activities of opposition political parties. The constitutional amendment approved by a referendum on 26 September included provisions allowing the establishment of religious political parties, with eight main parties:
【
People's Democratic Party
Formerly known as "People's Party", it was founded on December 10, 1994, and changed its name to "People's Democratic Party" in June 1997. Its programme is to unite the healthy forces of society to actively participate in the administration of the state, develop a national economy based on diverse forms of ownership, improve the lives of the people, guarantee the rights and freedoms of citizens, and build a sovereign, democratic, rule-of-law, secular and united State. Its priority tasks are to consolidate national reconciliation, develop a democratic society, carry out profound political, economic and social reforms, devote itself to the building of the rule of law and political culture, attach importance to the development of the national spirit, resolutely combat crime, terrorism and illegal drug trafficking, and oppose all forms of extremism, including political, cultural, regional, ethnic, racial, regional and religious forms, Establish friendly, equal and mutually beneficial relations, safeguard national interests, and develop economic, political and cultural cooperation with all countries and international organizations. There are about 460,000 party members, and branches have been established in major cities and districts across the country. It won 50.4% of the vote in the 2020 election and holds 12 seats in the lower house of Parliament. President Rahmon has been chairman of the Party since April 1998.
[12]
The Communist Party was founded in 1924. After the "August 19" incident in 1991, it was renamed the "Socialist Party" on September 21 of the same year, and the original name was restored on January 19, 1992. Its objectives are: to unite on a voluntary basis representatives of all social strata aiming at free and equal socialism and communism, to make creative use of the achievements of Marxism-Leninism and other ideas of social progress, and to defend the interests of the vast majority of the working people. Carry out reforms aimed at consolidating state, collective and private ownership and other forms of ownership, establish a socially oriented market economy, give priority to the development of energy, transportation and high and new technologies, increase employment, narrow the gap between the rich and the poor, improve people's livelihood, and guarantee human rights, freedom and all-round development. We should respect social equity and diversity, ensure that workers enjoy equal rights to work and social welfare such as free education and medical care, and eliminate the exploitation of one another. We will safeguard national sovereignty and independence and actively develop mutually beneficial cooperation with the international community. The party participated in the elections for the lower house of the Tajik Parliament in March 2020 but failed to gain seats. The party has more than 45,000 members, and the chairman is Shabdorov, who has been chairman since 1991.
[12]
The Socialist Party was founded in June 1996 and currently has about 22,000 members. We advocate social equality, protect human rights, especially the rights and interests of middle - and lower-class workers, and oppose the exploitation of others. Promote the establishment of a country under the rule of law, strengthen democracy, improve the national economy, strive to get out of the economic crisis, improve people's living standards, carry out personnel policy reform, safeguard social justice, and combat corruption. It respects the history and cultural traditions of all ethnic groups in Tajikistan and advocates national unity and common development. In August 2004, the party split into the "Narziyev faction" and "Gafarov faction". The pro-authorities "Gafarov faction" was allowed to register at the Ministry of Justice, chaired by Abdulhalim Gafarov. The "Nardiyev faction", represented by Mirhossein Nardiyev, has so far failed to gain legitimacy. In the elections for the lower house of the Tajik Parliament held in March 2020, the Socialist Party won 5.15% of the vote and 1 seat in the lower house of the Parliament.
[12]
The Social Democratic Party was founded in March 1998. The concept is "rationality, justice and development", advocates the promotion of social equity, the rule of law, the establishment of a strong democratic state under the rule of law, the implementation of a multi-party system, through constructive cooperation with the current regime to ensure the stable development of social democracy and political and legal reform, respect and protection of human rights and freedoms, emphasizing the guarantee of transparency in the state administration and cadre selection system, Promote a socially oriented market economy, consider religious institutions inappropriate for political participation, and oppose religious radicalism. We stand for strengthening national and national defense security and creating a favorable international environment for democratic development in Tajikistan. There are currently about 7,500 party members, President
Rahmatulo Zoyrov
. Branches have been established in some cities and districts in central Tajikistan. The party participated in the elections for the lower house of the Tajik Parliament in March 2020 but failed to gain seats.
[12]
【
Economic Reform Party
It was founded in Dushanbe in September 2005 and registered as a legal political party with the Ministry of Justice of Tajikistan on October 28 of that year. The current party membership is about 31,000 people, mainly composed of university teachers, economic experts and scholars and small and medium-sized entrepreneurs, Chairman Olimzhong Boboyev. The party stands for increasing the role of industry in the national economy, efficient use of mineral and energy resources, vigorous development of small and medium-sized enterprises and private enterprises, strengthening the competitiveness of Tajik products, achieving economic growth, resolving the imbalance in regional development, and ensuring that the people enjoy their due life and free development; We will significantly improve the quality of officials and the efficiency of government work, oppose privatization of land, and propose that the state allocate and use land resources rationally. The party won 16.6% of the vote and 4 seats in the elections for the lower house of the Tajik Parliament in March 2020.
