WEB news Post bar know Web disk picture video map A surname message purchase encyclopedia
Baidu home page
Log in
Sign in
assist
Home page
encyclopaedia
Feature encyclopedia
Knowledge topic
Join the encyclopedia
Encyclopedia team
Authoritative cooperation
Individual center

Mr. Tiemuzhen has more than three decades

broadcast discuss Upload video
Khan of Great Mongolia, military strategist and statesman
unfold42 words of the same name
Collect
Check out my collection
0 Useful +1
0
synonymGenghis KhanThe founder of the Great Mongolian nation boriz Tiemuzhen
Tiemuzhen (31 May 1162 [111] - August 25, 1227) [104] , honorific title "Genghis Khan" (traditional Mongolian: ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠢᠰ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ; Latin Mongolian: Cyrillic Mongolian: a surname; Genghis Khan), The Mongolian nationality Beg the face Ministry people, born Mobei Oran River (today Onon Upstream region (today Mongolia Hentiy ). Great Mongolia Khan (1206-25 August 1227) was an outstanding military strategist and statesman in world history. [159]
Temujin lost his father at an early age, was expelled by a rival tribe, and defected Krebe . In 1189, he was elected Khan of the Mongol Qiyan Department, and after a series of wars, it was basically unified in 1204 Mongolian plateau Various Ministries. In 1206, at the source of the Ornan River, the emperor (Khan) was established in the Great Mongolia. After the founding of the People's Republic, the implementation Thousand household system Established a guard army and promulgated the" Elder Zasa ". After many foreign wars, he occupied East Asia Jin Dynasty Large swaths of territory, and perish The Western Xia Dynasty (206 B.C.) , Silliao mesoasian Khwarizm And its conquests are far away The Black Sea The seaside. Temujin died in 1227 at the age of sixty-six. Before his death, he set a strategy of "uniting Song Dynasty and destroying Jin" and was buried in secret after his death Chariot Valley . Yuan Dynasty After building, tired Shi For "the Emperor Shengwu of the Fa Heaven", Temple title The First Ancestor. [1] [159]
Tiemuzhen "deep and strategic, use military like a god" [1] He is a highly controversial figure. Since its rise, it has been seen as a brutal aggressor [72] [164] . In modern times, it has also been argued that the wars of conquest launched by the Mongol Empire under the leadership of Temujin and his successors promoted the interaction between Eurasia and had a profound impact on the course of world history [29] . In addition, his unification war against the Mongols laid the foundation for the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty [162] And to Mongolia National community The formation played an important role [2] . Temujin is still regarded as a national hero by Mongolians and has become a national symbol of Mongolia [23] .
Full name
Mr. Tiemuzhen has more than three decades
alias
Emperor Taizu of Yuan , Emperor Wudi of Yuan Shengsheng , The Emperor Genghis
Posthumous title
The law of heaven sent the Emperor Shengwu
Honorable title
Genghis Khan (Traditional Mongolian: ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠢᠰ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ; Latin Mongolian: inggis qγan
Temple number
The first founder of a dynasty
age
Medieval period
Ethnic group
The Mongolian nationality
Place of Birth
Mobei Oranda upstream
Date of birth
May 31, 1162 [111]
Date of death
August 25, 1227
Place of death
Qingshui county (now Gansu Province)
mausoleum
Mausoleum of Genghis Khan (belongs to Yiguanzhong)
Place of burial
Chariot Valley
Time in place
1206-25 August 1227
succeed
Emperor of Yuan Some of the borchies borchies
Major achievement
To unify Mobei and establish Mongolia
promulgate Elder Zasa "
Conquered large areas of the Jin Dynasty and destroyed the Western Xia Dynasty
Western expedition Khwarizm and other countries

catalogue

  1. 1biography
  2. ▪Childhood experience
  3. ▪Unified parts
  4. ▪A surname
  5. ▪Raise the army and destroy the summer
  6. ▪Go south for gold
  7. ▪The first westward expedition
  8. ▪Die of a serious illness
  9. 2Administrative measures
  10. ▪political
  11. ▪Military affairs
  12. ▪culture
  1. ▪Ethnic and foreign relations
  2. 3Historical evaluation
  3. ▪China
  4. ▪Mongolia
  5. ▪Other countries
  6. 4Interpersonal relationship
  7. ▪Family background
  8. ▪Brothers and sisters
  9. ▪The reigning queen and concubine
  10. ▪Sons and daughters
  11. 5Anecdotal allusion
  12. ▪saying
  1. ▪looks
  2. ▪Reuse chu wood
  3. ▪Be thrifty and strict
  4. ▪The snow-capped mountains talk about Taoism
  5. 6Character dispute
  6. ▪Date of birth
  7. ▪Honorific title given to an emperor
  8. ▪Cause of death
  9. ▪Place of Birth
  10. ▪Place of burial
  11. 7memorialize
  12. ▪unit
  1. ▪sculpture
  2. ▪Books
  3. ▪Commemorative activity
  4. ▪Image change
  5. ▪Other aspects
  6. 8Artistic image
  7. ▪Literary image
  8. ▪Film and television image
  9. ▪Game image
  10. 9Historical data index

biography

broadcast
EDITOR

Childhood experience

Subject article: Fifty cents a pound bordered , Qiyanbu , Akari
Temujin (Qing Dynasty official translated as Temujin [91] He also translated Temuzhen [58] It's not true [123] ), Fifty cents a pound bordered Shi, Yu Song Shaoxing Thirty-two April 16 (also Kim Daedong 16 April 2000, 31 May 1162) [75] [111] Born in Oranda On the side of the river Onon (present-day) is the Tumpantuo mountain (also translated as the Diriwan Bordach). He was said to have been born with a blood clot as large as a stone in his right hand. [90] [92]
( Atlas main reference materials [135] )
Temuzhen's father is Mongolian Qiyan head also speed the; mother halam Family background The part of Hongji He married with the Mil Er Qi man also can Chiliedu, but in the thirty-first year of Song Shaoxing (the first year of Jin Dading, 1161) in the autumn, he was also quickly named according to the" Take a woman for marriage by force "Tradition snatches for wife. [64] When Temujin was born, he was about to be captured The Tata Department leader Temujin Wug In order to celebrate the victory, he gave his eldest son the name "Temuzhen", meaning "the most refined of iron". [63] [92]
Tiemuzhen was nine years old in the sixth year of Qiandao (1170 years in the tenth year of Jin Dading) (thirteen years old in the History of New Yuan) [58] 57 - ), also quickly should bring Temujin to Orerunti The ministry asks for relatives, in The Ursun River Encounter in the west Hongjiri Tschechan With his daughter Borte The marriage, Temujin according to the custom to stay in Hongkira. As soon as he was passing through the Rak, he was poisoned with wine by Zalim, the son of Temuzhenwug, a Tatar. After returning home, also quickly the poison hair, so quickly called Tiemuzhen home, then died. [59] Also soon after the death, Qiyan forces decline, the ministry defected to Tai Chi Wu Bu Iron Muzhen mother and son brother in trouble. [4] [90]
After Tiemuzhen and her mother were left in the camp by their people, orphans and widows lived a very difficult life. In order to support his young son, he tied up his clothes and ran around the Oran River day and night, "picking up fruit and pursing roots." Temujin and his brothers "made crochet needles, fished in the Oran River, and netted to catch fish" to support their mother. Tiemuzhen's childhood was spent in "such difficult" circumstances. [92]
One day, Temuzhen brothers four people fishing together, Temuzhen caught a golden fish, was Bektel and Belgutai Take him away. In addition, the previous Timuzhen shot a day bird, was also taken away by Buick tie. Therefore, in a fit of anger, Temujin competed with his younger brother hesal Shoot Bektor with an arrow. Temuzhen's cruel act of fighting against his own family immediately aroused the anger of Haerun, who quoted the ancient words and severely reprimanded him. Huelun's words and deeds to Temujin had an impact on his career in life. [92]
After a long time, Tai Chi Wu The Tarihutai Lest Tiemuzhen brothers strength, so take the opportunity to attack, Tiemuzhen fled into Tiemuzhen ancient pinch mountain, still captured. Later, he took aim at the time to escape, Intai chi Wu belongs to the people It is rare to lose a thorn The family's rescue, hidden in a wool cart, was able to escape the net. [4] [60] After that, he settled in Qinghai Zi of Hesiruge on the Sanggur River (southeast of present-day Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia) in the Gulen Legu Mountains. [65]

Unified parts

Subject article: Genghis Khan's campaign to unify the Mongols
After Temujin fled, he knew that in order to resist the oppression of Taichiu, he must seek the refuge of a more powerful force, so he took refuge in the "fast". Anta "(anda, meaning covenant, righteous brother), Krebe Chief Tori (i.e Wang Khan ), respect him as the father, indicating that he belongs to. From then on, he began to gather his strength, gather his old men, and move his accounts to The Kerulen River Upriver, "The Land of Buerjee." [4] [66]
Later, Temujin's enemies, The Ministry of children begging the Take off the black Toheta was the elder brother of Hajalon's first husband, Yekchrietu [58] ), Temujin and his brother Chizerzhijin Belgutai ," Na Ke "(meaning portal slave) Bolshu , Wu Liangha people Seremil In the shelter of Huelun The mountain of the Restless . Borte and the rest of his family could not escape and were taken into captivity. Temujin sought Wang Khan and Mongols The end of the Zardari Nobleman Jamuai In the Bugu River valley, the aid army attacked the Lier begging people, and won a great victory, not only recapturing their families, but also capturing a large number of property and slaves (see entry) Battle of Bukugawa ). The war took place between the 7th year of Chunxi (1180) and the 11th year of Chunxi (1184). [4] [67]
After the war, Tiemuzhen and Jamu together back to Huo son Huo na black Lord not son, two people re about Anda "For more than a year." As Temujin's power grew, he gradually broke away from Jamuho and returned to the Sangur River to build his own camp. The original staff and some Niluwin Mongolia Tribes have come back, each begging Yan nobles are also close to Temuzhen, such as Barulis people Hopitai Busy Hu Zhe Tai, Wu Liang Ha people untimely , from the Father I am at my wits' end From the altar of brother Alar, Huchar and so on. These people reunited into the Qiyan Aristocratic Alliance, Yu Song Chunxi In the 16th year (the 29th year of Jin Dading, 1189), they jointly elected Tiemuzhen as their leader in Qinghai. Mongolian source "). [4] [68]
After Temujin was elected Khan, he immediately established his own guard organization and ordered Bolshu and his brother Silly red and Sal Under the leadership of his half-brother Berigutai, he set up ten positions, including those with bows and arrows, those with knives, those with horses, those with food and drinks, those in charge of herding sheep and horses, and those who were in charge of building vehicles and guarding palace tents, all of which he assigned to his confidant Na Ke, forming a strong team subordinate to him. [4] By the end of the 12th century, the Mongolian plateau had formed a tripartite situation between Tiemuzhen, the head of the Qiyan Department, Wang Han, the head of the Kele Department, and Jamuhe, the head of the Zadaran Department. [146]
The Battle of the thirteen Wings in the Long Volume of Mongolian History
At that time, among the Mongol departments, the Taichi Wu nobles were "the most powerful people in the land", and they naturally could not tolerate the revival of the Qiyan Department. In the first year of Song Shaoxi (the first year of Jin Mingchang, 1190), Zamuhe and Taichi Wu, who were dissatisfied with Temuzhen, attacked Temuzhen with thirty thousand troops, and Temuzhen obtained Zamuhe's subordinates Also Killeth The announcement of the people gathered 30,000 people and formed thirteen wings (" wings ", i.e Guleyan The army resisted. The two armies fought near the Sangur River in the field of Taran Pangius (present-day Mongolia) Windur Khan In the northwest), Temujin was unable to resist and retreated to a narrow area of the Oran River (see article) The Battle of the Thirteen Wings ). [4] [146]
Jamuhe and Taichiwu won, but there was "no internal discipline", and the Yan men fought for power and killed a large number of captives, which caused dissatisfaction among his subordinates, while Temuzhen tried to win over the people and treat his people well, so the Zhaulet, Ulu, Busy Wu and other Niluwen Mongol tribes broke away from Taichiwu and attached themselves to Tiemuzhen, so that his power could be quickly restored. [4] [146]
In the two years of Song Qing Yuan (Jin Mingchang seven years, 1196), Tata Son rebelled against Jin and was Prime Minister of Jin Complete a happiness The army was defeated and fled towards the Oritza River (present-day Ulji River in Eastern Province of Mongolia). When Timuzhen heard the news, he reported to Toli Khan, so Toli led the Keri army, and Timuzhen gathered the Mongol military minister in the name of "revenge for my father", entered the Oritza River (also translated into the Oriza River, today's Ulji River in Mongolia), broke the fort of Tatar, captured its leader, and "captured his chariots, horses, food and pay" (see entry) Battle of the Oritza River ). Wanyanxiang to help the rebellion, awarded the king of Tuoli, Tuoli since then called Wang Khan; Temujin was given the official title ja 'ut-quri (乣 commander). The Battle of Oritza and the awards of the Jin Dynasty greatly increased Temujin's prestige and power. From then on, he could use the Jin Dynasty appointed clan chief to rule the people and command the nobles. [4]
After returning to the army, Tiemuzhen violated the oath, refused to send troops to avenge his father, and took the opportunity to attack his old camp and other reasons to destroy the Qiyan Minister branch aristocrat beggar Ministry, capture of its people (cf Tetsuki Real and the main son beg Ministry battle ), thereby eliminating the one force in the alliance most qualified to compete with him for power. [4]
In the sixth year of the Song Qing Yuan Dynasty (the fifth year of Jin Chengan, 1200), Tiemuzhen and Wang Khan attacked Taichi Wu, won the victory north of the Oran River, and killed Taler Hutai. Then he followed the king Khan into this army Hulunbuir Grassland To attack the joint answer Jin, Sanonly Wu, Duoer edge, Tata, Hirokishiro Such a ministry, plundering its people, livestock. [4]
The nobles of the steppe were afraid of the rise of Temuzhen, and elected Jamuhe as the "Gu Er Khan" (that is, the khan of all Khan), vowing to fight Temuzhen as an enemy. In the first year of Song Jiatai (the first year of Jin Taihe, 1201), Jamuhe allied with Tatar, Hongji Thorn, hetajin Eleven, formed a coalition to attack Temujin, the two sides in the Hyjir tributary of the river Tene River battle. Temujin defeated Jamuka in the Battle of the Thene River. Song Jiatai two years (Jin Taihe two years, 1202) autumn, Battle of Kuyida Eruption. This battle was fought by the chief of Naiman No desire for Luhan (also known as Galeolu Khan, not also Luhei Khan) united with the chieftain of the Mieer Chieftain Tohei Toah against the war of the Clei Department, after which the remnants of Jamu and Tai Chi Wu, Duoer edge, Hetai Jin, Thaler only Wut, Tatar also joined them, and Temuzhen then united with Wang Khan against the above departments. At the beginning of the war, the allied forces of Wang Khan and Temuzhen were defeated, and they returned from Wulu to Lianzhenhe (present-day Inner Mongolia) East Ujumuqin Banner Uragon Goole, Schoeno moon machine Goole) retreat in Golden Great Wall (Side wall), with the Great Wall Aransay as the wall. But the allied forces pursued them, and the Temuzhen sent Altan, Huchar, talidai Three are the vanguard, the Wanghan school Sankwin (Yilahe), Zahe Ganbu, and Bileg Beeche were the vanguard of the battle against the Naiman allied forces, and the two sides fought a decisive battle at Kuoytian (the source of the present-day Bel-Lake Hara River), and the Naiman allied forces were defeated. Jami's army is defeated. He leaves without a fight The Erguna River Retreating downstream and wreaking havoc along the way, the Khan's army was desperate and defeated Jamuhe on the banks of the Erguna River, and Jamuhe surrendered. [146] Subsequently, Temujin marched to destroy the land of Talangnemuergus (south of present-day Lake Bear) The Tata Department . Before attacking Tatar, Temujin issued two Zasa (that is, the law) : First, it is forbidden to be greedy during victory, and the property obtained shall be divided equally after the matter is settled; Second, in the battle, the troops and horses retreat to the original position to return to the battle (to prevent rushing the army's position), or be killed. This was Temujin's first legislation after becoming the leader of the League, and its significance was to enhance the power of the Khan and restrict the nobility. And after the disobedience of the Qiyan nobles, he also sent the kerer to punish. [4]
Tiemuzhen chase Tai Chi Wu ministry, in command operations by Tai Chi Wu ministry will be shot neck, life is in danger. Lemei sucked blood for him, and stole yogurt to save Temuzhen. [62] Early the next morning, Taichi Wu surrendered to Temujin. The destruction of Taichi Wu's ministry removed the great obstacle to Temuzhen's unification of the Mongol ministries, which would be like the Archers Philosophical distinction , Nagaia And also become Temujin conquest of the world's right-hand man. [61] [146]
After the two wars, the Zamuhe forces declined, and the Mongolian Plateau formed a two-power situation in the east and west: the eastern part of the Mongolian Plateau east of the Ornan River and west of the Greater Khingan Mountains was ruled by Temuzhen; The western part of the Mongolian plateau from the Ornan River west to the Altai Mountains east was ruled by the King Khan. [146]
Oil painting "Mongolian History Long volume" Banzhu mud river oath
For a long time, Temuzhen had been subordinate to the king Khan, following him to the east and west, skillfully using the influence of Klie to increase his power, eliminating the hostile nobles in Mongolia and eliminating the powerful tribes in the eastern region. Temuzhen's growing power aroused the suspicion of Wang Khan and his son Sangkun, and the Mongol nobles such as Jamuhe and Press bomb also urged Wang Khan to get rid of him. Before Tiemuzhen had been for the eldest son Shu red to also stab the daughter of the marriage was rejected, Song Jiatai four years (Jintai and four years, 1203) spring, Wang Khan father and son plan false promise of marriage, invited Tiemuzhen to drink "buhunchak son" (set wedding), take the opportunity to murder, Tiemuzhen get a tip-off, hurriedly prepare for the army. Wang Khan planned the attack and sent troops to attack, and the two sides fought at Helan Zhenshatuo (in the northern part of present-day Ujumuqin Banner in Inner Mongolia), and Tiemuzhen was defeated due to its outnumbered troops and its troops were scattered (see Battle of Herranzensarto ). He retreated to Haraha The adjacent Mount Kanchai was reorganized and crushed, with only four thousand six hundred mounts, and then transferred to the Banjuni River (also known as the Balazuna River, today) Hulun Lake Near southwest) rest. At that time, Temuzhen was in an extremely difficult situation, and even shot wild horses for food and drew muddy water for drink, so he "raised his hands to the heavens" and swore to those who followed him: "Let me conquer the great cause, and share the joys and sorrows with all men." If you say this, it is like a river." [5] Be for Banjuni River pledge "Drink with the class Zhu mud River water" has become a story of hard work in Temuzhen, recorded in history. [4]
After the victory, Wang Khan became more proud and contemptuous of the enemy. However, Temujin, after recovering his strength, discovered that Wang Khan was having a feast at Yundu Mountain (now the upper reaches of the Kerulon River) and was unprepared, so he led a surprise attack, besieged Wang Khan's camp, and defeated his main force after three days and nights of fierce fighting (see entry) The Battle of the Mountain ). Wang Khan fled into Naiman's territory in a panic, and was killed by Naiman's border general. Yilahe fled to the Western Xia, but was expelled and returned Quxian (present-day Xinjiang Kuqa ), was also killed by the locals. All of Clee's men were captured by Temujin. At this point, he completely conquered all the tribes from the Greater Hinggan Mountains in the east to the Hangai Mountains in the west, and the "Emperor industry" was basically established. [4]
The fall of Klie shocked the Naiman rulers, Song Jiatai fourth year (Jintai and fourth year, 1204), the self-confident Naiman chief sunsweat Decided to attack Mongolia, and sent a link to the south of the Wanggu Department, but failed to succeed, Wanggu Department will be a man emissaries and information sent to Tiemuzhen. After Tiemuzhen reported, the resolution will concentrate the army horse next to the Halaha River, according to the unified formation of thousands of households, hundreds of households, ten households, appointing the Yan at all levels, and establishing a guard army. Then he marched west across the Kulen River and formed his army Sarigawa (The present Kerulon River and Tula Between two rivers). Sun Khan in addition to the rate of the main army is man, and received a group of Mongolian, Klie defeat of the nobles, Li son beg, he also spearheaded the army to help, a lot of troops, but the military discipline is lax, internal contradictions, Sun Khan is weak and incompetent. When the Naiman army entered the Nahukun Mountain east of the Orhun River, the Mongol army also arrived, and Jamuhe and others saw that the Tiemuzhen army was too full to win, that is, away from the sun sweat dispersed. The Naiman army was defeated, and Sun Khan was wounded and captured, and died soon after. son Law of refraction He fled west to his uncle No desire for Luhan . Taking advantage of his victory, Temujin marched to Altai Mountain and conquered the Naiman Department. Jamuho fled to Mount Nonglu (now Tannu He was arrested by the five Narkoer who followed him and sent to Temujin for execution. [4]
After the destruction of the sun Khan, Temuzhen immediately sent troops to the north to attack the three names of Li Er beg, and its leader Tuo Tuo fled to be quite not to Luhan, Li er beg was also conquered. [4] Song Kaixi two years (Jintai and six years, 1206) spring, Tiemu Zhen over Altai Mountain (today Altai Mountain ), into the northern Naiman Gu Lu Hetahei area (present-day Mongolia Kobdor Province , Bayan Urige Province Etc.) and launched a surprise attack on Bruchan. At that time, Luhan was hunting on the Huohegu River (also known as the Sogok River) when he was captured, and the northern Naiman was also killed. Kukul and Tohei Toshi fled into the Stone River of Ya 'er (now The Irtysh River ). [144] [146]
( "The Rise of the Mongols and the Establishment of Great Mongolia" atlas reference [54] [125] )

