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Islam
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One of the world's religions
unfoldThree entries with the same name
Islam was founded by Muhammad in the Arabian Peninsula in the early 7th century and has a history of more than 1,300 years. It is known as the world's three major religions along with Buddhism and Christianity. In China it used to be called Islam, halal or Heavenly religion
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- Chinese name
- Islam
- alias
- gluttony , Eat and teach , Teachings on heavenly prescriptions , Islam
- Rise time
- Early 7th century
- Rising place
- Arabian Peninsula
From the end of the 6th century to the beginning of the 7th century, the Arabian Peninsula was in a period of great change when primitive clans and tribes disintegrated and class society formed. Due to differences in the natural environment, the social, economic and political development of the peninsula is extremely unbalanced. The inhabitants of the peninsula are mainly nomadic Bedouins, who are divided into many clans and tribes, each clan and tribe based on one side, living by water and grass, and often have wars between each other for grazing land, water and land. Years of war caused social unrest, production stagnation, and intensified class division within the clan. Tribal nobles came into being, they occupied a large number of oases and grasslands, owned many slaves and livestock, and a large number of nomads were on the verge of bankruptcy. The Hijaz (Hejaz) region of the peninsula along the Red Sea coast has been an important commercial artery for East and West trade since ancient times. Located at the center of the north-south traffic along ancient trade routes, Mecca developed into a thriving commercial town, benefiting from transit trade. The commercial aristocracy of the Quraish tribe in Mecca was in charge of the management of the Kaaba Temple, the worship center of the Arabs at that time, and obtained huge income from the market trade of the Kaaba sacrifice temple every year, monopolizing the commercial trade of Mecca. Commercial aristocrats in cities and towns, together with the aristocrats of nomadic tribes, made huge profits by running caravans, selling slaves, usury and other means, and exploited the urban poor and farmers and herdsmen at usury. A large number of small and medium-sized merchants went bankrupt and became debtors of commercial aristocrats, resulting in intensified class antagonism and social and economic crisis.
Foreign aggression and the change of traditional trade routes exacerbated the economic crisis and social contradictions on the peninsula. The Byzantine and Persian empires fought a long war of plunder against the peninsula in order to seize and control the Arabian trade routes. Frequent wars and plundering caused serious damage to the social economy of southern Arabia, land wastage, irrigation projects were destroyed, roads were flooded, business travel was not possible, and the population dropped sharply, making the rich Yemen rapidly decline. At the same time, in order to monopolize East-West trade, Persia abolished the trade route from Yemen to Syria via the Red Sea coast in the western part of the peninsula, and created another trade route through the Persian Gulf and Mesopotamia to the Mediterranean Sea. The change in trade routes caused economic decline in the southern and western parts of the peninsula, with transit trade in towns such as Mecca and Medina rapidly declining, the income of the commercial aristocracy plummeting, and the social crisis deepening among many Bedouins and city dwellers who relied on caravans for their livelihood.
The increasing social crisis in the Arab region, the continuous invasion of foreign nations, promoted the awakening of the Arab people, all social classes are looking for a way out. In order to maintain their rule, the Arab nobility hoped to break down the clan barriers, seize new lands and regain control of the trade routes; The vast underclass of people and slaves demanded peace and tranquillity, and longed to be free from economic exploitation and political oppression and to improve their poor status. The rise of Islam was a reflection of the demands of the tribes of the Arabian Peninsula for socio-economic change and political unity. In response to the needs of historical development, Muhammad created Islam, led the Arab social change movement under the banner of religious revolution, and unified the Arabian Peninsula.
Muhammad was a remarkable historical figure. Born in the city of Mecca to the Hashim family of the Quraish tribe. Both his parents died when he was young and he was raised by his grandfather and uncle. When he was 12 years old, he followed his uncle and caravan to do business in Syria, Palestine and the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. He had extensive contact with and witnessed the social conditions of the Arabian Peninsula and Syria, and learned about the primitive religions, Judaism and Christianity in the peninsula, which provided a lot of social knowledge and religious materials for his later missionary activities. At the age of 25, he married Hetiche, a rich widow of Mecca, and lived a prosperous and stable life after marriage. He was influenced by Unitarian thought and often lived in seclusion. According to legend, one day in 610, when Muhammad was 40 years old, when he was meditating in a cave in Mount Hillah on the outskirts of Mecca, God sent the angel Jibril to convey the "revelation" to him and make him "ordained to be holy." After that, he claimed to have accepted the "mission" given by God and began a 23-year campaign to spread Islam. At first, he preached secretly in Mecca, and some of his closest friends became the first believers. In 612, Muhammad turned to public preaching to the masses of Mecca. In his early preaching, Muhammad warned people to give up polytheism and idolatry, declared that God is the creator of all things in the universe and the only Lord, and asked people to believe in the unique God. Denouncing the ignorance and social moral degradation brought by polytheism to the Arabs, preaching the idea of the last Judgment and resurrection after death, warning polytheists who do not submit to God will be punished at the last judgment and will go to hell, and those who submit to God will be rewarded in the afterlife and enter heaven. He also proposed that all Muslims, regardless of clan and tribe, are brothers and should unite to eliminate hatred, and proposed a series of social reforms such as prohibiting usury and exploitation, charity and relief for the poor, weak and orphans, kindness, and freeing slaves, which were supported by the masses of the lower classes, and many people converted to Islam. Because Muhammad's teachings fundamentally shook the status of the tribe's traditional polytheistic belief and violated the religious privileges and economic interests of the Quraish nobles and wealthy merchants in Mecca, they were strongly opposed and persecuted, making it difficult for Muhammad and Muslims to establish a foothold in Mecca.