[12]
The Democratic Party was founded in August 1990. Its purpose is to establish a democratic society in Tajikistan without regard to race, ethnicity, language or religion, to guarantee the freedom of citizens and their political and economic rights, and its fundamental task is to actively participate in the administration of the State through the Party's representation in state institutions, to achieve full political, economic, military and cultural independence of the country, and to promote the unity of the State of Tajikistan and national reconciliation, We will support the establishment of a market economy in which diverse forms of ownership coexist. In 1992, the party joined forces with the Islamic Nahda Party to oppose the government, which was outlawed at the start of the civil war, and its main leaders fled abroad. In September 1994, it split into the pro-government "Tehran faction" and the anti-government "Almaty faction". In 1999, the Tajik Ministry of Justice lifted the ban on the party's activities. He participated in the February 2005 elections for the lower house of the Tajik Parliament but did not win a seat. In April 2006, a pro-regime "Fatherland" group was formed within the Democratic Party, headed by Masood Sobirov, which was approved by the Ministry of Justice during the presidential election, re-registered and recognized Soo as the legitimate chairman of the party. The struggle for power between the two factions continues. At its peak, it had more than 16,200 members and currently has about 8,000 members. The party participated in the elections for the lower house of the Tajik Parliament held in March 2020, receiving 5.1% of the vote and 1 seat.
[12]
【
Agricultural party
It was founded in Dushanbe on October 1, 2005 and registered as a legal political party with the Ministry of Justice of Tajikistan on November 15, 2005. The party's programme is to build civil society, guarantee social justice and human rights and freedoms, oppose localism and separatism, and safeguard national unity and reconciliation. It advocates the establishment of a socially-oriented market economy, emphasizes the strengthening of national economic independence and food self-sufficiency, and believes that agriculture should be a priority area of the national economy to receive full state support, improve the output and quality of agricultural products, support the development of small and medium-sized enterprises engaged in agricultural product processing, and improve the living conditions of farmers. He called for the improvement of national land policies, rational use of land resources, and sustainable agricultural development. At present, there are about 55,000 party members, mainly composed of government agricultural officials, agricultural experts and researchers, and representatives of farmers. In the elections for the lower house of the Tajik Parliament held in March 2020, he won 16.6% of the vote and four seats. chairman
Rustam Radhivzoda
.
[12]
Pres.
Emomali Rahmon
(Emomali Rahmon). He was born on 5 October 1952 in Dangara town, Kulyab Oblast (now Khatron Oblast), of Tajik nationality. 1971-1974 in the former Soviet Union
Pacific Fleet
Serve. He graduated from the Department of Economics, Tajik State University in 1982. From 1988 to 1992, he was the director of Lenin Farm in Dangara District. In 1990 he was elected Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of Tajikistan. In 1992, he was elected Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Soviet of People's Deputies of the Kuryab Region, and on November 19 of the same year, he was elected Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Tower. On 6 November 1994, he was elected President by referendum. He was re-elected three times on November 6, 1999, November 6, 2006, and November 6, 2013, and won the presidential election on October 11, 2020, winning re-election with 90.92% of the vote. The term of office is seven years. He is married with nine children.
premier
Rasulzoda
(Kokhir Rasulzoda). Born on 8 March 1961, he became Prime Minister of Tajikistan on 23 November 2013.
Speaker of the Upper house of Parliament
Rustam Emomali
. Rustam Emomali, the eldest son of the current President of Tajikistan, Emomali Rahmon, was born in December 1987 and graduated
Tajikistan State University
Department of International Economic Relations. He has been the mayor of Dushanbe since January 2017 and previously served as chairman of the Tajik Customs Department and head of the anti-corruption Bureau.
[10]
Rustam Emomali also holds a military rank and is one of the youngest generals in the CIS region.
[10]
Rustam Emomali was elected Speaker of the Upper house of the Tajik Parliament on April 17, 2020 local time, becoming the "number two person" in the country's politics.
[10]
Speaker of parliament
Shukurchung Zuhurov
. Born on September 17, 1954 in Panchi District, Kurgan Tyube Prefecture, Tajik nationality. He graduated from the Moscow Institute of Land Planning and Engineering in 1976 and from the Russian Institute of Management in 1992. From 1976 to 1979, he worked in the Land Planning Department of the Agricultural Administration Bureau of Kurgan Qiube. From 1979 to 1986, he successively served as instructor, director and secretary of the Central Committee of the Youth Agricultural and Industrial Division of the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League. In 1986, he was appointed Chairman of the District Committee of Tagong Chingabad. In 1990, he was appointed Chairman of the Tasmania National Cadre Training Committee. He was Minister of Labor and Employment from 1993 to 1998. From 1994 to 1997, he was also a member of the Tajik National Reconciliation Commission and Chairman of the Commission's Sub-Committee on Refugee Issues. From 1998 to 2005, he served as Governor of Penchi District of Tahatlon State and deputy Director of the Presidential Administration. He was elected to the lower house of Parliament in 2005. From 2006 to 2010, he was the Minister of Labor and Social Security of Tajikistan. He was elected Speaker of the Lower house of Parliament in March 2010. He is married with five children.