A surname

Tiemuzhen unified all parts of the Mongolian plateau behind, in the spring of the first year of the Yuan Taizu (1206) in the Ornan River (today Onon ) Source convening" The Kuriltai (Mongolian: Khural, "great gathering"), the assembly of the Mongolian nobility. Be said to be born Hwang Huotan The sorcerer Kuoko (named "Thabtengiri", meaning the voice of heaven) said: "Now the Kings of all the countries on earth called Qurhan have been conquered by you, and their territories are under your rule, so you should also have the title of Khan of the whole world." By the will of God, your title should be Genghis Khan." Then all the Kings and their officials came together Honorific title given to an emperor "Genghis Khan" (Qgaman) [76] It means "the Khan of the four seas", and it means "terrible" and "strong", or translated as "strong and great monarch". [146] ). Later, Temujin was built 斿 by the standard of White standard "Yeke Mongghol Ulus" (Yeke Mongghol Ulus), which means "Yeke Mongghol Ulus" in Mongolian. Great Mongolia " [2] [56] . His family was gradually given" Gold family "The title. [146]
After Temujin ascended the throne, military and political integration was implemented Thousand household system To expand the central army escort Shirixue Legion Established an army of guards belonging to the Great Khan; [2] Issued the" Elder Zasa This is the world's first set of the most widely used Written code . [83]

Raise the army and destroy the summer

Subject article: The Mongol War against the Western Xia Dynasty
After the unification of the Mongolian Plateau, it became their goal to continue the war of plunder against their neighbors. Temujin once said to his sons, who were quarreling over the succession, "The land under the world is broad and the rivers are numerous, so you can each expand your camp and conquer your state." He also taught his generals: "The greatest pleasure of a man is to subdue the crowd, to defeat the enemy, to seize all that he has, to ride his horses, to take his beautiful wives." The strong desire for plunder was the root cause of the Mongol rulers' continuous foreign wars. [50] The deep social crisis of the world's major countries in the 13th century also provided favorable conditions for Temujin to implement large-scale military expansion. [162]
After the founding of the Mongols, they began to launch large-scale wars of conquest. Temujin will aim at The Western Xia Dynasty (206 B.C.) And Jin Dynasty, and adopted the strategy of "first weak and then strong", first attacked the economic wealth, occupy the strategic thrust of the Western Xia. [101] Since March of the first year of Kaixi of the Song Dynasty (the fifth year of Jintaihe, 1205), Temuzhen launched the first predatory attack on the Western Xia border and broke the Lijili Village (today's Ningxia Province) Centre half ) Passing through the city of Roz, they captured a large number of people and livestock. In the autumn of the second year of Taizu in the Yuan Dynasty (1207), the Mongols invaded the Western Xia for the second time and occupied the city of Ulahai. Xia Fang gathered the Right wing of the road army to resist, but the Mongols did not dare to go deep and retreated in March of the following year (1208). [51]
In the fourth year of Taizu in the Yuan Dynasty (1209), the Mongols attacked Xia for the third time. Li Yongan Destiny Prince Lee Seung Jeong For the general manager, the grand governor of the palace to make the duke Gao Yi as a deputy, the rate of fifty thousand troops against the enemy, was defeated by the Mongolian army, Gao Yi was captured and died unyielding. In April, the garrison of the city of Wu Yuan surrendered, and the Mongol army marched in. After two months of stalemate, they managed to capture the garrison of Keyi Men, the main thrust of the Xia Wai Guard The king of the way Take the Keyi gate, into the encirclement of the summer capital Zhongxing Fu (today's Yinchuan, Ningxia). Tiemuzhen ordered to divert the river water into the city, because the outer embankment was broken, the Mongolian camp was overthrown, had to withdraw the siege, sent people to negotiate peace, forced Li 'an to offer a woman to Sue for peace, agreed to attack the Mongolian gold, and pay tribute every year. [50] In the twelfth year of Taizu Yuan (Jin Zhenyou five years, 1217), the Mongolian army conscription in the summer, did not get a response, then crossed the Yellow River, and invaded the Western Xia, the next year (1218) the first month reached the Zhongxing city, Xia Shenzong Li Zunxu Run away Xiliang Zhou . Soon after, the Mongols withdrew. In the nineteenth year of Taizu Yuan (1224), Tiemuzhen sent troops to attack Xia and captured Silver State (now Mizhixi, Shaanxi). In the 21st year of Emperor Taizu of the Yuan Dynasty (1226), Tiemuzhen led the army to launch a large-scale war to destroy the Xia because of the "enemies" of the Western Xia. Li Xian Capitulated and the Western Xia Dynasty fell (see" Life story - Died of a serious illness "Directory). [51] 50 -
( Mongolian summer atlas reference [6] [54] )

Go south for gold

Subject article: The Battle of Genghis Khan's three-way attack on gold , Mongolian Wars
The oil painting "Mongolian History Long volume" Temujin attack
As early as before the founding of Mongolia, Tiemuzhen had some understanding of the political corruption, lax military readiness, and serious internal contradictions of the Jin Dynasty. [50]
Yuan Taizu three years (1208), Jin Zhangzong Wan Yanjing Dead, King Wei Wanyan Yongji Enthrone. Temujin has been here before Jeongju (northwest of Siziwang Banner in today's Inner Mongolia), Wanyan Yongji was given an imperial tribute, so Tiemuzhen saw him and knew that he was mediocre and incompetent. After Wanyan Yongji ascended the throne, he sent an envoy to Mongolia. Tiemuzhen saw that such mediocre people could also be the emperor of the Central Plains, so it was more contempt for the Jin Dynasty, would not bow down to receive the ededies, riding horses to the north. Wanyan Yongji was furious at the news and planned to attack Mongolia. Temujin does not believe in getting gold at first 乣 the Army After a tip-off, decided to preempt. [50]
In the sixth year of Taizu in the Yuan Dynasty (1211), Tiemuzhen avenged his ancestors (Mongol My boy Khan and other leaders were crucified on a wooden donkey by the Jin Dynasty) as an excuse, and personally led the army to attack the Jin. The main force of the Mongol army broke through the Golden northwest roadside wall and broke Wushabao (now Hebei Province) Zhang Bei Northwest), Wuyue Camp. Jin northwest road army commander Wanyan Chengyu Fearing the enemy, they retreated from Fuzhou (present-day Zhangbei of Hebei Province) to Xuanping (southwest of present-day Zhangjiakou), leaving Chang (present-day Jiuliancheng Taiwusi Banner of Inner Mongolia), Huan (present-day Zhenglan Banner of Inner Mongolia) and Fuzhou completely lost. The Jin army, known as 300,000, held the Wild Fox Mountain (north of the present Wanquan Panning Fort in Hebei Province). They were defeated by Temuzhen Hui and fled to the Huihe Fort (present Hebei Province) Wyan East) was pursued by the Mongolian army, "the dead covered the wild plug river", history said that "the elite of the golden people did not here" (see entry Battle of Nogitsune Hill ). The Mongols burst in Juyongguan Pass , push straight Central capital of Jin The city went down and returned in triumph [52] . Son of Temujin Reddish reddish skin , Chagatai , gogodae He led another army to enter the golden border through the southwest side wall, and attacked Jingzhou, Fengzhou (present-day Dongbaita Town of Hohhot, Inner Mongolia), Yunnei (present-day northeast of Toktuo, Inner Mongolia), Dongsheng (present-day Toktuo), Wuzhou (present-day north of Wuzhai, Shanxi), Shuozhou and other cities. [50]
In the seventh year of Emperor Taizu in the Yuan Dynasty (1212), the Mongols seized Xuande (now Xuanhua in Hebei Province) and Dexing (now Zhuolu in Hebei Province) and continued to take them Mountain backside The states. During the attack on Xijing (now Datong, Shanxi), Tiemuzhen was hit by a bullet and withdrew his troops. Its vanguard Philosophical distinction He attacked Tokyo (now Liaoyang, Liaoning Province), broke into the city, and returned it. [50]
In the eighth year of Emperor Taizu of the Yuan Dynasty (1213), Tiemuzhen assembled his army to re-enter the Wild Fox Mountain, Huailai (today's Hebei Province), and Jinshan (today's Beijing) Yankhanh And other places, after a fierce battle, a great defeat Ideoidea , The tiger Gorgi Led by the golden army of more than 100,000, the pursuit to Juyongguan. Due to the strong defense of Juyong Pass, Tiemuzhen adopted the detour and encirclement tactics, leaving a small number of troops to attack the key, and the main force from the Zijing mouth (west of Yi County, Hebei Province) to the southwest, trapping Zhuozhuo, Yi and other states; Zhe Bei rate of fine riding to attack the south mouth, inside and outside the attack, take Juyong Pass. Then split up and surround Zhongdu. Tiemuzhen life Shu red rate right army follow Taihang Mountains South, Hebei West Road, He southeast, North road, arrived at the Yellow River; Younger brother Silly red and Sal At the same rate, the left army raided Ji, Ping (now Lulong, Hebei) and Luanzhuzhou; Tiemuzhen personally with young son Towing mine Led the Middle route army, swept Hebei East Road, Shandong East, West Road, also reached the Yellow River. The Mongol Third Route Army massacred and pillaged the eight routes north of the Yellow River. Since Jian Yan dynasty miscellany "Two rivers Shandong thousands of miles, the people killed a few, gold and silk, children, cattle, sheep and horses are swept away, the house destroyed, the city Qiu Xu." [50]
The Monkin War diagram [127]
In the spring of the ninth year of Taizu in the Yuan Dynasty (1214), the Mongolian third Route army met, surrounded Zhongdu, and sent emissaries into the city of Sogon. The new King Xuanzong Wanyanxun Forced to offer Wanyan Yongji female princess and a large number of gold and silk, children and men and women to Sue for peace, Temuzhen was unable to overcome the city for a while, so he withdrew from Juyong Pass. At the same time, he has a lot of life Mu Huali Emperor's son-in-law A surname They captured the Liaodong and western territories. In May, when Jin Xuanzong moved south to Nanjing (present Kaifeng, Henan Province), 乣 troops near Zhongdu mutinized and invaded Mongolia. On the pretext of Jin's "breach of contract" in moving the capital, Tiemuzhen sent his troops to surround Zhongdu again and captured and dispatched nearby prefectures with the strategy of encirclement, aid and surrender. Yuan Taizu ten years (1215) in May, the fall of the city, Temuzhen school Be careless and careless Such as gold and silver, pearls and jade, brocade all shipped to the camp. In order to Zabar fire Man For "The Yellow River north of the Tiemen Pass (Juyong Pass) south of the world. Daru flower Chi ", and Shi Mingan Jointly defend Zhongdu. [50] At the same time Jinchen, Khitan people A surname , entrusted with an important task. [69]
In the process of collecting gold, Tiemuzhen adopted the suggestion of Shi Yiming An and Wang Yi, changed the massacre to surrender, and made the Jin army welcome the wind. In order to meet the needs of the siege, Tiemuzhen adopted the ministry will build the policy, and gradually established the artillery force, and the siege stone was the first. Later, in siege operations, hundreds of guns were used at a time, and the city was quickly destroyed. At the same time, in order to absorb the advanced technology of various nationalities, they plundered craftsmen and artists everywhere, tens of thousands of them in one city. Then he built an army of craftsmen and set up factories to smelt iron and make weapons. Create "arrow speed ride" in communication, speed hundreds of miles per day, military order transmission and army dispatch speed thus increased. [119-120]
In the spring of the eleventh year of Taizu Yuan (1216), the Mongol army retreated to Mobei. The following year (1217), Temuzhen granted Muhuali the Jiuzhan white banner representing the authority of the Great Khan, Xu Qi Undertake to produce Acting, he appointed the king of Taishi and ordered him to command the five departments such as Zaciyi Son, and the Khitan, Jurchen, 乣 Han armies, and specially invaded the Jin Dynasty. Mu Huali learned from the Jin Dynasty system, established a military rule in the Yan and Yun areas, followed the will of Tiemuzhen to "gather heroes and gamp down the cities", recruited bureaucrats and tuhao from all over the country, and used them to expand the occupied areas, such as Zhending (today's Zhengding in Hebei Province). Shi Tianni , Shi Tianze Brother, Easo Zhang Rou , Dongping tight , Jinan Zhang Rong , Yidu Li Quan Let's wait. The Jin Dynasty also adopted a policy of courting tuhao. During this period, the Mongolian-Jin War in the north of the Yellow River was mainly manifested as the battle for the city and land between the tuhao armed forces on both sides, which formed a sawing state. Until his death in 1223, Muhuali conquered Hebei, Shandong and other places in the Jin Dynasty after six years of warfare. 7 [8] After Muhuali's death, his son Chiru Take up your post and continue to attack the lands of Hexo. [50]

