Xizhou Uighur

A Chinese character official seal used by the Xizhou Uighur prime minister unearthed in Turpan reads: "The calligraphy gate of the Great Uighur Kingdom of Dafu is under the treasure seal of the Jias Prime ministers", indicating that the official title of the Xizhou Uighur regime is ". Great Uighur Kingdom In its native language, it is "on uygur eli." ^[8] The historical records of the Central Plains are generally called the Uighurs of the West, because the main body of their territory was originally from the Tang Dynasty Western State . And because of its capital Gaochang City Also known as Gaochang Hui Uighur; And because its capital is in Uighur language It is called "Kala Hezhuo", and Hezhuo is also falsely referred to as "He Zhou", and sometimes called the Uighur of Hezhou. ^[7]

Since the A surname Since then, the Mobei Uighurs have been displaced in the Mongolian steppe post-Turkic The khanate arose, and by 840 was galgus People break. Tang Dazhong two years (848), led the west move Uighur major Pontecan In the former Tang Anxi city protection house called Khan. He lived in Yanqi City (present-day Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region) Yanqi county ), governs today Xinjiang The eastern region. This was the beginning of the establishment of the Uighur power in the region. The tang dynasty Hamthong Seven years (866), great leader of the Uighurs Fu Gujun from Beiting (present-day Xinjiang Jimsar County North broken city son) attack, defeat Tibetan regime in ancient China , charge Wheel stand (now Urumqi City), Qingzhen (present-day Xinjiang Manas County ) and other cities, he sent his men dry (official name) Mi Huaiyu court Emperor Yizong of Tang Li Cui, report this victory. Western State Pastoral Peace also obtained Western State (governorship) Gao Chang , present-day Xinjiang Turpan The city Gaochang ancient city ) rule. Later, the Uighurs attacked again Illinois Gradually to Gao Chang As the center. ^[1]

According to... Liao history "A review of, Emperor Taizu of Liao In December of the first year (907), the "Hezhou Uighurs" paid tribute to the Khitan. Hoa Chau That is, Gao Chang. This indicates that the Uighur kingdom with its capital at Gaochang had been established before this time.

The Five Dynasties When the country was with Central Plains dynasty Contact, then" Western State "The name of Uighur. The Later Zhou Dynasty In February of the first year of Guangshun (951), the Uighurs of West Zhou sent their governor The Later Zhou Dynasty The country was already economically powerful at that time

According to... History of the Song Dynasty According to the book, the Kingdom of Gaochang is the West Zhou Uighur (therefore also known as Gaochang Uighur). The title of his king was Ahsi Lanhan, translated into Chinese as Shi (Shi) Zi Wang.

Song Jianlong three years (962), Gan De three years (965) and Bring peace and prosperity to the country In the sixth year (981) and 983, the Gaochang Uighurs sent foreign gifts to the Song Dynasty. In 981, when his king sent a letter to Taizong of Song Dynasty, he claimed to be "nephew of Xizhou".

"Alsiranham", Liao history Asaram or Asaram. The Gaochang Uighurs had a close relationship with the Liao Dynasty at first, and paid tribute to the Liao 24 times. liao Tianzan In October of the third year (924), the Khitan "sent troops over the Quicksand, Ba. Floating City Take all the parts of the West." Futu city is Beiting, in the territory of Gaochang Uighur. From then on, Gaochang Uighur became Khitan (Liao)" Vassal state ". liao Joonghee In February of the 22nd year (1053), "the Uighur Asalam (King Gaochang) was invaded by a neighboring country and sent an envoy to ask for help" in Liao. "Liao History, Baiguan Annals" listed "Gaochang Kingdom Palace". "Liao History · Bingwei · Guojun" lists "Gaochang" and "Hezhou Uighur", referring to the Gaochang Uighur, yes historiographer Multiple inclusion of different names for the same country. ^[2]

In May 981, Emperor Taizong of Song Zhao Kuangyi consecration Wang Yande Palace before the purpose of Bai Xun Gao Chang.

