synonymThe Xianling Mausoleum(The third batch of national key cultural relics protection units, a part of the World cultural Heritage Ming and Qing Royal tombs) generally refers to Xian Mausoleum (the third batch of national key cultural relics protection units, a part of the world cultural heritage Ming and Qing royal tombs)

The Xianling Tomb of the Ming Dynasty is also known as the Xianling Tomb ^[3] ^[44] , located in Hubei Province Jingmen City Zhongxiang City Mount Chunde, 7.5 km northeast of the city, has geographical coordinates of 31°12 '20 "-31 °13' 00" north latitude and 112°37 '50 "-112 °38' 09" east longitude. Obvious Mausoleum covers an area of 183.15 hectares, of which the mausoleum part covers 52 hectares, was built in the Ming Zhengde fourteen years (1519), is National AAAAA tourist attraction ^[42] - Obvious Mausoleum cultural tourist spot The core area, too World cultural heritage - Imperial tombs of Ming and Qing Dynasties An important part of. ^[1-2] ^[5] ^[7] ^[14]

Xianling is Emperor Shizong of Ming Dynasty Emperor Jiajing's father, Emperor Gong Rui Xian Woo Joo 杬 (Mingrui Zong Xing Xian King), mother Show filial piety to the queen The mausoleum of the Empress Dowager of Zhang Shenghuang. Xianling Mausoleum was rebuilt from the tomb of King Xingxian, which lasted 47 years to build. It is the only Ming Dynasty imperial mausoleum and the largest single Ming Dynasty imperial mausoleum in Central and southern China. It is obvious that the mausoleum plays a connecting role in the regulation of imperial mausoleums in Ming Dynasty, and its "one mausoleum and two mausoleums" is a special case in Chinese imperial mausoleums. Xianling is an important event in the middle Ming Dynasty." Grand Rites The product is related to the social thoughts, beliefs and the fate of some political leaders in the early years of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty, and has corresponding historical significance. ^[1-2] ^[5] ^{7 [11]}

On January 13, 1988, Xianling was buried State Council, People's Republic of China rank The third batch of key national cultural relics under protection . On November 30, 2000, the tomb was designated as a part of the "Imperial Mausoleum of the Ming and Qing Dynasties" UNESCO Approved for inclusion in the World Heritage List ". On February 6, 2024, the "Obvious Mausoleum Cultural Tourist Spot" where Xianling Mausoleum is located was designated Ministry of Culture and Tourism, People's Republic of China Publish as National AAAAA tourist attraction . ^[42]

Chinese name: Xianling Mausoleum ^[3]
Foreign name: The Xianling Tomb of the Ming Dynasty
age: Ming Dynasty ^[3] ^[7]
class: Ancient tombs ^[3]
Floor space: 183.15 hectares ^[2]

Protection level: The third batch of key national cultural relics protection units and world cultural heritage ^[3] ^[43]
Opening hours: 8:30 am - 5:00 PM ^[34]
Scenic spot level: Class AAAAA ^[5] ^[42]
Ticket price: 65 yuan/person ^[35]
Warranty number: 3-253-6-24 ^[3]
Geographical position: Hubei Province Jingmen City Zhongxiang City Chunde Mountain 7.5 km northeast of the city ^[43]

