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Turkmenistan

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Turkmenistan ( Turkmen : (tipү aspera), is a Central Asia The nation, Russian is the lingua franca. [15] locate Iran North, southeast and Afghanistan Bordering, northeast facing Uzbekistan In the neighborhood, northwest is Kazakhstan , our western neighbour Caspian Sea Is a Landlocked country . Due to Mediterranean seismic zone It has a population of 7.05 million (as of December 2022), the main ethnic groups are Turkmen (94.7%), Uzbeks (2%) and Russians (1.8%), and covers an area of 491,200 square kilometers. Except for the capital city of Ashgabat, the country is divided into five prefectures and one municipality. [1]
In history Persians , Macedonians , Turkish people , Arab , Mongolia Tatars Built a nation here. In the 15th century, the Turkmen nationality was basically formed. Parts of the territory were incorporated in the late 1860s and mid-1880s Russia ( Wairi Kaiju ). In 1917, the Turkmen people took part February Revolution and October Socialist Revolution It was established in December of the same year Soviet power . It was established on 27 October 1924 Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic And join The Soviet Union . Independence was declared on 27 October 1991 and the country was renamed Turkmenistan. It was added on December 21 of the same year The Commonwealth of Independent States . Joined on 2 March 1992 The United Nations . On December 12, 1995, the 50th session of the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution recognizing soil as a territory A permanent neutral state [1] .
Turkmenistan is one of the driest regions in the world, but it is rich in oil and gas, Natural gas Reserves rank fourth in the world. [13] The oil and gas industry is the backbone of the country. Agriculture is dominated by cotton and wheat, as well as animal husbandry ( Ahartejinma In 2020, Turkmenistan's GDP growth rate will be 5.90%, and in 2019, Turkmenistan's foreign trade volume will be 17.998 billion US dollars, an increase of 6.03% over the previous year [11] . [1]
Chinese name
Turkmenistan [1]
Foreign name
Turkmenistan
Abbreviated form
Turkmenistan
continent
Asia
capital
Ashgabat [1]
Major city
Balkannabad , Dashaguz , Turkmenbashi Etc. [1]
National Day
October 27th
National song
Independence, Neutrality, National Anthem of Turkmenistan
Country code
TKM
Official language
Turkmen [1]
currency
Turkmenistan Manat [1]
Time zone
UTC+5
Political system
Presidential republic
National leader
Sheldar Berdymukhamedov [1] [10] (President)
Population number
7.05 million [1] (December 2022)
Population density
12.8 persons/km2 [9] (2020)
Major nationality
Turkmen [1]
Major religion
Islam [1] (Sunni)
Land area
491200 km²
Water area ratio
4.9%
Total GDP
$40.761 billion (2018, International exchange rates)
Per capita GDP
$6,967 (2018, International exchange rates)
International telephone area code
993
International domain name abbreviation
.tm
Road access
Keep to the right
Neutral day
December 12th
Flag day
February 19th
Leading institution
National University of Makhtumkuri [11]

catalogue

  1. 1Historical evolution
  2. ▪Ancient history
  3. ▪Modern history
  4. ▪After independence
  5. 2Geographical environment
  6. ▪Regional location
  7. ▪landform
  8. ▪Climatic characteristics
  9. ▪Drainage distribution
  10. 3Natural resources
  11. 4Administrative division
  12. ▪Administrative division
  13. ▪Major city
  14. 5National symbol
  15. ▪flag
  16. ▪National emblem
  1. ▪National anthem
  2. 6Population nationality
  3. 7political
  4. ▪summarize
  5. ▪constitution
  6. ▪congress
  7. ▪government
  8. ▪dignitaries
  9. ▪Political party
  10. ▪judiciary
  11. 8economy
  12. ▪agriculture
  13. ▪industry
  14. ▪foreign trade
  15. ▪Foreign capital
  16. ▪finance
  17. ▪Foreign aid
  1. 9society
  2. ▪Science and technology
  3. ▪education
  4. ▪Medical treatment
  5. ▪medium
  6. ▪communication
  7. 10culture
  8. ▪tradition
  9. ▪religion
  10. ▪Language
  11. ▪Festivals
  12. ▪mores
  13. ▪food
  14. ▪Folk house
  15. 11Military affairs
  16. ▪system
  17. ▪Military strength
  1. ▪Services (armed services)
  2. 12traffic
  3. ▪General situation
  4. ▪highroad
  5. ▪railway
  6. ▪Air freight
  7. ▪Water transport
  8. 13diplomacy
  9. ▪Foreign policy
  10. ▪External relations
  11. 14travel
  12. ▪The city of Ashgabat
  13. ▪Cunha Urgench
  14. ▪The gates of hell

Historical evolution

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EDITOR

Ancient history

Turkmen and Uzbeks
in Bronze Age Previously, much of what is now Turkmenistan was unexplored, with little evidence of human remains, including early ones The Neanderthals .
An ancient Iranian tribe bred horses around 2000 BC Cecian Drifted so far. They may have travelled from the Russian steppes along the edge of the Karakum desert to Iran, Syria and Anatolia.
In 1000 BC, it appeared in Turkmen territory Class society . Since the 6th century BC, it has been continuously invaded and ruled by foreigners. Persians, Macedonians, Turks, Arabs, Mongols.
In the 9th and 10th centuries, the Taheri Dynasty, Samanid dynasty Rule.
In the 11th century, the Seljuks controlled a route from the Amu Darya Delta to Iran, Iraq, Caucasus region , Syria and Asia Minor The vast area.
It was ruled by the Mongols from the 13th to the 15th centuries.
Around the 15th century, Turkmen Basically formed.
16 to 17 generations belong to The Khanate of Shiva and Bukhara Khanate . [3]

Modern history

In modern times, parts of the territory were incorporated into Russia before independence. The Turkmen people participated in the 1917 February Revolution and October Socialist Revolution .
The Soviet regime was established in December 1917 and its territory was incorporated into the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of Turkestan, the Soviet People's Republic of Kharazmo and Bukhara. On 27 October 1924, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic was established and joined the Soviet Union. [3]

After independence

High definition of Central Asia
On August 23, 1990, the Supreme Soviet of Turkmenmen adopted the Declaration of State sovereignty, declared independence on October 27, 1991, changed its name to Turkmenistan, and joined the Commonwealth of Independent States on December 21 of the same year. He joined the United Nations on 2 March 1992. On December 12, 1995, the 50th session of the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution recognizing Turkey as a permanent neutral country.
On 26 August 2005, at the Kazan Conference, it announced its withdrawal from the Commonwealth of Independent States. On 21 December 2006, President Saparmurat Niyazov died of cardiac arrest. Kurbanguli Myalik Guliyevich Berdymukhamedov Become acting president. Presidential elections were held on 11 February 2007. Berdymuhammedov was elected.
On 18 May 1992, the first Constitution was adopted, establishing Turkmenistan as a democratic, legal and secular state, with a presidential republic with three separate powers, and an independent legislature, executive and judiciary that balance and check each other. The President is the head of state and the chief executive. The People's Council is the highest representative organ of state power, and the legislative and judicial powers are divided between the National Assembly and the courts. Turkey has always taken safeguarding independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity, developing economy and maintaining social stability as its basic state policy. Actively explore the development path suitable for national conditions; Advocate the rejuvenation of the national spirit and attach importance to national unity and harmony; It pursues a positive, neutral, peaceful and friendly foreign policy and is committed to developing constructive and cooperative relations with other countries. We advocate freedom of religious belief and prohibit religious interference in national political life.
On 27 December 1995, the Constitution was amended and supplemented by the Council of People's Councils, which incorporated the neutral status of Turkmenistan into the Constitution, which was also reflected in the national anthem and flag.
In December 1999, the Turkmenistan People's Council and Parliament jointly passed a resolution authorizing Niyazov to "exercise presidential powers indefinitely". [3]
On June 29, 2023 local time, Turkmenistan held a grand ceremony to celebrate the inauguration of the country's newly built smart city Akardag, attended by Turkish President Shirdar Berdymuhamedov. [14]

Geographical environment

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EDITOR

Regional location

Subdivisions of Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan is a landlocked country located in the southwest of Central Asia, north of the Copet Mountains. It borders the Amu Darya River to the east, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan to the northeast, the Caspian Sea and Azerbaijan to the west, and Russia across the sea, Iran to the south, and Afghanistan to the southeast. Turkmenistan has an area of 491,200 square kilometers, about 80% of which is covered by the Karakum Desert. [3] [11]

landform

Most of the territory is lowland, the plains are mostly below 200 meters above sea level, 80% of the territory is The Karakum Desert Cover. The south and west are The Copet Mountains And the Palotemiz Mountains. [3]

Climatic characteristics

80% of Turkmenistan is covered by the Karakum Desert. With the exception of the Caspian coastal areas and the mountains, Turkmenistan has a typical continental climate, with cold winters and hot summers, short spring and autumn, and little rain. The average annual temperature in Turkmenistan is above 0 ° C, ranging from 12 ° C to 17 ° C in the north and 15 ° C to 18 ° C in the southeast. The coldest month is January, and the hottest month is July (the average temperature is above 32℃). The average annual precipitation ranges from 95 mm (Garabogazgol Bay) to 398 mm (Koyneksil Mountains). [11]

