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Kayaking is divided into two categories: kayaking and canoeing. Kayaks originated in Greenland
The Inuit
A boat made of whale skin and otter skin wrapped in a bone rack and driven by OARS with blades on both ends. Rowing originated in Canada, so it is also called Canadian rowing.
[1]
Kayaking originated in Greenland, North America in the 1860s Eskimo. In January 1924, the "International Canoe Association" was founded in Copenhagen, Denmark, under the abbreviation 1.R.K. In 1936, at the 11th Olympic Games held in Berlin, canoeing was listed as an official Olympic event.
[2]
In 1954, men's 1000 meters and women's 500 meters were set up at the Beijing Water Games.
[3]
In 1974, China joined the Federation of International Planning.
[3]
The highest organization in canoeing is the International Canoe Federation, headquartered in Madrid, Spain.
[4-5]
The highest organization in China is the China Canoeing Association, headquartered in Beijing.
[6]
- Chinese name
- canoe
- Foreign name
- canoe and kayak
- class
- athletics
- entry
- kayak and canoe
- cradle
- Greenland
- Main game
- Olympic canoeing competitions, World Canoeing Championships, World slalom Championships, etc
- Origin time
- The 1860s
- Representative figure
- Birgit Fischer, Meng Guanliang and Yang Wenjun
Kayaking originated in the 1860s in North America, Greenland Eskimo.
In 1865, Scotland's JohnMacGregor (JohnMacGregor) imitation animal skin boat made a 4 meters long, 75 centimeters wide, 30 kilograms weight "Nob Noi" kayak through Sweden, Finland, Germany, the United Kingdom.
Canoeing became widespread in Europe in the 1890s.
At the end of the 19th century, German engineer Herman based on his own experience, the kayak was made into a fish shape, greatly improving the boat speed.
In 1923, Denmark, Sweden, Austria and other countries formed a working committee, which stipulated that the length of the boat was 5.2 meters and the width was 51 centimeters.
It was launched in January 1924 by Denmark, Sweden, France and Austria. The International Canoe Association, abbreviated 1.R.K, was established in Copenhagen, Denmark, to draw up the statutes of the Congress and the first rules of canoe competition. That same year, during the 8th Olympic Games held in Paris, France, Canadian and American athletes were in the Seine River. An exhibition rowing competition was held.
In 1936, at the 11th Olympic Games held in Berlin, canoeing was listed as an official Olympic event. A total of nine events were contested, namely men's 1000 m single kayak, double kayak, single kayak, double kayak, 10,000 m single kayak, double kayak, double kayak, and detachable 10,000 m single kayak and double kayak.
At the end of 1952, the Central National Defense Sports Club in Beijing ordered four racing boats and 20 kayaks at the Harbin Inland Waterway Shipping Shipyard to build wooden boats with overlapping plates according to Soviet drawings.
[3]
In May 1954, the boats and kayaks were shipped to Beijing for water training in July, with 89 participants. In the same year, in the Beijing Water Games, men's 1000 meters and women's 500 meters kayak events were set up.
[3]
In 1955, China trained 193 people in the "Youth Cup" boat race and added a 1,600 meter relay.
[3]
In 1956, the concave hull appeared again. By 1960, the transverse concave contour reached its peak.
In 1964, the International Federation also formulated the "no concave" rule to standardize boat design. But they also designed the diamond shaped kayak.
In 1960, at the 17th Olympic Games in Rome, all races over the 1000 m distance were eliminated and the men's 4 x 500 m kayak relay and women's 500 m tandem kayak races were added.
In 1964, the Tokyo Olympics changed the relay race to the men's 1000m four-man kayak.
In 1972, fiberglass boats appeared, and in the same year, canoe slalom became an official event for the first time at the 20th Munich Olympic Games.
In 1974, China joined the Federation of International Planning.
[3]
In 1975, China added kayaking to the list
The third National Games
And began to compete in the world championships.
[3]
In 1976, the Montreal Olympics added the men's 500 m single, double kayak and canoe events.
In 1979, China began to introduce foreign advanced technology, and the number of kayaking units continued to increase, thus entering the stage of vigorous development.
[3]
In 1992, slalom returned to the Olympic Games at the 25th Barcelona Olympic Games.
