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Tobacco (scientific name:
Nicotiana tabacum
L.) is of the genus Solanaceae
An annual herb
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, lanceolate, oblong, or ovate, apex acuminate, base narrow into an auricular semirangulate,
petiole
Inconspicuous or winged; Inflorescence paniculate, calyx tube or tube bell shaped, lobes triangular lanceolate, corolla funnel-shaped, pale yellow, pale green, red or pink, base yellow; Capsule oval or oval, nearly equal to calyx; Seeds round or broadly oblong, brown; Fruit period is summer and autumn.
[9]
Tobacco is native to South America and is widely cultivated in the provinces and regions of North and South China.
[9]
Tobacco likes a warm, sunny environment, is not cold, relatively heat resistant, and likes rich, deep, well-drained soil. Tobacco propagation mainly depends on subdividing and sowing.
[10]
According to "Materia Medica harm" records, tobacco taste xin, sex temperature, into the lung, warding off evil, curing wind cold dampness bi, stagnation qi stop phlegm, mountain miasma, for the products of the distribution, the water in the smoke pipe can detoxify.
[11]
Tobacco has the function of killing crop pests, stomach poison, touch, smoke, etc. It is used to control rice louse, damselfly, aphids, thrips, flies, red spider and other crop pests.
[12]
Tobacco is very harmful to people, can cause cancer, cardiovascular disease and respiratory diseases.
[13]
- Chinese name
- tobacco
- Latin name
- Nicotiana tabacum L.
- alias
- Tobacco leaf , Flue-cured tobacco
- world
- plantae
- The door
- angiospermophyta
- The outline
- Magnoliatae [8]
- Orders,
- Solanales
- Families,
- solanaceae
- Belong to
- Nicotiana
- Kind of
- tobacco
- Namers and years
- L., 1753
Native Americans grew and used tobacco for thousands of years before European settlers arrived in the Americas. The earliest evidence of tobacco use can be found in a 432 AD relief in a temple in the Mexican state of Jarpaz, which shows the Mayans blowing smoke through a pipe during a sacrifice. In addition, archaeologists have found 3,500-year-old tobacco seeds in South America, proving that humans were growing tobacco at that time. Many documents show that Native Americans regarded tobacco as a "cure-all", used to treat various diseases such as colds, headaches, toothaches, wounds, burns, abscess ulcers, anesthesia, whitening teeth, anti-fatigue, etc., and was called "holy medicine" because of its ability to cure desperate diseases. At that time, the methods of using tobacco included breathing the smell of fresh tobacco, lighting the tobacco and smoking it through the nostrils, crushing dry tobacco and applying it alone or mixed with salt and lime to the affected area, rubbing the inside of the mouth with chewing tobacco, and smoking the tobacco as a torch. Because of the special contribution of tobacco to the health of Native Americans, they often hung tobacco on boats near the island as a sign of respect, and smoked as part of solemn rituals during worship and negotiations.
[3]
[14]
On October 15, 1492, the explorer Christopher Columbus first came into contact with this mysterious item of tobacco in the American continent, but he did not recognize it and discarded it. In 1501, two crew members sent by Columbus to Cuba to find the "Emperor of China" first saw Native Americans smoking, and learned about the many medical uses of tobacco, crew Jerez also learned to smoke and addiction, so tobacco and smoking habits back to Spain; In 1518, the Spanish conquistador Cortez brought tobacco back from Mexico at the request of a monk who had sailed with Columbus. Tobacco was officially introduced to Europe in 1530 when Spanish sailors brought back tobacco seeds, and gradually spread throughout Europe to treat yaws and noli-me-tangere, including lupus and syphilis. Around 1560, the French ambassador to Portugal Jean Nicot (Jean Nicot) heard that tobacco can be refreshing, can relieve pain and cure diseases, especially the effect of headache, so tobacco carefully cultivated in his garden, often picked and smoked, feel good. Nigut also cured the cook's severe knife wound with tobacco, the assistant's father's leg ulceration that had lasted two years, the woman's scrofula, the captain's scrofula, and the aggressive ulcer on his assistant's cheek with mashed tobacco and SAP. After returning to France, he heard that two women in France had an incurable cancer, and he sent some tobacco to King II of France, the Queen's mother, and the women of the court. Given Nicut's generosity, tobacco was known at the time as "ambassador grass" or nicotiane. Later, in order to commemorate the outstanding contribution of Nicote in the spread of tobacco, people named nicotine (nicotean), a special vegetative alkaloid in tobacco.