Drainage distribution

The main rivers are Amu Darya , Tezhan , The Murghab River And Atrek River, mainly distributed in the east. Across the southeast The Karakum Grand Canal With a length of 1,450 kilometers and an irrigated area of about 300,000 hectares, it is one of the largest irrigation and navigable canals in the world. [3]

Natural resources

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EDITOR
Turkmenistan is rich in mineral resources, the main resources are natural gas, glauberite, iodine, nonferrous metals and rare metals, and a small amount of lapis lazuli, coal, sulfur, mineral salts, clay, bentonite, wax and other resources. According to the BP Statistical Yearbook of World Energy 2018, Turkmenistan's proven natural gas reserves are 19.5 trillion cubic meters, ranking fourth in the world. According to official statistics of Turkmenistan, the local natural gas reserves of more than 50 trillion cubic meters, of which the world's second largest single gas field - Fuxing gas field and its surrounding gas reserves of more than 27 trillion cubic meters. Turkmenistan has the potential to produce 240 billion cubic meters of natural gas and 80 million tons of oil per year. Turkmenistan also has 70% of the iodine and bromine reserves of the former Soviet Union, as well as nitrate, strontium, potassium (5 billion tons), table salt (1.8 billion tons) and sodium sulfate. [11]

Administrative division

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EDITOR

Administrative division

Except the capital Ashgabat Except for municipalities, the country is divided into five cantons (provinces) : Akhar, Barkan, Dashoguz, Rebab and Mare. [1] , 16 municipalities, 46 districts.
Administrative region
The capital
Area (sq. km)
Population (2005)
ISO-3166-2
The city of Ashgabat
Ashgabat
470
871,500 people
Ahar
Anao
95000
939,700 people
TM-A
Barkan state
Balkannabad
138000
553,500 people
TM-B
Dashaguz State
Dashaguz
74000
1,370,400 people
TM-D
Rebab Oblast
Turkmenabad
94000
1,334,500 people
TM-L
Marais Amt
Marais
87000
1,480,400 people
TM-M [3]

Major city

Ashgabat
Ashgabat, the capital of Turkmenistan, was founded in 1881, meaning "City of love", is an oasis city located in the Karakum desert, more than 30 kilometers from the Iranian border, with a dry climate, an area of about 300 square kilometers, a population of 1.03 million (December 2022), and is the national political, economic, cultural and scientific research center. Industries in the city include machine building, electrical machinery, glass, textiles and food processing. Ashgabat is also an important transportation hub for Turkmenistan and Central Asia, with direct flights to 13 countries including China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Azerbaijan, India, Germany, France, Armenia, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United Arab Emirates and Thailand.
Other major cities in Turkmenistan are:
(1) Turkmen Nabat (formerly Chalju), the capital of the Rebab region, is located on the Amu Darya River in eastern Turkmenistan, where the Central Asian Railway and the Outer Caspian Railway meet.
(2) Dashoguz, the capital of Dashoguz Oblast, a city in northern Turkmenistan, located in the Dashoguz Oasis in the lower reaches of the Amu Darya River, on the railway line from Central Asia to Russia, with cotton gouging, oil pressing, blanket making, agricultural machinery repair factories and food processing plants.
(3) Mare, capital of Mare Region, city of southeast Turkmenistan, on the Murghab River, railway hub and river port, textile industry center.
(4) Turkmenbashi, located in Barkan region, is the largest city in western Turkmenistan and the largest port on the east coast of the Caspian Sea. It is rich in oil and has a large refinery near it, as well as ship repair plants, thermal power plants and fish and meat processing plants. [11]

National symbol

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EDITOR

flag

Flag of Turkmenistan
Flag of Turkmenistan Is one of the most complex flags in the world, flag Rectangular in shape, the ratio of length to width is 3:2, the flag is dark green, and there is a bend in the middle of the flag New moon And five five-pointed stars, the moon and stars are white. Green is the traditional color favored by Turkmen, while white symbolizes peace and kindness. The new moon symbolizes a bright future; The five stars represent the five human organ functions; Sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch; It also symbolizes the five regions of the country: Akhar, Barkan, Rebab, Mare and Dashoguz. The five corners of the five-pointed star represent the states of matter in the universe: solid, liquid, gas, crystal and plasma; The combination of the star and the moon is the symbol of Islam.
On the side of the flagpole, there is a red vertical broadband through the flag, and five kinds of carpet patterns are arranged from top to bottom in the broadband, each pattern is in a flower shape, and some are quartered by the interleaving of colors. In carpets, the large rose pattern is generally repeated in columns or to form a lattice pattern, placed in the center of the pattern, small rose The pattern appears on the trim. The carpet pattern symbolizes the traditional ideas and religious beliefs of the Turkmen people, and also reflects the ethnic habits of the Turkmen people, which is part of their traditional nomadic life.
There are five types of carpet with olive branches under them (symbolizing the status of the country). President of Turkmenistan, 1995 Niyazov A policy of neutrality was declared and unanimously adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 12 December 1995, to commemorate this historic event, an olive branch was added to the bottom of the five carpet designs. The Constitution was also amended to read: "The flag of Turkmenistan is a sign of unity, a sign of independence, a sign of victory."
Turkmenistan has a national flag day. Since 1995, February 19 has been the national Flag Day of Turkmenistan, which is celebrated on the same day as the birthday of the late President Saparmurat Niyazov. Flag Day is one of the most important holidays in Turkmenistan and is celebrated in various events throughout the country, with leaders and members of the government laying wreaths at the National Independence Monument. The government is likely to do the same on Flag Day Special pardon Prisoner.

National emblem

Emblem of Turkmenistan
Emblem of Turkmenistan It is an octagonal star, the base color is green, and the center is composed of three concentric circles. On the outer circumference were painted seven white cotton peaches with green leaves, two bunches of golden wheat, a white crescent moon, and five white five-pointed stars; The middle circumference is painted with five carpet patterns: representing five ethnic groups; The inner circle is the pride of the Turkmen Ahartejinma In Chinese historical documents, the Ahar Jiejin Horse is referred to as the "Heavenly Horse" and the "Dayuan Liang Horse." The "sweat and blood BMW" in historical books is derived from the Ahar Jiejin horse).

National anthem

Independence, Neutrality, National Anthem of Turkmenistan
Lyrics:
How wide is the land of the Turkmen,
My mighty country,
You are my priceless treasure,
The honor is on our heads,
Praise in our hearts!
You will always be with the world,
My Turkmenistan!
The land of the free,
I would lay down my life for you!
The spirit of our heroic ancestors lives on in us,
Your sovereignty, neutrality and independence shine through,
Your flag flies high to the world!
A united nation,
A place of peace,
Our blood has always been the same.
Neither storm nor wind can teach us to move,
We stand tall to defend your splendor from generation to generation.
The mountains are my barrier,
The plain is my hotbed,
My motherland,
You are my destiny, my glory, my heaven!
If anyone dares to violate you,
He's just blind.
Ah, the motherland,
It's my past,
My future,
My forever!

Population nationality

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EDITOR
As of December 2022, Turkmenistan has a population of 7.05 million. The main ethnic groups are Turkmen (94.7 percent), Uzbeks (2 percent), Russians (1.8 percent), and Kazakhs, Armenians, Tatars, and Azerbaijanis (1.5 percent). [1]
According to the official data of Turkmenistan, the total population in 2020 is about 6 million, and the population density is about 12 people per square kilometer. In addition to the capital Ashgabat (about 1 million people), the more populous cities are Turkmen Nabat, Mare, Dashoguz and so on. The main ethnic groups in Turkmenistan are Turkmen (94.7% of the total population), Uzbeks (2%), Russians (1.8%), in addition to Kazakhs, Armenians, Tatars, Azerbaijanis and other 120 ethnic groups (1.5%). [11]

political

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EDITOR

summarize

The Constitution of Turkmenistan provides for a political system of separation of legislative, executive and judicial powers and a presidential republic. Since independence, Turkey has always taken safeguarding independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity, developing economy and maintaining social stability as its basic state policy. Actively explore the development path suitable for national conditions; Advocate the spirit of national rejuvenation and attach importance to national unity and harmony; It pursues a positive, neutral, peaceful and friendly foreign policy and is committed to developing constructive and cooperative relations with other countries. We advocate freedom of religious belief and prohibit religious interference in national political life.
The political situation in Turkmenistan will remain stable in 2022. Turkey successfully held an irregular presidential election and realized a smooth transfer of power. The Turkish government further clarified the direction of governance, improved the level of housing security for residents, promoted the nationwide vaccination of COVID-19, attached importance to agricultural development, guaranteed food security, and further consolidated the people's support. Continue to overhaul the official system and punish officials who fail to perform their duties. We will continue to strengthen oversight of public opinion and maintain social stability.