catalogue

Historical evolution

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EDITOR

Obvious Mausoleum historical evolution
Year period	Related historical evolution
Mingzhengde 14 years (1519)	六月十七日，明宪宗 Zhu Jianshen The fourth son of King Xing Xian Woo Joo 杬 Died. Emperor Wuzong Zhu Houzhao Posthumous title "dedication", selected in the pine forest mountain, according to the prince regulation grave garden, buried in the king's tomb on April 3 of the following year.
Mingzhengde sixteen years (1521)	March 14, Emperor Wuzong Zhu Houzhao Died without an heir, according to Emperor Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang "Brother end brother and" the instruction, attacked as Xing King soon Zhu you 杬 eldest son Zhu Houcong He was welcomed to Beijing and ascended the throne on April 22 under the title Jiajing. After Zhu Houcong ascended the throne, he suppressed the remonstration of courtiers, and on the first day of October, he pursued his father Xing Xian Wang for Xing Xian Emperor.
Ming Jiajing two years (1523)	Xingxian King's tomb was upgraded and rebuilt according to the regulations of the imperial mausoleum. On February 25, Xingxian King's tomb was replaced by yellow glass with black tiles, and God Road and jade Bridge were built.
Ming Jiajing three years (1524)	On the first day of March, Emperor Jiajing of Emperor Shizong was honored as the "sacrificial Emperor". On March 12, the tomb was officially named "Xianling Tomb". In July, the Emperor God was placed in the east room of Fengxian Hall, Guan De Hall, with the title of "Emperor Kao Gong Mu Xian Emperor". On August 14, Yang Bao, the eunuch of Xianling, invited favor and said, "The scale of the gate of the Mausoleum is small, begging the Day Shoushan mausoleum system to make more", which was written by the Ministry of Works Zhao Huang To "the mausoleum system should be commensurate with the mountains and rivers, afraid of the same" on the grounds of remonstrate. However, Zhu Houcong was promoted by personal relations.
Ming Jiajing five years (1526)	In September, Emperor Jiajing of Emperor Shizong of Ming Dynasty Fengan "Gongmu Xian Emperor" God in the temple.
Ming Jiajing six years (1527)	On the fourth day of December, Emperor Jiajing of Emperor Shizong of Ming Dynasty "ordered to repair Xianling Mausoleum such as the system of seven mausoleum of Tianshou Mountain", began large-scale reconstruction, including the construction of Xianling Mountain that is Baoding and Baocheng, the reconstruction of incense hall that is to enjoy the hall, the construction of Fangcheng Minglou, Rui Gong Shengde Stellingpavilion, Dahongmen, etc., and also built lookout columns and 12 pairs of stone statues on both sides of the God road in front of Lingxing.
Ming Jiajing ten years (1531)	On February 23, Emperor Jiajing of Emperor Shizong of Ming Dynasty designated Songlin Mountain as Pure De Mountain, and erected a monument to build a pavilion.
Ming Jiajing eleven years (1532)	In October, the reconstruction of the tomb came to an end.
Ming Jiajing seventeen years (1538)	On the first day of September, the temple name of "Gong Mu Xian Emperor" is "Rui Zong", that is, Ming Rui Zong. Early on 4 December, Zhu Houcong's birth mother, Empress Dowager Zhang Shenghuang, died of illness, and Zhu Houcong went to Changping, Beijing Tianshou Mountain In Changling in the southwest of the Dayu mountain Buding Jilang, ready to move the Mausoleum north, and under the order of Marquis Wuding Guo Xun And the ministry of works Jiang Yao Such as the construction of the new mausoleum, and "want to welcome emperor Caocu catalpa palace moved here." However, the discussion of the change of Xianling Mausoleum to Tianshou Mountain had been opposed by courtiers and the Empress Empress Zhang since the third year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1524), so that Zhu Houcong had been worried, and after returning to the palace from Dayu Mountain, he decided to bury his mother's coffin south in Xianling Mausoleum.
Ming Jiajing 18 years (1539)	On February 16, Emperor Jiajing Zhu Houcong visited Chengtianfu in the south. March 12th. Step down Chengtianfu Old mansion, the next day to inspect the Xianling line. The "schema" of the new Xuan Palace. Gu Lin, the left servant of the Ministry of Works, was ordered to supervise the work, according to Zhu Houcong's "schema" to build a new Xuan palace with a tall brick platform called "Yao Tai", connecting the new treasure city with the old treasure city in the south, forming an unprecedented special pattern in the Ming Dynasty mausoleum. In May, Marquis Cui Yuan of Jingshan was sent to escort the coffin of Empress Dowager Zhang Sheng south 祔. On July 25, Empress Dowager Zhang Sheng and Emperor Zhu You 杬 were buried together in the new Xuan Palace of Xian Mausoleum, that is, the Hou Di Palace.
Ming Jiajing 21 years (1542)	Emperor Jiajing changed Jingzhou left guard to Xianling guard, with more than 1200 soldiers such as Li Maengcai. In September, Emperor Jiajing ordered to build the Xianling 祾 Hall of Grace, sent Huang Jin, the eunuch of the Inner palace, and the governor Huguang Right Squire Lu Jie The governor works. At this point, the main project of the obvious Mausoleum was completed.
Ming Jiajing 27 years (1548)	Emperor Zhu Houcong of the Ming Dynasty sent the sage Zhu You 杬 to the Imperial Temple.
Ming Jiajing thirty-three years (1554)	In April, Emperor Zhu Houcong ordered under the Ming Dynasty to rebuild the hall of enjoy, that is, 祾 En hall "like Jingling Mausoleum system", with Lu Xun, the right servant of the Ministry of Works and the right master of the capital Court.
Ming Jiajing 35 years (1556)	In July, Zhu Houcong, Emperor of the Ming Dynasty, repaired the left corner gate, the road, the imperial bridge and the wall of the two red gates of Xianling Mausoleum.
Ming Jiajing thirty-eight years (1559)	In September, the expansion of the tomb was finally completed.
45th year of Ming Jiajing (1566)	In September, Emperor Zhu Houcong sent Zhang Shouzhi, left squire of the Ministry of Works, to rebuild the obvious Mausoleum 祾 Hall of kindness.
Ming Wanli seven years (1579)	The Ming government built on a large scale 祾 Hall of grace and Ming Lou.
Ming Wanli thirty years (1602)
Ming Wanli thirty-seven years (1609)
Ming Chongzhen three years (1630)
Ming Chongzhen 15 years (1642)	On December New Year's Eve, Li Zicheng To Chengtian attack obvious mausoleum, burning to enjoy the temple, the wooden structure of the ground building was destroyed by fire.
Qing Dynasty	Although the Qing government did not repair the obvious Mausoleum on a large scale, it issued a protection ban on the obvious mausoleum. A stone tablet from the Xianfeng period records the notice of local officials asking the township to protect Xianling Mausoleum.
Republic of China period	Obviously the tomb is unmanaged and belongs to the state of artesian flow. Apparently the mausoleum area has become a cultivated land, and the nearby mountain people listen to the rumors that the stone statues are resurrected at night to eat crops, and some of the stone statues are smashed. War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression During the period, the Japanese invaders occupied Zhongxiang and stole some stone relics of the Obvious Mausoleum.
The year 1983	Obvious Mausoleum was established as a management office and officially opened to the outside world as a scenic spot.
Reference materials: ^{7 [8]} ^{12 - [16]}