[4]
In 2023, Tajikistan's gross domestic product (GDP) exceeded 130 billion somoni (about $11.864 billion), an increase of 8.3% year-on-year. In 2023, Tajikistan's foreign trade volume reached 8.3 billion US dollars, a year-on-year increase of 13.9%. Major trading partners are Russia, China, Switzerland, Kazakhstan.
[1]
[16]
In 2020,
Tajik Aluminum Company
Production of raw aluminum 84,000 tons, a decrease of 16.6%; exit
Aluminium product
About 87,000 tons, worth about $136.2 million, accounted for 9.68% of Tajikistan's total exports during the same period. 2020, Tajikistan
run-of-coal
Production reached 2.03 million tons, basically the same as the previous year. 2020, Tajikistan
Crude oil
Production was 24,500 tons, an increase of 5.0%.
[12]
The TAJIK ALIUMINIUM COMPANY was built and put into use in the former Soviet Union, and after the independence of the tower the aluminum production of the enterprise constituted the country
Pillar industry
In the tower economy in an absolute leading position.
[14]
In 2020, the total output value of agriculture and animal husbandry in Tajikistan is 33.62 billion somoni (about 3.26 billion US dollars), an increase of 8.8%, of which the output value of plantation is 23.88 billion Somoni, an increase of 8.2%. The output value of animal husbandry was 9.738 billion somoni, up 10.7% year on year.
[12]
Tajikistan's trade in services is still in its infancy. In 2020, Tajikistan's total trade in services amounted to $272 million, of which $139 million was exported and $133 million was imported. The main industries include: metal raw material processing, railway transportation, road transportation, air transportation, hotel services, postal services, mobile phone services, foreign affairs management services, etc. Major service trading partners include: Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkey, China, Uzbekistan, the United Arab Emirates, Germany, India, etc. In 2020, the total service trade between China and Tajikistan will reach 26.731,200 US dollars, of which 1.914,400 US dollars will be exported to China and 24.816,800 US dollars will be imported from China.
[12]
As of December 31, 2011, the accumulated external debt was $2.124 billion, or 32.8% of GDP. The main national banks are: National Bank, Agricultural Investment Bank, Eastern Bank, Foreign Economic Bank, savings Bank, Reconstruction and Development Bank, etc. At the end of 2011, the gold foreign exchange reserves were 802 million US dollars.
[5]
According to the Statistics Office of Tajikistan, in 2020, Tajikistan's total foreign trade amounted to $4.558 billion, an increase of 0.8% year-on-year. Among them, the export volume was 1.406.9 billion US dollars, an increase of 19.8%; The volume of imports was US $3.159bn, down 5.9% year-on-year.
In 2020, Tajikistan's main trading partners are Russia (US $974 million, 21.4% of total foreign trade), Kazakhstan (US $910 million, 20%), Switzerland (US $696 million, 15.3%), China (US $473 million, 10.4%), Uzbekistan (US $334 million), and Kazakhstan (US $974 million, 20%). 7.3%) and so on. China is Tajikistan's fourth largest trading partner.
Tajikistan's export products have a single structure, mainly precious stones and semi-precious stones, mineral products, textile materials and products, base metals and products. Tajikistan imports a large number of commodities and a wide variety, mainly mineral products, machinery and equipment, chemical products, means of transport, base metals and their products, food crops, food, etc.
In 2020, Tajikistan's import trade volume totaled $315.09 million, an increase of 5.9% compared with 2019. The main source countries of imported goods are: Russia (29.6% of total imports), Kazakhstan (24%), China (13.9%), Uzbekistan (7.9%), Turkey (3.8%), Germany (2.9%), Belarus and South Korea (1.7%), Japan and Iran (1.5%), India (1.3%) The United States (1.2 percent), Kyrgyzstan (0.9 percent), Ukraine and Afghanistan (0.8 percent).
[12]
The Tajik currency is Somoni, for
Freely convertible currency
. The National Bank of Tajikistan is the central bank of Tajikistan. As of March 31, 2021, there are 69 credit institutions in the banking system of Tajikistan. The insurance industry in Tajikistan is in its infancy, with 19 insurance companies.
The Tajik stock market is in its infancy, in October 2015, Tajikistan announced the establishment of its first stock exchange, and construction began in early 2016. As of May 2021, there are no companies listed on the stock exchange.
[12]
According to the World Investment Report 2021 released by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), in 2020, Tajikistan will attract foreign investment flows of 107 million US dollars; By the end of 2020, Tajikistan's stock of foreign investment stood at $3.129 billion.
Foreign investment is mainly invested in road repair, energy development, precious metal mining and processing, food processing industry, and the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. At present, the key areas for attracting foreign investment in Tajikistan are the construction of hydropower stations, the repair of roads and tunnels, the renovation of communication networks, the exploitation and processing of mineral resources, and the processing of agricultural products.
[12]
According to the data released by the Ministry of Finance of Tajikistan, in 2020, international financial organizations provided a total of $342 million in financial support to the Tajik government, including $189.5 million in concessional loans from the International Monetary Fund, $102.5 million in free assistance from the Asian Development Bank, and $50 million in loans from the Eurasian Development Fund. These funds are mainly used to pay wages, improve social welfare, increase the budget of the health sector, target assistance to the socially vulnerable groups, repay loans and guarantee the development of priority areas of the economy.