constitution

The first constitution was adopted on 18 May 1992, which defined Turkey as a democratic, legal and secular state with a presidential republic with three separate powers. The President is the head of State and the chief executive and is directly elected by the whole people. The people's committees are the highest representative organs of state power. The legislative and judicial powers are divided between the National Assembly and the courts. In December 1995, Turkey amended its constitution to include permanent neutrality. In December 1999, the Constitution was amended again, revising and supplementing the provisions on the functions of the People's Council and the Parliament, and explicitly providing that Niyazov, as the first president, had no time limit on his term of office. In 2003, Turkey adopted the second Constitution, which stipulates that the People's Council is the permanent supreme representative body of power, and establishes the post of president, and stipulates that the age of the president shall not be more than 70 years old. On 26 December 2006, the Constitution was amended again to provide that when a presidential candidate is between 40 and 70 years of age and the President is unable to exercise his or her powers for any reason, a deputy Prime Minister is appointed to act as interim President in accordance with a resolution of the National Security Council. In September 2008, Turkey adopted its third constitution, abolishing the People's Council (which was reinstated in October 2017) and allocating its powers to the President and Parliament. In September 2016, Turkey amended the Constitution to remove the upper age limit for presidential candidates and extend the presidential term from five to seven years. In September 2020, Turkey amended the Constitution and decided to reorganize the parliament from a unicameral system to a bicameral system, providing that the president is unable to perform his duties for some reason and until a new president is elected, the chairman of the People's Council (the upper house of the new parliament) will perform the presidential functions on his behalf. In January 2023, the Constitution was amended again to restore the unicameral parliament, and a new independent People's Council was established as the highest organ of people's power.

congress

The main functions of the Turkish parliament are to adopt, revise and interpret the Constitution and laws, supervise the implementation of laws, determine the time of presidential and parliamentary elections, adopt the work program of the Cabinet, and approve the state budget.
Until 2020, the main unicameral system, called the National Assembly, is the national legislature. In 2020, the Constitution was amended to reorganize the parliament from a unicameral system to a bicameral system, called The State Council, exercising legislative power, with the upper house as the People's Council and the lower house as the National Assembly.
The unicameral legislature parliament practice, according to the national conference (Mejlis, М е д ж л и с), at the same time, the establishment of independent people's committee (Halk Maslahaty, Х а л seem М а с л а х а т ы). By the soil, a former President of kurban thou dint, don't, mei madoff (Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov and Г р б а н f л ы Б е р д ы м х а м е д о kind guide) as the chairman. On March 26, 2023, the 7th parliamentary election was held in Tochonli. On April 6, the first plenary session of the seventh Parliament of Turkey was held, and Dunyagozel Gulmanova (Dunyagozel Gulmanova) was elected as the new speaker. [16]

government

The cabinet is the executive body of state power, headed directly by the president. [11]
On February 13, 2021, President Berdymuhamedov appointed his son, Shirdar Berdymuhamedov, to the newly created post of deputy head of government. [4-5]

dignitaries

The PRESIDENT: Sheldar Berdymukhamedov .
On March 15, 2022, according to the official vote counting results released by the Election and Referendum Commission of Turkmenistan, in the early presidential election held on the 12th, as one of the nine candidates, Deputy Prime Minister Shirdar Berdymuhamedov won 72.97% of the vote and was elected as the new president. [10]

Political party

In 2012, Turkmenistan enacted a law on political parties, allowing citizens to form political parties freely. At present, the main political parties in Turkmenistan are the Democratic Party of Turkmenistan, the Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs of Turkmenistan, and the Party of Agriculture of Turkmenistan.
The Democratic Party of Turkmenistan was formed on December 16, 1991 from the Communist Party of Turkmenistan of the former Soviet Union and was the only political party in Turkmenistan until 2012. It was officially registered with the Ministry of Justice in March 1992. The party is the largest political party in Turkmenistan, with 62 committees at different levels and about 6,000 grass-roots party organizations in five regions, 12 municipalities and 45 districts, and currently has 211,000 members.
In August 2012, the Industrialists and Entrepreneurs Party of Turkmenistan was established with the support of the government of Turkmenistan, making it the second political party to be established since Turkmenistan's independence. The aim is to promote national economic development and provide help and support for enterprises. The executive body is the Central Committee, which currently has about 14,500 members.
【 Agricultural Party of Turkmenistan 】 On September 11, 2014, a meeting of the Founding Committee of the Agricultural Party of Turkmenistan was held. On September 28, 2014, the Agricultural Party of Turkmenistan was officially established. [11]

judiciary

A Supreme Court and a public prosecutor's office. The Supreme Court is the highest judicial organ and supervises the trials of subordinate courts. The Supreme Court Justice is the chief executive, appointed by the president for a five-year term. [11]

economy

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EDITOR
Turkmenistan 500 manat coins
In 2004, the GDP reached 19 billion US dollars, an increase of 21.4 percent over the previous year, and the per capita GDP was nearly 3,000 US dollars. [2] Industry accounted for 32% of GDP, natural gas accounted for 8% of GDP, and extraction reached 74 billion cubic meters, more than 25% of the previous year. In the industrial growth of 16 percent of the processing industry, including light industry, food industry accounted for 14 percent. In 1999, the output value of agriculture accounted for 26% of the GDP, an increase of 26%. The official exchange rate of the currency manat was stable throughout the year, but the black market exchange rate began to fall sharply, at one point reaching $1:20,000 manat.
The oil and natural gas industry is the pillar industry. Agriculture mainly grows cotton and wheat. In 2023, GDP will grow by 6.3% year on year. [16]
According to official statistics of Turkmenistan, the GDP growth rate of Turkmenistan in 2020 is 5.90%, which is slightly lower than the growth rate of 6.3% in the previous year. In 2019, Turkmenistan's foreign trade amounted to 17.998 billion US dollars, an increase of 6.03% over the previous year. Specifically, the value of exports was US $12.592 billion, up by 8.08%; The value of imports was US $5.406 billion, up by 1.56%. In 2020, Turkmenistan will continue to vigorously implement the strategy of economic diversification, focusing on developing an export-oriented economy and expanding the production of import substitution products. Due to the worldwide traffic restrictions caused by the novel coronavirus epidemic, the IMF did not send experts to Turkmenistan to collect economic data in 2020 as in previous years, so it did not publish Turkey's total foreign trade and import and export data in 2020. [11]

agriculture

The main traditional crops in Turkmenistan are wheat and cotton, with 1.5 million tons of wheat and 1.2 million tons of cotton harvested in 2020. Turkmenistan is committed to implementing a "precision" agricultural strategy, cultivating crop varieties adapted to the soil and climate conditions of the country, investing in the introduction of digital agricultural technologies, and purchasing modern agricultural machinery for the agro-industrial complex, which has promoted the efficient use of land, water resources, fertilizers and chemical agents and increased crop yields. In 2021, Turkmenistan will have 1.393 million hectares of cultivated land for all types of crops. Turkmenistan attaches great importance to developing new types of agriculture, vigorously building greenhouses, increasing the output of vegetables and fruits, and expanding exports while ensuring domestic supply. In March 2021, Turkmenistan will put into operation six new greenhouses with a total area of 35 hectares and an estimated annual output of 8,750 tons of vegetables. As of March 2021, the total area of greenhouses completed and put into operation in Turkmenistan is more than 400 hectares. In 2020, Turkmenistan exported 38,000 tons of tomatoes, an increase of 70 percent year-on-year. [11]

industry

The main industrial sectors of Turkmenistan are oil and gas extraction, oil and gas processing, electricity, textiles, chemicals, building materials, carpets, machinery manufacturing and metal processing. Energy occupies a prominent place in Turkmenistan's national industrial system.
The oil and gas industry is the backbone of Turkmenistan's economy. Turkmenistan has the world's fourth largest natural gas reserves after Russia, Iran and Qatar. Turkmenistan is China's largest source of pipeline gas imports. Since the completion of the China-Central Asia Gas pipeline project in December 2009, Turkmenistan has exported more than 300 billion cubic meters of natural gas to China as of May 2021. According to the Socio-economic Development Plan of Turkmenistan for 2019-2025, Turkmenistan plans to invest about $45.7 billion in the oil and gas sector. The main oil and gas conglomerates in Turkmenistan are: Turkmen Gas State Kangn, Turkmen Oil State Kangn, Turkmen Bashi Oil Processing Complex.
Turkmenistan's textile industry attaches great importance to product quality and environmental safety, and in recent years, it has continuously introduced international advanced technology and equipment from Japan, Europe and other countries and regions, most of its products have reached international standards, and more than 55% of its products are exported abroad. Its main customers include IKEA, Walmart, Levi's and other international well-known enterprises, products are exported to the United States, Canada, Germany, Britain, Russia, Italy, Turkey, China, Ukraine, France, Switzerland and other countries. According to the development plan of Turkmenistan's textile industry, the annual output of cotton yarn will increase to 224,000 tons by 2020, and the output of cotton cloth will reach 305 million square meters. The Ministry of Textile Industry of Turkmenistan has more than 80 enterprises, creating nearly 26,000 jobs, mainly Turkmenbashi textile complex, Ashgabat Textile complex, Turkmenbashi denim complex, Luhabat textile complex, Guyan Urgench Textile Factory, Aharbad Silk reeling factory and Turkmennabat Silk production Complex.
The power industry is an important economic sector of Turkmenistan, Kuman State Power Company is a subordinate enterprise of the Ministry of Energy (electricity), founded in 1992, under the ownership of 12 power stations, 6 production enterprises, 1 State power Administration, 1 power maintenance company, 1 city lighting authority, 1 power equipment company, 1 power supply company. Turkmen Power Construction Kangzern, which is mainly responsible for laying transmission lines, was established in 1995 with a total of 13 enterprises (organizations), located in the capital and various prefectures.
The main building materials produced in Turkmenistan are steel bars, precast reinforced concrete, aerated concrete, marble and granite stone, glass, wall panels and cladding panels, expanded clay, bricks and firebricks, putty, plastic and fiberglass pipes. Turkmenistan can currently produce PS500-GO-K and PS400-GO-K cement. In 2020, Turkmenistan produced more than 1.94 million tons of cement, 800 million wall bricks, 60,000 tons of various profiles, 20,000 tons of putty, and 7.59 million square meters of iso-pentane waterproof coils.
The Turkmen Nabat Chemical Plant is an important chemical enterprise in Turkmenistan, producing 225,000 tons of phosphate fertilizer, 500,000 tons of sulfuric acid and other chemical products annually. Turkmenistan is the largest producer and exporter of mineral fertilizers in Central Asia. [11]