The song dynasty Yong Xi In April of the first year (984), after Wang Yande returned to Beijing, he reported to the Song Dynasty the general situation of Gaochang Uighur at that time. Although King Shizi had Gaochang as his capital, he had "Northern Court" (Beiting) as his summer capital Chatou To escape the heat. Illinois (present-day Xinjiang Hami City ) of the state of General surname Chen, "It first since the Tang Kaiyuan two years (714) led the state, where dozens of generations, Tang imperial rescript is still in." To the west of Izhou, it was the jurisdiction of Gaochang Uighur. To the south it is separated by the Great Taklimakan Desert and Khotan (present-day Xinjiang) Hotan City To the north is the present Junggar Basin The Gurbantunggut Desert The west included Qiuci (present-day Xinjiang) Kuqa County), to present-day Xinjiang Baicheng county West of the Gobi with melanidrosis The dynasty is the boundary. Among its inhabitants were "Southern Turks, Northern Turks, Mass ironing (Zhong Yun), Minority ironing, Sample mill , cut ( Qarluc ), Archaise, Mo Man , Gedo family, Presaurians And so the tribes, most of them are saying Turkic the Ancient nation .

In the Song Dynasty, Qiuci Uighur was a part of Gaochang Uighur, so the local people also called themselves Xizhou Uighur and called their land West State Qiuci . The Uighurs of Qiuci often paid tribute to the Song and Liao dynasties alone. from The Heavenly Sage (1023-1031) from the period to Kyung Woo By the end of the fourth year (1037), Qiuci had paid tribute to Song five times. For the last time, the Song Dynasty sent back a collection of Buddhist sutras (the general term for classics). Later in the fourth year of Song Xining (1071), 1072, Thieu Sang Three years (1096), he also sent envoys to the Song Dynasty.

gold Tianhui Eight years (1130), Khitan royal family The big stone During the journey to the west, he was captured by the Uighur king of Gaochang Bilago A lot of help.

In the tenth year of the Golden Day Society (1132), Jerudashi was founded Silliao After the dynasty, will Gaochang Kingdom Receive as a vassal. Silliao school A surname Stationed in Gaochang to supervise state affairs, expropriation tribute . After that, the Gaochang Uighurs lived in a semi-independent state. The title of its monarch is" Yidhoku One is seen in historical records.

In 1209, its king The weight of Ba and art Under Genghis Khan, the Yuan Dynasty changed the name to the Kingdom of the Uighurs. Hydua Towa During the rebellion of the West Uighur King Newlin's pounds He moved his department to Gansu Yongchang . At the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, became The Chagatai Khanate Part of the territory. The West Uighur Kingdom ceased to exist. ^[7]

In the early period of the West Uighur Empire, its territory was expanded to the west Qiuci (a county in ancient China) (present-day Xinjiang Kuqa ) West of Aksu, Ouche Along with The Qarakhanate Border, northwest boundary Tianshan, north includes Junggar Basin , south Septum Tarim basin Khotan is adjacent to Dunhuang in the east and Dunhuang in the west The Western Xia Dynasty (206 B.C.) Demarcation, southeast Altun Mountain with Ouigour with yellow heads (South of the Altun Mountains, Qinghai (Province) To the north) on the border. ^[5]

Silliao In the late years, the territory of Gaochang Uighurs was roughly "Tong Don't miss eight miles (present-day Xinjiang Jimsar County North broken city Zi), north to the Azhu River (today's northern Xinjiang Achagole River), south Jiuquan (now Gansu (Province) Jiuquan City, Province), east to Udun Jiashi Ha (now Xinjiang Kami City east Unagesh Lake), west of the west Fan (refers to the south road into the Tianshan)." ^[9]

Uighur Mobei When he was a nomad, after moving west Animal husbandry Still very developed. Most of the pastures are in the grasslands north of the Tianshan Mountains, mainly raising horses. The king of Gaochang, the queen and the prince each have herds of horses, grazing on the plain, for more than 100 miles one after another Coat color Groups, I don't know how many. Good horses are worth one silk per horse. The poor horses were used for meat, each worth only ten feet of silk. Noble food horsemeat Civilians eat sheep and sheep Wild duck Geese, etc.