The first westward expedition

  • The Expedition to Western Liao
Subject article: The Mongol attack on the Western Liao
Soon after the founding of Temuzhen, he was persuaded Baikal The eight thorns of east and west, Huoli, Bare hemp Other parts; And sent to Gilligith The ministry called for its chief to pay tribute and submit. Consequent cause Huo Erchi The one with the baldness, the beauty, provoked a revolt. Yuan Taizu twelve years (1217), Genghis Khan sent a general Bolhu The army was attacked and killed by the bald hemp, and then sent the general to go on a crusade before it was pacified. Because the Giligith Department refused to send troops to assist the Mongols in their campaign against the Bald Ma Department, Temuzhen then sent Shuchi troops in the thirteenth year of the Yuan Taizu (1218), and first took the "eight rivers" (the upper source of the present Urukmu River) The Department of Oroya He then crossed the Qian River (now The Yenisei River Upriver), conquered Uz, Shahe Si, Kanghesi, Tubas, Not on edge The ministry, aggressive Giligith, chasing to the horse river (now Ob River ), as far as possible. western The mystery of the lost guest , Theliancu, Lost child All the other parts are down. [53]
From the third year of Taizu (1208) to the sixth year of Taizu (1211), he was a Mongolian general Hopitai When he led the army to sweep the remnants of Naiman and Miliqi who were entrenched in the Stone River of Also, he surrendered the original one after another Silliao The vassal state of Waqur (present-day Xinjiang Jimsar , Turpan The region), Hasaru (present-day Xinjiang Huocheng West) and other departments. And Naiman Quyi Law fled to the Western Liao capital Puss Ears (southwest of today's Tokmak in Kyrgyzstan) after the design usurped the throne of the Western Liao. In the thirteenth year of Emperor Taizu's reign in the Yuan Dynasty (1218), Tiemuzhen sent Zhe Bei to lead an army to defeat Quexilu in the Sarihuan (present-day Xinjiang) of Badahafen Tashkurgan He was captured and killed. From then on, the land of the Western Liao Dynasty was all in Mongolia, and the Great Mongolia was bordering on the Central Asian power Huaximo. [53]
Genghis Khan's battle against the Western Liao Dynasty [54]
  • Flower pull sub mode, western Eastern Europe
Subject article: Mongolia's first westward expedition
Song Qing Yuan six years (Jin Chengan five years, 1200 years), flower thorn sub-mold Shah Alawuddin Mahamat Take the throne, call yourself Sudan After capturing a large amount of land in the Western Liao, he planned to expand further east. In 1215, in the tenth year of the Emperor Taizu, Mahame sent a delegation to the East to investigate the war between the Mongols and the Jin Dynasty. Tiemuzhen received the envoy, expressed his willingness to friendly trade with the flower thorn model, and sent the envoy back to visit, and organized a caravan of more than 400 people to the flower thorn model trade. In the thirteenth year of Emperor Taizu in the Yuan Dynasty (1218), the caravan arrived at the border town of Huaqiao Zi Mo Incorrect reply (Present-day Kazakhstan) Syr In Zimur, in the middle of the east), the governor of the city, Haquel Solantur, was greedy for the goods of the caravan, falsely accused of spying, killed them all, and seized their goods. A camel driver who survived the attack returned to Mongolia and reported that Temujin was so enraged that he sent three emissaries to punish him, one of whom was killed by Mahamat, and the two were deported after being shaved. The incident of Riotar As a pretext for Temujin to send troops to Central Asia, a war between the two countries was inevitable. [53] [73]
In the summer of the 14th year of Taizu Yuan (1219), Tiemuzhen led 200,000 troops across the Altai Mountain, and after the summer of the Stone River of Also, they entered the border of Huaxian Zi Mo and divided the troops into four ways:
  • Chagatai and Ogetai besieged Riota;
  • Shu Chi rate an army along the Sier River and take felty , Yanggyakan Wait for the city;
  • Azihei Nayan led an army and took the cities of Hopi and others on the upper reaches of the Syr River Fergana Region;
  • Timuzhen from and towing thunder to lead the path of the army In the river .
Flower die, from the oil painting "Long Volume of Mongolian History"
Hearing that the Mongol army had crossed the Syr River, Mahamatha hurried away from Xindu Samarkand Fall back on Amu Darya South Bank. In February of the fifteenth year of Emperor Taizu in the Yuan Dynasty (1220), Temuzhen was captured unprickly ; In March, he besieged Samarkand, captured it five days later, and embarked on a destructive policy of pillaging and killing. In addition, Temujin is dispatched untimely With 30,000 troops, Tebbe and others pursued Mahamat. Mahamat fled west under the pressure of the Mongol army, and finally fled into the Kuantan Ghis Sea. Caspian Sea An island near the south coast, soon died of illness, passed on to his son Jalandin Minburnu . After the autumn, Timuzhen ordered tow Lei rate elite across the Amu Darya River, attack Khorasan Regional cities, to the Yuan Taizu sixteen years (1221) summer, Malu, you Shabu (now Iran Neshabur ), Yali and other cities were captured one after another. Shu Chi, Chagatai, Ogetai and other rates of army siege Jade Dragon Jie Chi Months to break it down. [53]
Tiemuzhen crossed the Amu Darya River at the beginning of the sixteenth year (1221) of the Yuan Taizu after the central army captured the cities along the Amu Darya River Bari Black Besieged Talihan Village, attacked for seven months, and broke the city after Tuolei led the army. At this time, Zalandin was there coccinine About 100,000 troops have been regrouped in The Hindu Kush Mountains At his feet, Balu Wanchuan defeated the 30,000 Mongol troops led by the lost Ji and Bald Hu, and their strength was restored, and some of the Khorasan cities that had been occupied by the Mongols responded with revolts. Temujin joined forces with his army, crossed the Hindu Kush mountains, and, taking advantage of the internal discord in Jalandin and the separation of his divisions, set off at Shenhe in November of the same year. Indus The North coast defeated the Zarandine army and forced it to flee to India. In the spring and summer of the 17th year of Emperor Taizong in the Yuan Dynasty (1222), the Mongolian army continued to attack the Shenhe area and suppress the Khorasan rebellions. Bala led the Mongol army to continue the pursuit of Zalandin, but there was no trace of it. Coupled with the hot summer, the Mongols were unable to adapt to the climate of northern India, and they withdrew in the 18th year of the Yuan Taizu (1223). In October of this year, Tiemuzhen gave orders. In the nineteenth year of Taizu Yuan (1224), he stayed in the Shihe summer of Also, and returned to the Tula River Palace in February of the following year (1225). After Temuzhen captured Khwarizm, he ordered his eldest son, Shuchi, to take charge and set it up in various cities Daru flower Chi . [53]
( The main reference materials of the Western Expedition atlas [54] [73] )
The Mongolian Expedition to the West crossed the mountains, from the oil painting "Mongolian History Long Volume"
Subutai and Zhebi, after completing the task of pursuing Mahathir, were ordered to continue to copy the western and central Persian cities. In the spring of the 17th year of Taizu Yuan (1222), he invaded Gu Er Only (1222). Kingdom of Georgia ), Lost Son Bay Other places, by the Talban (present-day Russian Republic of Dagestan Gerbent ) Over the Tai Wo Ridge ( Caucasus Mountains ), has defeated Alan, Cinca The armies, wintering in the land of Kipchak. At the request of Kipchak chief Yuligi, Ross In Kiev, the princes decided to unite against the Mongols and kill the emissaries sent by Subutai and Zhebe. In May 1223, the 18th year of the Yuan Taizu, the Mongol, Rus, and Kipchak allied forces fought on the east of the Chalga River, and were eventually defeated by the Mongols because the Rus princes were not united and could not work together (see article) Battle of the Chalgah River ). The troops of Zepbe and Subutai raided the southern part of Rus, returned to the east, crossed the Volga River, and attacked again Bougars (There is a dispute about the victory or defeat of this battle), and then by the Caspian Sea, Aral Sea The north returned to Mongolia. [53] This expedition brought the Mongol army far away Crimean Peninsula It was for the first westward expedition.

Die of a serious illness

Genghis Khan
Yuan Taizu twenty years (1225) autumn, after seven years of western expedition Tiemuzhen returned to Mobei. The following year (1226), due to the Western Xia alliance, Temuzhen insisted on personally invading the Western Xia despite the age of sixty-four. He went south from Mobei and took it first Blackwater City Exterminating the armies of the western Xia Zhujun Division, and then marching south along the Ejin River to Hunchui Mountain for the summer. Then successively captured Shazhou (present-day Dunhuang West of Gansu Province), Suzhou (present-day Jiuquan of Gansu Province), Ganzhou (present-day Zhangye of Gansu Province), Nishiryongfu (now Wuwei, Gansu), Lingzhou (now Ningxia) Lingwu Southwest) and other places, into the encircling Zhongxing Prefecture. Li Devan He died of fear and was succeeded by his nephew, Emperor Li Xian. After the siege of Zhongxing Prefecture lasted for a long time, the last Emperor was forced to send for peace. [51] 50 - [53]
In the spring of the twenty-second year of Emperor Taizu of the Yuan Dynasty (1227), Tiemuzhen sent a part of his army to besiege Zhongxing Prefecture, and led his army south to Jin Jin and captured it Lintao Mansion And other places, stationed in the summer Liupan Mountain Take a rest. After dying of illness, he asked the sons to unite, support the third son Ogetai succession, and left a will: using the Song, Jin feud through the Song border, the Song dynasty to destroy the Jin. [9] On July 12 (August 25, 1227), Temujin was under the Liupan Mountain Qingshui county (now Gansu Province) died at the age of 66 (" The Mughal Chronicles It is written as seventy-one [10] The History of the New Dollar is recorded as seventy-three [9] ). [11] He was buried in the Kent Hills Chariot Valley Where the burial place is in doubt, see the "Character Dispute" catalog [87] ). [53] Ogetai and Tuolei obeyed Tiemuzhen's policy and settled in the first year of Duanping of the Song Dynasty (the third year of Jin Tianxing, 1234) Battle of Caizhou The end of the Jin Dynasty. [104]
yuan Solstice element In October 2000 (1265), Yuan Shizu Chizun Tiemuzhen temple name is The first founder of a dynasty . [12] To Yuan three years (1266) October, posthumous title for Emperor Sengwu . maxima Year 2 (1309) December, Emperor Wuzong of Yuan Plus posthumous title "law day shipment" four words. Since then, Tiemuzhen was posthumous title The law of heaven sent the Emperor Shengwu . [12]