foreign trade

Turkmenistan's main trading partners are China, Turkey, Iran, Russia, the United Arab Emirates, Italy, Afghanistan, the United Kingdom, Japan and South Korea.
According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Turkmenistan's foreign trade totaled 17.998 billion U.S. dollars in 2019, an increase of 6.03% over the previous year. Of this total, the value of exports was US $12.592 billion, an increase of 8.08% over the previous year; The value of imports was US $5.406 billion, an increase of 1.56% over the previous year. Due to the worldwide traffic restrictions caused by the new coronavirus epidemic, the IMF did not send experts to Turkmenistan in 2020 to collect economic data as in previous years, so it did not announce the local trade situation in 2020. According to official data of Turkmenistan, its total trade in 2020 increased by 15.10% compared to the previous year.
Main export commodities of Turkmenistan: natural gas and its products, petroleum and its products, lint, liquefied gas, textiles, etc. Main imports: machinery and equipment, vehicles, consumer goods and food. [11]

Foreign capital

The main sources of foreign investment in Turkmenistan are Turkey, China, Japan, South Korea and other countries, and the main direction of investment is energy, chemical industry, transportation and communications. According to the World Investment Report 2021 released by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Turkmenistan will attract $1.169 billion in foreign investment flows in 2020. By the end of 2020, Turkmenistan's foreign investment stock stood at 39.323 billion US dollars. [11]

finance

The currency of Turkmenistan is the manat. The Bank of Turkmenistan operates as a central bank and a commercial bank. The Central Bank of Turkmenistan is the banking authority, the Agricultural Bank of Kumanstan, the Bank for Foreign Economic Activities of Turkmenistan, five joint-stock commercial banks (Industrial Bank of Turkmenistan, Raisgar Bank, Turkmen Turkish Bank), two foreign banks (Ashgabat Branch of the Export Bank of Iran, Ashgabat branch of the State Bank of Pakistan). In addition, the commercial Bank is the State Development Bank of Turkmenistan. Deutsche Bank and Commerzbank have established representative offices in Turkmenistan.
The main operator of the insurance industry in Turkmenistan is the state-owned "State Insurance Company of Turkmenistan", established in 1992, which has 41 independent subsidiaries throughout the country and monopolizes almost all insurance business. [11]

Foreign aid

According to the information provided by the United Nations Development Programme in Turkmenistan, the main international agencies providing assistance to Turkmenistan are: Asian Development Bank, European Union, International Monetary Fund, International Organization for Migration, Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, Organization for Cooperation and Coordination of Turkey, United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Population Fund, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, United Nations Children's Fund, UNESCO, United States Agency for International Development, World Health Organization, World Bank, German Agency for International Cooperation, etc. The main areas of assistance are: agriculture, water resources, internal affairs management, human rights, Legal system Finance, economy, banking, education, energy, environmental protection, disease prevention, health, infrastructure construction, security, drugs, anti-terrorism, public utilities, individual economy, etc. According to incomplete statistics, between 1993 and 2017, the total amount of aid was about $430 million, with limited impact and rarely reported by the media inside and outside Turkmenistan. [11]

society

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EDITOR

Science and technology

Turkmenistan has a certain scientific and technological foundation, but the research and application of modern science and technology need to be improved. In recent years, Turkmenistan has attached great importance to the introduction of advanced technology and the development of high-tech industries. In early 2009, the President of Turkmenistan signed a decree requiring the government to develop a plan for the development of communications satellites. In May 2011, Turkmenistan established the National Space Agency under the direct direction of the President, whose main functions are to coordinate satellite communications, conduct space research and organize the launch of artificial satellites from the territory of Turkmenistan. Turkmenistan's first communication satellite, Turkmen Alem52.00E, was successfully launched on April 28, 2015. The satellite has three transponders and coverage of most of Eurasia and northern Africa. In December 2017, the President of Turkmenistan decided to allocate 1.3 billion manats for space development from 2018 to 2024 to develop and launch the country's second artificial satellite.
In 2016, Turkmenistan adopted the National Program for the creation of electronic equipment production enterprises to develop competitive electronic and electronic technology production enterprises, requiring enterprises to adopt high technology, rational use of resources, energy conservation, ecological and environmental protection, and produce products that meet the needs of domestic and foreign markets. According to the Outline of Social and Economic Development 2019-2025 issued in February 2019, the electronics industry will be one of the key areas of the national economic development of Turkmenistan in the next seven years, and June 12 is the National Science Day. Turkmenistan has been elected as a member of the United Nations Commission on Science and Technology for Development twice, in 2014-2016 and 2017-2020. In order to promote the development and reform of science and technology in the country and stimulate scientific and technological innovation, President Berdimuhamedov signed the presidential decrees on improving the efficiency of scientific research in Turkmenistan and on establishing the Scientific Development Fund of the Turkmen Academy of Sciences and providing financial support for the development of the scientific system. In March 2019, the Parliament of Turkmenistan reviewed and adopted the Law on Innovative Activities. Turkmenistan attaches great importance to the training of scientific and technological personnel and has established long-term cooperation mechanisms with the world's major scientific and technological centers, international organizations and foundations. Turkmenistan has made the development of new energy sources, new technologies for oil and gas exploration, exploitation and processing, artificial satellites, modern transportation and logistics, molecular biology, genetics and bio-medicine its national research priorities. [11]

education

Ten years of education is compulsory in Turkmenistan. Primary and secondary education and higher education are free of charge. The local education system consists of pre-school education, primary education, secondary education, secondary professional and technical education and higher education. Turkmenistan has more than 1,900 primary and secondary schools, 18 secondary technical schools, 24 institutions of higher learning, and dozens of vocational and technical schools, with a total enrollment of more than 1 million students. Local famous universities include National Mahtumkuri University, Azadi World Language Institute, Engineering Institute, National Oil and Gas Institute, National Communication Construction Institute, Russian Kuplatin Oil and Gas Institute branch, etc. In September 2017, Turkmenistan approved the program for the development of a digital education system and plans to establish a comprehensive foreign language teaching system by 2024. On January 23, 2019, Deputy Prime Minister in charge of education Agamaladov proposed at a cabinet meeting that Turkmen university students should be sent to work in institutions and enterprises for two years after graduation. In order to provide professionals urgently needed for economic development, Turkmenistan will expand the enrollment of universities and secondary technical schools in 2019, and expand inter-university cooperation with China, Japan, Russia, Belarus, Malaysia, Romania, Turkey, Germany and other countries. The Ministry of Education of Turkmenistan has given priority to the development of science and technology and established an innovation and information Centre by presidential decree, which has completed 346 scientific research projects.
Turkmenistan is implementing educational reforms and plans to convert the Turkmenistan International University for Human Sciences and Development and the Turkmenistan Institute of Telecommunications and Information into fully costed units from the 2021-2022 academic year. Turkmenistan is also engaged in the application of higher education institutions to the List of World renowned universities, for which the government set up an inter-departmental expert working group and formulated the "Measures Plan for the application of higher education institutions in Turkmenistan to the List of World Renowned Universities by 2024". [11]