According to Tajik statistics, in 2020, Tajikistan received a total of US $55.8 million in humanitarian aid from 62 countries and regions, with a total of 22,500 tons of aid materials, including flour, vegetable oil, medicine, medical equipment and vehicles. Major donors include China, Russia, Uzbekistan and Turkey.
[12]
New Year: January 1;
The Festival of Naurus
(In Farsi and
Turkic-speaking countries
Chinese New Year) : March 21; Day of victory over German Fascism: May 9; National Unity and Reconciliation Day: 27 June; Independence Day: September 9; Constitution Day: November 6.
[1]
Farsi
(Indo-European Iranian) is the national language,
Russian
For inter-ethnic communication language, also for
Shanghai Cooperation Organization
The working language. Also popular
Uzbek
.
English
Not popular, studied since 2003
Chinese
There has been an increase in personnel.
[6]
Hisar Castle
-
Be dressed in
Tajik women's clothing
-
diet
The diet in pastoral areas is dominated by dairy products and pasta. In agricultural areas, pasta is the main food, supplemented by milk and meat. Breakfast generally eat naan, drink milk tea, eat noodles for lunch, dinner mainly meat. The most famous ethnic food is: pilaf, grilled steamed buns, braised meat, beef soup. Like brick tea, green tea, black tea, tea generally with some dried fruit, sweet and so on. Tajik people believe in Islam, meat to sheep, cattle, camels, pigs, horses, donkeys, dogs, bears and other animals, poultry eat chicken, ducks, geese and so on, avoid crows and birds of prey, and avoid all animal blood. All animals that can be eaten must be killed with prayer, and animals that have died without slaughter are generally not eaten by adult men, but can be eaten by women and children. Tajiks do not abstain from smoking and drinking, but do not do things that violate religious rules after drinking.
[12]
-
reside
In most of the brick houses. In order to prevent earthquakes, the buildings are mostly bungalows and multi-storey buildings, and there are few high-rise buildings. The furnishings remain traditional. The curtains, quilt covers, tablecloths, napkins, pillow towels, hand towels and other fabrics on the Windows and doors are embroidered with rare flowers and birds and beautiful patterns.
[12]
-
Social contact
Tajik people attach great importance to etiquette, young people to greet the elderly, friends and relatives to shake hands, stroking the beard, even if they meet strangers to greet, the hands thumb together to say good. The Tajik people especially worship the eagle, believing that the eagle symbolizes bravery and heroism. They admire white and think it is pure and clean; Tajiks also like green, believing it symbolizes happiness and goodness.
[12]
Tajik military
About 9,000 people, organized 3 motorcycle brigade (including 1 training brigade), 1 artillery brigade, 1 special brigade, 1 special detachment.
Armament Main battle tanks: 40. Armored infantry combat vehicles: 34. Armoured transport vehicles: 29. Towed guns: 12. Rocket launchers: 10.
mortar
: 9 doors. Surface-to-air missiles: 20.
[4]
1,200 people. No fighters, four or five gunships.
Weapons and equipment: 1 Tu-134 transport aircraft, 4 to 5 Mi-24 helicopters, 12 to 14 Mi-8/17 helicopters.
The paramilitary force consists of 1,200 troops, including the Border Guard (2 border Corps), the Interior Guard (2 Interior Guard regiments, 1 Civilian Police regiment, 2 independent training battalions, 1 motorized infantry battalion), and the Presidential Guard (1 rapid reaction brigade).
93% of Tajikistan's land area is mountainous, with complex topography, difficult road construction and poor traffic conditions. Traffic is mainly by road.
[12]
Tajikistan has four main roads, all of which are centered on the capital Dushanbe and radiate to neighboring countries.
Tazhong (China) Highway. Rise from the west
Dushanbe
, classics
Dangara
,
Kulyab
The capital of Badakhshan state
Khorog
East to the border of China and Tajikistan Kuolemai port, a total length of 1002 kilometers.
Tajikistan-kyrgyzstan highway. The Tagi Highway runs 368 km from Dushanbe to the northeastern border city of Karamek. The line passes through to the southern city of Kyrgyzstan
Hoche
, and
The China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan Highway
Docking. The Taji Road is financed by the Asian Development Bank (75%) and the Opec Foundation (15%), with the Government of Tajikistan contributing 10%, and will be repaired in three phases over 10 years.
Ta 'a (Afghanistan) Road. From Dushanbe in the north to the border city of Lower Penchia in the south, the total length of 185 km. Among them, Dushanbe to the south
Khatlon
The capital Pokhtar (99 km) section was loaned by ADB and Opec Foundation and completed by the Italian "Tochini" company.
Tau (Uzbekistan) Road. The northern section of the road runs from Dushanbe in the south to the border town of Chanak in the north, with a total length of 368 km. In addition to the Anzob tunnel, the remaining sections, including the Shahristan Tunnel (199 km from Dushanbe and 4.3 km long), are being built by China Road and Bridge Corporation.
In 2020, Tajikistan will transport 79.9 million tons of cargo, a decrease of 0.3%. The number of passengers was 655 million, a decrease of 2.5%, of which 96.96% were road passengers.