Administrative measures

broadcast
EDITOR

political

  • ordo
At the beginning of the founding of Temujin, Great Mongolia had no fixed capital, its Ordo Living in different places:
  1. 1.
    The first orus was set on the River Cowardly Green (now The Kerulen River ) of Coudeir Azel, also known as ordo It is the political center of Great Mongolia;
  2. 2.
    The second in his ear was at Saarikeel Sarigawa West of the upper reaches of the Kerulun River in present-day Mongolia);
  3. 3.
    The third Ordo was on the river Tula;
  4. 4.
    The fourth ordo is set The Selenge River tributary Idere .
In the fifteenth year of Taizu Yuan (1220), Tiemuzhen was drafted in Harakhorin A capital was built (on what is now the upper reaches of the Orhun River), but the capital could not be built due to the ongoing war. [146]
  • Appoint magistrates
Subject article: The Grand Magistrate
Before the founding of Tiemuzhen, he had a half-brother Berigutai He served as a judge of justice (jarquci, "fixing the affairs of the outside world"), adjudicating cases of fighting, theft, and forgery. When the Great Mongolia was established, a younger brother was appointed Be careless and careless He was the highest judge (that is, the great judge), who presided over the division of people's households and the punishment of thieves, fraud and other matters, and recorded the number of people's households assigned to the imperial Kings and divided into thousands of households, and the cases of judgment Qingshu On koko debter, no one can change it. The Great judge is the judicial administrator of the central Mongolia, so it is called the "minister of state", and later the Han people called Xiangji Hutuhu (also translated Hu Tuhu) Prime Minister Hu. Until the early years of the Yuan Shizu, the Great judge had maintained the position of the highest administrator (prime minister) of the central government. Under him were many subordinates, who constituted the magistracy. The Kings also placed judges over their people. [2]
  • Enactment grammar
Subject article:" The Code of Genghis Khan "
Promulgation of "Great Zasa", from the oil painting "Long Volume of Mongolian History"
Before Temujin unified Mongolia, since the Mongols did not have a written language, there could be no written law. The Mongols have many ancient "yosun" (meaning reason, rules, reasons, usually translated as "style" in the Yuan Dynasty), which contains various social habits and norms of behavior formed over the course of a long history. In view of the breakdown of social order caused by the attack and merger of various nobles, Temuzhen believed that in order to subdue the clamour of the people, it was necessary to "establish order with extremely severe Zasa, make the wise and brave as the general, make the skillful one in charge of the rear camp (Olu), and give the stupid and cheap one the service of whip, send livestock", so that people were in their proper places and secure their positions. Before and after the founding of the state, he issued a series of decrees and admonitions (bilik). In the great gathering held before the expedition to Khwarezm in the fourteenth year of the Emperor Taizu of the Yuan Dynasty (1219), he "re-determined the teachings, decrees and ancient systems" and ordered them all to be written down on paper rolls and compiled as "Dasha" (" Dasha Canon ", which means "command" and "decree"). Later, whenever the new Great Khan ascended the throne, or the dynasties met to discuss state affairs, they would first hold the Great Zasha and read it, and act in accordance with the relevant provisions in it. Yuan said: "All the big banquet, the minister in charge. Kinkui The book of "Great Zasa" must be written by our ancestor." [2] [13]
The Great Zasa is the code of Great Mongolia. Although the original book has been lost, many of its provisions have been preserved in Chinese and foreign historical records. For example, the Nanyans shall not take refuge in anyone other than the monarch, shall not leave their posts or die. Disrupt the royal family, sow discord, and help those who oppose each other to be executed; He who takes a fugitive slave and does not return him to his master dies; He who steals a man or an animal shall pay back nine times, and he who cannot pay shall pay his children. There are also many regulations to protect grass, water, horses, and methods of killing livestock. [2]
  • Cowardly system
Subject article: cowardly
Before the battle with Naiman in the fourth year of Song Jiatai (1204), Temuzhen set out to "rectify the army" and set up an escort force based on the original organization of the Shixue, including 80 guards. Kepthule Kebte 'ul, seventy scattered Common lily Turqa 'ut), four hundred quivers ( crimson , qorchi). After the founding of the People's Republic of China, he expanded the guard army to 10,000 men, including 1,000 quivers, 1,000 guards, and 8,000 scattered officers from thousands, hundreds, and ten families. Duruinguwin The sons of duri-yin gu 'un were chosen to be skilled and able-bodied; The son of a thousand households may have ten companions, the son of a hundred households five, and the son of ten households and a white man three. Nanyan at all levels must obey orders to send their sons to serve alongside Genghis Khan, and must not evade or replace them with others. This obviously contains the meaning of recruiting the Yan children in charge of the soldiers and people into the quality in order to control them more effectively, so the Yuan people also translated bald Lu Hua as" Proton Force ". [2]
The duty of the guards is to guard the Golden Tent of the Great Khan and take charge of various affairs of the Khan Court. It is stipulated that the resident guards are on night duty, the quiver and the scattered duty squad are divided into four teams and enter the value in turn, three days and nights each time, so it is generally called "four timid Xue". The guards are also the most elite troops under the direct control of the Great Khan, which is enough to "control the gravity of the situation." [14] Therefore, it is also called the Big Central Army. Tiemuzhen appointed the closest friend of that Ke Bolhu, Bolshu, Muhuali, Red old Wen four children hereditary as four timid xue long. The division of labor of the positions of timid Xue has Huo Er Chi (who pays bow arrows), Yunduchi ulduchi (who carries a sword), jarliqchi (who writes the edicts), bichig-chi (who writes the edicts), ba'urchi (who cooks), sugurchi (who supplies clothes), siba'uchi (who holds the eagle) and more than a dozen others. The deacons, as servants of the Great Khan, had a position above that of the thousand households outside. The Shi-xue was not only the garrison and the palace (royal) affairs of the Great Khan, but also had the function of the government, and played a great role in the military and political affairs of Great Mongolia. [2] Temujin's establishment of such a powerful armed force played a role in safeguarding the Khanate, consolidating the newly unified country, and preventing the revival of the clan nobility and the recurrence of civil war, and was also a powerful tool for Mongolia's foreign wars. [163]
  • enfeoffment
After Temuzhen unified the Mongolian Plateau, all the "people with felt tents" originally belonging to the nobility of each department became his "people with felt tents". Gold family After organizing his subjects and properties into ninety-five thousand households, he assigned each of his sons, his younger brothers, and his mother, Haerun, a "member" according to the style of family property distribution in Mongolian society. Hopet The people. [2]
Tiemuzhen delimited the range of fiefdoms for his sons and brothers. The younger brothers were sealed in eastern Mongolia and called the "host Kings". Reddish reddish skin , Chagatai The three fiefdoms of Vokuo Tai were all in the west of Altai Mountain, known as the "Kings of the West Road". Tow a mine." The youngest son watches over the stove Inherit Temuzhen four Orudo and the center of the country of Mongolia's native land. The princely fiefdoms were nomadic areas, and the settled areas conquered were the common property of the golden family and administered by the Great Khan government. [2]
Sons and thousands of households that yan award nature is different, the latter is only the country's local military chief, the gold family is the real master. The division of the people received by the king of each branch (Hubiyi 'er) became their own property, and Nayan, the thousand households who were in charge of these people, became their official. Each branch king, which had a subdivision and a fiefdom, established its own" Woodruth It was a "suzerain state" within the Great Mongolia. The princes (khans) had the Great Khan as their master, and the subsequent succession required the approval of the Great Khan, and they also had the right to jointly elect the Great Khan, participate in the decision-making of major affairs of the Great Woodus, and enjoy the rights of the common property. [2]
  • Shaping the Mongolian Nation
Since the 9th century Uighur People, galgus After people withdrew from the Mobei grassland one after another, Mongolian plateau There was virtually no unified, powerful nomadic state. The Mongolian Plateau became the central stage for the activities of various ethnic groups and tribes of the Mongolian and Turkic languages, with the Yudujin Mountain (present-day Hangai Mountain) as the boundary between east and west. [71] By the 11th and 12th centuries, there were towers, Klie , Naiman , A surname , Oyi Thorn, Wangu and Beg the face And so many powerful tribes [4] . After Temuzhen's war of unification against the Mongols, the people of Mobei who were united under the Great Mongolia, and the tribal clans that originally had their own names, all took "Mongol" as their general name, and gradually merged into a unified Mongolian national community [2] For contemporary The Mongolian nationality The formation played an important role.

Military affairs

  • Wage war
A military activity initiated or directed by Temiki
Experience duration
Main war
Specific campaign
From the 7th year of Chunxi of Song Dynasty (1180) to the 1st year of Taizu of Yuan Dynasty (1206)
Genghis Khan's campaign to unify the Mongols
Battle of Bukugawa , The Battle of the Thirteen Wings , Battle of the Oritza River , Tetsuki Real and the main son beg Ministry battle , The Battle of the Ornan River , Battle of Kuyida , Battle of Herranzensarto , The Battle of the Mountain , Battle of Nahushan, Buhedu Erma
Yuan Taizu 6th Year (1211) to Yuan Taizu 22nd year (1227)
Mongolian Wars (Part of Genghis Khan)
The first Mongol gold attack (including The Battle of Ushaburg , Battle of Nogitsune Hill , Battle of Xijing , Mengjinzhong capital battle Etc.), The Battle of Genghis Khan's three-way attack on gold (including The Battle of Liaodong , Battles of Huailai and Jinshan , Battle of Juyongguan , The Battle of Zhongdu Etc.), Tongguan, Nanjing Battle Muhuali gold Levy period (including Battle of Fengxiang Etc.)
Yuan Taizu 14th year (1219) to Yuan Taizu 18th year (1223)
Mongolia's first westward expedition
Mongolian khwarizm (including the Battle of Riotar, The Battle of Bukhara , Battle of Samarkan , The battle of Jade, Dragon and Red , Battle of Palu Bay , Battle of Shin Ha The Western Conquest of Eastern Europe (including the Battle of Georgia, the Battle of the Thelek River, Battle of the Chalgah River Etc.)
Song Kaixi first year (Jin Taihe 5th year, 1205) to Yuan Taizu 22nd year (1227)
The Mongol War against the Western Xia Dynasty
The first Mongol attack on Summer , Second Mongol Summer attack , The Third Mongol Summer Attack The Fourth Mongol Summer Attack, The Fifth Mongol Summer Attack , The Sixth Mongol Summer Attack
Above sources [145-146]
  • A general under his command
Temujin's generals were:
Four horses (a act) Four high heroes , Bolshu , Muhuali, Red clover , Bolhu ) [4]
Four mastiffs ( Philosophical distinction , Seremil , unexpected, Hopitai ) [4]
Fourth brother ( hesal , Belgutai , Resultant crimson temperature , Thimu lattice)
fourko (Shuchi, Chagatai, Ogetai, Tuolei)
Fourth foster child ( Kwokwok , Zigi Hutuhuhu, Borhuhu, Curve out ) [108]
  • The household is divided
Subject article: Thousand household system
The ruling system of Great Mongolia began to be established after Timuzhen destroyed Kele, and after Timuzhen unified the Mongolian steppe and founded the country, he put into practice what had been implemented in the war Thousand household system Further improve and institutionalize.
The people (nomads) of the whole country are organized and divided according to the decimal system Qianhe , Hundred households The three levels of ten households were divided into ninety-five thousand households, and the range of grazing land for each thousand households was demarcated, and the nobles and the kerers were granted hereditary management of the founding of the country, and they were sealed as thousand households That face . The principle of the formation of thousands of households is that those tribal leaders who have always loyally united or attached themselves to Temujin (such as Hongjira, Yicheles and other in-laws, and the Neruwen Mongol tribes such as Guru, Busu and Palin), or who have voluntarily attached themselves (such as Akuthir Jihuri of Wanggu and Kudu Hebeki of Oryishu), are allowed to continue to "unite their nation" (that is, their own people). However, it is necessary to form a number of thousands of households according to the unified establishment; A few distinguished Nacho (such as Muhuali) were also allowed to gather the scattered people of their tribe into thousands of households. The other is a mixture of people from different tribes, such as Taichiwu, Mierqi, Tatar, Klie, Naiman and other large numbers of people, after the conquest, their people were "divided with the companions", plus these companions (Na 'er) in the war, each "collected" (captives) of the population, organized into thousands of households. The former category is only a minority, the latter is a majority, and the thousand household system is both a military unit of Greater Mongolia and a local administrative unit, completely replacing the clan tribal organization of the old era. The Qianhubaihu Nayan were military and administrative officers appointed by the Great Khan, and in case of negligence or disloyalty, the Great Khan could punish them, strip them of their posts, and delegate them to others. The people of the whole country are the subjects of Genghis Khan's royal family, and they are divided into thousands of households, and nomadic in the designated range of grazing lands, and are not allowed to leave their posts without authorization. Above the thousand households were two thousand households on the left and two thousand on the right, the highest military officers, and all the thousand households (except those divided among the sons) belonged to these two thousand households. [2]
Sun Lixin's Oil painting "Genghis Khan and the Mongol Cavalry" [128]
" historia "And" Secret history of Mongolia One by one listed the names, origins, main experiences and the composition of each thousand households, including seventy-eight heroes, ten emperors, three emperors with a total of ten thousand households, so there were only eighty-eight people actually awarded, which is the famous eighty-eight heroes in the history of the Mongolian Khanate. The thousand-family system is a three-in-one system of military, political and economic, which is the most important part of the ruling system of the Mongolian Khanate. The establishment of this system marked the dissolution of the tribal and clan system. The yan who established special merits was also granted various privileges, and the Yan class was Temuzhen." Gold family "The pillar of the ruling Mongolian people. This actually defeated the original slaveowners and gentile nobles in the various departments through war, and re-established a new class of slaveowners, dominated by the gold family of Temujin and supplemented by meritorious officials at all levels. [95]
  • Build up the military
Mongolian cavalry in the field, from the oil painting "Long Volume of Mongolian History"
The number of troops possessed by Temujin, according to the Secret History of Mongolia, was ninety-five thousand households, plus ten thousand of the best guards. In the process of raiding the states, it absorbed the returning army and drove the people in the conquered areas to serve as soldiers, greatly expanding the number of the army. According to the records of Montark, Tiemuzhen "raised hundreds of thousands of troops", and Western historians reported that his Western expedition troops numbered as many as 600,000. Although this figure is exaggerated, it also reflects the fact that the Mongol forces have indeed increased significantly. [50]
The weapons and equipment of the Mongolian army were also improved in the process of conquest. In addition to the original bows and arrows, swords and guns, many craftsmen were captured from the Central Plains and the Western regions to make sharp weapons, armor and shields, siege tools, artillery and other weapons. "A hundred works are a great preparation", which added wings to the elite Mongolian cavalry. Jin Aizong He said, "That is why the Northern soldiers often take gold winners, relying on the northern horse power, and relying on the skill of China." [50]
  • Conducting art
History said that Tiemuzhen "deep and strategic, the use of troops like a god", the Mongolian army under his command to create many unique tactics. [50]
A contemporary mural depicting the Mongol siege of a city [55]
Each time, the Mongolian army must first send four fine horses to the sentry, far outpost one or two hundred miles, to find out the left and right, such as a road can be entered, a city can be attacked, a place can be fought, a place can be a camp, a party has enemy soldiers, a certain food and grass, spies, and reports the camp. His camp is set in order, his front chariot is mounted, his guard is divided; Before and after the big tent, the army and horses were divided into towns, arranged sparsely, so as to feed each other. [50]
In the field, Temujin made use of the agility and swiftness of the cavalry, focusing on scattered operations; Generally with three tenths of the troops as the front, break the siege, three or five riding a group, never clustered, so as not to be the enemy package, the enemy division, the enemy standing together, gathering and scattering, extremely flexible, "to fall like heaven, to go like electricity", known as "crow soldiers scattered star array", often can defeat many enemy troops with less cavalry; When attacking the enemy, each cavalry team first conflicts, the front team does not move, and the rear team follows. At the same time, soldiers are deployed behind the left and right of the enemy line, and they are attacked together after encirclement. If the enemy's position is strong, they will mix up their horses and oxen, or force down prisoners as victims to carry out hard attacks, so that the enemy is confused and tired; The enemy move, that is, take the chaos and drive straight in, and rarely fail. When the number of troops is small, they spread suspicion to fear the enemy; Or use the method of ambush, pretend defeat and go, abandon the heavy gold and silver, lure the enemy to the north, often can completely wipe out the pursuit. When attacking a fortified city, they would first clear the surrounding towns and villages, then concentrate their forces, besiege the city in groups, erect fences and build forts, cut off foreign aid, and attack day and night with bows and arrows and cannon stones in continuous rotation, so as to tire the enemy. Or break the levees and flood, or dig tunnels into the city. The tactics employed by Temujin and the Mongol army "have not been described in ancient methods." [50]
The military thought of Temuzhen originated from the unique political, economic and cultural soil of the early Mongolian people, and was also influenced by the traditional ideas since the Huns, Donghu and Turkic dynasties. It was a summary of its many years of war practice, with strong practicality and the imprint of the era of predatory war. It successfully guided the war practice of attacking gold, destroying the Western Xia and the Western expedition, which had a great influence on the whole Yuan Dynasty and even the world military thought. [160] Chinese Mongol military researcher Da Lintai said that the Mongols were "good at applying advanced science and technology to war, and successfully handled the relationship between war and science and technology", and regarded Temuzhen and his successors as the ancestors of Mongolian military science. [117]