Medical treatment

In the field of health care, Turkmenistan's health expenditure accounts for 2.1% of the GNP, and the per capita health expenditure is 320 US dollars per year. Turkmenistan has a relatively complete medical service system. In recent years, the government has invested heavily in improving medical and health infrastructure, building and opening a number of modern hospitals and clinics, but the level of medical personnel needs to be further improved. Turkmenistan has 14,600 doctors of various types and 24,900 paramedical personnel who have received secondary education. Turkmenistan has one specialized rehabilitation center and 135 hospitals (25,400 beds), and medical institutions of all kinds have an annual reception capacity of 54,300 outpatient visits.
The Ministry of Health and the Pharmaceutical Industry is responsible for the field of health care in Turkmenistan, the main higher education institutions are the State medical University, and the number of health graduates in secondary schools is not more than 400 per year. Turkmenistan has a health insurance system, which can be participated in on a voluntary basis, and the voluntary contribution of citizens to the health insurance premiums has increased by 15% in 2020 compared with the previous year. According to the World Health Organization, the average life expectancy in Turkmenistan is 65 years for men and 72 years for women. Turkmenistan is currently free of large-scale infectious diseases. Official information shows that once high incidence of infectious diseases such as pertussis, polio, malaria and rubella have been basically eliminated, the most common major diseases are malignant tumors and acute intestinal infections, other major diseases with high incidence also include scarlet fever and salmonella infections. Common local diseases also include influenza, hepatitis, pharyngitis and so on. [11]

medium

There are 27 publicly published newspapers in Turkmenistan. The main newspapers are the Turkmenistan Newspaper (in Turkish) and the Neutral Turkmenistan newspaper (in Turkish and Russian), which are official newspapers of the Government of Turkmenistan. In addition, there are newspapers such as Baath, Fatherland and Ashgabat (both in Turkish). There are 29 magazines in public circulation in Turkmenistan.
The state News Agency of Turkmenistan, formerly known as the Turkmenistan branch of the Soviet TASS News Agency, was established in 1925 and changed to its current name in 1992, and has not yet sent permanent correspondents abroad.
The State Commission for Radio, Television and Film of Turkmenistan was established in October 2011 and is in charge of radio, television and film work. Cooperation has been established with the Turkish Radio and Television Organization, the National Radio and Television Organization of Uzbekistan, the Kyrgyz National Radio and Television Organization, the Islamic Republic of Iran Radio (IRIB), Korea International Radio (KBS), and the All-Russian State Film and Television Commission. The State Commission for Radio, Television and Television of Turkmenistan has an advertising department, which cooperates with domestic and foreign enterprises and produces advertising programmes that are broadcast on seven television channels and four radio channels.
The State Commission for Radio, Film and Television of Turkmenistan has seven television channels and four radio channels, including: "Turkmenistan" television channel, created on September 12, 2004, in seven languages, Turkmen, Russian, English, French, Chinese, Arabic and Farsi, to inform the international community of Turkmenistan's achievements in various fields, national development and social life. The television channel "Golden Century" and the radio channel "Fatherland" broadcast news in the Turkmen language on politics, economy, culture, national development plans and achievements, diplomacy, international scientific conferences and exhibitions, and broadcast live performances. "Youth" television broadcasting channel, broadcasting children and youth programmes in the Turkmen language, focusing on the education of pre-school children, primary and secondary school students and young people. The "Fortune" television and radio channel, created in the spring of 2001, broadcasts programmes in the Turkmen language on cultural life, Turkmen history, cultural heritage and works by well-known writers; The television broadcasting channel "Turkmen Music" was created on January 1, 2009 to broadcast music and domestic and foreign performances in the Turkmen language. The "Ashgabat" television channel, which was created on 1 October 2011, broadcasts news in the Turkmen language about the changes in the capital city, political, social, cultural and economic life. The television channel "Sports in Turkmenistan", created on 1 January 2012, broadcasts sports matches and sports news in the Turkmen language and promotes a healthy lifestyle.
The main online media in Turkmenistan are: Turkmenistan State News Agency "Eastern Network", "Commercial network", "Oil and Gas network", "Turkmen Portal" and other websites. In addition, government agencies such as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkmenistan also have their own websites. [11]

communication

Turkmenistan has a total capacity of about 1 million lines of program-controlled switching equipment, including 810,000 lines of digital switches, the capital fixed telephone network is basically digitized, the nationwide digitization rate is more than 80%, and the traditional telephone service (POTS) can cover all the fixed residential areas in Turkmenistan. All Turkmenistan digital switching equipment comes from foreign suppliers. 2G mobile networks have basically covered the whole country, including all state capitals, small cities, towns and major fixed residential areas. Turkmenistan currently has a total GSM mobile equipment capacity of more than 6 million households and CDMA equipment capacity of about 10,000 households.
Since 2000, Turkmenistan opened the international Internet service, still mainly using ADSL2 dial-up Internet access, the next generation of broadband technology (that is, VDSL2 technology) since 2015 began to scale use, which Telecom Turkmenistan newly purchased VDSL broadband access equipment, a single device can accommodate a maximum of 2048 users. The GPON broadband access equipment purchased by the local telephone Office of the capital of Turkmenistan can accommodate a maximum of 16,000 users. The above devices, all from Huawei, can achieve high-speed Internet access of 40 to 80Mbps within 1000 meters of copper wires. By the end of 2018, the total international export bandwidth of Turkmenistan was about 10Gb, and the total number of broadband users was about 65,000, most of which were group users such as state organs, enterprises and public institutions, diplomatic institutions and household users in the capital. Turkmenistan opened 3G services at the end of 2009, and the 4G network was put into use in August 2013. [11]

culture

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EDITOR

tradition

Before the 18th century, the Turkmen were subjected to Islam Cultural influence. 18th century Tsarist Russia Invading Central Asia and sending Russians to cultivate and develop in Central Asia, Russia's cultural influence gradually penetrated. However, since the collapse of the Soviet Union and the emergence of Turkmenistan as an independent state, Russia's influence in the region has declined and the country has strongly promoted Islamic culture. [6]

religion

Islam is the main religion, accounting for 89% of the population, mainly Sunnite Believer. The other 9% of the population is Orthodox Church An apprentice. However, under the rule of the powerful president Saparmurat Atayevich Niyazov, the promotion of Islamic culture caused the minority of Orthodox Russians to gradually move out of Turkmenistan, and the influence of the Orthodox Church in the country declined.
The spiritual wealth created by the Turkmen nation has an irreplaceable place in the world cultural treasure house. The world-famous Ruhnama, written by the leader of Turkmenistan, became the basis of this policy.
Most Turkmen are members of Sunni Islam and follow its strict teachings.
Ancient times Turkish people Shamanism and Zoroastrianism also had a certain influence on Turkmen religious ideas. Rituals such as forcing sick children to jump over fires and sprinkling ashes on the heads of sick people are not characteristic of Islam. Islamic culture plays an important role in Turkmen social life, and Turkmen have great respect for the holy men of Islam. [6]

Language

Before 1927, Turkmen language Arabic alphabet Writing, after adoption Latin alphabet In use since 1940 Cyrillic alphabet It is now written in the Latin alphabet. Turkmen is the official language of Turkmenistan, and Russian is the lingua franca. English is not widely spoken in the area. [6] [11]

Festivals

Statutory holidays include: January 1, New Year's Day; January 12, a day of mourning; March 8, International Women's Day; 21 March, Nauruz Festival; May 9, the anniversary of the victory of the anti-Fascist War; 18 May, Constitution and Flag Day (since 2018); September 27, Independence Day (since 2018); October 6, earthquake mourning day; December 12th, Neutral Day. Major religious festivals include Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha.
According to the Labour Code of Turkmenistan, each unit has the right to decide the number of working days per week according to its own situation. Most units (government agencies) implement a five-day workweek, with only half a day on Saturday and a full day off on Sunday. [11]

mores

costume
Turkmen girls in traditional dress
A Turkmen man National costume For high hats sewn in black, white, and brown sheepskin (which were worn in the hot desert regions to keep warm in winter and cool in summer, but also as a decoration for the beautiful women of Paris and Moscow), long shirts with elaborately trimmed necklines, baggy trousers, and gowns in the eastern style. Turkmen women often wear ankle-length dresses with elaborately embroidered necklines. Turkmen girls like to wear headscarves, braids and ornaments in their hair. Girls usually use green, purple, blue and other bright materials to sew clothes, in winter and spring love to wear Eastern style robes. Turkmen The Bride The decoration is famous for its unique characteristics and complexity, usually these ornaments are made of gold, silver, copper, iron and other metals, among which the more important are headdresses, forehead ornaments, hair ornaments, chest ornaments, wrist ornaments and rings. The bride's dress is a silk gown in the Eastern style, with a triangular perfume pouch for warding off evil, usually with verses or aphorisms written on it, made of leather and silk.
taboo
According to the Turkmen custom, as long as the guests at the table do not want to talk, the host will not ask questions to the guests, because they believe that it is polite to let the respected guest talk first after eating. In conversation, Turkmen never interrupt each other. Don't make a lot of noise when talking about problems, thinking that noise is not decent behavior. In Turkmen homes, the most visible place is often placed with a few bites of flatbread, an ancient custom to remember those who went to war and did not return home.
celebration
On important days such as the birth of a child, the shaving of the first bundle of hair, the naming of a child, and the marriage of a child, Turkmen often gather together to celebrate. Weddings are the biggest events for Turkmen families. According to the tradition of the man's parents to bring gifts to the woman's home visit, if both parents are more satisfied, will leave the gift and start to discuss the wedding date. Turkmen consider Tuesdays and Wednesdays to be unlucky, so weddings are often scheduled for weekends. Five days before the wedding the relatives get together to discuss how to manage it. On the wedding day, cattle and sheep are slaughtered for guests. Sweets, coins and small gifts are thrown on the bride's head as she leaves her home. She wears a silver tiara and tiara, and a white, red-patterned veil, which cannot be removed until the wedding is over. Weddings are often officiated by mullahs and sometimes include events such as horse racing. Nowadays, young people who get married often celebrate by driving friends and family around town in a caravan decorated with flowers and streamers. [6]

food

The extensive use of spices such as pepper, onion, cumin and mint is a characteristic of Turkmen cooking and even Central Asian cooking. The more famous traditional Turkmen food is grilled meat, pilan, naan, grilled meat, fried sangzi and baozi, etc. The drink is mainly tea, and people often drink acid in summer Camel milk To cool off the summer.