[3]
In 1665, the plague was rampant in London, England, and many people died from the plague. Surprisingly, smokers who frequent the homes of people with infectious diseases, or attend the funerals of those who have died, are safe. When the plague was basically under control, people suddenly realized that smoking also had a certain virus-killing effect. As a result, all public schools in London, boys and girls alike, made it compulsory for children to smoke in the classroom to ward off the plague, with penalties for violating the rule. During a cholera epidemic in Germany in the 18th century, only eight out of 5,000 cigar workers in a cigarette factory became ill, suggesting that smoking had some protection against the feared disease. Before the First World War, a French survey of the military smoking on the prevention of infectious meningitis, found that 94% of healthy soldiers are smokers, and 75% of the soldiers suffering from the disease are non-smokers or occasional smokers, indicating that smoking has a certain role in preventing meningitis.
[3]
Tobacco has a long history of application in China, and there is even a saying that "tobacco originated in China". The semi-monthly Zhang Jian Newsletter, published on December 20, 1939, stated: "Tobacco was cultivated in China before the Han Dynasty. By the Han Dynasty, officials had been set up to collect taxes." It is reported that when Zhuge Liang led the army to march south during The Three Kingdoms, soldiers were infected by miasma, and local residents sent leek cloud vanilla (that is, yellow flower smoke) to burn and absorb its smoke to drive away miasma. In the seventh year of Dade in the Yuan Dynasty (1303 AD), Li Jing recorded in his Yunnan Zhiluo that Baiyi (that is, the Dai and Jingpo ethnic groups in Dehong, Yunnan today) had "the custom and hobby of chewing tobacco". The second volume of the Materia Medica of Southern Yunnan by LAN MAO of the Ming Dynasty contains "wild tobacco", saying: "a tobacco, a small tobacco." Spicy, numbing, warm. There's a lot of poison. Treat if poison therapy sore, carbuncle back, nameless swelling poison, all heat poison evil sore; Or eat it from the dead flesh of oxen, horses, donkeys, and mules, but with this medicine you can save it..." It has also been suggested that in 1575 (the third year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty), Chinese tobacco was introduced from Luzon (now the Philippines) to Taiwan and Fujian, and in 1579, Italian missionary Matteo Ricci brought snuff to Guangdong, so smoking became popular in China. Comprehensive literature records that there should be local tobacco production in China, but it is different from foreign tobacco types, and the effectiveness is different. The Qing Dynasty Wang Ang's "Materia Medica Preparations" and Wu Yiluo's "Materia Medica New" are recorded: "Smoke, Xinwen toxic, Xuan Yang, line of meridians, wind cold wet Bi, stagnation qi stop phlegm, mountain miasma, make weeds kill insects. Fujian is the best." The results indicated that the tobacco introduced into Fujian was of high potency. After that, the tobacco planting might be dominated by the Fujian varieties and the local varieties gradually eliminated. In 1624, the medical scientist Ni Zhumo wrote in the "Herbology" : "Tobacco, Tongli nine of the medicine also, can resist the cold of frost, dew and wind, and make the mountain poisonous." Children eat this can kill malaria, women eat this can eliminate disease, such as qi stagnation, food stagnation, phlegm stagnation, fluid stagnation, all cold impassable disease, sucking this is through." It can be seen that traditional Chinese medicine praised tobacco as a panacea for all diseases.