culture

  • Create text
Subject article: Mongolian script
Mongolian script
The Mongolians originally had no writing, and only remembered things by making grass and carving wood. During Temujin's crusade against Naiman, he captured a man named Tata Tong A Of the Wahls. He is the palm printer of the Naiman Division Sun Sweat, sunsweat Honor him as the king, let him master the gold seal and the grain of money. Temuzhen knew that he had a deep understanding of writing, so he ordered him to stay with him, spelled Mongolian with the Arabic characters, taught the princes to learn, and created the Mongolian Mongolian of the Arabic characters. In addition to the Naimans, the Keres may also have understood and used the Waghal script, and they also played a role in the creation of the Mongolian script. Later, many of the Wahls became clerks and teachers of the Mongol nobility. Since then, the documents of the Mongol Khanate, "those who line the Hui Hui use the Hui Hui word", "the Hui Hui word is only twenty-one letters, and the rest are only made up on the side." [2] [88]
Even though Kublai Khan had asked the state to patspar The Tibetan alphabet was adopted to create the "Mongolian new character", which was stipulated as the official character of the Yuan Dynasty. Mongolian vulgarity is still in use and was once used to translate and write the book The Classic of Filial Piety "" A lesson learned through capital And many inscriptions and so on. After the fall of the Yuan Dynasty, Eight spaven Largely abandoned; After the change, the Mongolian fear character gradually improved and formed the later common Mongolian characters. It is with this script that it is possible to record tables, compile the Great Zasa, issue orders, make seals, and compile historical books (e.g. Secret history of Mongolia "), carry out diplomatic activities, etc. The Mongolian characters, advocated by Genghis Khan and co-created and promoted by Tata Tonga and others, are a great contribution to the construction of human civilization. Mongolian culture has since had an epoch-making development. [2] [88]
  • Religious policy
Temuzhen military dress Thangka from the Qing Dynasty [75]
The Mongol Khanate founded by Temujin and his descendants spanned Europe and Asia, and almost every religion in the world was under his rule. Among them was the original belief of the Mongols shamanism Buddhism in Tibet, Western Xia and Han, Taoism in Jin and Southern Song, Manichaeism That the Wahls and Western nations believe in Islam Christianity (including Nestorianism, or Nestorianism), practiced by some tribes of the Mongolian Plateau and even the states of Kipchak and Orus; Also Ricovine, Roman) and so on. The Mongol nobility conquered the world, basically adopting a policy of killing and pillage, but its religious policy was more enlightened, and did not force the conquered to convert to the Mongolian religion, but declared freedom of religion, allowing various sects to exist, and allowing Mongols to freely participate in various sects, and basically exempting believers from taxes and corvee labor. The implementation of this policy, to a certain extent, reduced the resistance of the conquered, and played a certain role in Mongolia's conquest and rule of the world. [15]

Ethnic and foreign relations

  • Southern Song Dynasty
After the eighth year of Emperor Taizu in the Yuan Dynasty (1213), Tiemuzhen twice sent messengers, such as Zhubuhan and Gegebuhan, to negotiate peace with the Song Dynasty in an attempt to unite The Southern Song Dynasty Gold, but not much success. After that, the relationship between Song and Jin gradually deteriorated, and the Song Dynasty began to tend to unite with Mongolia, and in the fifteenth year of the Emperor Taizu of the Yuan Dynasty (1220), the Song Huaidong government took over Jia Xu Zhao Gong went to Hebei to meet with Mu Huali, the highest Mongolian military and political leader in Han. Welcomed by MuHuali, Zhao had a deep understanding of the important information of Mongolian military and political life, and wrote a book called Prepared by Montark ". In the sixteenth year of Emperor Taizu of the Yuan Dynasty (1221), the Song Dynasty made Gou Mengyu reach the Western Regions after a long journey Iron Gate Pass Meet Temujin. In 1223, the 18th year of Emperor Taizu, Gou Mengyu went to Mongolia again. However, in the twenty-second year of Emperor Taizu of the Yuan Dynasty (1227), Tiemuzhen sent an army to plunder Sichuan of the Southern Song Dynasty while attacking the Western Xia. The change of Dinghai ". Soon after, Tiemuzhen died after leaving a will that "by Song Jing, the United Song destroy Jin", and the Mongolian army withdrew. This period of the relationship between Song and Mongolian came to an end. [140-141]
  • Yokoryo
During the Mongol War, the Mongols fought with Korea Also start to contact. Yuan Taizu thirteen years (1218), Temuzhen school Hazen Zha led ten thousand soldiers to defeat the anti-Mongol Khitan leaders who occupied the eastern city of Gaoli Jeremiah cried her And sent envoys to negotiate with the Koryo side to facilitate the Koryo, Higashitsu Jointly with Mongolia to break Jiangdong city, end the Khitan rebellion. In the first month of the 14th year of Taizu Yuan (1219), Hazhen and Jara forced the general of Goryeo Zhao Chong , Jin Yuli Make a covenant with yourself, a kingdom of brothers. Soon after, Mongolian envoy Pu Li 帒 finished went to Kaijing to apply for employment Goryeo Gojong Submit credentials. Mongolia agreed to send about ten people to Goryeo every year, and Goryeo offered special products. Hajin left forty-one Dongha to learn the Goryeo language in Uiju before his withdrawal. Mengli officially formed a nominally "brotherly country". At the end of Temuzhen's rule, Goryeo stopped paying for the "national entrepreneur" to Mongolia, and killed the Mongolian emissaries, which led to the severing of Mengli relations in the 20th year of Emperor Taizu of the Yuan Dynasty (1225). However, at this time, the Mongols focused on the western conquest and the war against Jin and Xia, until the death of Temuzhen, the two sides did not break out. [139]

Historical evaluation

broadcast
EDITOR
Genghis Khan Temujin is a very controversial figure, the study of him has gone beyond the time and space of history, out of the boundaries of countries and nations, and become a global hot topic of military, political, cultural and academic circles all over the world. [16]

China

Minister of the late Yuan Dynasty Arutu "I Taizu Fa day move Shengwu emperor, with a famous division, and interpretation of the world; With the invincible benevolence, and receive the heart of the trillion people. Strong pawn ramming Juyong Pass, the north held the enemy's back, the army out of Zijing mouth, the south 搤 its koh. Refer to can become in Jun gong, manipulate Mo Yeyeo in the temple calculation, punish them to take Liao violence, allow its river to move." [157]
Emperor Taizu of Ming Zhu Yuanzhang "The past, heaven abandoned the Jin, the Song dynasty, the history goes back to your Highness's ancestors, so the Tartar tribe rose up in the desert, entered China and the people, and lasted for a hundred years, as for Your Highness." The ancient emperors were mixed, only in the Central Plains, and the four Yi could not be ruled, but the ancestors of Your Highness, the four domestic and foreign, were different, and all were strong, unprecedented in ancient times." [17]
Literati in the early Ming dynasty Song Lian Editor-in-chief of History of the Yuan Dynasty "The emperor has a deep sense of strategy, and uses troops like a god, so he can destroy the country forty, and then smooth the Western Xia." There are so many of its wonders and wonders that the historians were not prepared for them at that time, or many of them were lost in the annals." [1]
Modern historian Ke Shao Min " History of Singapore dollar "Taizu dragon xing the desert, Jian Xia Kam Jin, leveling the Western regions, the division traveled thousands of miles, still in and out of the household within the city, three generations later did not have also." The spoils of Japan will be brought back to the whole of Kyushu, and Taizu will be spoils of Japan, as far as his forces can bring them back. [18]
Modern romance writers Chae Dongfan " Romance of the Yuan history "Genghis Khan's southern expedition, ambition is not only in the destruction of summer, Gai has regarded gold as a thing in the pocket." At the time of its death, still tell and attack the gold legacy, it is known that its calculation is in the chest, pre-map annexation. Take off a little time to year, then destroy the Jin Gu easy also. ... And now is the prince of his life!" [103]
Top leader of the Chinese Nationalist Party Chiang Kai-shek Praise Tiemu is really "martial arts Yi Yao", "its heaven vertical Shen Wu's creation, although the history of the ancient nine have heroic and can not add." [16] Military theorist Wan Yaohuang It is believed that the Chinese military science, from Sun Tzu and the theory of the great success, to the Yuan Taizu Genghis Khan and the practice of the great view. The two men are far apart from each other, a pen to speak, a sword to act, to cause the Chinese military in history to shock the great cause of Eurasia, and carry forward the strange brilliance of thousands of years of Chinese warology. [20]
War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression During this period, Temujin was regarded as a hero with "international status", who brought "the nations of the world together, the cultures of the East and West communicated with each other", and had a "democratic and republican spirit" and "the idea of great harmony". In 1935, the principal of a Mongolian and Tibetan school declared that "Yuan Taizu is the greatest hero in the world." Wu Yingquan, the dean of the school, compared Genghis Khan to Greece Alexander French Napoleon In addition, he is called "a great hero in the history of the world who has the ideal of unifying the world" and emphasizes that "he is not only an aggressor who destroys world civilization, but also a promoter of world civilization." In 1941, the memorial of Genghis Khan said in the "memorial" : "Xu Wei the Great, since childhood vows snow, perseverance, the English of Mongolia. The whole army by the military, work hard to survive, unite the same tribe, repel the strong neighbors, ride out, Europe and Asia. The emperor's legacy Xi, the type following the type bearing; Emperor's legacy Xi, style Shi style hanging; The emperor's wisdom and courage are shared by the whole world. " [72]
Modern writer Lu Xun Once said: "To the age of 20, and heard that 'our' Genghis Khan conquered Europe, is the most prosperous era of 'our'." Only at the age of 25 did we realize that the so-called "our" most prosperous era was actually the conquest of China by the Mongols, and we were slaves... Only then did I understand that the Mongols conquered Orus and invaded Hungary and Austria before they conquered all of China, and that Genghis was not our Khan at that time, but the Russians were older than us as slaves, and they should say, 'Our Genghis Khan conquered China, which was our most prosperous era.'" [19]
A proletarian revolutionary Zhu De Praise Temuzhen "is a national hero, he beat back the attack of a strong neighbor." Another proletarian revolutionary Dong Biwu He also praised Tiemuzhen as "a great man of the nation and a great man of the world." [16]
A proletarian revolutionary Mao Zedong In... Qin Yuan spring · snow It says:" A generation of heavenly pride Genghis Khan only knew how to bend the bow and shoot the eagle." [16]
March 19, 1981 People's Daily The special commentator article listed Tiemuzhen as one of the figures who made outstanding contributions to the historical development of the Chinese nation in Chinese history. The book "100 Famous People Who Influenced Chinese History," published by the Ethnic Education Press in 2001, called Tiemuzhen "an outstanding military strategist and political thinker." [16]
WRITER Cypress and poplar Temujin was one of the greatest organizers and strategists in history, and his brilliant achievements in politics and on the battlefield were rarely matched before the twentieth century. Temujin is open-minded and magnanimous, and he rules his empire, which grows by the day, with a popular impartiality, and with a great wisdom that gives full play to his great talents." [21]

Mongolia

  • Period of Soviet control
After independence in 1924 Mongolian People's Republic Be in The Soviet Union Under the influence and control of prohibition nationalism Not only did he not regard Genghis Khan Temujin as a national hero, but also gave him a negative evaluation. At that time, the Mongolian government required that worship and worship of Genghis Khan be banned everywhere, and that no Temujin portraits should be hung in any place. All official textbooks are not allowed to call Temujin a national hero, "that is, only works that explicitly curse the aggression of Temujin and his successors and expose the Mongol ruling class's 'destruction and destruction' of Central Asia, Iran and Eastern European countries are good." If you violate this prohibition, you will be purged. In addition to regard Temujin as a brutal aggressor, the Mongolian People's Republic has long been reticent about Temujin, and on October 27, 1949, the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party made a provision on the teaching of Mongolian history and literature in schools, which clearly stated: "It is not allowed to sing and praise Genghis Khan." [70]
But as early as 1928, the Mongolian scholar Ce Batuokir had already regarded Temujin as a national hero in his Brief Description of the Origins of Mongolia. After the 1960s, several historians who studied the Mongol Empire and Temujin appeared in Mongolia to objectively discuss Temujin's life achievements. [70]
  • Post-democratization period
Tapestries and altars of ordinary herdsmen families in Mongolia [124]
After Mongolia democratized in 1990, Temujin became an irreplaceable national hero among Mongolians. The then Mongolian Prime minister, Sodnom, said at a press conference: "For many years, Genghis Khan was viewed only from one side, as an aggressor... Mongolia is revising its history... Prepare to reassess the role of Genghis Khan in all aspects of history, good and bad." Since then, Temujin's image has been completely rebuilt in Mongolia. [22] Former Presidents of Mongolia Natchuk Bagabandi Once said: "Our ancestors stood tall, saw far, and thought well." Former Prime Minister Amur said Genghis Khan "put the Mongol nation on the map." [16] The Mongolian government also held an international celebration in 2006 to mark the 800th anniversary of Genghis Khan's founding. Temujin became a symbol of Mongolia. [23]