Uighur After moving to the agricultural areas around Gaochang, many civilians, especially poor herdsmen, turned to farming. Gaochang area basically no rain, snow, hot summer, people are "wear the ground for the hole" summer heat. Hot weather is good for crops and fruits. Especially from Jinling (present-day Xinjiang) Bogda Mountain The abundance of water flowing down the river provides excellent conditions for the development of agriculture. The Uighurs brought water around the city, irrigated the fields, and turned the water mills. Crop removal buckwheat Besides, other The five grains Both have, and produce white (cotton). calico (Cotton cloth) is an important import commodity to the Mainland.

In the first year of Guangshun in the later Zhou Dynasty (951), the "tribute" sent by Gaochang Uighurs to the Later Zhou Dynasty included 1329 pieces of white cloth.

Hunting was an important sideline for the Gaochang Uighurs. Wild animals and wild birds are one of the sources of meat for people. Hides are used for making clothes. especially marten As a "tribute", a large number of them were sent to the Central Plains Liao Dynasty .

One tribute in 951 The Later Zhou Dynasty white Mink skin Two thousand six hundred and thirty-two, black marten Skin 250, green sable Rat pelt Five hundred and three, Old Sable coats 4 "Four of these old Sable coats were apparently not gifts to the emperor, but goods used for trade.

Gaochang Uighurs "skillful in sex, good at smelting gold, silver, copper and iron as tools and jade attack". then Smelting industry And jade carving has a certain level. Among the "tributes" given to Later Zhou in 951 were" White Jade Ring Son, jasper ring each one, iron mirror two, jade belt hinge sixty-nine, jade belt one, jade saddle and so on." Mining industry There are also initial developments. "North Tin North Mountain Nakade Sal ammoniac ". Gaochang Uighur imported a large amount of sal sal into the mainland for medicinal purposes. According to incomplete statistics from 924 to 1077, the Uighurs shipped medicines and spices 18 times before and after The Later Tang Dynasty , The Later Jin Dynasty , Later Han Dynasty , later Zhou and The Northern Song Dynasty (960-907) Twelve of them included sal sal. At that time, amber was also mined, such as 951 to the later Zhou tribute "blue amber nine jin", "big amber" 30, 1071 to the Northern Song tribute amber. Weaving white cloth, embroidered flower cloth, tanned leather and other families Handicraft industry It's pretty common. Textiles include "turro, wool , marmoset, brocade, silk, cooked twill, Oblique brown "And so on.

Gaochang Uighur trade was also relatively prosperous, much of which was carried out in the form of "tribute". Except for... Central Plains In addition to frequent trade and tributary exchanges in the region, Gaochangguo to Liao Dynasty "Pay tribute once every three years, offering jade, beads, frankincense, skew and Lippi, brown silk, etc. There is also a mutual market ". Qiuci (a county in ancient China) Uighur merchants were the most active. According to incomplete statistics, from 1001 to 1096, Qiuci paid tribute to the Song Dynasty 15 times, including horses, one-humped camels, large-tailed RAMS, house knives, Wrought iron Swords, bows and arrows, armor, glassware Yu Stone, Yu stone bottle, Sal ammoniac , jade, Jade Buddha Jade saddle, jade bridle, jade belt, jade axe, amber, ivory, jade, pearl, Rhizoma coptidis , potions , frankincense (up to 124.5 kg at one time), stamen Cloth, satin, brown, sundries, etc. There are also Qiuci monks offering Buddhist folders, bodhi seal leaves, rosary beads, Buddhist relics, Buddha bones and so on. Qiuci is Silk Road Local Uighur merchants actually did a lot of transit work for East-West trade. They sometimes met with Brahmins (modern India), Persia (now Iran People went to the Northern Song city together to pay tribute. From the Five Dynasties to the Song Dynasty, the Uighurs of Ganzhou had a close relationship with the Central Plains, often sending envoys to pay tribute and receiving gifts from the Central Plains. At the same time, they also carried out trade activities along the Silk Road in the name and way of paying tribute. ^{[3] [10]}

The Gaochang Uighurs have their own unique culture, but also a lot of Gaochang regional traditions Han culture The impact of... Taungsong Envoy Wang Yande When visiting Gaochang, the Liao envoy sent to Gaochang Uighur also admitted: "Gaochang (Chang) was originally Han soil."