[2]
canoe
The transverse and longitudinal lines of the hull of kayaks and rowboats should be raised (horizontal and vertical directions only); No level point of the deck shall be higher than the highest point of the leading edge of the first cabin; No attachments should be added to the boat, so as not to cause injustice to the athletes; During the race, all kinds of electronic or electric instruments are not allowed on board, including: water pump, speed meter, fatigue meter, heart rate meter.
1. Boat and athlete numbers
All kayaks and rowboats shall be equipped with a number plate indicating the course, which shall be black letters on a white background, erected vertically, and made of opaque material. The numbers on the number plate are 15 cm high and the font is 25 mm thick.
The number plate should be placed on the center line of the quarterdeck (the rowboat on the foredeck).
The size of the number plate is 18 x 20 cm.
The athlete's bib provided by the host association can only be placed on the back of the athlete. According to the competition rules, the competitors have the right to use their own racing boats.
[8]
2. Kayak racing equipment
(1) Kayak shell
The International Rowing Federation believes that kayaking originated in North America
The Inuit
This kind of boat uses animal bones as the boat frame and animal skin as the boat shell, so it is called kayak. 1965 Modified by McGregor for use in tourism and sports. The body of the modern kayak is mostly wooden boat frame, with
Aviation plywood
Or fiberglass hull. Modern kayaks have a streamlined shape, smooth surface, light and narrow, and are as long as a shuttle. All decks on the front and rear of the boat are completely closed, except for the open seats of the athletes.
The main accessories of the kayak are pedal board, sitting board, rudder rod, rudder rope, rudder and so on. International regulations limit the length, narrowness and minimum weight of kayaks.
Each kayak may have one rudder. The thickness of the K1 and K2 blades shall not exceed 10 mm; Or K4 must not exceed 12 mm; Boats can be designed to sit inside (kayak) rather than outside (surfski).
[8]
|
boats
|
designation
|
Maximum length (cm)
|
Minimum width (cm)
|
Minimum weight (kg)
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Kayak solo
|
K1
|
520
|
51
|
12
|
|
Double kayak
|
K2
|
650
|
55
|
18
|
|
Kayak for four
|
K4
|
1100
|
60
|
30
|
(2) Kayak paddle
It's a tool that athletes use to move their kayaks forward. A kayak paddle is a two-bladed paddle with blades at both ends of the rod. Its main structural feature is that the direction of the two blades is perpendicular or close to vertical intersection Angle. According to the different direction of blade deflection, there are left paddle and right paddle, and athletes can choose left and right paddle according to their grip habits. Because the rules on the size and shape of the paddle is not very strict uniform regulations, the development of kayak paddles in recent decades has changed very rapidly. The weight, length, shape, blade and blade area of each paddle can be selected according to the athlete's height, technical style, strength, gender and different types of boat.
[8]
|
Boat type
|
Paddle length (cm)
|
Blade width (cm)
|
Blade length (cm)
|
Propeller weight (kg)
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
WK
|
215-222.
|
15 to 18
|
45-48
|
0.8-1
|
|
WK2, K4
|
218-224.
|
16-19
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45-48
|
0.9-1.1
|
|
MK1
|
217-224.
|
16-20
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47-50
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0.9-1.1
|
|
MK2, K4
|
220-226.
|
18 to 22
|
48-52
|
1-1.2
|
|
Reference materials:
[9]
|
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(3) Kayak rudder
Kayak rudder is an accessory device on the kayak, is a simple device to control the direction of the kayak, including rudder blade, steering wheel, rudder rope, rudder rod, etc. The rudder rod exists objectively on the athlete's pedal board, the athlete's feet support the pedal board, when the kayak needs to turn, with the foot to move the rudder rod, the rudder rod around a fixed axis. When the "ding" shaped rudder rod turns, the rudder rope moves and pulls the steering wheel attached to the other end of the rudder rope, the steering wheel is tightly attached to the rudder, so the rudder rope actually pulls the rudder blade to turn, so that the kayak turns. The rules of the competition stipulate that if the length of the kayak body is extended because of the rudder, the thickness of the rudder blade must be limited, and the thickness of the rudder blade of the single boat and the double boat shall not exceed 10 mm, and the thickness of the four boat shall not exceed 12 mm.