[12]
Tajikistan's railway system is mainly responsible for the inbound and outbound transport of passengers and goods, and domestic transport is mainly dependent on roads. Tajikistan has three unconnected railway lines in the north, central and south, connecting it with the CIS and neighboring countries through neighboring Uzbekistan. Tajikistan railway has a total length of 950.7 km and a service length of 616.7 km, of which 114 km has been extended. Railway is an important means of transportation of foreign trade goods in Tajikistan, but it is subject to other countries in many aspects such as passage and transit costs. In 2020, Tajikistan's railway freight volume was 6.3 million tons, an increase of 8.7% year-on-year. The railway carried 40,000 passengers, down 18.8 percent year on year.
Cities in Tajikistan do not have subway facilities.
[12]
Major airports have
Dushanbe Airport
,
Huzhande Airport
Kulyab Airport. Among them, Dushanbe Airport is the largest airport in Tajikistan, airport class B, flight area class 4D. The new terminal built by the French company in 2015 has been put into use, and direct flights between Dushanbe and Tashkent, the capital of Uzbekistan, were officially launched in April 2017. In 2020, Tajik Air carried 300,000 passengers, 59.8% less than the previous year, and almost zero cargo.
[12]
Education in Tajikistan basically continues the free and compulsory education system of the Soviet Union. There are 3,884 primary and secondary schools in China, with 2.2 million students. There are 39 institutions of higher learning (including branch schools) in Tajikistan, including: Tajikistan State University, Tajikistan Technical University, Tajikistan Normal University, Slavic University, Huzhand University, Tajikistan University of Commerce, Tajikistan Agricultural University, Tajikistan Medical University, Kurganchoo State University, etc. At present, there are 56 research institutes of various disciplines and 74 secondary vocational and technical schools (including branch schools).
[12]
The Tajikistan Academy of Sciences is the highest scientific research institution in Tajikistan, located in the capital Dushanbe, and was founded in 1951. The Academy consists of 3 divisions and 20 research institutes. (1) Branch of Physics, Mathematics, Chemistry and Geology: Research institutes covering mathematics, physical technology, astrophysics, chemistry, geology, earthquake, water problems, hydropower and ecology. (2) Branch of Biological and Medical Sciences: Research institutes covering botany, zoology and parasitology, plant physiology and genetics. (3) School of Social Sciences: Research institutions involved in history, archaeology, linguistics, economics, law, Orientalism, heritage and other disciplines.
[12]
Tajikistan does not have a medical insurance system and, with the exception of a small number of aid drugs, which are dispensed free of charge by hospitals and medical institutions, all medicines must be purchased from pharmacies. Financial support for the health system in Tajikistan comes mainly from a small allocation from the State budget and relies to a large extent on the help of international organizations and some grant assistance. Major international organizations and institutions providing health and medical assistance to Tajikistan include the Islamic Development Bank, the World Health Organization, the United Nations Children's Fund, the United Nations Population Fund, the Japan Poverty Reduction Foundation, and the United States Agency for International Development.
According to Tajik statistics, the total national health expenditure in 2020 will be 2.444 billion somoni (about 237 million US dollars), accounting for about 3.0% of GDP. The average life expectancy in Tajikistan in 2020 is 75.1 years. The main infectious diseases in Tajikistan are acute intestinal infections and viral hepatitis.
[12]
Tajikistan participated in the Olympic Games for the first time in 1996
2008 Beijing Olympic Games
Tajikistan received a total of 1 silver and 1 bronze. Tajik people have a special interest in equestrian sports and are interested in archery and shooting.
[7]
There are five operating news agencies, with TASS, Voice of Asia, Varorud and Avesta being relatively large. TASS is the state news agency, established in 1993, with a staff of about 70 people. The Voice of Asia News Agency is a private news agency founded in April 1996 with a staff of about 20 people. The Varorud News Agency is a private news agency with a staff of 10, announced in 2000 and funded by OSCE, which covers the Fergana Basin and is based in the city of Huzand. Avesta is a private news agency founded in 2003 with a staff of 15.
Tajikistan publishes 10 magazines and 57 newspapers. The main newspapers are: The Voice of Asia, a privately owned newspaper with a circulation of 13,000; People's Daily, with a circulation of about 6,000, was formerly the Central Newspaper of the Tajik Communist Party, and is now the government newspaper of Tajikistan; Dushanbe Evening News, circulation about 11,000, private media; People's Tribune, circulation about 7,000, the ruling party (People's Democratic Party) party newspaper.
There are 15 major radio stations, of which one is state-owned and five are independent. (a) The State Radio Station, established in 1993, broadcasting 24 hours a day in the Tajik language; The Voice of Asia Radio Station, a private radio station established in 1996, broadcasting 24 hours a day in Russian; Radio Liberty, a Russian-funded private radio station established in 2004, broadcasts 24 hours a day in Russian. All radio stations in Tajikistan do not use shortwave frequencies and cannot be heard outside Tajikistan.