Architectural pattern

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EDITOR

Architectural composition

Obvious Mausoleum architectural layout

The tomb covers an area of 183.15 hectares, of which the mausoleum part covers 52 hectares. Obviously, the mausoleum palace complex is built vertically according to the layout of the front and back dynasties, and is generally composed of the inner and outer Luo city, by the front and back treasure city, Fang City Ming Tower, Temple of Thinking, Ling Grace Gate, God kitchen, God library, Mausoleum household, military household, Sacred palace supervision, moral monument building, new red gate, old red gate, inside and outside Ming pond, nine curved royal River, dragon shaped divine Dao and other architectural buildings. Obviously, the overall layout planning of the mausoleum is like a "treasure bottle" shape, and its architecture fully considers the geographical shape, paying particular attention to the coordination between the building structure and the surrounding natural environment. All the mountains, water systems and forest vegetation in the mausoleum area are unified layout and arrangement as the constituent elements of the mausoleum. The natural hills at the back of the mausoleum area are the ancestral mountains, as the support of the mausoleum, the mountains on both sides as the ring protection, the middle platform arranges buildings, the nine Qu River winding among them, the front hills are the pingshan mountains, forming the fengshui pattern of the front Zhuque, the rear basalt, the left green dragon, the right white tiger, so that the building and the environment are harmonious and unified, so that the "mausoleum system is commensurate with the landscape". ^[7] ^{[17
]}