In September 622, Muhammad and the Meccan Muslims migrated to Medina, marking a new stage in the historical development of Islam. Muhammad led the Muslims through a series of political, economic, and religious reforms. First, with Islam as the ideological banner of unity and unity, he sent disciples to preach to various Arab tribes in Medina, and the vast majority of local residents soon converted to Islam. He established the Charter of Medina in the conduct of internal civil and external relations, and reached agreements with other tribes, such as Jews, on the basis of freedom of belief and alliance to achieve peaceful coexistence. After achieving the unity of Medina, he replaced tribal blood ties with a common Islamic faith and established a theocratic regime in the form of the Umma (meaning "nation" or "community"), with Muhammad becoming the supreme religious, political, military, and judicial leader of Medina. ABU Bakr, Umar, Osman, Ali and some of the famous "disciples of the Holy Gate" formed the leading group.
Muhammad completed the creation of the Islamic system and institutions in the name of Allah's "revelation." He established the "six faiths" centered on the belief in the One God; It provides the "five" ordinances and rules for Muslims to fulfill the mandate of heaven; A legal system covering religious rules, civil, criminal, commercial and military matters has been formulated; A series of codes of conduct and social moral norms with the core of stopping evil and promoting good have been established. To consolidate power in Medina, Muhammad organized Muslim armed forces. Under the call of "fighting for the word of Allah", between 624 and 627, he led the Muslim armed forces against the Meccan nobles in the famous battle of Badr, the Battle of Wuhoud and the Battle of the Ditch, which dealt a heavy blow to the Meccan nobles. In 628, Muhammad led his army to the outskirts of Mecca on the grounds of Hajj, and the Meccan nobles were forced to compromise and signed the Peace Treaty of Houdaibiya with Muhammad, deciding on a 10-year truce between the two sides. Muhammad took advantage of the truce to send envoys to neighboring countries and to the Arab tribes of the peninsula to spread Islamic teachings to them.
In 630, Muhammad led a Muslim army to besiege the city of Mecca on the grounds that the Makkah nobles had violated the agreement. The Makkah nobles headed by ABU 苏富扬 were forced to surrender, accept Islam and recognize Muhammad's prophet status, and the entire population of Mecca declared to convert to Islam. After entering Mecca, Muhammad ordered the destruction of all the idols in the Kaaba temple, saving only the black meteorite, and converted the Kaaba into a mosque. By the end of 631, the tribes of the peninsula had converted to Islam one after another and recognized Muhammad as the leader, basically achieving the political unity of the peninsula. In 632, Muhammad led 100,000 Muslims on a reformed pilgrimage to Mecca known as the "Farewell pilgrimage." Muhammad himself established a series of rituals for the Hajj, which became the model for subsequent Muslim pilgrimages. In his resignation speech, he proclaimed the victory of the creation of Islam in the name of Allah's "revelation" and stressed the importance of unity and unity among Muslims. Muhammad died in Medina that same year. At this point, Islam became the dominant religion in the Arabian Peninsula.
The development of Islam from a single ethnic religion in the Arab region to a worldwide multi-ethnic religion is the result of the extensive spread of the Arab Islamic countries through continuous foreign expansion, business exchanges, cultural exchanges, sending missionaries to all over the world and other ways. After the death of Muhammad, Islam entered the "Four Caliphate period", and with the conquest of the united Arab States, Islam spread widely outside the peninsula, which is known as the "pioneering period of Islam". Since 661, Islam entered the Arab Empire period, after the Umayyad dynasty and the Abbasid dynasty, across Asia, Africa, Europe three continents, Islam became the dominant religion of the empire. In the middle of the 13th century, the Arab Empire disintegrated with the invasion of foreign nations and the independence of many separate dynasties in the east and west of the Empire. In the late Middle Ages, there were three major empires in the Islamic world: Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal. Among them, the Ottoman Empire had the greatest territory and influence. After the mid-18th century, Western colonialists invaded the Islamic world one after another, and many countries were gradually reduced to colonies and semi-colonies. People of all countries in the Islamic world have repeatedly launched national struggles against colonial oppression, dealing heavy blows to the colonialists. After the Second World War, various Islamic countries became independent one after another, and the pattern of today's Islamic world gradually took shape.