There are two state-owned television stations and five independent television stations. The largest state television station, established in 1993, broadcasts eight hours a day in Tajik and Russian. Tajikistan's independent television mostly rents state television channels to broadcast its own programming and does not have its own transmitter.
[12]
Tajikistan
Hydraulic resources
It is very rich and ranks eighth in the world. Tajikistan has an area of 143,100 square kilometers. There are 947 rivers with a length of more than 10 kilometers in the country, with a total length of 28,000 kilometers, and a river network density of 0.6 kilometers per square kilometer. upstate
The Zeravshan River
The central Kafarnigan River and
The Wahsh River
, southern
Pench
There are nearly 30 large, medium and small water systems built together
Hydropower station
The total installed capacity is 5.09 million kilowatts, of which the vast majority of hydropower stations are concentrated on the Wahsh River, in a cascade distribution, there are Nurek hydropower station (installed capacity of 3 million kilowatts), Sangetude 1 hydropower station (installed capacity of 670,000 kilowatts), Sangetude 2 hydropower station (installed capacity of 220,000 kilowatts) and Baibazin Hydropower station (installed capacity of 600,000 kilowatts).
Rogun hydropower station
The first unit was delivered in 2018. It is reported that the total investment required for the completion of the Luogong hydropower Station project is about 4 billion US dollars, and a total of 6 units are installed, each unit has a power of 600 megawatts. After the completion of the Rogun hydropower Station, the power station dam will become
The highest in the world
Earth-rock dam
Electricity generation will reach 17 billion KWH per year.
[15]
In addition to
Hydropower station
In addition, three have been built in Tajikistan
Thermal power plant
The Dushanbe Thermal power Station, the Yavan Thermal Power Station, and the Dushanbe 2 thermal power station, which was put into use in early 2014. The three power stations have a total installed capacity of 418,000 kilowatts and an annual generating capacity of more than 1 billion kilowatts.
In 2020, Tajikistan's total power generation will reach 19.7 billion KWH, down 4.3% year-on-year. Among them, hydropower plants generate 18.1 billion KWH and thermal power plants generate 1.6 billion KWH. Tajikistan's annual demand for electricity is 23 billion to 25 billion KWH, with the Soviet-era power gap largely covered by imports from Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan through the Central Asian grid. At the end of 2009, Uzbekistan announced its withdrawal from the Central Asian power grid, and Tajikistan's import of electricity was limited, and it could only import electricity from Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan in winter.
[12]
There are 10 mobile phone operators in Tajikistan, among which the more powerful are Babilon-Mobile, the largest private telecommunications company in Tajikistan, MLTMobile, a joint venture between Tajikistan and Russia, Indigo, a joint venture between the United States and the United States, and TKMobile, a joint venture between China and Tajikistan. Tajikistan mobile phone a total of five technical standards: AMPS, GSM, CDMA450, CDMA2000 1X and 3D-UMTS, mobile phone network has been basically formed, the signal has been able to cover the country's large and medium-sized cities, main transportation lines and their adjacent areas and settlements, but the vast rural areas and remote mountainous areas are still a blank.
There are four major operators in the Tajik market, ranked by market share :Tcell (36% market share), MegaFon (registered TT Mobile, 25%), Babilon Mobile (20%) and Beeline (registered Tacom, 19%). All hold GSM 900MHz/1800MHz operating license. The most widely distributed tower is the 2G network, especially in the rural areas where the population accounts for more than 73%, the main Internet access providers of the tower are MLT, Megafon, Tcell, Intercom, Babilon, etc. The proportion of residents online is about 35%, and most use mobile devices to surf the Internet.
[12]
Tajikistan pursues a foreign policy of "open door" and balance among major powers, and actively develops relations with Central Asian countries,
Russia
The United States
European Union
,
Iran
, Saudi Arabia and other Islamic countries. At the same time, Tajikistan has developed friendly and cooperative relations with other countries in the world, actively sought foreign aid, and safeguarded Tajikistan's independence, sovereignty, security and development. Tower joined
The United Nations
, the OSCE,
The Commonwealth of Independent States
,
Shanghai Cooperation Organization
,
Economic cooperation organization
,
Eurasian Economic community
,
Organization of the Islamic Conference
More than 30 international and regional organizations, including NATO, officially joined the "Partnership for Peace" program on February 20, 2002. It has actively participated in international anti-terrorism and anti-drug work, and advocated the holding of a conference on the "Water for Life" Ten-year Action 2005-2015 within the framework of the United Nations, which has been supported by more than 140 countries. By the end of 2011, Tajikistan had established diplomatic relations with 124 countries and 26 diplomatic missions and permanent representative offices abroad.
[4]
Relations with China
Since the establishment of diplomatic ties on January 4, 1992, China-Tajikistan relations have been developing in a positive, healthy and steady manner. The two countries thoroughly settled the boundary question left over from history, signed the Treaty of Good-neighborliness, Friendship and Cooperation, and established the strategic partnership in May 2013. In May and November 2014, President Rahmon came to China to attend the CICA Summit and the APEC Host Partners Dialogue respectively. In September 2015, President Rahmon came to China to attend the commemoration of the 70th anniversary of the victory of the Chinese People's War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the World Anti-Fascist War. From August 30 to September 5, 2017, President Emomali Rahmon paid a state visit to China and attended the Dialogue of Emerging Market and Developing Countries, during which the two heads of state signed and issued a joint Statement on the Establishment of China-Tajikistan Comprehensive Strategic Partnership. In April 2019, President Rahmon came to China to attend the Second Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation and the opening ceremony of the 2019 Beijing International Horticultural Expo. In May 2023, President Rahmon came to China to attend the China-Central Asia Summit and pay a state visit.