With a total length of more than three thousand meters, the southern end of the Luo City is a double mausoleum gate, which is a new and old red gate made of brick and stone. The old red gate has a god shape both like a dragon like Shinto (that is, dragon Shinto) consecutive mausoleum palace area, Shinto the middle of a tall Rui Gong Sheng De pavilion, flat layout is square, covers an area of 334 square meters, white jade base, under the stone, on the top of the heavy eaves rest, each side has a gate, is neutral dragon head turtle Fu Rui Gong Sheng de monument. There is a royal bridge 63 meters behind the pavilion. The Overyu Bridge is the most important tomb decoration building in the cemetery area, facing the white jade pillar with a height of 12 meters, and below it is a square, hexagonal pillar body, and the second layer of the waist cloud tray supports a cylindrical cylindrical relief pillar with a cloud dragon pattern. Behind the pillar of God on both sides of the distribution of Wenwu minister, general, Ma, minister horse, kirin, elephant, lion, camel and other stone sculpture buildings (stone statue). The last royal bridge over the Jiuqu Royal River is the Inner Ming Tang, and after the inner Ming Tang is the Ling Palace area of the obvious tomb. ^[7] ^{[17
]} ^{18 [19]}

Obvious mausoleum Mausoleum palace area has the edge of the gate, the edge of the hall, Ming building, the tomb city (treasure city), Yao Tai, etc., which is the "eight" -shaped structure is the two great tomb city (that is, before, after the treasure city), Yao Tai connects the two underground Xuan palace. The main entrance to the inner city is 祾. The tomb city is divided into two circles of city walls, from which the Yao platform is connected, like a dumbbell shape, around the city walls are built "parapet walls", and the coil of water carved with white jade. The front wall is five meters high, the rear wall is tens of meters high, and the diameter of 100 meters, the building in front of the tomb city has a square platform, which is the Ming tower, and the following is the voucher roof channel made of brick and stone. In its building, the monument "Gongrui Xian Emperor's Tomb" is installed here, and on both sides of the gate are displayed inscriptions carefully made for its tomb owner. In front of the platform, there are five sacrificial platforms carved with natural megalithic materials and two stone pillars named Wang Pillar, and two sacred beasts are placed on the top of this column to ward off evil spirits. ^[7] ^{[17
]}

Architectural feature

One tomb, two tombs

Among the tombs of Chinese emperors, the Obvious Tomb is the only "one tomb and two tombs" system. Obviously there are two reasons for the treasure city, one is to open the underground palace, found that the underground palace seepage, Jiajing emperor decided to build an underground palace, that is, after the treasure city. Second, to bury his parents properly. The former underground palace was built in 1519 in the fourteenth year of Zhengde in the Ming Dynasty. It was built according to the regulations of King Zhu You 杬 after the death of King Xing Xian. After the ground palace, built in the 18th year of Ming Jiajing (1539), when Jiajing visited Zhongxiang in the south, it was the new Xuan Palace and after Bao City appointed by his parents. The two treasure cities are connected by Yao platforms, forming a interrelated whole, forming a special pattern of "one tomb and two tombs", so the two underground palaces were built 20 years apart. ^[20]

One tomb, two tombs

New and old red doors

It is obvious that the mausoleum has two red doors, the old and the new, which is very unique in the Ming Dynasty mausoleum. Although they were not built at the same time, they have something in common in terms of construction and utility. The old Red Gate, built in the third year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1524), is the second gate of Xian Mausoleum. It is the main gate of the central axis, and the east and west sides of the walls are connected with the east and west sand mountains and the outer Luo City, forming a closed area. The new red gate, built in the 18th year of Ming Jiajing (1539), is the first gate of Xian Mausoleum, which has the function of strengthening the protection of the mausoleum, so that the mausoleum area is heavily guarded to achieve a solemn and solemn atmosphere. The new red gate can be built directly on the central axis of the Shen Road from the terrain, but it deviates from the central axis, with the Pure De Mountain in the east and the Waiming Tang in the west, and the outer Luo City wall on both sides. This is mainly due to feng shui reasons, when Emperor Jiajing returned to Zhong Xiang, he took a feng shui master, called Liao Wenzheng, he looked at the line of Xianling said: Xianling axis inclined to the southwest, if slightly southeast, the best. Finally, Emperor Jiajing listened to Liao Wenzheng's suggestion and built New Red Gate and Outer Luo City, deepened the Dragon Scale Shentao, swung the new Red Gate to the east in the form of a dragon tail, and made the whole dragon Shentao more like a living dragon and a swimming dragon. ^[20]