[3]
tobacco
inflorescence
Terminal, conical, floriferous; The pedicels are 5-20 mm long. Calyx tubular or tubular bell-shaped, 20-25 mm long, lobes triangular lanceolate, varying in length; Corolla funnel-shaped, reddish, tube lighter, slightly arched, 3.5-5 cm long, eaves 1-1.5 cm wide,
splinter
Sharp; One stamen is significantly shorter than the other four, does not extend the corolla throat, and the filament base is hairy. Capsule ovate or rectangular round, about equal in length to persistent calyx. Seeds round or broadly rounded, ca. 0.5 mm diameter, brown. It blooms in summer and autumn.
[1]
Growing environment
Water is very important for tobacco. First, tobacco plants are tall, with broad leaf area, large leaf area coefficient, and strong transpiration, so more water supply is needed. Second, moisture affects the effectiveness of fertilizer. Third, water affects the extension of the leaves. When the water supply is sufficient, the turgor pressure of tobacco leaf cells is large, and the leaves can be fully extended, and the structure is loose. Fourthly, water affected the direction of physiological metabolism in tobacco plant. When the water supply is sufficient, it can promote the carbon metabolism in tobacco plant, and the sugar accumulation in tobacco leaves is more. Fifth, moisture affects the ripening characteristics of tobacco leaves, and then affects the quality of tobacco leaves. The water requirement of high-quality tobacco production is generally less in the early stage, and less in the middle and late stages. In other words, before transplanting to flourish, the tobacco plants are small and the water amount is small. Appropriate drought can promote root development and facilitate nutrient absorption in the later stage. During this period, the monthly precipitation of 80-100 mm and soil moisture of 50%-60% of the field water capacity are ideal. After entering the prosperous period, the water consumption increases, and the water demand accounts for about 1/2 of the whole growth period, which is the key period of water demand for tobacco production, during which the monthly precipitation is 100-200 mm. Soil moisture of 75%-80% of field water capacity is the most favorable for tobacco growth and dry matter accumulation. If the drought continues during this period, it has a great impact on the yield and quality of tobacco: the monthly precipitation at maturity stage is about 100 mm, and the soil moisture is about 60% of the field water capacity, which is conducive to the timely Browning of tobacco leaves and the formation of high-quality tobacco leaves. The amount of precipitation at maturity has the most significant effect on the quality of tobacco leaves. Too little precipitation leads to thick and rough tobacco leaves, high content of nicotine and nitrogen compounds and low sugar content, resulting in imbalance of sugar-base ratio and dry drying and false ripening. The leaves are thin, large, light in color, high in water content, difficult to modulate and plain in flavor. Pingdingshan City is a typical warm winter climate with high temperature and less precipitation, which not only accelerates the development of tobacco plants and advances the growth period, but also the wild growth of weeds. In addition, because the warm winter climate has no damage to germs and overwintering pests, the overwintering base of germs and the density of insect pests increase, the occurrence of diseases and pests is aggravated than in previous years, and the resistance of crops to diseases and insects is greatly reduced, speeding up the occurrence and spread of tobacco plant diseases and pests. At the same time, the increasingly severe drought in spring and early summer is very bad for spring sowing and summer planting.
[2]
It is native to South America. Now widely cultivated all over the world. It is widely cultivated in the provinces of North and south China.
[1]
It is widely cultivated in every corner between 55° N and 40° S, but the most suitable planting zone is very narrow.
[2]
[15
]
tobacco
tobacco
Excellent tobacco seed has the characteristics of high yield, resistance to pests and other aspects, and the quality of tobacco seed also affects the growth of tobacco in the later stage and the final result. Therefore, selecting good tobacco seed is the key to tobacco cultivation and planting. Tobacco varieties circulating in the market will be studied and demonstrated by special departments and then reported to the State Tobacco Monopoly Administration of China for examination and approval before they can be promoted and used in the market. For varieties containing impurities and degradation, tobacco varieties should be prevented from keeping seeds without permission, because such varieties cannot be fundamentally improved through cultivation, baking, processing and other means. According to China's national tobacco planting demonstration for many years, the experience after the promotion and use shows that the tobacco varieties cultivated in different regions are different, and there are great differences between the components, because there are many factors affecting the growth of tobacco, such as environment, climate, rainfall, altitude, etc. For example, the tobacco seeds with good performance are suitable for farming in dry land and paddy field. The varieties with strong disease resistance are suitable for planting and cultivation in places with sufficient water and fertile land, while the varieties with strong disease resistance and strong adaptability are suitable for cultivation and planting on multiple types of soil.