[8]
During the heyday of the Qing Dynasty, the entire Pamir Plateau was administered by China, and in 1890, the Anglo-Russian Agreement was signed between the two countries, giving the British the Wakhan Pamir and the Russians the northern part. With the exception of the eastern slope, which is still administered by China, most of it belongs to Tajikistan, with only Wakhan Pamir belonging to Afghanistan. After the establishment of the Republic of China, due to the period of war, the Pamir Plateau has always been unable to effectively rule. However, the government of the Republic of China has always regarded the Penchi River to the west of the Pamir Plateau as China's west pole.
In the 1960s, the People's Republic of China signed a border treaty with Afghanistan, formally recognizing the renunciation
Wakhan Pamir
.
Tajikistan became independent in the 1990s, and in the signing of the treaty also recognized the abandonment of the northern Pamir, China's pole west point east position today.
Tajikistan border dispute
In January 2011, in order to resolve and
People's Republic of China
The Tajik parliament voted in favor of granting 1,000 square kilometers of land to the People's Republic of China, occupying just over 3 percent of the disputed area.
Tajik Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif called the land transfer a diplomatic victory for Tajikistan, given China's earlier claim to some 28,000 square kilometers of Tajik territory. However, opposition leaders in Tajikistan have a different view, saying the move is unconstitutional and that it is a failure for the Central Asian country because the land is already under state control.
On September 20, 2011, representatives of the border troops of the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Tajikistan held a handover ceremony at the boundary stake No. 75 of the Chinese side on the Pamir Plateau. The southern border is still being negotiated.
In 2023, the bilateral trade volume reached 3.926 billion US dollars, up 53.5% year on year, of which China's exports to Tajikistan reached 3.677 billion US dollars, up 68.4% year on year, and imports from Tajikistan reached 249 million US dollars, down 33.4% year on year.
[17]
The two countries enjoy sound cooperation in the fields of education and culture. China has set up two Confucius Institutes in Tajikistan. The Luban Workshop in Tajikistan will be established in Dushanbe in 2022, making it the first Chinese Luban Workshop in Central Asia. The China-Tajikistan Traditional Chinese Medicine Center was established in Dushanbe in 2023.
[17]
Relations with Russia
Tajikistan gives priority to development
Russia
In April 1992, the two countries established diplomatic relations. On January 25, 2011, Tajik President Emomali Rakhmon and Russian President Dmitry Medvedev spoke on the phone and expressed condolences to May on the victims of the airport explosion. On February 1, the head of the Russian Cooperation Agency Muhamet Shen visited Tajikistan. From February 14 to 19, the border departments of Tajikistan and Russia held consultations to discuss border cooperation between the two countries. On June 12, Tajik President Emomali Rakhmon sent a congratulatory message to Russian President Dmitry Medvedev, congratulating Russia on the 20th anniversary of the adoption of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Federation. On June 21, the third round of border negotiations between Tajikistan and Russia was held in Dushanbe. On June 29, Chief of staff of the Russian President Naryshkin and Defense Minister Anatoly Serdyuko visited Tajikistan. On July 13, Tajik President Emomali Rakhmon sent a message to his Russian counterpart
Medvedev
The Russian ship "Bugar" sank on the Volga River and caused heavy casualties. On September 2, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev visited Tajikistan and held talks with his Tajik counterpart Emomali Rahmon, discussing issues of economy, trade, security, culture, science and technology. The two heads of state issued a joint statement and signed an agreement on the boundary issue. On November 24, Tajik Defense Minister Khirulloyev visited Russia and met with his Russian counterpart Anatoly Serdyukov to discuss military cooperation between the two countries. The two sides signed the 2012 cooperation plan between the defense departments of the two countries. In 2011, the bilateral trade volume between Russia and Tajikistan was USD 1.031 billion.
[4]
Relations with the United States
The two countries established diplomatic relations in February 1992. Tajikistan attaches great importance to developing relations with the United States and actively strives for economic assistance from the United States. On February 9, 2011, U.S. Central Command Commander James Mattis visited the Tower. On June 30, US Assistant Secretary of State for Anti-Drug Proliferation and Crime Brownfield visited the Tower. On July 6, Tajik President Emomali Rahmon sent a message to US President Barack Obama to congratulate the United States on its Independence Day. On October 7, Grossman, the US Special Envoy for Afghanistan and Pakistan, visited Tajikistan. From October 21 to 22, US Secretary of State Clinton visited the Tower. On December 3, US Assistant Secretary of State for Central and South Asian Affairs Richard Blake visited Tajikistan.
