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White stork is a bird belonging to the Stork family of the Stork order.
White storks have been identified as three subspecies: the named subspecies, the Central Asian subspecies, and the Eastern subspecies.
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Its body length is about 111 cm. The mouth is straight, thick and flat; The body feathers are white except that the fly feathers are black with copper-green metallic luster. Naked area around eyes, feet, toes red, mouth black.
[15]
White storks are distributed in northwest China, Tibet, Guangdong, Guangxi and Macao, and in the southeast of Siberia in the Russian Far East, as far west as Blagoveshchensk (Heilanbubble) and as far south as Xingkai Lake.
[15]
It lives in open plains and grasslands, and is often active near slow-flowing wetlands such as streams, ponds and swamps. It likes to live in groups.
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It feeds on large insects, fish, amphibians and small mammals.
[15]
The breeding period of white storks is from March to May, and the number of eggs is 3-5. Incubation period is about 33 days. Life span can reach more than 30 years.
[16
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The stork population continues to decline. The main causes are wetland pollution, conversion of marsh drainage to farmland, heavy use of pesticides, collisions with power lines, and culling.
[17
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It was rated as endangered (EN) by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species in 2018.
[18]
White storks were once a common species in China, but are now so rare that they were listed as a national L-class wildlife under key protection in 1989.
[17
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- Chinese name
- White stork
- Latin name
- Ciconia ciconia; Ciconia boyciana
- Foreign name
- White Stork
- world
- animalia
- The door
- Chordate phylum
- The outline
- ornithae
- Orders,
- ciliformes
- Families,
- ciliidae
- Belong to
- Stork
- Kind of
- European white stork ; Oriental white stork
- subphyla
- Vertebrate subphyla
- subclass
- Ornithae
- subspecies
- 3 Subspecies
- Namers and years
- Swinhoe 1873
- Protection level
- 1 Endangered (EN), 1 non-endangered (LC) IUCN Standard, China's "National Key Protected wildlife List" level 1 [13]
White storks are large birds with a body length of 90-115 cm, a wingspan of 195-215 cm, and a weight of 3000-3500 grams. Life span: 26 years. The wings are long and wide for gliding. When flying, extend your neck forward and your legs back beyond the tip of your tail. Similar to other storks, its legs, neck, and beak are very slender. The feathers are mainly white, with black feathers on the wings.
Principal wing feather
, aileron feathers,
Primary cover
, upper wing
Greater covert
, shoulder feathers,
alula
It is black with a green or purple sheen. The primary feather base is white, the inner primary and secondary fly feathers are silver-gray outside the outer edge and tip, gradually turning inward to black. The lower part of the foreneck has long lanceolate feathers that can stand upright during courtship. The beak of the bird is red, the beak shape is straight, not upturned, the base of the beak is thicker, gradually tapering to the tip. The exposed skin around the eyes, lash line and throat is black,
iris
In brown or gray,
Eye socket
The surrounding skin is black. The legs of the adult birds are bright red. Both sexes are identical in appearance, except that the male is generally larger than the female. The juvenile has light brown, gray plumage, and a black beak, eye circumference, first eye, and throat.
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White stork
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mass
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The body length is 90-115 cm, the wingspan is 195-215 cm, and the weight is 3000-3500 grams
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Weight: 10000 grams; Body length 1150-1320 mm; Rostral peak 210-270 mm; The wings are 580-700 mm
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Weight: 2570-2600 g, ♀2150-2747 g; The body length is 1000-1100 mm, ♀1046-1172 mm
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trait
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The mouth is straight, thick and flat; The body feathers are white except that the fly feathers are black with copper-green metallic luster. Naked area around eyes, feet, toes red, mouth black
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Adult bird head and neck almost bare, with sparse brown-gray hair; Back, wings and tail feathers black, shimmering green metallic luster; Larger secondary coverts with copper-green spots near the end and fine bands; The longest shoulder feathers and the most medial secondary feathers have broad white margins, with black underwing coverings
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Black stork's upper body feathers are black, with greenish-purple metallic luster, and the chest and abdomen feathers are white. Red mouth and legs; Both sexes are similar; Adult beak long and straight, base thicker, tapering toward apex; The feet are long and webbed between the front toe bases
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picture
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White stork
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Bald stork
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Black stork
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White stork
White stork
Wander alone or in pairs along the banks of ponds or in open marsh meadows, pecking as you go. Sometimes standing still for a long time. Gentle temperament, silent activity, is a relatively quiet bird. But during reproduction or when disturbed by intruders, it can also make a "tap" sound by eagerly beating the upper and lower mouth. Its diet consists mainly of frogs, tadpoles, toads, snakes, lizards, earthworms, grasshoppers,
mollusk
Crustaceans, insects and insect larvae, and sometimes small mammals such as mice and bird eggs. Often foraging alone or in small groups, but also in large groups where food is abundant. Foraging occurs mainly during the day, but sometimes at night when there is a moon. Feeding methods are mainly visual. When looking for food, the body leans forward, the head and neck are stretched forward, and the walking is light and slow. After finding food, the mouth is quickly caught, and sometimes the sense of touch is used to detect food in the water. After eating, he often rests on the ground, sometimes inserting his mouth into the feathers under his foreneck. When it comes to finding food in water, it's mostly through the sense of touch. Usually walking alone in shallow water, sometimes into the belly deep water, while walking slowly forward, while occasionally inserting the mouth half open into the water. In addition to eating animal food, occasionally eat a small amount of plant food such as plant leaves, moss and seeds, as well as sand and small stones.