Folk house

The nomadic Turkmen live in what is called "Karaoi" (Turkmen meaning black house) yurt Inside. Modern Turkmen living in urban and rural areas have brick and concrete structures. Traditional Turkmen house doors always face Mecca The direction of... The home is carpeted, with tapestries on the walls and pockets and hanging bags for clothing and other items. [6]

Military affairs

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EDITOR

system

National defense system
According to the Constitution, the President is the supreme commander of the armed forces and the Ministry of Defense is the supreme military executive.
Leading figure
President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov and Supreme Commander of the armed forces.

Military strength

By the end of 2011, Turkmenistan had more than 30,000 active troops.

Services (armed services)

Land force
Military of Turkmenistan
More than 20,000 people. It consists of 5 military regions, 3 motorized infantry divisions, 2 motorized infantry brigades, 1 motorized trainer, 1 artillery brigade, 2 air defense brigades, 1 missile brigade, 1 rocket artillery regiment, 1 anti-tank regiment, 1 engineer regiment, and 1 independent air assault battalion.
Main battle tanks: T-72 670. Armored reconnaissance vehicle : BRDM/BRDM-2 170 units. Armored infantry fighting vehicles: BMP-1/BMP-2 930, BRM 12. Armoured transport vehicle : BTR-60/BTR-70/ BTR-80 Model 829. Towed guns: 122 mm, 152 mm 269. Self-propelled guns: 122 mm, 152 mm 56. howitzer : 120mm 17 doors. Rocket gun : 122 mm, 220 mm 125 doors. mortar : 82 mm, 120 mm 97 doors. Antitank missile : AT-3/AT-4/AT-5/AT-6 100 pieces. Rocket launcher: 73 mm several sets. Anti-tank guns: 100 mm 72. Antiaircraft gun : 23 mm 48 doors. Antiaircraft missile : SA-8/SA-13 53, SA-7 several. Ground-to-ground missile : SS-1 type 10 pieces.
navy
700 people. Turkmenistan has announced its intention to form a navy Coast guard It also has a small base in Turkmenbashi with six ships.
Coastal patrol craft: 6.
Air force
4,000 personnel (including air defense). There are 2 squadrons of fighter and ground strike fighter aircraft (equipped with mig-29, Su-17, mig-29U, Su-25MK) and 1 squadron of mixed transport aircraft (equipped with An-26, Mi-24, Mi-8 aircraft); One tactical reconnaissance group (equipped with Su-7B and L-39 aircraft), several surface-to-air missile squadrons (equipped with 50 SA-2/SA-3/SA-5 surface-to-air missiles).
More than 100 combat aircraft, 10 attack helicopters. Fighter aircraft: 22 mig-29s. Strike fighters: 65 Su-17, 2 Su-25MK. Transport aircraft: AN-26 type 1. Trainer: L-39 type 2, mig-29U type 2, Su-7B type 3. Helicopters: 10 Mi-24, 8 Mi-8. Surface-to-air missiles: SA-2/SA-3/SA-5 50. [4]

traffic

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EDITOR

General situation

Turkmenistan is located in the heart of the Eurasian continent, and tapping the potential of transit transport is a priority for the development of the country. Turkmenistan is working towards continuous integration into the global logistics system, expanding the infrastructure of "east-west" and "north-south" transport routes. Turkmenistan has been elected chair of the Inland Transport Committee of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe for the 2019-2020 period. In 2020, Turkmenistan has acceded to several international transport agreements, such as the European Agreement on Major Trunk Lines of International Traffic, the European Agreement on International Trunk Railway Lines, the European Agreement on Important International Combined Transport Lines and their Associated Facilities, the European Agreement Supplementing the 1968 Convention on Road Traffic, the European Agreement Supplementing the 1968 Convention on Road Signs and Signals and its Additional Protocol on Road Signs Agreed. [11]

highroad

Turkmenistan has more than 14,000 kilometers of roads, about two-thirds of which were built in the last decade. Among them, the national highway is 6,540 kilometers long and the international highway is 2,280 kilometers long. The 546-kilometer-long Ashgabat Karakum Dashoguz Primary road and the 1,400-kilometer-long Turkmenbash-Farap Primary road are the country's north-south and east-west traffic arteries, respectively.
Turkmenistan's road network covers all the country's cities and major towns. Turkmenistan has road crossings on its borders with neighboring Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, and Iran, which are accessible to vehicles year-round except for brief periods of ice and snow.
In accordance with Turkmenistan's development plan for the period up to 2020, Turkmenistan also plans to complete the Turkmenbash-Ashgabat - Malay - Turkmen-Nabat - Farap (east-west) and Karakum - Dashoguz roads, renovate existing key sections, and actively participate in trans-Asian transport. Such as Europe-Asia, North-South, Turkmenistan-Southeast Asia, Turkmenistan-Iran-Persian Gulf road corridor (900 km), Turkmenistan-Azerbaijan-Georgia-Black Sea, Turkmenistan-Kazakhstan-Russia and other routes. [11]

railway

After the independence of Turkmenistan, the length of railways in the territory was increased by 1,659 km, and the total length is now 5,198 km, with 742 railway Bridges. Turkmenistan now has a basic east-west, north-south railway layout, the railway network in an irregular "large" shape distribution, but there is no electrified railway. Turkmenistan has railway docking points with neighboring countries Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Iran and Kazakhstan.
Turkmenistan railway construction follows the technical standards of the former Soviet Union, the track is a broad track of 1520mm gauge, and the international standard gauge of Iran and Afghanistan railway docking must be replaced. According to official statistics of Turkmenistan, 23.808 million tons of railway freight were transported in 2019, accounting for 4.5% of the country's total freight. Railway passenger traffic reached 5.443 million, accounting for 0.5% of the country's total passenger transport.
The main railway is the East-west railway main line Turkmen Bashi-Ashgabat - Malay - Turkmen Nabat - Farap, with a total length of about 1170 kilometers; Male-sherhedabat railway, about 320 km; Turkmen Nabat - Ghazachak railway, about 320 km; Talimarjan-koljiki-kirif railway, about 180 km; Tejjan (Turkmen territory) - Sherahz (Turkish-Iranian border) - Mashhad (Iran) railway, 132 km long; Turkmen Nabat - Atamurat Railway, 203 km long.
The 697.5 km North-South Railway in Turkmenistan, connecting Kazakhstan in the north and Iran in the south to the Persian Gulf, was successfully opened on December 3, 2014. [11]

Air freight

Capital Airport
Turkmenistan has five international airports (Ashgabat International Airport, Turkmenmen Nabat International Airport, Turkmenbashi International Airport, Dashoguz International Airport, Malay International Airport) and one regional airport (Balkannabat Airport).
Since independence, Turkmenistan has invested $2.051 billion and 125 million euros in the purchase of 37 civil airliners (29 of which are Boeing aircraft) and 14 helicopters. The main Boeing aircraft models operated by TurkmenAir are Boeing 757-200, 737-800, 737-700 and 777-200.
Turkmenistan uses Boeing aircraft for all international flights and Boeing and Challenger aircraft for domestic flights. Turkmenistan Airlines operates 14 scheduled international passenger routes to ABU Dhabi, Almaty, Ankara, Bangkok, Birmingham, Frankfurt, Delhi, Dubai, Minsk, Moscow, Beijing, Istanbul, St. Petersburg and Kazan. In addition, Turkmenistan Airlines operates five regular international cargo routes using Il76TD aircraft, including ABU Dhabi, Istanbul, Delhi, Bishkek and Urumqi. The Turkmenistan Air Traffic Control Authority provides air traffic control services to the aircraft of more than 200 airlines around the world. [11]