[4]
Relations with Central Asian countries
On February 8, 2011, Tajik Defense Minister Khairulloyev and his Kyrgyz counterpart Kudeberdiyev met in the Keirakum district of Tahuzhan City to exchange views on the regional situation and other issues. On May 20, at the initiative of Kazakh Defense Minister Jaksybekov, the Tajik Defense Minister Khyulloyev and the Kazakh Defense Minister Kudeberdiyev held a meeting in Bishkek, mainly to discuss the holding of joint military exercises, regional security, training of cadres and exchange of operational information. On June 7, the third meeting of the two-day Tajik-Turkish Intergovernmental Committee on Economic, Trade, Science and Technology Cooperation was held in Ashgabat. The meeting is scheduled to discuss the current situation and prospects of energy cooperation between the two countries. From August 2 to 5, Foreign Minister Zarif visited Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
. On October 27, Tajik President Emomali Rakhmon sent a message to his Turkmen counterpart Gurbanguly Berdimukhamedov to congratulate Turkey on the 20th anniversary of its independence. On November 5, Tajik President Emomali Rakhmon sent a message to Atambayev congratulating him on his election as president of Kyrgyzstan. On December 1, Tajik Prime Minister Akilov went to Bishkek, capital of Kyrgyzstan, to attend the inauguration ceremony of Kyrgyzstan's new President Alambayev. On December 20, Tajik President Emomali Rakhmon met with his Kyrgyz counterpart Almazbek Atambayev in Moscow. The two sides also exchanged views on the development of bilateral relations.
[4]
Relations with EU countries
On 8 April 2011, Tajik Interior Minister Mikhail Kakhorov signed a memorandum of understanding with the European Union's representative in Tajikistan on the reform of the Tajik police. From June 5 to 12, President Tasmania paid official visits to France, Austria, Luxembourg and Hungary. On June 13, a German parliamentary delegation led by the head of the German-Central Asia Group of the German Federal Parliament, Enkelmann, visited Tajikistan. On 17 June, a delegation from the French National Assembly, led by MP Luk, visited Tajikistan. On 1 September, the EU and the Tajik government signed an agreement on supporting human development programmes. On October 17, British Secretary of State for International Development Dan Kang visited Tajikistan. On November 1, Foreign Minister Zarifi met with his German counterpart Guido Westerwelle in Istanbul to discuss the current situation and prospects of bilateral cooperation in various fields. From December 12 to 14, Tajik President Emomali Rahmon visited Germany.
[4]
Relations with Islamic countries
On January 10, 2011, Tajik President Emomali Rahmon called his Iranian counterpart
Ahmadinejad
And expressed condolences over the air crash of Iranian airlines that caused heavy casualties. On February 12, the Foreign Ministry of Tajikistan issued a statement on the unrest in Egypt, saying that Tajikistan has been closely following the events in the friendly Arab Republic of Egypt, believing that this is an internal issue of Egypt and does not tolerate outside interference. On June 7, Tajik Prime Minister Akilov attended the Islamic Economic Forum in Astana. On June 15, Tajik President Emomali Rahmon met with his Pakistani counterpart Asif Ali Zardari in Astana. The two sides discussed the development of bilateral relations. From June 24 to 25, Tajik President Emomali Rahmon went to Tehran, the capital of Iran, to attend the international conference on counter-terrorism. On June 25, Tajik President Emomali Rahmon visited Iran. On July 13, Tajik President Emomali Rahmon called Afghan President Hamid Karzai to express condolences on the death of his brother Wali Karzai, speaker of the provincial council of Akaahar, who was attacked at his home on July 12. On July 28, Afghan Foreign Minister Rasool visited Tajikistan. On August 10, Pakistan's Communications Minister Honom visited Tajikistan. On August 15, Tajik President Emomali Rahmon called Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari to congratulate Pakistan on its independence Day. From August 16 to 17, Foreign Minister Zarif attended a special meeting of the Executive Committee of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) on food crisis assistance in Somalia in Turkey. From September 4 to 5, Iranian President Ahmedinejad visited Tajikistan. On September 21, Tajik President Emomali Rahmon sent a message to Afghan President Hamid Karzai to express condolences over the death of former Afghan President Rabbani. On September 23, the speaker of the lower house of the Tajik parliament Zuhurov went to Kabul to attend the funeral of former Afghan President Rabbani. On October 14, Foreign Minister Zarif paid a working visit to the UAE. On October 21, the Speaker of Iran's Islamic parliament, Ali Larijani, visited Tajikistan. On October 25, the Afghan Minister of Counter-narcotics Usmoni visited Tajikistan. On October 26, the First Vice President of Afghanistan Fahim visited Tajikistan. From December 21 to 23, Chairman of Pakistan's Joint Chiefs of Staff Khalid Shamim Wien visited Tajikistan.
[4]
Wakhan Valley
Khorog is the capital of the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region of the Republic of Tajikistan, located along the Panch River on the border between Tajikistan and Afghanistan. Agriculture is the main economic sector of the city. Khorog is a tourist destination for all seasons. Affected by the semi-arid climate, the average annual rainfall is 226 mm. There are theaters, public libraries, museums, houses of people's creation, clubs, and film screenings in Khorog.
Bitter cup