[4]
White storks are migratory birds, mainly wintering in tropical Africa and the Indian subcontinent. Migration mainly relies on rising thermals for high-altitude gliding, so that they can use very little energy to migrate long distances, so they often avoid vast forests and waters, and if they must pass, they must find the narrowest place to pass. The time of migration is mostly in the morning to the afternoon when the weather is hottest, and the distance of migration can reach 100-200 kilometers per day. When taking off on the ground, it is necessary to run on the ground for a distance, and vigorously stir the wings, and then fly up after obtaining a certain upward force. Fly with your head and neck straight in front of you and your feet stretched out far beyond the tail feathers. It can also use the rising thermals to glide at high altitudes, especially during migration, when the wings flap slowly and appear unforced, and often alternate with gliding. The speed of the two wings is 170 times per minute, the flight speed is 40-47 kilometers per hour, the flight height can reach an altitude of more than 1,600 meters to 3,600 meters, and even appeared in the Himalayas during the migration. From the European breeding ground to the South African wintering ground, the farthest migration distance can reach more than 20,000 kilometers round trip. A 25-year-old European white stork has been recorded in Germany to have migrated a total distance of more than 500,000 kilometers in its lifetime. Most of the autumn leaves the breeding ground in mid-late August to early September, and the spring leaves the wintering ground in March-April. Large groups are integrated during migration, often more than 500 individuals per group, and the highest recorded number is more than 21,000 individuals.
[4]
Place of origin: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, China, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Cote d 'Ivoire, Croatia, Serbia Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, France, Gabon, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Gibraltar, Greece, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Hungary, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia Lebanon, Lesotho, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malawi, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Moldova, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia Federation, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Spain (Canary Islands).
Uncertain origin: Sri Lanka, Sudan, Eswatini, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Western Sahara, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe.
Travellers: Antigua and Barbuda, Congo, Finland, Gambia, Iceland, Ireland, Liberia, Norway, Russian Federation, St. Helena, Ascension Island, Tristan da Cunha, SAO Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, United Kingdom.
Distribution uncertain: Spain (Canary Islands).
[5]
White stork distribution map
The breeding season is from April to June. They usually move to breeding grounds in small groups of a few to more than 10 individuals. They usually do not enter breeding grounds immediately, but forage on the banks of partially melting rivers and lakes, or hover over them in search of nesting sites and feeding grounds. In late March, they begin to disperse in pairs and enter their respective breeding grounds in pairs. The nesting areas were mostly in open grasslands and farmland swamps with little or no disturbance, abundant food, sparse trees or small patches of jungle. Sometimes it is also chosen in the forest belt thousands of meters to more than 10 kilometers away from water, swamps and other feeding grounds. Often nest in isolated pairs in willow, elm, and poplar trees.
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The nest is usually located on the top branch of a tree and is composed of dry branches. Covered with dead grass, feather and moss or without any lining. Nest height varies according to environment and tree height. It is usually 3-17 meters tall. Nesting starts from mid-March to the end of March. Male and female birds nest together. The male birds usually go out to find and carry the nest material, while the female birds stay on the nest to build the nest. The nest is disc-shaped, the structure is relatively large, the size of the outer diameter of 120-230 cm, the inner diameter of 50-74 cm, the nest depth of 15-35 cm, the nest height of 50-200 cm. If the nest is not disturbed and destroyed, or if the breeding is successful in one year, the nest will continue to be used the next year, but each year the male and female birds have to repair and increase the old nest, so the nest often becomes quite large with the increase of use years.