[8]
3. Rowing equipment
(1) Rowing boat hull
The raw materials for making the hull are also composite materials such as aviation plywood, fiberglass and carbon fiber. There are also limits on the length, narrowness, and minimum weight of the rowboat.
|
rowboat
|
designation
|
Maximum length (cm)
|
Minimum width (cm)
|
Minimum weight (kg)
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Single rowboat
|
C1
|
520
|
75
|
16
|
|
Pair canoe
|
C2
|
650
|
75
|
20
|
|
Four people rowing
|
C4
|
900
|
75
|
30
|
The rowboat must be built symmetrically along its longitudinal axis and must not be equipped with a rudder or any other means of steering the rowboat. If there is a keel, it should be straight and spread along the full length of the rowboat, with no more than 30 mm of projection under the hull.
C1 and C2 boats can be fully open, with a minimum opening length of 280 cm, and the top edge of the ship can be extended along the entire limited opening, up to 5 cm on board. Boats can have up to 3 reinforcement bars, each with a maximum width of 7 cm
The C4 boat can be fully open, with a minimum opening length of 390 cm, and the edge (side) of the boat can be extended along the entire limited opening, up to 6 cm on the boat. Boats can have up to 4 reinforcement bars, each with a maximum width of 7 cm.
[8]
(2) Rowing OARS
Rowing equipment is a tool for athletes to move the rowing boat forward. A rowing paddle is a shovel-shaped paddle with a blade on one end. The specifications of single, double and four-man paddles are slightly different.
Rowing OARS are generally made of wood or fiberglass, and have been developed for use in recent years
Carbon fibre
For materials. The carbon fiber structure makes the paddle more robust, durable, lightweight and easy to service. The cross section of the paddle is usually rounded, so that the blade has better orientation, which is conducive to force, and also makes the paddle have greater bending resistance. Unlike kayaks, the blades of a rowing paddle are symmetrical along the center line. Asymmetrical blades produce an unbalanced surface area. Thus, torque is generated under dynamic action. The blade surface of the rowing paddle plays a variety of functions of pushing, steering and controlling the stability of the boat.
[8]
Kayaking still water venue facilities
In the Olympic competition, canoeing still water is usually shared with rowing on a water course, in order to meet the needs of rowing, the course must meet the following minimum measurement range requirements:
Length 1400 meters (linear distance), width 120 meters, minimum depth 2 meters; The maximum distance from the first channel to the bank with at least one straight edge is 50 meters.
Banks are gentle, wave-proof slopes made of large blocks of stone or other special materials that keep waves from rolling over the banks.
A dedicated channel is set on the water surface to allow participants to enter the competition area or training area. The Canoe Still Water Olympic distance is 1000 meters and 500 meters. The competition uses nine lanes, each 9 meters wide; The course must be laid out in accordance with the "A1-bano" system specified in the rules. An automatic launch and electronic timing system must be used at the Olympic Games.
One of the important facilities of the competition venue is the finish tower. This is the core area of the competition, generally 4 or 5 floors of the small building, as the final timing system operation room, final timing referee room, arbitration room, competition committee. Terminal video room, broadcast room and media camera room, etc. Under normal circumstances, the VIP area is close to the finish tower, which is easy to watch the wonderful performance of athletes crossing the finish line.
Another important facility is the boathouse. The boathouse is generally close to the water and water jetty, and is close to the athletes' activity area and other competition facilities. Racing boats are generally stored on the shelf, and there are two types of boat storage, open and closed. The boat can also be parked outside while the race is being held.
[9]
Canoe slalom venue facilities
The track is 250-400 meters long. The measurement standard is the middle minimum value of the waterway between the starting line and the finishing line; The minimum average width of the track is 8 meters, the water drop is generally greater than 5 meters, and the water depth is greater than 0.6 meters.
Warm up and relax in the start area or finish area.
There are fixed and movable obstacles in the track. According to training and competition needs, obstacles can be combined into a variety of different forms. During the race, 18-25 water gates are arranged in the track. One part is the downstream gate in the direction of the upstream flow, and the other part is the reverse gate in the direction of the upstream flow. Among them, at least 6 and up to 7 reverse water gates, athletes do not touch the door pole in the game, and successfully pass the prescribed forward and reverse water gates.