[4]
The cultivation of strong seedlings is a key part of the tobacco cultivation and planting work, and it is also very important for the growth after transplanting. Several measures should be taken: ① Select the leeward and sunny, high and dry seedbed land. Flat ground also facilitates tobacco seedling sowing and management. Try not to choose to grow seedlings in the garden and old beds, in front of the house and behind the house, so that the chance of infection and transmission of diseases and pests is relatively large. ② In the seedling bed finishing link, first plow the seedling bed, break, remove debris, compact the ground, and then turn the seedling bed deep, disinfect, let the soil mature, and carry out standard finishing, which can effectively kill diseases and pests. Between the bed and the bed are arranged in parallel to the east and west, and the path is reserved for the transferor to pass, which is convenient for observing the growth of tobacco leaves in the future management of tobacco fields. ③ In order to facilitate the thinning and setting of seedlings and ensure the uniform distribution among the seedlings, the coated seeds are sown in clear water and sown on demand with precision. Generally, sow 2-3 seeds per square. (4) Relatively speaking, such as sugar cane, straw and other crop waste materials in farmland are renewable and cheap raw materials that can be used in tobacco fields.
[4]
cultivate
In order to ensure the survival rate of tobacco seedlings after transplanting and the growth quality in the future, the tobacco field should be inspected and managed. Even if there is a phenomenon of dew seedlings, the field should be watered and fertilized at the same time to ensure tobacco production. The first fertilization of low tobacco field is mainly for small seedlings, so that the growth rate of tobacco seedlings in the field is consistent.
[4]
In the process of tobacco growth, it is necessary to carry out 2-3 times of ploughing, the main purpose of ploughing is: ① the soil is loose, increase the air content, make the tobacco grow strong. (2) Remove weeds to avoid weeds absorbing nutrients and ensure tobacco growth needs. ③ Reduce the parasite content in tobacco and prevent the occurrence of diseases and pests. The first ploughing should be performed 7-10 days after transplanting, the second at 15-20 days after transplanting, and the third at 30 days after transplanting.
[4]
Excessive growth of the top bud will compete for nutrients with the tobacco seedlings, which will affect the yield and growth quality of tobacco leaves. Growers should check the growth of tobacco at any time, do timely removal of top bud treatment, promote the growth of tobacco, improve the yield and quality of tobacco. The number of tobacco leaves is controlled at 20 pieces, and the staff can also make corresponding topshoot removal work according to the specific situation.
[4]
Tobacco needs different amounts of water at different growth stages. Compared with the early and late stages of growth, that is, the smoke seedling group naked to bud stage, the demand for water is larger, and about 60% of the total water should be added. The early stage of growth refers to the transplanting of tobacco seedlings to the naked stage, which only needs 10% of the total water amount to replenish water, and the later stage of growth, that is, the late stage of tobacco seedlings' observation class 5, needs to replenish 30% of the total water amount. If the tobacco leaf atrophies during the growth of tobacco seedlings and cannot stretch, water replenishment should be carried out in time. The work of replenishing the smoke plants is carried out at night. Because of the poor drought resistance and flood resistance of tobacco seedlings, there can be no water accumulation in the tobacco field, and if there is a phenomenon of water accumulation, timely drainage.
[4]
The main diseases of tobacco are Mosaic, bacterial wilt and black stem.
Mosaic disease
Bacterial wilt
Black stem disease:
The specific prevention method is to spray metalaxyl manganese zinc for prevention before the onset of disease; Pay attention to field hygiene. Remove the bottom leaves, armpit buds and discarded buds from the field in time. When topping, try to operate on sunny days to prevent water-borne germs.