Obvious mausoleum old red door

Obvious mausoleum new red door

Obvious Mausoleum old and new red doors

Mingtang inside and outside

It is obvious that the construction of Mingtang inside and outside the tomb is not found in other Ming Dynasty tombs, and it is one of the characteristics of Xianling Mausoleum. At that time, the practice of Mingtang inside and outside may be related to King Xing Xian and Emperor Jiajing's belief in Taoism, and it is completed according to the principle of feng shui. "Ming Tang" to "Ming Tang" homophonic, for gathering "gas", are in the feng shui "Ming tang" orientation, is the key part of the "angry" in the feng shui pattern. Neiming Pond is located in front of Leng 'en Gate, is a man-made cut round pond, near the core "hole" position, has the function of gathering groundwater. The Waiming pond is reconstructed according to the original natural pond. The Waimingtang is located at the front of the mausoleum area and plays a role in protecting the earth and air of Chunde Mountain. Because the "burial classic" recorded: "Qi with the wind will disperse, boundary water will stop."

Outer open pond

Inner mingtang

Inner and outer Luocheng

Obvious Mausoleum as an independent mausoleum area, built high walls around the mausoleum area, and mausoleum palace area wall opposite, respectively called outer Luo city and inner Luo city. Inner Luo City, is the most mysterious place in the Mausoleum district, take the "front and back circle" and "front and back sleeping" plane layout. In front, it refers to the square courtyard, so it is square and like the ground, mostly for the living activities of the place, but also the main place for sacrifice. After the bed, the formation of a circular courtyard, round and like the sky, the round treasure top, treasure city for its sleeping palace, is the place where the emperor is buried, for the emperor's long-term residence. The whole courtyard reflects the ancient Chinese philosophy of "heaven round and earth round". The construction of outer Luo City is mainly to strengthen the protection of the cemetery and reflect the centralization of the imperial system. The outer Luo city of Obvious Mausoleum was built in the 18th year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1539), with the new red gate as the starting point, around the entire mausoleum, red walls and yellow tiles, which is very spectacular. At the same time, the winding city wall undulates along the mountain, avoiding the exterior stiffness of the building and conforming to the harmony of "the mausoleum system should be commensurate with the mountains and rivers". ^[20]

The overall pattern of Luocheng inside and outside the tomb is obvious

Obvious Neiluo city mausoleum palace area

Clearly outside the mausoleum falls the wall

The Dragon form of Shinto

The obvious mausoleum is the only mausoleum in the Ming Dynasty that retains the "dragon scale" practice of God Road as a whole. The Dragon Shinto, also called the Dragon Scale Shinto, does not take a straight form, but takes a "curved path" with deliberate changes in design. Beyond Lingxing Gate, there is a 290-meter-long dragon-shaped Shinto to the fifth stone bridge. Due to the influence of the sand mountain in the east, and the central axis of the tomb facing the case mountain cannot be shifted, the Shinto path between the fourth and fifth river Bridges forms a curved Shinto path, cleverly echoing the curved Shinto path between the old red gate and the new red gate. Honest man Jiang Pingjie The "Ancient Mirror Song of Geography" also has "road energy boundary gas can also welcome, when the same evaluation as zero God; Road curved circle Xuan font, Yang God three fold point before rayon; Straight to no business, B bending the most sentient statement." The curved Shinto layout objectively plays a harmonious role with the nature of the mountains and rivers, narrowing the vision, avoiding the god road directly facing the mausoleum, and if the earth arrow, it also avoids the cemetery buildings at a glance, thus creating the artistic effect of "winding path through secluded". ^[20]