Other countries

13th-century Italian traveller and merchant Marco Polo " The Travels of Marco Polo "Genghis Khan was a man of strong physique, intelligent wit, good at words, and even more famous for his bravery, and his rule was very just and modest. The people regarded him not only as their king, but as their master. His good and great character spread far and wide, so that all the Tartars were willing to obey his orders, no matter how remote they lived. ... Genghis Khan won the support of the people by virtue of his justice and virtue. Wherever he went, the people rejoiced and were happy with his protection and favor." [121]
The 13th century French historian Jules Vigne said, "He (Temujin) established peace." [20]
A History of the Conquerors of the World, by the Persian Adoldin Atalik Ciferni He said, "God Almighty has made Genghis Khan superior in intellect, and he has made him the crown of all Kings of the earth with his quickness of thought and his infinite power." So, although the historical books record the great Kusas of ancient times and their implementation, as well Pharaoh , Cesar But Genghis Khan created something similar with his own mind, without bothering to consult the literature or follow the tradition. The strategies of conquering other countries, the destruction of enemy forces, the promotion of deployment and other measures are all the results of his own understanding. To tell the truth, if Alexander, who was so skillful at planning and planning his enemies, had lived in Genghis Khan's time, he would have been a student of Genghis Khan in the field of strategy, and he would have found that the best way to conquer a city was to follow him blindly." [13]
Some modern publications mention that the French emperor Napoleon Bonaparte once said, "I am not as good as Genghis Khan." Don't think of the Mongol invasion of Europe as the blind movement of the Asian sand, the nomads had a strict military organization and deliberate command, they were far more shrewd than their opponents. I'm not like Genghis Khan, whose four sons fought for their father. I don't have that luck." [24]
German philosophers Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Talking about Temujin said that when these tribes (Mongols) were made up of Temujin and Tamerlane As leaders, it has happened: they rush from the plateau to the trough, destroy everything in the present, and then retreat like a flash flood - with absolutely no inherent principles of survival. [25]
( Temuzhen all kinds of image atlas main reference materials [3] [122] [156] )
French historians Rene Gruse " History of the Mongol Empire ":
  • The Mongols united almost all of Asia, opening up intercontinental channels, facilitating the contact between China and Persia, and between Christianity and the Far East. Chinese painting and Persian painting knew and communicated with each other. Marco Polo heard about it Sakyamuni Beijing has a Catholic archbishop. [26]
  • The spread of culture by the Mongols was almost as beneficial as the spread of culture by the Romans. For the world's contribution, only Cape of Good Hope The discovery of the United States and the discovery of the Americas can be similar in this point. [26]
In... Steppe empire Grusset commented: "Genghis Khan put an end to the endless civil war and provided unprecedented security for travelers. ... His Zasa erected a "peace monument of Genghis Khan" throughout Mongolia and Turkestan... And made possible the achievements of the great travelers of the 14th century. In this respect, Genghis Khan was the Alexander of barbarians, the trailblazer who opened new paths to civilization." [117]
British historians Herbert George Wells " Outline of world history "The story of the Mongol conquest is indeed one of the most remarkable in all of history." The conquests of Alexander the Great cannot be matched in scope. His influence in spreading and expanding people's minds and stimulating their imaginations was immense... As a creative people, as disseminators of knowledge and methods, their influence on history has been great." [24]
United States Army generals Douglas MacArthur In a report it said:
  • If all records of war were erased from history, leaving only the detailed records of the battles of Genghis Khan, and well preserved, the soldiers would still have inexhaustible wealth. From those records, soldiers can gain useful knowledge to shape an army for future wars. The success of that amazing leader eclipsed the achievements of most commanders throughout history. ... He crossed rivers, climbed mountains, conquered cities, destroyed nations, and destroyed entire civilizations. In the field of battle, his troops used so quickly and skillfully that they swept thousands of troops like a mat and defeated countless times the numerically superior enemy. [15]
  • For all his destruction, his cruelty, his savagery, he clearly understood the immutable demands of war. [27]
Former President of the Japanese Army University Shemura Iimura In the preface of his book "The Great Commander - The Mystery of Genghis Khan", he wrote: "The birth of such a favored son of Genghis Khan made the world wake up from its sleep, and the cultural exchange between the east and the West was facilitated. ... So I see the birth of Genghis Khan as the birth that changed the direction of the world and made it what it is today." [20]
Russian military strategist Konigin: "Throughout the history of the world, with a small number of troops, in a very short time, conquered vast lands and ruled a large number of people, with the exception of the Tatars in the time of Genghis Khan and the people of Central Asia in the time of Timur, never before in the history of the world." [15]
Indian politicians Jawaharlal Nehru On the one hand, it refuted that "Genghis Khan's horse hooves almost became a desolate wilderness"; On the other hand, in the book How to Deal with the History of the World, he said: "The Mongols achieved such great victories on the battlefield not by the large number of troops, but by the strict discipline, system and feasible organization." It can also be said that those brilliant achievements came from Genghis Khan's conducting art." He strongly agreed with Le Gat that "the campaign waged by the Mongols was unprecedented in its scale and art, in its suddenness and dexterity, in its strategy and tactics of encircle." "Genghis Khan is undoubtedly one of the greatest, if not the only, greatest generals the world has ever known." [16]
South Korean politicians Kim Dae-jung He said: "Some people think that thanks to the Mongols, mankind has the first history of the world, and the Mongols' stubborn, invincible spirit and quick-witted character have shaped the great Genghis Khan. In the same way, I agree with some people's assessment that the Mongols 700 years ago, before the advent of the Internet, opened up relations with other countries and established international relations." [28]
Canadian historians L.S. Stavrianos " Global history "With the rise of the Mongol Empire, there was a great revolution in overland trade. For the first and only time in history, one regime spans Eurasia, from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean, from Siberia to the Persian Gulf." He emphasized that the Mongol invasion "promoted the interaction between Eurasia" and concluded: "The opportunities provided by this interaction were fully exploited by the new civilization that was forming in Europe." This has profound significance, and it still affects the course of world history." [29]
The American historian Jack Weizerford wrote in his book Genghis Khan and the making of today's world Temujin is positioned as a pioneer of modern civilization and globalization system. [49]
In his book Genghis Khan, The Emperor of All Mankind, British scholar Lemu said, Genghis Khan was a conqueror on a larger scale than all the outstanding figures in European history. [15]
American writer Harold Lam called Temujin "the emperor of mankind." [24] 30 - [31]
In his book Temujin the Unyielding King, Professor Ferenthal von Erdorman of the University of Kasan in Germany wrote: "Then, both in Europe and Asia, to awaken them from their slumber, a strong hand is urgently needed to shake them." Thus appeared the mighty hand that shook them awake: Temujin the unyielding king and his descendants." [20]
Genghis Khan on the cover of Newsweek
German professor Yufu Alexausai wrote in his book Genghis Khan: "The history of the Mongolian nation can be said to begin with Genghis Khan... It was only possible because of the powerful personality of Genghis Khan that small groups of nomads, who had existed in a mutually hostile relationship, suddenly became a whole thing that swept across Asia and merged with military politics. ... The road paved by Genghis Khan is to be continued by his sons and descendants, and the spirit of the Great Khan is to continue to plant deep roots in his countless family members and lieutenants. That is, he is asking his descendants not to be Kings of the steppes, but to achieve dominance in East Asia and Western Europe. Therefore, there is no doubt that Genghis Khan had to become a great man in the world." [20]
Seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations Kofi Annan "In the 13th century, Genghis Khan unified the Mongolian tribes and established the vast Mongol Empire, which is unparalleled in the world. The regime and laws he established are still of positive significance to all countries and regions in the world." [16]
United States of America, 26 December 2000 age Temujin was named by the magazine "The Ten most influential people of the Millennium" as the most influential person of the 13th century. [31] " Washington Post "Once evaluated Temuzhen as" the first person in the millennium." [124]

Interpersonal relationship

broadcast
EDITOR

Family background

relation
Name and year of birth and death
intro
great-grandfather
Cannot close
In 1127, he was elected Minister of Mongolia and was named "Hebul Khan". He was canonized by the Jin Dynasty in 1148 Mughu king .
grandfather
Bali Dan
Also translate the child altar to A bald son. I can't keep up with the second son. Head of the Chian Division.
father
Akari (1134-1170)
Head of the Chian Division. Murdered by the Tatar. Yuan Dynasty was honored by the temple name for the lie Zu, posthumous title God Yuan emperor.
mother
halam (? - After 1207)
Hirokishiro The man. She was the wife of Kezieletu, the son of Meech, and was soon taken by Kezieletu as his wife. He raised Temujin and was honored as Empress Dowager after the establishment of the Great Mongolia. Yuan Dynasty posthumous title Xuan Yi Empress.
Above sources [58] 57 -

Brothers and sisters

relation
Name and year of birth and death
intro
half-brother
Silly red and Sal (1164-1214 to 1219)
Since he was a boy, he fought with Temujin and was named" Yunduchi ".
Resultant crimson temperature (1166-?)
Early death.
Timogo orchijin (1168-1246)
Following the Tiemuzhen campaign, it was later granted the land between the western foot of the Great Khingan Mountains, south of the Hailar River and the Haraha River basin. Takayu He was executed after taking the throne.
stepbrother
Belgutai (Approx. 1165-1256)
And the son of his other wife, Shachichil. Follow Temujin into battle. It was subsequently sealed off from the Ornan and Kerulen rivers.
Bektel
He should be born of another wife. Killed by Temujin and Hesar.
sis
Thamlon
Married to a Killeith A surname . She was posthumously named the Grand Princess of Changguo.
Above sources [92]

The reigning queen and concubine

Temujin had a total of concubines ( Khatun More than forty people (say 500 people), most of them from various tribes and countries. At the same time, he raised four great queens. They were separated in four Orudo (in the palace). The first of each Orudo is the leader of the Orudo, and the rest of the concubines are ranked according to their actual status (only queens and concubines). Of all the concubines, she was born as the wife of Orudo the first Hirokishiro ministerial Borte Have the highest status. [53] [58]
Belongs to Orudo
name
Native tribe
Biographical information
Orudo the first
Borte Ketun (after 1161-1236)
The part of Hongji
Temujin's legitimate queen, also the empress of the palace. After the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty, the posthumous title was awarded to the holy Empress Guang Xian Wing
Hululunketun
-
queen
Kori Jedenton
-
queen
Derhuskton
-
queen
Thamulun Ketun
-
queen
Also pity the true eight thorn can dun
-
queen
Don't be ashamed to be bald
-
queen
Khatun Khatun
-
concubine
The second Orudo
Kulan Khatun
The Ministry of children begging
Queen. He went with Temujin to the West, second only to Borte
Gu Er don't speed Khatun
-
Also known as the "Queen of Halbazhen". The original name was Naiman Ministry sunsweat After the stepmother, remarried Sun Khan; After Temujin destroyed the Sun Khan, he converted it into Ketun
Also Killezhenton
-
queen
Derhuskton
-
queen
Not too bad
-
concubine
Yalihu Tukodun
-
concubine
Chachenton
-
concubine
Halazhutun
-
concubine
-
-
She was called "Naiman woman" by the New Yuan History and died early
Orudo the third
thus Ketun (? -1228)
The Tata Department
The favor of Temujin, to its many advice
Huluharakodun
-
queen
Azalencodom
-
queen
The bald Halakodom
-
queen
Li Weiming
-
被称为察合可敦，又称为西夏公主，夏襄宗 Li Yongan Daughter of the queen
Aciclocodom
-
queen
All are welcome
-
queen
Hundu Luigacorn
-
concubine
Hulu grey Ketun
-
concubine
It's Jabberkodon
-
concubine
Orudo the fourth
Quick-dry as well Khatun
The Tata Department
Give way to his sister, head of the fourth Orudo
Huda Hankdom
-
queen
haptron Khatun
Tai Chi Wu Bu
Tachiube Sallesundu's It is rare to lose a thorn Daughter of... Red clover Sister, Queen
Orus can be ton
-
queen
Yanli Kodon
-
queen
Arikami Khatun
The Ministry of children begging
He was originally the minister of Mil Er Chi Take off the black Wife of the eldest son, Hudu. Temuzhen defeated the son of the son of the ministry will be its concubine
The one who finishes can win
-
concubine
Golden lotus can dun
-
concubine
The end of Taiwan can dun
-
concubine
Norencodom
-
concubine
MAO Zhenton
-
concubine
Other wives and concubines
Wan Yan's (? - After 1264)
-
Jin Dynasty Princess Kikuni The King of Wei Shao Wanyan Yongji The fourth daughter is known as the "Princess Queen" in Mongolia. Temujin built another Orudo in the west of Orer Huan. until Ariq The throne and the forest are still alive
Also Ba and don't beg Khatun
Krebe
Brother of King Krebe Khan Zahe dare not The eldest daughter of Tiemuzhen was later given to the meritorious Shuchidai
Mogaecdun
Berglin's part
Daughter of the Minister of Bergrin, the Empress; After Temujin died, he got the courtesy of Ogetai
Suriyohe
-
Korea People, concubines
Don't beg for it
-
concubine
Note: The relevant information about Tiemuzhen Concubines is mainly based on the New Yuan History · Concubine Biography. There are many unknown persons in her name, clan and life, which are mostly indicated by "--" in the table
Above sources [58]

Sons and daughters

Subject article: Gold family
  • Biological child
According to... History of the Yuan Dynasty According to the genealogy and other historical records, Temujin had eight sons (four of whom were born to Borte), in order of birth:
relation
Name and year of birth and death
One's own mother
Eldest son
Reddish reddish skin (1177-1225)
Borte
Second son
Chagatai (1183-1241)
Mitsuko
gogodae (1186-1241)
fourko
Towing mine (1193-1232)
Five persons
Guruchi (1213-1228)
"Tatar woman" (also dried)
Rokko
Kolleden (Approx. 1209-Approx. 1237)
Kulan
Nanako
Chagur
Quick-dry as well
Hakko
Atractyle
"A savage woman"
Note: Also quick gan can Dun still give birth to a son, early day. The History of Yuan Dynasty does not contain Chagu 'er and Shu 'er Che. The date of Shu Chi's birth and death is controversial, and this table temporarily takes the "New Yuan History" statement.
Above sources [1] [53] [58] [98]
Temujin's daughters are:
name
Title (conferred by the Emperor)
Biographical information
Fireson Beji
Princess Chang
Born of Borte, married to King Wu of Changzhong A surname
Pull and pull also strong
Princess Yan 'an
Born of Borte, married The Department of Oroya Son of Changhu Duhe Don't beg Yinalechi
Ahkhaibeji
The Eldest Princess of Zhao
Born Borte, married to King Wuyi of Zhao Borneo , quite resourceful; After Temujin's first expedition to the West and her death, she acted as a royal princess
Tumanlun
Princess of a military state
Born of Borte, married to the king of Hexi Per statement Son Chigu
Ah Daru Hei
-
The youngest daughter born to Borte had a son, Master Zhenbo, who was married to Taisho of the department of Orle Huti
Also Leeanton
Princess Gao Chang
Birth mother unknown, marry Yidhoku Baratsu Artette's jin
Above sources [1] [53] [58] [98]
  • Adopted son
name
remark
Huri
The Tatars. Tatar was adopted by Temujin after his death. After also can be dun suggestion, ordered to solicit the rest of the Tata. [96]
Ramon Du
The Tatars. Tatar was adopted by Temujin after his death. After also can be dun suggestion, ordered to solicit the rest of the Tata. [96]