The water gate consists of two overhanging door rods. The door rod along the water is painted green and white, the door rod against the water is painted red and white, and the bottom section is white. The width of the door refers to the distance between the two door rods, between 1.2 meters - 4 meters. The door rod is round, 1.6 m - 2 m long, 35 cm - 5 cm in diameter, with enough weight, there will be no large swing when the wind blows. The lower end of the door rod is about 20 cm high from the water, so as not to be touched by the water.
Athletes must pass through the water gate in order of gate number when competing. The door number plate is 30 cm long and 30 cm wide, the background color is yellow or white, and the number is 20 cm high written in black paint on both sides.
[9]
1. Departure regulations
The course of the preliminaries shall be determined by drawing lots.
The departure shall not be affected by any absentee. The finisher is responsible for coordinating the position of each boat at the starting point, and shall keep the bow of the boat on the starting line. The starter shouts "We'll be going in 10 seconds" when he thinks it's OK to start, and then at the appropriate time within 10 seconds, the starter command is "GO" or the pistol is fired.
2. In-course regulation
Non-participating boats are prohibited from entering the whole or part of the channel, even the area outside the buoy, while the race is underway. In races up to 1000 metres, competitors must row within the course from start to finish. Athletes should keep to the center line of their course as far as possible, and the distance between two athletes should not be less than 5 meters. In the course of the race, if the boat is capsized due to its own reasons, the athletes are allowed to reboard the boat and continue the race without the help of others, but they must not cross the channel, and should be rowed to the end of the race before the start of the next group.
3. Pass terminal requirement
The time when the head of the boat reaches the finish line is the time of arrival, and the athletes in the boat must all pass the finish line of the channel to be valid. At this time, the judge at the finish line sends out the arrival signal with the sound equipment. When the race boat passes the finish line, there should be a course plate on the boat. If the course plate is lost for any reason, the athlete should explain the situation to the final judge and report the course number, waiting for the decision of the course judge.
4. Weather forecast
The rules state that during the competition, the organizing committee of the conference shall provide the teams with daily information
Weather forecast
, including daily temperature, precipitation, humidity, visibility, and wind conditions (wind speed and direction).
[10]
1. Departure regulations
In general, the athletes are ready in the starting area and take a stationary start with the help of a crew member. The starting order of the preliminaries is determined by the International Federation based on the athletes' world rankings; The starting order of the semifinals is determined according to the preliminary results. The starting order of the final is determined according to the semi-final results, and the good results will start.
2, through the watergate, penalty points and leaky door regulations
Athletes must pass through each gate in the correct direction and in the order of the watergate numbers. The setting of the water gate is determined by the chief judge, the chief judge, the technical organizer and the course designer. When the whole head and the whole or part of the body of the athlete pass the connection between the water gate pole, the boat, OARS and any part of the body do not touch the door pole and pass the water gate in the specified direction, it shall be deemed to have passed correctly, and no penalty shall be imposed; If the athlete's boat, oar or body touches the door pole when passing the water gate, it is regarded as touching the pole, and the penalty is 2 points; If the athlete does not pass the specified water gate or the wrong direction, it is considered to be a missed gate and a penalty of 50 points.
If the OARS are broken or lost during the race, the athlete can only use the spare OARS on the boat. When the bottom of the boat is up and the athlete (either athlete in the men's pair) disembarks, it is considered a capsizing.
3. Calculate results and publish results
Time of two rounds (in seconds) + penalty points = result.
Athletes who break away from the boat during the race will be disqualified from the round.
[10]
|
Kayaking still water
|
Canoe slalom
|
|
|---|---|---|
|
Men's event
|
Men's 1000m single kayak
|
Men's single kayak
|
|
Men's 1000m double kayak
|
||
|
Men's 1000m four kayak
|
||
|
Men's 500 m solo kayak
|
Men's single rowing
|
|
|
Men's 500m double kayak
|
||
|
Men's 1000 m single rowing
|
||
|
Men's 1000m tandem rowing
|
Men's pair rowing
|
|
|
Men's 500 m single rowing
|
||
|
Men's 500m tandem rowing
|
||
|
Women's event
|
Women's 500 m solo kayak
|
Kayak solo for women
|
|
Women's 500m double kayak
|
||
|
Women's 500m four-person kayak
|
||
|
Reference materials:
[2]
|
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Canoeing at the Olympics
Canoeing is an official event of the Olympic Games and also a popular sport. It entered the Olympic Games in 1924 as a performance event and became an official Olympic event in 1936. In 1972, Canoeing added the rapids roundabout.