The dragon form of the obvious tomb

The nine bends of the royal River

The Jiuqu Royal River is one of its architectural features, and its design has a very close relationship with feng shui. "Burial Sutra" : "The law of feng shui, obtaining water is the first, and storing wind is the second. Qi is the mother of water, and with Qi there is water." The design of the Jiuqu River is very clever, the curved river and the five stone arch Bridges on the central axis of the road cross the left and right, dividing the ground of the cemetery into several different areas, and properly playing the natural elements of mountains, water and trees. Because Emperor Jiajing advocated Taoism, it also implied the meaning of the ninth Five-Year Supreme. Although the construction of tombs in the past dynasties has attached great importance to the drainage and flood discharge of the mausoleum area, it is obvious that the drainage system of the mausoleum is relatively more perfect than that of other mausoleums, whether it is excavated or formed by natural rivers. ^[20]

The nine bends of the royal River

A glass wall

There are glazed shadow walls in the shape of "eight figures" on both sides of the 祾 Engate of the Jingling Mausoleum. In addition to its very important decorative function, the shadow walls on both sides of the door also have the practical value of adding the imposing force of the gate. The glazed shadow wall is the only architectural feature of the tomb, which does not exist in other tombs of the Ming Dynasty. ^[20]

A glass wall

Steles and pavilions abound

Obviously, the number of tombstone pavilions is much more than that of the Ming Tombs and other Ming tombs. From the seal of pure De Mountain stele, there are "pure De Mountain Stele", "Reshu Stele", "Ruigong Shengde Stele", "Jirui Stele", "pure De Mountain Memorial Stele", "plus honor posthumous title Stele", "Royal gift Memorial Stele" and "Royal gift posthumous title Stele", Minglou "Saint Stele" 9 places, in addition to the "Plus honor posthumous title Stele" in 祾 En Temple, there are stele pavilions. Far from the other Ming Dynasty mausoleum comparable. The inscriptions on the stele pavilion of the obvious Mausoleum are all praise and sacrificial texts of Zhu You 杬, whose purpose is to elevate his father's status. ^[20]