There are many records of Han culture in this area, such as Gaochang at that time still "with the Kaiyuan seven years (719) calendar, on March 9. Food eaten in cold weather Yu Ersha (Chun Sha, Autumn Society ), the winter solstice is also "; There are more than 50 Buddhist temples in the area, all of which were given by the Tang Dynasty, and there are "Tripitaka" and "Tripitaka" in the temple. Tang Yun "," A surname ", "Jing Yin", etc. "; "There are royal books, hiding Emperor Taizong of Tang , Ming Emperor Imperial imperial rescript "; The Northern Court has "the Temple of Taining, Zhenguan fourteen years (640)."

In the 8th century, the Uighurs began to use the Uighur script, which is written in Sogdian script. After the Uighurs moved west, this script continued to be used in Gaochang until the 17th century, and the Uighur script had a profound influence, Emperor Taizu of Liao There was a Uighur envoy to the Khitan, apo Third brother Jerusalena He learned Uighur script from him, thus creating the "Khitan small character." Mongolian is also originally based on the Uighur script Mongolian language And created. Nurhachi's subordinates created the "old Manchu" without circles on the basis of the Mongolian script mother. visible Khitan small characters , Mongolian , The Manchu script To some extent, they all go back through the ages Uighur script .

in Gaochang ancient city In this area, many Uighur languages, Chinese, Sanskrit, printed since the early 13th century have been unearthed. Tangut writing , Tibetan Mongolian woodcut prints, of which the first three languages are mainly. Another Uighur woodcut type made around 1300 was found in Dunhuang. This kind of type It is made by imitating Chinese movable characters. Gaochang Uighur in China printing The west cross played a role.

Gaochang Uighur Religious belief There are changes before and after. Uighur beliefs before the westward migration Manichaeism They brought this belief to Gaochang. Gaochangyuan was a place where Buddhism prevailed. After the Uighurs moved into Gaochang, they gradually converted from Manichaeism to Buddhism.

In November of the third year of Songkande (965), "The Uighur Khan of Xizhou sent Monk Fayuan to sacrifice Tooth relic of the Buddha , glassware The amber cup "in Song Dynasty. This shows that at that time, the Uighurs of Gaochang had mainly believed in Buddhism. West of Gaochang Uighur mainly believed in Islam.

Song Jiading 14th year (1221), Zhenren Changchun Travel west to "Huihe. Changbasa City "(now Xinjiang Changji The local "Ouigour monk" told him: "The east of this building belonged to the Tang Dynasty, so it went west. sangaism " That is to say, the Kochanghachi left the Gaochang Uighur region, where Buddhism was prevalent, and further west there were no longer monks and taoists, but areas that believed in other religions. In addition, the Uighurs originally believed in Mobei shamanism It still had some influence on Gaochang Uighur. There are also a few Jing believers in Gaochang.

Murals from the Uighur period of Gaochang have been found in the ancient city of Gaochang and Bashlik, mostly belonging to Buddhism, but also Manichaean murals. He painted Chinese, Uighurs, Indians and Chinese Europaean The portrait of... The style of the mural is mainly mixed with the Chinese style and the Greco-Indian Gandra style, which has an obvious tendency of blending eastern and western cultures. Gaochang Uighurs love music, "good appreciation, travelers must hold Musical Instruments." When King Gaochang invited Wang Yande, an envoy of the Song Dynasty, and so on, "Zhang Le banquet, for Youxi "; When boating on the lake, "the pool makes drum music on all sides". Qiucile It was still in Qiuci and Gaochang. ^[4]

In addition to the Kaiyuan calendar of the Tang Dynasty, the calendar stipulated by the state Ruins of Gaochang Ancient City In it, it was unearthed from Gaochang Uighur period at that time Manichaeism improvised Sugtveun Calendar fragments, including the Chinese celestial trunk and the five elements, Sogdian the septuagint And twelve animal names (rat, ox, tiger, rabbit, etc.). Twelve animal names calendar, originally Tujue, a nationality in ancient China Used by people. This calendar is Han, Turkic, Sogdian three Cultural fusion The crystallization of...