Water transport

Turkmenistan is a landlocked country with no access to the sea, but bordering the Caspian Sea. Water transport refers to the transport of passengers and goods via the Caspian Sea (inland lake) and the Amu Darya River (inland river). Turkmenbashi port is the largest port on the eastern coast of the Caspian Sea and the gateway to the west of Turkmenistan. It can dock 7,000 tons of freighters and is the main export channel for crude oil, refined oil and polypropylene of Turkmenistan.
The Caspian Sea port of Turkmenistan is not only the gateway to other coastal countries, but also the trade transit hub of Central Asia, Iran and other countries along the Caspian Sea, Turkmenistan and other ports - Aktau (Kazakhstan), Astrakhan (Russia), Makhachkala (Russia), Baku (Azerbaijan) and Neka (Iran) are provided with tanker shipping channels. As of March 2021, the Barkan shipyard has repaired more than 80 ships, 20 of which are being overhauled. [11]

diplomacy

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EDITOR

Foreign policy

He joined the United Nations in March 1992. On December 12, 1995, the 50th session of the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution recognizing soil as a territory A permanent neutral state . In June 2015, the 69th session of the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution supporting the permanent neutrality of Turkmenistan. [1]
Turkmenistan pursues a neutral and comprehensive foreign policy, so the Turkmen government leadership and civil society have always participated in regional alliance activities only selectively. Turkmenistan pursues an active and neutral foreign policy and adheres to the principle of peaceful coexistence.
Turkmenistan did not move closer to the United States after independence, as did the neighboring emerging states of Central Asia, but because Turkmenistan and Iran were at war with each other Energy transportation There are many large-scale cooperation between Turkey and Iraq, but the relationship between Turkey and the United States is not close. Turkmenistan and Russia are also intertwined in economic and military ties due to their historical origins.
Turkmenistan is increasingly going it alone in its diplomacy. Following the declaration of Turkmenistan's withdrawal from the Commonwealth of Independent States at the Kazan Conference on 26 August 2005, ethnic Russians in Turkmenistan were forced to choose either Russia or Turkmenistan as their nationality and to forfeit all property in Turkmenistan if they renounced Turkmen citizenship. By March 2005 Kyrgyzstan 's" Tulip revolution The Turkish government has stepped up its vigilance and taken measures to prevent citizens from contacting the outside world, and foreign printed materials, including magazines and newspapers, cannot be brought into the country.
In 2010, Turkey actively carried out foreign exchanges. The Turkish President has visited the World Expo in Shanghai 15 times and attended multilateral events such as the Shanghai World Expo, the Informal Meeting of the Leaders of the CIS countries, the Tashkent Summit of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the Conference on Disarmament of Central Asia and the Caspian Sea Region, the Summit of Heads of State of Turkic-speaking Countries, the Summit of Heads of States bordering the Caspian Sea, and the Summit of OSCE member States. Over 900 foreign delegations were received throughout the year, including 11 high-level delegations, including 8 heads of state and the UN Secretary-General. In December 2010, President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov chaired a meeting of Turkish diplomatic envoys abroad, calling on the Foreign Ministry to actively participate in international cooperation, strengthen relations with neighboring countries, deepen cooperation with European countries, further strengthen relations with countries in the Asia-Pacific region, especially China, Japan and India, and deepen traditional friendship with the Near East, Middle East, North Africa and Arab countries. We will keep close contact with countries in North and South America and strengthen cooperation with the United Nations and other international organizations. The Turkish government has decided to set up economic and trade representative offices and cultural commissioners in various foreign missions in 2011 to expand economic, trade and people-to-people exchanges. [4]

External relations

Relations with China
胡锦涛同土库曼斯坦总统会谈
On 27 December 1991, China recognized the independence of Turkmenistan. On January 6, 1992, Turkmenistan established diplomatic relations with China at ambassadorial level. Since the establishment of diplomatic ties, high-level leaders of the two countries have exchanged visits continuously, bilateral relations have developed rapidly and bilateral cooperation in various fields has been continuously strengthened. In April 2006, President Niyazov paid a state visit to China and the two sides signed a joint statement. In July 2007, President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov paid a state visit to China and the two countries signed a joint statement. In November 2007, Premier Wen Jiabao paid an official visit to Turkmenistan. Strategic partnership .
习近平同土库曼斯坦总统会谈
During President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov's visit to China in May 2014, the two sides signed the China-Turkey Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation. In August, Vice Premier Zhang Gaoli visited Turkey and held the third meeting of the China-Turkey Cooperation Committee with Turkish Deputy Prime Minister Mikhail Khojamukhamedov. In November, Turkish Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Meredov attended the fourth Foreign Ministers' Conference of the Istanbul Process on Afghanistan in China. In April 2015, Vice Premier Zhang Gaoli met with Turkish Deputy Prime Minister Mikhail Khojamukhamedov in Beijing. In November, President Berdymukhamedov visited China again. Li Yuanchao Present soil acquisition A permanent neutral state Status 20th anniversary celebration and visit.
In 2023, the bilateral trade volume between China and Turkey reached 10.59 billion US dollars, a year-on-year decrease of 5.2%. China's exports reached 957 million US dollars, a year-on-year increase of 11.3%, and imports reached 9.633 billion US dollars, a year-on-year decrease of 6.6%. [7] [17]
2023年1月6日，应中华人民共和国主席习近平邀请，土库曼斯坦总统 Sheldar Berdymukhamedov Paid a state visit to the People's Republic of China. During the visit, the two sides announced the establishment of China-Turkey comprehensive strategic partnership [12] .
China and Turkey have built three natural gas pipelines, A, B and C, starting from the Turkish-Uzbek border, passing through Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, and ending near the Khorgos port in Xinjiang. People-to-people and cultural cooperation between the two countries has become more active. Chinese courses are offered in primary and secondary schools in Turkmenistan, and Russian-Turkmen majors are offered at Minzu University of China and Beijing Foreign Studies University. The two sides will hold each other's Cultural Year activities in 2023-2024. [17]
Relations with Russia
In April 2003, Russia signed an agreement to buy Turkmenistan's natural gas for 25 years. By June 2006, however, the price was so cheap that Turkmenistan offered a price of about two times the current rate, between $110 and $125 per thousand cubic meters. Russia refused.
In 2011, Turkish-Russian relations continued to develop steadily. In June, Russian Minister of Education and Science Vladimir Vrshchenko visited Turkey and exchanged views with President Berdymukhamedov on education cooperation, personnel training, health care and other issues. In July, the mayor of St. Petersburg, Russia, Matviyenko visited Turkey and awarded President Berdymukhamedov the Medal of Honor for "Outstanding Contributor to St. Petersburg." In August, Turkish Deputy Prime Minister Igor Shagureyev visited the Republic of Tatarstan. In the same month, the First Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian government and the Russian Chairman of the Turkish-Russian Inter-Governmental Economic Cooperation Committee Zubkov visited Turkey. In September, a delegation from Russia's Astrakhan region visited Turkey. In the same month, the third Turkish-Russian Economic Cooperation Forum was held in Ashgabat. [4]
Relations with other CIS countries
Soil attaches great importance to development Cis countries The friendly relationship. In January 2011, Uzbek President Islam Karimov had a telephone conversation with President Berdymukhamedov. In March, a meeting of the Turkmenistan-Belarusian Joint Committee on Economic and trade cooperation was held in Ashgabat. In the same month, the First Deputy Prime Minister of Ukraine and Minister of Economic Development and Trade Aleksandr Klyuyev visited Turkey and the Mixed Committee of Turkish-Ukrainian economic and Trade Cooperation held a regular meeting. In April, Turkish Minister of Economy and Development Mikhail Khojamamedov attended a regular meeting of the Economic Council of CIS member States. In the same month, the 65th meeting of the Committee of Commanders of the Border Forces of the CIS Member States was held in Turkey. In the same month, Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko visited Turkey and exchanged views with President Berdymukhamedov on bilateral relations as well as international and regional issues of common interest. In May, President Berdymukhamedov visited Uzbekistan and exchanged views with President Karimov on deepening traditional friendship, strengthening cooperation in transportation, energy and other fields, as well as international and regional issues of common interest. In the same month, Turkish Deputy Prime Minister Sergei Chagureyev attended the meeting of the Council of Heads of Government of the CIS countries in Belarus. In June, the third meeting of the Turkish-Tajik Inter-governmental Mixed Committee on Economic, Trade, and Scientific and Technological Cooperation was held in Turkey, attended by Tajik Minister of Energy and Industry Ahmed Gul. In July, the third meeting of the Mixed Committee on Economic Cooperation between Turkey and the United States was held in Ashgabat, attended by Minister of Energy and Natural Resources Mofsiyan. In the same month, the fourth meeting of the Turkmenistan Mixed Committee on Economic, Scientific, Technological and Cultural Cooperation was held in Fuhrer City. In August, the Foreign Minister of Tajikistan Hamrohun Zarifi Visit the soil. In the same month, Belarusian Minister of Architecture and Construction Nitschkasov visited Turkey. In September, President Berdimukhamedov went to the capital of Tajikistan Dushanbe Attended the CIS Heads of State Summit with the President of Russia Medvedev And Tajik President Emomali Rahmon held separate meetings. In the same month, Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych visited Turkey and the two sides exchanged in-depth views on bilateral cooperation in the political, economic and cultural fields. In October, Turkish Deputy Prime Minister Sergei Chagureyev attended the meeting of the Council of Heads of Government of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in St. Petersburg. [4]
Relations with Turkey
Bilateral relations continue to develop smoothly. President of Turkey, May 2011 Gurs He paid a working visit to Turkmenistan and met with President Gurbanguly Berdimukhamedov in the Fuhri City, exchanging views on deepening traditional friendship and strengthening mutually beneficial cooperation. In addition, the leaders of the two countries also exchanged views on bilateral relations as well as international and regional issues of common interest. As the largest investor in Turkey, Turkey has obvious advantages in textile, construction, transportation, oil and gas and other fields. There are more than 600 Turkish companies registered in Turkmenistan with a total investment of $21 billion. More than 2,000 Turkmen students are studying in Turkish universities, and there are more than a dozen joint educational institutions in Turkmenistan, including the Turkoman-Turkish International University. [4]
Relations with Iran
Iran is an important neighbor of Turkmenistan. In 2011, bilateral relations maintained a sound momentum of development. In February, Vice President of Iran and Chairman of the Organization for Cultural Heritage, Applied Arts and Tourism Bergai visited Turkey and attended the Iranian Culture Day. In the same month, Iranian Commerce Minister Ghazanfari visited Turkey and attended the fifth Iranian Goods Fair and Turkish-Iranian Business Forum. In June, Iranian Deputy Foreign Minister Shaibani visited Turkey. In July, Iranian Interior Minister Nazar visited Turkey. In the same month, the 11th meeting of the Turkish-Iranian Inter-governmental Mixed Committee on Economic Cooperation was held in Ashgabat, attended by Iranian Foreign Minister Ali Akbar Salehi. [4]
Relations with the United States
Turkish-american relations are developing steadily. In January 2011, General Mattis, commander of the US Central Command, visited Turkey. The two sides exchanged views on the status quo and prospects of bilateral relations as well as international and regional issues of common interest. In February, US Assistant Secretary of State for South and Central Asian Affairs Blake visited Turkey and attended the consultations on Turkish-US relations. In the same month, Stuart, executive director of the Turkish-American Business Council, visited Turkey. In May, the fifth Turkish-American Business Forum was held. In the same month, the first United States Commodity Fair was held in Turkey, attended by Deputy Assistant Secretary of Commerce Wilder and Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for South and Central Asian Affairs Piatt. In June, the US Secretary of State's Special Envoy for Eurasian Energy issues, Moninstahl, visited Turkey and exchanged views with President Berdymuhamedov on expanding bilateral energy cooperation and ensuring international energy security. In November, US Assistant Secretary of State for South and Central Asian Affairs Richard Blake visited Turkey. [4]
With European countries
Turkey's relations with the European Union and other European countries continue to develop. In January 2011, EU President Barroso visited Turkey and exchanged views with President Berdymuhamedov on further developing mutually beneficial cooperation as well as international and regional issues of common interest. In the same month, Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Meredov attended the meeting of the Turkish-German Joint Working Group held in Germany. In March, the European Development Bank's regional manager for Turkey, Eastern Europe, Central Asia and the Caucasus, Dekam, visited Turkey. In April, the Turkish-EU Working Conference on energy cooperation was held in Paris. In May, President Gurbanguly Berdymuhamedov visited Romania and exchanged views with his Romanian counterpart Traiboyfriends Basescu on international and regional issues of common concern, such as strengthening political dialogue between the two countries and deepening cooperation in the fields of economy, trade, energy and humanities. In June, Turkish Deputy Prime Minister Alessandro Japarov and Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Bank of Foreign Economic Cooperation and Development (FKEB) Andrei Jepbarov attended the European and Central Asian Economic Forum in Austria. In the same month, the British Chairman of the Turkish-British Committee of Trade and Industry, Nesh, visited Turkey. In July, the State secretary of the German Ministry of Health, Il, visited Turkey. In September, the Swiss Federal Minister of Finance, Evanli Wedemeer Schrumpiff, visited Turkey. In the same month, the fourth meeting of the Fourth Turkish-Austrian Mixed Committee was held in Vienna. In October, the Turkish-British Council of Trade and Industry met. In the same month, Austrian President Fischer visited Turkey. In November, Hungarian President Schmuter visited Turkey. In the same month, German Foreign Minister Vestelverle visited Turkey. In the same month, Estonian Foreign Minister Ansip visited Turkey. In December, the Turkish-German Business Forum was held in Ashgabat. [4]