[5]
The main pests that harm tobacco plants are native silkworm, locust, stink bug and aphids.
Native silkworm
: The first pest that appeared after the tobacco plant was transplanted was the native silkworm. The leaves of the affected tobacco plant were soft and yellow. Open the underground stem base of the tobacco plant, it can be seen that the injured parts have obvious mechanical bite marks or bites, so that the tobacco plant lacks or cannot absorb nutrients, thus affecting the growth and even death. The control method is to spray 1:1000 diluent of dibulocin in each hole before transplanting (the agent has efficient stomach toxicity, contact and repellent effects); Apply once after transplanting; After 3 weeks, spray again to play a killing and repellent role.
[5]
locust
: The insect infestation of locusts is manifested as a number of irregular holes on the leaves. The insect is a chewing mouthpart and can be controlled by stomach poison insecticides.
[5]
Stink bug
The insect infestation is manifested as part of the leaves or young stems of the tobacco plant wilting, drooping phenomenon, which is because the stink bug takes the nutrient juice in the stem or vein tissue of the tobacco plant, so that the cells in the affected part die, and the tobacco plant can not transport nutrients normally. It can be controlled by inhaled insecticides, such as imidacloprid. Endogenous insecticides can also kill and control aphids. The specific application method depends on the severity of the pest and climatic factors.
[5]
In addition to tobacco can be made into cigarettes, dry tobacco, pipe tobacco, cigars for people to smoke, there are many medical uses. Although tobacco brings a lot of harm to human beings, and is even called "poisonous grass", many countries or regions have explicitly restricted circulation or smoking, and members of the World Health Organization have also signed the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. However, as a medicinal plant with a long history, its medical value cannot be erased because of its harmfulness.
[3]
"National Compilation of Chinese Herbal Medicine" records that tobacco is warm, sweet, poisonous, with swelling, detoxification, insecticidal and other effects, mainly used for furuncles, tinea capitis,
Tinea alba
It can also treat diseases such as gangrene, carbuncle on the back, wind sputum, and knee (including bone tuberculosis, chronic suppurative knee arthritis, etc.). It can also be used to destroy the "four evils" (
oncomelania
, mosquitoes, flies,
Mouse
) and insecticide, etc.
[3]
At least 40 kinds of alkaloids have been isolated and identified from tobacco, mainly L-nicotinine, toxophenine, dehydrotoxophenine, etc., the content of total alkaloids is about 1%-9%, of which nicotine is the highest, accounting for about 95% of the total alkaloids of tobacco. Other ingredients include putrescine (cafephthalein putrescine, p-coumarphthalein putrescine, ferulphthalein putrescine, etc.), solanesol, amino acids, rutin, chlorogenic acid, organic acid, lactones, enzymes and other active ingredients. Modern scientific research has proved that tobacco has very important medicinal value.
[3]
tobacco
The mixture of gases produced by burning tobacco is called tobacco smoke. Tobacco smoke contains more than 7,000 chemical components, hundreds of which are harmful substances that can cause serious harm to human health. Tobacco smoke contains at least 69 known species
carcinogen
, include
polonium-210
Dense ring aromatic hydrocarbons, N-nitroso amines, aromatic amines, formaldehyde and 1, 3-butadiene, etc., these carcinogens will cause genetic mutations after being inhaled into the human body, and then lead to the occurrence of malignant tumors. Harmful gases such as nitric oxide, hydrogen sulfide and ammonia in tobacco smoke can cause serious harm to the respiratory system. Tobacco smoke also contains a variety of substances that can lead to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, such as carbon monoxide, free radicals and so on. On top of that, the researchers also found evidence in tobacco smoke
Heavy metal
And radioactive materials.
[7]
Cigarettes are the most common tobacco product. Over the past five decades, the tobacco industry has made several changes to cigarette design, including adding filters and introducing "low.