[11]
World Canoe Championships
In 1938, the International Canoe Federation created an international canoe championship. Since 1970, the Olympic Games have been held once a year. If the Olympic Games are held in the same year, they will not be held separately. The competition takes place on artificial or natural water surfaces with nine waterways. Men's and women's single kayak, double kayak, four kayak and men's single kayak, double kayak,
[12]
World slalom Championships
One of the international canoeing championships founded in Geneva in 1949. Canoe categories are men's single kayak, single kayak, Canadian double canoe, women's single kayak and men's mixed double canoe. Held every other year, there are individual and team competitions.
[12]
World slalom Championships
In 1959, the International Canoe Federation created an international canoe race slalom Championship in Germany, which is a project to test rowing skills under difficult conditions. It is held once every two years.
[12]
World Sailing Rowing Championships
In 1961, the International Canoe Federation held the first World Sailing Rowing Championships in Heling Island, England, and thereafter held every four years.
[12]
Canoeing competition at Asian Games
National collegiate canoeing Championships
The National University Student Canoeing Championship is a national university student sports event jointly established by the Chinese Canoeing Association and the Chinese University Sports Association.
[13]
International Canoe Federation
It is the highest organizational body of canoeing and kayaking and is affiliated with the International Olympic Committee (I.O.C), responsible for organizing international championships and Olympic canoeing competitions. The ISF is a multi-sport organization that includes canoeing (an Olympic event), slalom and slalom, canoeing and the marathon.
[5]
Olympic Council of Asia
Responsible for coordinating sports activities among Asian countries and regions in Asia to promote the Olympic ideal and ensure the smooth holding of the quadrennial Asian Games, headquartered in Kuwait.
[14]
Chinese Canoe Association
: Member of All-China Sports Federation. In October 1974, it joined the International Rowing Federation, the Canoe Association was originally part of the Chinese Boating Sports Association, and was established separately in May 1981, with its headquarters in Beijing.
[7]
Gert Fredricksen: A Swede, from 1948 to 1960, Fredricksen won six Olympic gold MEDALS, including three in a row (1948, 1952 and 1956) in the 1,000-meter solo kayak event. Fredrickson also won 10 solo and double kayak titles at the World Championships.
[15]
Nath Holman: A Norwegian native, Holman has won three Olympic gold MEDALS in the Still water canoe race, including two gold MEDALS in the 500-meter and 1,000-meter single kayak at the 2000 Sydney Olympics. Holman has also won four World Championships (1990, 1991, 1993, 1995).
[15]
Birgit Fischer
German, Fischer is the most Olympic gold medalist in canoeing history. In the 20 years from 1980 to 2000, Fischer won a total of seven Olympic gold MEDALS in solo, double and four-man kayaks. In addition, Fischer has won the World Championship 27 times.
[15]
Meng Guanliang
Since his debut, Meng Guanliang has won the gold MEDALS of men's 1000 m and 500 m single rowing many times in Asia with unparalleled advantages, and has won the gold MEDALS of 1000 m and 500 m single rowing in the 8th and 9th National Games and the Busan Asian Games. In 2004 and 2008 Olympic Games, he won gold MEDALS in the 500-meter synchronized rowing with Yang Wenjun.
[16]
Yang Wenjun
: From Jiangxi Province, is a rising star in Chinese canoeing events, has won the Busan Asian Games men's double canoe 500 meters, 1000 meters champion. After the cooperation with the famous Meng Guanliang, the achievements are even more rapid, in 2004 Athens Olympic Games, won the men's double 500-meter gold medal, which is the first Olympic gold medal won by Chinese athletes in canoeing. In 2008, Yang Wenjun collaborated with Meng Guanliang to win the title for a second time.
[17]