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Spawning begins in late March or early April at the earliest. But most spawn in mid-April. Each clutch lays 4-6 eggs, the color of the egg is white, the shape is oval, the average size is 75.8×56.6 mm, the average egg weight is 129.7 grams. Incubation begins after the first egg is laid. Incubation is shared by both male and female parent birds, but mainly female birds, rotate 2-4 times a day, and incubate eggs entirely by female birds at night. Incubation period is 31-34 days. Young birds are late sex. When hatched, the body is covered with light brown feathers and the beak is black. The chicks are fed by both male and female parents. When the chicks are 55 days old, they can fly short distances back and forth near the nest. After 60-63 days of age, the parent birds fly away from the nest area to forage and do not return to the nest.
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courtship
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Lay eggs
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incubate
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hatch
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nestling
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feeding
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Care for
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Care for
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White stork
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Chinese name
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Scientific name
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Namers and years
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1
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Ciconia boyciana
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Swinhoe, 1873
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2
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Ciconia ciconia
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Linnaeus, 1758
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Europe
White stork of Central Asia
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Ciconia ciconia asiatica
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Severtsov, 1873
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Europe
White stork named subspecies
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Ciconia ciconia ciconia
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Linnaeus, 1758
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[6]
Endangered (EN) - 1 species; No Risk (LC) - 1 type.
[5]
Oriental White stork listed in the
Appendices I, II and III of CITES
Appendix I, 2019 Edition of CITES.
[11]
European white storks have a wide range, do not approach the vulnerable endangered threshold criteria for species survival (distribution area or range of less than 20,000 square kilometers, habitat quality, population size, fragmentation of distribution area), and population trends are stable, so they are assessed as a species without survival crisis.
[5]
The Oriental white stork was once a common bird in East Asia, even nesting on the roof of a church in Tokyo, Japan, but between 1868 and 1995, due to illegal hunting, pesticide and chemical pollution, the population of the Oriental white stork gradually decreased in Japan, and only a few overwintering individuals can be found occasionally in winter. The breeding population in North Korea and South Korea also died out in the early 1970s. Due to the dense population, the development of industry and agriculture has made in
Russian Far East
And the remaining breeding grounds in northeast China's Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces have become extremely small. In 2009, the wild population of Oriental white storks worldwide was less than 3,000.
On March 17-18, 2022, bird watchers saw Oriental white storks, a national first-class protected animal and a "national treasure of the bird world", in Xinhui Yinhuwan Wetland Park for two consecutive days.
[12]
In Europe, the stork is called the "baby bird". According to legend, the white stork on the roof of whose house to build a nest, who will be happy to see your son. Therefore, in the European countryside, it is often seen that a platform is built on the chimney of the roof of the house, which is specially prepared for the stork. And for thousands of years, it seems that the homes where white storks build their nests will soon give birth to young children. The scientific theory is that in ancient times, when someone in the family was pregnant, the family would spend more time heating the fire than the average person's parents, and the stork would prefer to choose the chimney mouth of such a family to build a nest. Over time, kind-hearted people still regard the white stork as an auspicious delivery bird, and it has become a folk custom. Disney animation also clever use of this folk allusion, when the real children ask their parents how they came to this world, the parents will say "white storks sent."
[9]
Large and large, long neck, red beak, white body, black tail, wings; The nest is as big as a wheel, and the eggs are as big as three-liter cups." The red-billed stork mentioned here clearly refers to the European white stork, indicating that it was once distributed in the Central plains of China at that time. The decline of the European white stork population is mainly due to the conversion of marsh drainage to agricultural land, environmental pollution caused by heavy pesticide application, and climate change, which have resulted in habitat loss and deterioration, reduced food supply, and increased mortality.
[4]
A famous essayist of Tiantai nationality in Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
A surname
When he was seventeen or eighteen years old, a neighbor caught a bird by the edge of a flat pool, "with a long pointy beak, a crown on its head, and white feathers." At first, I thought it was a crane, and I took it home to raise it, and I saw that this bird "looked really beautiful, with long, thin feet, walking in a big way, like a" prime minister step ", "there is a tuft of feathers on the head, slightly yellow, and the tail is very short", "always shrank its head and neck, sometimes standing on the left foot, sometimes standing on the right foot, sometimes standing on the two feet, looking at people with golden red eyes." They kept the bird for quite some time, and one day his uncle came and realized that it was a "bird."
The longfoot osprey
". The beautiful bird described by Lu Diao should actually be called a "white stork", which lives among the reeds in the woods on both sides of Shifeng Creek.
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