Anecdotal allusion

broadcast
EDITOR

saying

  • I will make every place covered with grass a pasture for my horses.
  • Once I have the wise and the able, let them follow me and not go far away.
  • After defeating the enemy, we shared the spoils.
  • Without iron discipline, the chariot will not go far.
  • Your horse can gallop as far as your heart is wide.
  • When my strength is not enough, I have to give in, against my will to give in!
  • If I flee in battle, you may cut off my legs; If I take the spoils of war into my pocket, you may cut off my fingers.
  • The greatest pleasure of a man is to subdue the mob, to conquer the enemy, to take all that he has, to ride his horse, to take his beautiful wives.
  • Don't expect someone to protect you, don't beg someone to do you justice. Only learn to survive on your own strength!
  • In the bright day, be as deep and careful as the male Wolf! In the dark night, like a crow have strong endurance! [147]

looks

Old age iron muzhen portrait, Yuan painting, National Museum collection [148]
The earliest direct description of Temujin's appearance is recorded by his father-in-law Hongjiri Tschechan "This son of yours has fire in his eyes and light on his face." (Secret History of Mongolia, Section 62) Yuan History Jeruah Hai There is another sentence in the biography: "See Taizu (Genghis Khan) appearance abnormal." Written by Zhao Gong, a messenger of the Southern Song Dynasty Prepared by Montark "The record is more detailed:" The Tatar does not really (Tiemuzhen), its body and wide catraco long beard, the figure is strong, so different." [122-123]
Modern legal historian Cheng Shude In the "National History Talk Garden" (Commercial Press published in 1938) volume 2 "Images of the Emperors after the Dynasties" article records that Jia Yin year (1914) Yuan Kewen Home saw a portrait of Tiemuzhen, like Tiemuzhen "long body crane, north people south phase". [149]
In September 1953, the former Beijing History Museum from Chen 宧 The descendants of Yuan Shikai, deputy chief of staff of the army under the Northern warlord, collected an iron wood bust. It is said that it was given to Chen 宧 by a Mongolian prince when he visited Mongolia. In the portrait, Tiemuzhen wears a white inside black leather crown, wearing a light beige plush shirt (or satin), his face is ochre, his sideburns are bearded, black and white, there is a slight dew in front of his forehead, and he is divided around the crown. Some experts believe that "the costumes of the characters in the painting are consistent with the records in the Yuan History and Yufu Annals, and it is the earliest extant portrait of Genghis Khan." Its author is considered to be a court painter of Yuan Dynasty And Rei Hosun . [149-150]

Reuse chu wood

Yeru Chu material image
A surname is Liao Dynasty Descendant of royalty, well read, well written. When Tiemuzhen captured Jinzhong Capital, he heard his name and summoned him, and said to Jelu Chucai: "Liao Jin is a family feud, and I have avenged you with this move." Jelu Chu CAI replied, "My father was an official of the Jin Dynasty, and ministers have no hatred for Kings." Temujin therefore held him in high regard, calling him "bearded man" rather than by name. Jelu Chu material for Timuzhen many times expedition divination, repeated fulfillment. Chang Bajin won favor because he was good at making bows and said, "What's the use of a Confucian scholar like Chu CAI when the state is in military use?" Jelu Chu CAI replied, "It takes a bowmaker to rule the bow, but can you rule the world without ruling the crafters?" Tiemuzhen smell very happy, had three son gogodae He said, "Jelu Chu CAI was given to our family by heaven." The future affairs of the military state should be left to this person." [69]
When Temuzhen was in North India, he met a unicorn and asked Jelu Chucai what it was, and he replied: "It is a blessed beast from heaven, which likes to live and hates to kill." Your Majesty is the Son of Heaven, and the people of the world are your Majesty's children. May Your Majesty obey the will of heaven and the destiny of the whole people." To persuade Temujin to reduce the killing. In 1226, the 21st year of Emperor Taizu of the Yuan Dynasty, when Jelu Chu CAI invaded the Western Xia, the generals fought to enter the city to rob their children of gold and silk, and he only collected books and rhubarb herbs. Later, the plague occurred, Ye Lu Chu CAI will be treated with rhubarb, the whole life is very much. At that time, officials from all over the country killed people at will, and even looted land and property, and Ye Lu Chu CAI cried at the smell, so he told Tiemuzhen: "No one can be recruited without imperial decree, murder must be approved by the court, or death." This was of great significance to the protection of the lives and property of the people under the rule of Mongolia. [69]

Be thrifty and strict

A traveler in Italy Marco Polo Temujin "is a clean and intelligent person" [155] . After conquering the northern territories of the Jin Dynasty and the flower thorns, army commanders wore elegant chain mail and began to carry expensive knives. But Tiemuzhen was disgusted with the extravagant life of the king, and he said to Jelu Chukai: "Ah! When I die, I am sure that my children will live in comfortable and beautiful houses, and wear beautiful clothes, and have beautiful companions, and ride on horses, and I am afraid that they will forget the toil of their father and brothers today." Therefore, he continued to wear the clothes of nomads, maintained the hard tradition, and asked his successors and Mongolians in general: "Do not decorate yourself with gold and silver jewelry, but enrich yourself with moral ability." [20]

The snow-capped mountains talk about Taoism

The Han Chinese Liu Zhonglu Because often offer health medicine and by the trust of Tiemuzhen, he offered praise to teach Quanzhen school imam Mound machine He's 300 years old, and he has the secret of eternal life. Timuzhen was Liu Zhonglu persuaded, decided to summon Qiu Qiu machine. In February 1221, the sixteenth year of Taizu in the Yuan Dynasty, at the invitation of Tiemuzhen, Qiu Chu machine Xandok Prefecture (now Xuanhua, Hebei) set out and traveled thousands of miles west. In March of the following year (1222), Chuchuji went from Samarkand to the palace to meet Temujin, who was on his way back from the battle of Khwarizm. [151] In August, Yau set out again to meet Temujin. From September to October, Temuzhen asked for the machine three times, and achieved satisfactory results. As for the contents of these three conversations, the earliest recorded Li Zhichang compiled Changchun real Journey to the West ", recorded by Ye Lu Chu CAI Xuanfeng Qing will record "And his book" Journey to the West Record ". [152] It is generally believed that there are two parts: first, the way to cultivate oneself; The art of governing the country and protecting the people. [151] During the conversation, Temuzhen asked Qiu Chuji about the way of eternal life, and Qiu Chuji replied: "The first thing for a person to learn Tao is color." ... The branches of your Majesty's Son and grandson are wide, and it is appropriate to maintain abstinence." Qiu also put forward his own opinions on the issue of appeasement of Shandong and Hebei, and suggested imitating the Jin policy of entrusting Liu Yu and then taking it. [154] In 1223, the 18th year of Emperor Taizu of the Yuan Dynasty, Qiu Chuji bade farewell to Tiemuzhen. [151] metahistorian Yangne It is believed that Qiu Chuji's advice to Tiemuzhen to think less and think less, accumulate work, and do not kill innocents "a word to stop killing" comes from the shaping of Quanzhen's younger generation. [152-153]

Character dispute

broadcast
EDITOR

Date of birth

  • Year of birth
For Temuzhen's birth time, scholars in the early Ming Dynasty of China Song Lian In the "Yuan History Taizu Benji" edited by the editor, it is clearly recorded that he was sixty-six years old and died in the twenty-second year of Taizu in the Yuan Dynasty (the third year of Song Baoqing and the fourth year of Kim Jong UN, 1227). [93] From this, we can see that his birth year is Song Shaoxing thirty-two years (Jin Dading two years, that is, Renwu year, 1162). " Abandoned field record "" History of the Yuan Dynasty "And Mongolian historical materials" Sengwu himself "" Mongolian source "" Mongolian gold history All have the same record. [11] [92] [158 ] The Mongolian historians, astrologers and folk generally spread down a more reliable statement: Tiemuzhen was born in the lunar year of Shuima (Renwu year, 1162), the first month of the summer on the sixteenth day, also confirmed this. [75]
In addition, there are also Genghis Khan born in Song Shaoxing 25 years (Jin Zhenyuan three years, 1155; Raschter " historia And Zhao Gong's Prepared by Montark The Soviet Union, the Mongolian People's Republic and some Chinese scholars at the end of the Qing Dynasty agreed with this statement), the three years of Qiandao in the Song Dynasty (the seven years of Jin Dading, 1167; Sinologist Bashi sum According to the Yang Weizhen Orthodox Debate) [90] Song Chunxi nine years (Jin Dading 22, 1182; " The annals of history "" Annals of history "). [92]
  • Date of birth
About the specific month and date of Temujin's birth. Mongolia held the 800th anniversary of Genghis Khan's birth on May 31, 1962, according to the photo Gandan Temple The advice of the monks who were well versed in calendar [126] . After that, by then Beijing Planetarium curator Zhu Jin By using modern scientific and technological means, it is concluded that Tiemuzhen's birthday is April 16, 32nd year of Shaoxing Song Dynasty (May 31, 1162, the second year of Jin Dading), which is completely consistent with the calculation results of Gandan Monastery monks. [75] "May 31" then became the general expression of Temujin's birthday. [111]
At the same time, there is a saying that Temujin's birthday was March 21, 32 years of Shaoxing (April 16, 1162, the second year of Jin Dading). [109-110] But there is no more solid basis for this claim.

Honorific title given to an emperor

  • name
Temuzhen's title is Genghis Khan or Genghis Hehan, one of the most detailed and important historical sources of the history of the first four Khan, the Secret History of the Yuan Dynasty, the reason why the title of Temuzhen was written as "Genghis Hehan", the French Sinologist Boxihe put forward in his legacy "Marco Polo Notes", the Secret History of the Yuan Dynasty, which is now seen in the Yuan Dynasty; It was this scribe who, according to the Mongolian custom of the Yuan emperor at the time, changed the original text from "Genghis Khan" to "Genghis Hehan." [115]
In addition, regarding the scholars' understanding of the "Secret History of Mongolia", the first line of the opening is written with a sentence of "Genghis he Khanna Huzhagur", it is generally believed that: first, the title of the original book of the "Secret History of Mongolia"; 2. Titles for certain chapters of the Secret History of Mongolia; (3) Titles for independent historical documents; A sentence component (subject) that belongs to the next sentence. The main reason why people put forward the above several opinions is related to the major issue of what the title of the original book of the Secret History of Mongolia is. In addition, there is a view that the Secret History of Mongolia, the Secret History of the Yuan Dynasty, which has been passed down to the present day, is the title given by the Chinese transliterator, and the book "Busy Huolun Nuchate (Bu) Chaan" is the translation of the Chinese title, no matter which one is not the original title of the Secret History of Mongolia. This complicates people's understanding of the phrase "Genghis and Khannaghaghur." [114]
"From Heaven, Emperor Genghis's Decree, Ji" gilt bronze medal [113]
while Late Qing Dynasty In the past, the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasty in the early period of the Han literature and history, and the supreme title "Genghis Khan" records, "Yuan history Taizu Benji" recorded the Kings of the title "Emperor Genghis". Scholars of Southern Song Dynasty Peng Daya As an envoy sent to Mongolia to contact and attack the Jin Dynasty, he wrote" The Black Tarkir Also recorded as Emperor Genghis. Yuan Dynasty Li Zhichang "Changchun Zhenzhen Journey to the West · Volume" also recorded as "Emperor Chenghis rescripts Zhenzhen Qiu Shi." [112] The silver gilt of the Yuan Dynasty "Yanshan Imperial Edicts" found in 1998 also reads, "Heaven sent, Emperor Genghis Imperial edicts, disease." [113] The western historical collections were recorded as Genghis Khan, and were introduced into China, resulting in the Chinese literary history collections from the late Qing Dynasty (such as "Atlas of the Kingdom of the Sea", "Mughal History", "Mongolian Chronicle", "History of the New Yuan", etc.) appearing both or using Genghis Khan's records alone. [1]
  • paraphrase
Regarding the meaning of "Chenggis", Song Dynasty's Zhao Gong said skeptically in the "Preparation of Mengtai" that "Cheng is the meaning of strong and strong, and Chenggis is the plural of this word... It is the meaning of a strong and great monarch." The word is derived from Turkic tengiz, meaning "sea", and Genghis Khan means emperor as vast as the sea. According to the study of the Title of Genghis Hohan by the Australian scholar Royo, the word should be derived from the ancient Turkic word Chingis, meaning "terrible" and "strong". [2] [118]

Cause of death

In the official historical records, Temujin died of illness. However, due to the long age and the smearing of political opponents, the true cause of death has been impossible to determine. Here are some theories:
  • Theory of infection
In the autumn of 1226, in the 21st year of Emperor Taizu of the Yuan Dynasty, Tiemuzhen launched another war against the Western Xia on the pretext that the Western Xia did not abide by the treaty. He vowed to destroy the Western Xia, but met the stubborn resistance of the army and people of the Western Xia. The Mongols captured Lingzhou after a long siege of nearly a year. The Battle of Lingzhou made the main force of the Western Xia exhausted, and after the city was captured, Xingqing Prefecture, the capital of the Western Xia, became the possession of the Mongol army. At this time, Genghis Khan was infected with fever, coupled with the old wounds suffered before the horse attack, caused complications, and unfortunately died. [7]
  • Killed by lightning
The Papal legate John Plano Garbini was in It's the real queen He was an envoy to Mongolia from the fourth year (1245) to the second year of Emperor Dingzong of the Yuan Dynasty (1247), and it is recorded in the Mongolian Envoy Record that: "After he (Temuzhen) completed his orders and decrees, he was killed by lightning." In his book The History of the Mongols We Call Tartars, he revealed that Temu was probably killed by lightning. Mongolians believe in polytheism, there are shamans, plus the harm of lightning in the steppe area, resulting in the Mongolian people are afraid of lightning. John Plano Garbini's account, therefore, is taken from a legend among the prairie herdsmen. [11]
  • Trampled to death by a horse
According to volume 14 of the Secret History of Mongolia compiled by the Mongols, "After staying for the winter, Genghis wanted to conquer Tang Wu (the Mongolian name for Western Xia)." From the new point of the army horse, to the autumn of the dog, to levy Tang Wu, to the wife also from the line. During the winter, Yu 'er was not hunting on the ground. Genghis rode a red sand horse and was surprised by the wild horse. Genghis Khan fell from his horse." Temujin fell off his horse and was trampled to death by the horse behind him. However, this is actually a variant of Genghis Khan's death, but the root cause of Temuzhen's disease is attributed to the fall of the horse. [11]
  • Shot theory
Italian traveller Marco Polo In... The Travels of Marco Polo Temujin died of an arrow wound. According to the Record of Shengwu's Personal Expedition, Tiemuzhen was wounded by arrows three times: in the Battle of Kuoyitan in the second year of Song Jiatai (the second year of Jintaihe, 1202), in the battle of Xijing in the seventh year of Yuan Taizu (1212), and in the knee of Yuan Taizu in the 21st year of Yuan Taizu (1226). It is believed that the last arrow wound had a greater impact on his body. "Biography of World Invaders", "History Collection", "Yuan History Translation", "Compendium translation" and other books at home and abroad said that "sweat disease died eight days." [32]
  • Theory of assassination
It was written in Qing Dynasty Kangxi The first year (1662)" Mongolian source According to the records, during the attack of Temujin's army on the Western Xia, the soldiers took the captured Western Xia princess, Queen Guerbelzin Huoa (or transliterated as Guerbelzin Guorhatun) to Temujin. On his first night of bed, Temujin was killed. Because the "Mongol Source" did not explain what means the princess used to harm Temujin, it evolved into assassination, poisoning and other theories. [11]

Place of Birth

Regarding Temujin's birthplace, Mongolian historians have speculated:
  • Say it's in Kent Dadalesumu Drenboridge Mountain on the south bank of the Baraji River;
  • At the mention of... Binderwood Inside the country Onon Drenboridge Mountain on the west bank of the Ornan River.
Russian scholars have proposed that Temujin was born in the territory of modern Russia Sucai Village Five kilometers from the Drenboridge mountains. However, few scholars agree with this statement. [33]
Iron wood true image
Member of the Standing Committee of Hulunbuir Municipal Committee of China, Minister of Publicity Department Meng Songlin After visiting the Onen River and consulting a large number of historical materials, I believe Dieriwin Borda Black Mountain on the Sumonen River in Binder (Delenboridge Mountain) is the birthplace of Temujin, because "only the Huoer Huona Kurokawa field near the Delenboridge mountain in Binder Sumu, has the vastness to carry thousands of troops and horses, and only there has the grassland to herd hundreds of thousands of cattle and sheep." The Dellunboridge mountain in Dadalesumu was surrounded by a mountainous area, small and densely forested, and, 26 km from the Oran River, it did not have the capacity to become the territory of the then leader of the Mongol Qiyan Division, Yusai Tachtur, ", which also supports the view of the Mongolian historian Su He. [33]