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The city of Ashgabat

Earthquake monument
Earthquake monument
It is located on Neutrality Square in Ashgabat, next to the Neutrality Gate and the Presidential Palace. It was completed on 6 October 1998. The monument is divided into two parts. On the top is a 15-meter-long bronze bull with a chapped sphere on its neck - a symbol of the earth - and a woman holding a child in her hands on the cracked crust. Design ideas based on Tujue, a nationality in ancient China National legend: They believe that the earth is carried by a giant cow. Women and children symbolize eternity and the continuation of the human race. The lower part is the pedestal, and inside the pedestal is the Earthquake Museum, which features pictures of Ashgabat before, after and today's earthquake in 1948. On the wall at the entrance of the museum is a wall clock, with the hour hand pointing to 1:12 - the time of the Ashgabat earthquake, to commemorate the tragedy - on October 6, 1948, at 1:12 am, an earthquake measuring 9-10 on the Richter scale struck Ashgabat, killing 160,000 people and almost completely destroying the city.
Neutral gate
Is one of the main attractions of Ashgabat City, located in Neutral Square, the main building is 75 meters high, there is an elevator to the observation deck and cafe. The three supporting feet represent the three indivisible foundations of the new Turkmenistan: neutrality, independence and national unity. The top 12-meter-high statue of President Niyazov rotates in the direction of the sun. On December 12, 1995, 185 member states of the United Nations unanimously agreed to grant Turkmenistan permanent neutral status. In commemoration of this historic event, Turkmenistan built the Neutral Gate in 1998, which symbolizes Turkey's peaceful and open foreign policy, demonstrates a friendly attitude towards the world, and expresses optimism and confidence in the future of human happiness.
Rukhyett Palace (Palace of Meetings and Arts)
Located opposite the presidential Palace, it has become one of the symbols of Ashgabat City. The palace's marble main body and sky-blue dome blend in with the downtown complex. The conference hall can accommodate 2,800 people, and can also be used as an opera hall, a drama hall and a film hall. The first floor houses the hall of Heads of state. It was built by the French company Bouygues and completed in December 1999. The 9th Joint Assembly of the Council of Elders, the People's Committee and the National Revival Movement was held here.
Carpet museum
Located in the centre of Ashgabat, it was established with the approval of the President on 20 March 1993. The museum covers an area of 1,178 square meters and displays more than 1,000 pieces of carpets and tapestries of various patterns in different periods. There are two giant carpets on display in the museum, one is the largest carpet in the earth, 294 square meters (14×21), weighing 1 ton; The other is 189 square meters (18 x 10.5). In addition, there are also millions of thread carpets (1 square meter has 1148,000 threads) and double-sided carpets. Turkmen carpet contains the aesthetic taste of the Turkmen nation. Each branch of the Turkmen nation has its own unique carpet decoration. The present Turkish flag and National emblem They're all painted with carpet.
National Museum of Turkmenistan
It was funded by Turkey and opened on 12 November 1998. Located on the southern side of the city of Ashgabat, the museum is a magnificent building with an area of 22,500 square meters and 16,000 square meters for exhibitions. The main building contains conference hall, exhibition hall, office, warehouse, technical restoration department and coffee shop. Four semicircular amphitheatres are located outside the main building. Museum exhibition Independence Hall Nature Hall, Original History Hall, ancient Hall, Medieval Hall, folk Hall, etc., exhibits about 20,000 pieces.
Ahartekin horse and stud farm
The first records of the Ahartigma are from the 4th or 3rd century BC. Born in the Akhar Oasis between the Kopet Mountains and the Karakum Desert in Turkmenistan, this horse is one of the oldest horse breeds in the world, having been cultivated over 3,000 years. The horse is well-proportioned, powerful, strong, fast, strong endurance, violent temperament, but it is very obedient after taming. The horse was dignified and light in his step. Akhaltekin stud farm Located on the southwest outskirts of Ashgabat, it was founded in 1922 as the Caspian Stables, and changed its name to President Niyazov Stud in 1992. There are now five state-owned large horse farms in Turkmenistan, and the total number of horses in Akhal Jekin is about 2,000. We are committed to introducing Ahar Tejinma to the international market, cooperating with the United States, France, Russia, Sweden Working with countries like Australia.

Cunha Urgench

Cunha Urgench Located in the Dashaguz region of Turkmenistan, Amu Darya South bank, next to the border with Uzbekistan. Formerly known as Jade Dragon Jie Chi Historically, yes Khwarizm The capital of the kingdom, it has a series of buildings dating from the 11th to 16th centuries, including a mosque, fortress, mausoleum and a minaret. It was added to the United Nations World Heritage List in 2005.

The gates of hell

The Gates of Hell are located in the southern town of Turkmenistan Davaza Near Darvaza, the coordinates are 40°15 'North latitude and 58°26' east longitude. According to relevant data records, in 1971, a geological exploration team of the Soviet Union found rich natural gas here, due to the collapse of the drilling equipment, the formation of a diameter of more than 70 meters of the crater. The explorers, fearing the poison gas was harmful, lit a fire. The fire has been burning ever since. The gate of hell has three pits: a pit of earth, a pit of water, and a pit of fire. [8]
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