Tar oil
Cigarettes "and" Chinese herbal cigarettes ". A large body of scientific evidence shows that these "new cigarettes" do not reduce the risk of illness and death of smokers, but induce smoking and weaken the willingness of smokers to quit. In this regard, the general public should have a clear understanding: there is no harmless tobacco products, as long as smoking is harmful to health.
Smoking will cause serious harm to human health, and the greater the amount of smoking, the longer the smoking years, the younger the smoking age, the more serious the harm to the human body. Since the first systematic elaboration of the health hazards of smoking in the U.S. Surgeon General's Report in 1964, a large amount of evidence has shown that smoking can cause multi-site malignant tumors and other chronic diseases, lead to reproductive and developmental abnormalities, and is closely related to the occurrence of some other diseases and health problems. A variety of carcinogens contained in tobacco smoke can cause mutations in key genes in the body, resulting in dysregulation of the normal cell growth control mechanism, leading to cell canceration and malignant tumors. Numerous studies have shown that smoking can cause lung cancer, oral and nasopharyngeal malignancies,
Laryngeal cancer
Esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer,
Renal cancer
, bladder cancer and
Cervical cancer
In addition, studies have suggested that smoking can also cause colorectal cancer, breast cancer and
Acute leukemia
.
Smoking can damage respiratory immune function, lung structure and lung function, and cause a variety of respiratory diseases. Numerous studies have shown that smoking can cause chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma in adolescents, increasing the risk of tuberculosis and other respiratory infections. Smoking will damage the vascular endothelium, can lead to the occurrence of atherosclerosis, narrowing the artery cavity, arterial blood flow obstruction, causing a variety of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. A large number of studies have shown that smoking can cause coronary heart disease, stroke and peripheral artery disease.
[7]
Tobacco smoke contains a variety of harmful substances that can affect human reproductive and developmental functions. Smoking can damage genetic material and adversely affect the endocrine system, fallopian tube function, placental function, immune function, maternal and fetal cardiovascular system and fetal tissue and organ development. Numerous studies have shown that smoking in women reduces the chance of conception, causes placenta previa, placental abruption, fetal growth restriction, reduced birth weight, and sudden infant death syndrome. In addition, studies have suggested that smoking can also cause erectile dysfunction, ectopic pregnancy and spontaneous abortion. Smoking can lead to type 2 diabetes and can increase the risk of developing macrovascular and microvascular complications in people with diabetes, affecting disease prognosis. Smoking can also cause hip fractures,
periodontitis
Cataracts, poor healing of surgical wounds and respiratory complications after surgery, skin aging, absence from work due to illness and increased medical costs. Smoking in helicobacter pylori patients significantly increases the risk of developing digestive tract ulcers. In addition, there are studies suggesting that smoking can cause dementia.
[7]
The tobacco smoke emitted by smokers when they smoke, and the tobacco smoke produced when cigarettes are burned, is dispersed in the air and forms second-hand smoke. Second-hand smoke contains a large number of harmful substances and carcinogens, and exposure of non-smokers to second-hand smoke also increases the risk of many smoking-related diseases. Numerous studies have shown that secondhand smoke exposure can cause lung cancer, smoke aversion, nasal irritation, and coronary heart disease. In addition, studies have suggested that secondhand smoke exposure can cause breast cancer,
Sinus cancer
Adult respiratory symptoms, decreased lung function, bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, stroke, and atherosclerosis. Secondhand smoke exposure is particularly harmful to the health of pregnant women and children. Numerous studies have confirmed that maternal exposure to secondhand smoke can lead to lower birth weight and sudden infant death syndrome. In addition, there is evidence that maternal exposure to secondhand smoke can also lead to premature birth, neural tube abnormalities in newborns, and cleft lip and palate. Numerous studies have shown that exposure to secondhand smoke in children causes respiratory disease,
Bronchial asthma
Decreased lung function, acute otitis media, recurrent otitis media and chronic middle ear effusion. In addition, studies have suggested that children's exposure to secondhand smoke can also lead to a variety of childhood cancers, aggravate the condition of children with asthma, and affect
asthma
The therapeutic effect.
[7]