Place of burial

For the specific location of Temuzhen cemetery, there are roughly four theories:
  1. 1.
    South of Mount Kent in Mongolia, north of the Kerulon River: Historical records show that Temuzhen sat quietly under an elm tree on Mount Kent one day, and then suddenly stood up and said to his followers: "I will be buried here after my death." [84] [104] Song notes also record that after Tiemuzhen died of illness in the Western Xia Dynasty, his body was transported to a place under the Kent Mountain in Mobei and buried deep in the ground. His body was placed in a single wooden coffin. The so-called single wooden coffin is a section of a tree that is cut out and made into a coffin. After the single wooden coffin is buried, the soil of the tomb is backfilled, and then "ten thousand horses are flattened"; [86-87]
  2. 2.
    Etoke Banner, Erdos City, Inner Mongolia; [87]
  3. 3.
    Northern Xinjiang Altai Mountain Located near the Sandao Sea in Qinghe County: Archaeological experts found a man-made transformation of the mountain in the area, and speculated that it may be a mausoleum of iron wood. One example of this is Marco Polo in his book The Travels of Marco Polo: "On the way to carry the monarch's coffin to the Altai Mountains, the escorts took all the people they met along the way as martyrs"; [86-87]
  4. 4.
    Liupan Mountain in Ningxia: Tiemuzhen died near Liupan Mountain while attacking the Western Xia Dynasty. According to this, some archaeological experts believe that according to the customs of the Mongolian people in the past, people should be disposed of within 3 days of death, or sky burial, or earth burial, or cremation, in order to fear that the body will rot and the soul will not go to heaven. Therefore, it is possible that Temujin will be buried there after his death. [87]
The main reason why the mausoleum of Genghis Khan has not been found for many years is that the Yuan Dynasty royal family implemented a secret burial system, that is, the burial site of the imperial mausoleum is not marked, not announced, and not recorded. [87]

memorialize

broadcast
EDITOR

unit

  • mausoleum
Subject article: Mausoleum of Genghis Khan
The Mausoleum of Genghis Khan is located in the middle of the grassland of Erdos, Inner Mongolia, China Ordos City The Ejin Horo Flag Ganli grassland, 185 km from Baotou City. Mausoleum has been moved many times in history, because of the prevalence of Mongolian "secret burial", so the location of the real Genghis Khan Mausoleum is difficult to find, and today's Genghis Khan Mausoleum is a mitsuka . [85] The cemetery covers an area of more than 50,000 square meters, and the main building is composed of three yurt-style halls and connected galleries. The mausoleum is divided into six parts: main hall, bedchamber, East Hall, West hall, East gallery and West gallery. The shape of the whole cemetery is like an eagle spreading its wings to fly, which is rich in Mongolian national art style. In 1964, the Mausoleum of Genghis Khan was announced as the first batch of key cultural relics under protection in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. In February 1982, the Mausoleum of Genghis Khan was seized by China The State Council Approved for publication as the second batch National key cultural relics protection units . [34]
  • museum
The Genghis Khan Museum in Kent Province, Mongolia [124]
Mongolia in Hentiy Temujin's birthplace has a "Genghis Khan Museum". [124]
October 11, 2022, in the capital of Mongolia Ulaanbaatar the Museum of Genghis Khan Officially open to the public. [142]
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China Ordos City There are Genghis Khan Cultural Heritage Museum (or simply the Genghis Khan Museum), completed in 2019. [143]
  • City street
On November 18, 2013, the government of Mongolia changed the capital of Kent Province Windur Khan The City was renamed Chinggis City because the province of Kent was Temujin's birthplace. [35] China's Inner Mongolia autonomous region also has Genghis Khan Town [100] Genghis Khan Street [99] .

sculpture

Major sculptures of Genghis Khan in China and Mongolia
Iron and wooden statues of Genghis Khan mausoleum in Ordos, China [130]
Iron sculpture in Genghis Khan Square in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
The iron sculpture of Genghis Khan Cultural Square in Xilin Gol League, Inner Mongolia, China
An iron statue
Iron sculpture at the Temple of Genghis Khan in Inner Mongolia, China
The equestrian statue of Genghis Khan in Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia, China. Photograph by Fang Hong
An iron statue
An iron statue
Sculpture of Genghis Khan [133]
An iron statue
An iron statue
An iron statue [134]
The Famous World Genghis Khan sculpture Group in Ordos, China [129]
Sculpture of Genghis Khan in Badain Jaran Desert, Inner Mongolia, China [124]
Bust of Tiemuzhen at the Wuhai Gandel Mountain in Inner Mongolia, China
An iron statue [3]
Statue commemorating the 800th birthday of Genghis Khan in Kent province, Mongolia [124]
Genghis Khan Aobao in Fuxin Mongolian Autonomous County, Liaoning province [124]

Books

Mongolia
Different versions of Temujin's biography by country [124]
In 1928, the Mongolian scholar Ce Batuokir named Temujin as a national hero in his Brief Description of the Origins of Mongolia. In the first edition of A Brief History of the Mongols in 1934 (republished in the new Mongolian language in 1991), the historian A. Amur gave a more extensive account of Temuzhen's life. [70]
After the 1950s and 1960s, several historians who studied the Mongol Empire and Temujin appeared in Mongolia to objectively discuss Temujin's life achievements, such as the General History of the Mongolian People's Republic (three volumes), which began to be written in 1960. The Contradictions between Genghis Khan and His brother Hasar et al. (1958) by Shah Nakchukdorj, Member of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences; The Biography of Genghis Khan (1991); The Establishment of the Unified State of Mongolia and the Establishment of the Feudal System by H. Ishzamutz, Academician of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences; and Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire by Dr. De Medel (1990); The Mongol Empire (1206-1260 years) by Academician Dalai (1996), and Genghis Khan Lies Here (1997) by C. Badmuhatan (1997). In addition, there are such as "Concise Dictionary of Genghis Khan", "Mongolian Political system", "Legend of the Holy Lord Genghis Khan", "Twenty-one Portraits", "Genghis Khan's War History (1179-1206)", "Genghis Khan's political thought and military strategy", "Genghis Khan's teachings and teachings" and so on. [70]
China
China published a large number of works on temujin, such as Cecile The History of Genghis Khan [135] , Zhu Yaoting " The Biography of Genghis Khan " [136] Yang Na, Conqueror of the World: Genghis Khan and His Descendants [138] Let's wait.
Other countries
20th-century French historian Rene Gruse 's Genghis Khan " [90] A monograph describing the life of Tiemuzhen.

Commemorative activity

Before the 20th century, the memorial of Genghis Khan Temuzhen was mainly local, concentrated in inner and outer Mongolia, "every year on April 15, 16 and 22 days to hold a major festival", "the inner and outer Mongolian flag princes, a salty set, extremely grand." After the middle of the 20th century, the governments of independent Mongolia and China attached great importance to the commemoration and image building of Temujin. [72]
  • Mongolia
In 1962, the Government of Mongolia "decided to hold on June 10, 1962 the 800th anniversary of the birth of Genghis Khan, who made a great contribution to the unification of the Mongolian tribes, the establishment of a new national foundation, and the advancement of Mongolian history", and to erect a monument to him in Temujin's birthplace, Diriven Bortehei. "Amendment of the Political Bureau resolution of October 1949 (on the question of how to evaluate Temujin)", etc. For the first time, this meeting made a high evaluation of Temujin's historical role and contribution. [70] [126]
After the democratization of Mongolia, bronze statues and monuments to Temujin began to be built all over Mongolia, films, novels, and stage plays to celebrate Temujin's achievements mushroomed, and Mongolian companies and products named after Temujin were so numerous that the Mongolian government had to legislate restrictions. [22]
Since 1995, Mongolia has been restored Herrera Hill The President of Mongolia attended the ceremony. On August 13, 1997, with the support of Mongolian and foreign academic circles and the Mongolian government, the "International Genghis Khan Research Center" was established. In 2006, the Mongolian government held an international celebration on the 800th anniversary of Genghis Khan's founding, pushing Mongolia's temujin worship to its peak. [23] [70]
  • China
Chinese concern about Temujin's "proliferation" appears in" The September 18 Incident "After, as in The Ikcho League Commander of an alliance Shakdur Zab (Sand King) and Mongolian Local Self-Government Council Actively promote Temujin memorial. In 1934, the "March 21 of the abolition calendar" was the "birthday of Genghis Khan, the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty", and the Shah King, the leader of the Mongolian princes, participated in the main festival as "Jinong", which promoted the status of Genghis Khan's birthday commemoration. After 1935, in order to enhance the self-confidence of the Chinese nation, the commemoration of Genghis Khan gradually became the object of concern of the Chinese people. After the Japanese invasion of China, the nationalist government moved the mausoleum of Genghis Khan to the mainland to protect "Genghis Khan", which strengthened people's memory of Temujin and constructed the national image of Temujin. [72]
It was held in Yan 'an in 1940 Mongolian Culture Promotion Association On the platform of the founding meeting, the high hanging iron wood is really like. The association regards the Mongolian people and the representative and symbol of Mongolian culture, "Genghis Khan", as an important propaganda object, and Temuzhen and Mongolian culture are equated in a sense. [72]

Image change

Genghis Khan reading the Scriptures in the 13th century [107]
As a figure with great influence in both the Eastern and Western worlds, Temujin's image is also slightly different in the works of narrators from different cultural backgrounds. [105]
In Mongolian narratives, Temujin's image has changed with historical changes. Secret history of Mongolia In which he is subjected Eternal Heaven The Mongolian hero of asylum, in the history books of the 17th and 18th centuries, he has the shadow of Buddhist culture and Han culture, in the" Annals of history He is a collection of Confucian culture and the Mongolian national hero in one. [105]
In foreign works, temujin's image has changed with The Times. In the early period, the cultural exchanges between the East and the West were close. Although people didn't know much about Temujin, his image was positive. However, during the Enlightenment period, the image of Temujin began to become abusive and fierce, with the color of the West's misunderstanding of the East. [105]
The images of Temuzhen in contemporary Chinese works are often combined with the heroes of the Mongolian nation and the bright king and holy Lord who respect Confucian culture. They are tall, brave, wise and kindhearted, and their images are more humanized. They have their own love and hatred, and the emotions between their wives and children, their soldiers and even their enemies are more complicated. [105]

Other aspects

  • currency
The currency of Mongolia Mongolian Tugrik In the 500 Tugrik, 1000 Tugrik, 5000 tugrik, 10000 Tugrik, 20000 Tugrik positive figures are all temujin. [89]
  • Postage stamp
Stamps related to Temujin were issued in 1962 (the 800th anniversary of Temujin's birth), 1992 (the 830th anniversary of Temujin's birth), 1997 and 2010 (the 770th anniversary of the publication of the Secret History of Mongolia). [126]
band
The founding of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1979 Genghis Khan (German: Dschinghis Khan) band, whose masterpiece Genghis Khan was composed in honor of Temujin. [131] Mongolia also has a "Genghis Khan" band. [132]

Artistic image

broadcast
EDITOR

Literary image

Some of the literary works of Genghis Khan Temujin
nation
author
Book title
The Soviet Union
Vasily Young
The Mongol Invasion Trilogy: Genghis Khan [77]
China
Lim 猹
Secret History of the Grey Wolf [79]
Liu Lihua
Eternal Heaven [78]
Sukhbaru
The Biography of Genghis Khan [137]
Britain
Conn Eagleden
Genghis Khan the Conqueror [80]
France
Oomehik
Mongolian Wolf: The world's most revered king of Mongolia: Genghis Khan [81]
Japan
Inoue Yasushi
Grey Wolf [82]

Film and television image

A given year
type
The title of the play
Actor or actress
1944
movie
Absolutely different number of Genghis Khan
-
1952
Genghis Khan
Lo Salvador Jr
1956
The Biography of Genghis Khan
John Wayne [46]
1958
conqueror
-
1965
Genghis Khan
Omar Sharif [47]
1976
teleplay
The Legend of The Condor Heroes
Excessive sweating
1983
The Legend of The Condor Heroes
Qin Pei
1986
movie
Genghis Khan
Drigel [45]
1987
teleplay
Genghis Khan
Liu Yong
Genghis Khan
Wan Ziliang
1988
The Legend of The Condor Heroes
Li Zhijian
1992
movie
Genghis Khan
Richard Tyson [44]
1994
teleplay
The Legend of The Condor Heroes
Liu Jiang
1998
Genghis Khan
Tamen [43]
2000
Genghis Khan
Basen (adult) [36]
Horchin Bidshag (16 years old)
Seelin Manda (12 years old)
Dareng Sun After (9 years old)
2003
The Legend of The Condor Heroes
Basen
2005
movie
King of Mongolia
Tadanobu Asano [41]
2007
Grey Wolf
Takashi Anti-Machi [42]
2008
teleplay
The Legend of The Condor Heroes
bayin
movie
Genghis Khan
Chalden Heston [39]
Will of Genghis Khan
Edward Andal [40]
2012
Arbat
Basen [38]
2013
teleplay
Fengyun Jianyuan
Tang Guoqiang
movie
Cease-and-desist order
Tamen
2015
documentary
The mysterious Western Xia
Liu Xinyi [161]
movie
Genghis Khan conquered the moon
Kyrie Kawada Hiroyuki [37]
2016
The Legend of Temujin
Chen Weiting
2017
teleplay
The Legend of The Condor Heroes
Zheng Binhui
2018
movie
God of War
Chen Weiting
2021
teleplay
Zalandin
Zawaher Zakrov [48]
Some of the above content references [74] [102]

Game image

In 2009, Kirin Game Production released a game called "Genghis Khan's Temujin reign". Genghis Khan ". [106] A real-time strategy video game released by Microsoft in 2000 Age of Empires II: The Conquerors There are also exclusive battles about Temujin's life. And in the historical strategy turn-based game Civilization 6 The Mongol leader is Genghis Khan Temujin. [94] Tencent Games King of Glory Also known as Genghis Khan's hero. [97]

Historical data index

broadcast
EDITOR
anonymity " Secret history of Mongolia "" Sengwu himself " [116]
Song Lian " History of the Yuan Dynasty "Volume 1 [1]
Raschter " historia "
Dosan " Mongolian history of Dosang "
butcher " The Mughal Chronicles " [10]
Ke Shao Min " History of Singapore dollar Volumes 2 to 3 [18]
Rene Gruse " Steppe empire "" History of the Mongol Empire "
Hit the road
Growth task Introduction to editing Editing rule Edit by oneselfnew
I have a question.
Content questioning Online customer service Official post bar feedback
Complaint and suggestion
Report bad information The article was not appealed Complaint infringement information Blocked query and unblocked

©2024 Baidu Must read before using Baidu | Encyclopedia protocol | Privacy Policy | Baidu Encyclopedia cooperation platform | Beijing ICP Certificate 030173

Beijing Public network Anbei 11000002000001