The pavilion of the obvious Mausoleum

relics

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EDITOR

The main architectural relics of obvious Mausoleum are introduced
Name of cultural relic	Cultural relics introduction	Pictures of cultural sites
Chunde Mountain stele Pavilion	The southernmost point of the obvious Mausoleum has a pure de Mountain stela pavilion, built for the Ming Jiajing ten years (1531), the plane is square, north out of the steps, the pavilion has been destroyed. The white marble stele is well preserved. It is in the shape of a waist. The first part of the stele is inscribed with two characters, namely "Royal seal", and the other part is inscribed with three characters, namely "Pure De Mountain".	Chunde Mountain stele Pavilion (2 photos)
Imperial inscription Pavilion	At the foot of Tianzi Post to the northeast of Chunde Mountain Stele, there is a imperial inscription pavilion built by Fu Lin, the guard eunuch, in May of the 20th year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1541). It had a square plan, a staircase to the north, a cloister, and a ruined pavilion. Inside the turtle instep, the turtle looked forward, sitting south to north. The north of the monument is seriously weathered, the inscriptions are unclear, and the south inscriptions are faintly visible. In 1999, the surrounding environment was cleaned up and the imperial monument was restored.	Imperial rescript steles pavilion (2 photos)
Xiama Stele	The Xiama monument is located in front of the new Hong Gate, 165 meters to the north of the Stela Pavilion, and is carved from white marble, with one piece on each side. Both sides of the tablet are engraved with "officials are waiting for this dismount" eight italic characters. The four corners of the lower part of the body are propped by a drum stone. The eight characters on each side of the tablet are written by Yan Song, the minister of Jiajing. Because in China's imperial society, the dignity of the emperor is supreme, the emperor's tomb is a sacred forbidden place, not only ordinary people are not allowed to enter, even if the civil and military officials are ordered to this tomb, they must be civil officials out of the sedan, military officers dismount, and respectfully enter the mausoleum area, so the dismount tablet is an important warning sign.	Xiama Stele
Outer open pond	Wai Ming Tang was built in the 18th year of Ming Jiajing (1539), located on the west side of the new Red Gate, connected with Wai Luo City in the east and west, and Jiuqu Yu River outlet in the north. The Ming pond here plays a role in preventing the loss of dragon qi. Guo Pu, feng shui theorist of Jin Dynasty, believes that "the dragon qi will disperse when it meets the wind, and the boundary water will stop", so the outer Ming pond here is to prevent the loss of dragon Qi, so that the Qianqiu Emperor industry will always be successful. Wai Ming Tong was restored in 1999.	Outer open pond (3 photos)
New Red Gate	The new Red Gate is the first portal into the mausoleum area. Built in the 18th year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1539), it is east of the Pure De Mountain, west of the Wai Ming Tang, and connected with the Wai Luo City on both sides. Single eaves rest hilltop building, glass, brick, stone structure; There were three arch doors, high in the middle and low on both sides, with a side door and a gatehouse on each side.	New Red Gate (1 photo)
The Dragon form of Shinto	The dragon shape of the tomb is 1368 meters long. The middle is paved with blue stone slabs called "dragon ridge", both sides are filled with pebbles, equivalent to "dragon scale", and the outside is wrapped with toothstone, so it is called "dragon scale Shendao". This practice is to meet the functional needs of the mausoleum building and achieve economic beauty.	Obviously the divine way (1 photo)
Outer Luo city wall	The city wall with red walls and yellow tiles is the outer Luo city wall of the obvious Mausoleum. The whole outer Luo City wall is 3600 meters long, and it twists and turns with the mountain. Surrounded by the entire cemetery, the whole outer Luo City is in the shape of a "clean bottle" from the air, "clean bottle" is the Dharma in the hands of Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva, meaning sacred and auspicious, here symbolizing the role of protecting students around the qi.	Outer racetown
Five stone arch Bridges	First: Enter the new red Gate, along the God Road curved forward 102 meters, there are white jade single-hole stone arch bridge parallel 3, across the nine Qu Yu River, low on both sides. The main bridge is 17 meters long and 7.95 meters wide. The left and right Bridges are 15.3 meters long and 6.1 meters wide. The main bridge pillar is a lion head, the secondary bridge pillar is a plain square head, and the connecting main and secondary bridge pillar is a lotus head. The second: the old Red Gate north along the God Road 55 meters, bluestone built, there are three single-hole stone arch bridge, fence plate, pillar scattered incomplete. The third one: 41 meters north of the Imperial Steles Pavilion, along the God Road, is built of bluestones, and there are three single-hole stone arch Bridges, with railings and pillar scattered The fourth: Lingxing Gate is the fourth stone arch bridge, built of bluestones, and there are three single-hole stone arch Bridges, and the railings and pillars are scattered and incomplete. The fifth: The fifth stone arch bridge, built of white marble, with three single-hole stone arch Bridges.	Obvious mausoleum stone arch bridge (2 photos)
Old Red Gate	38 meters past the first stone arch bridge is the old red gate. It was built in the third year of Ming Jiajing (1524). Single eaves rest hilltop style, glass, brick, stone structure. There are three ticket doors, with a side door and a concierge.	Old Red Gate
Jiuqu royal river channel	Jiuqu royal River, also known as the Jiuqu River. The Jiuqu River is the main drainage system of the mausoleum area. It is a masonry structure with a total length of 1,688 meters. It runs through the entire mausoleum from the five stone Bridges on the central axis of the Shenlu Road, connecting the Songlin Mountain spring at the top and the Waimingtang at the bottom. The "nine" number here generally refers to the winding of the river. And "nine" number through the dragon, indicating the day. "Five" number in the middle, in the people, in the ancient "middle" is the most important position, is the core position, the full expression of the ancient son of Heaven's exclusive thought. The Jiuqu River is one of the most unique landscapes of Yingling, which has aesthetic and practical value.	The nine bends of the royal River
Rui Gong Shengde tablet Pavilion	41m away from the second stone arch bridge is the Ruigong Shengde Tablet Pavilion, commonly known as the Imperial Tablet Pavilion, Large tablet tower . Built in Ming Dynasty Jia Jing Seven years (1528), Destroyed in the late Ming Dynasty. It is a monumental building and one of the landmark buildings of the mausoleum. The building was restored in 2010. Ruigong Shengde Stele Pavilion is square in plane layout, white marble and stone, with a base, the wall is more complete, and there are gate doors on each side, which are double eaves and rest on the top of the mountain. The upright dragon head turtle "Ruigong Shengde Monument" has four high relief dragon with the head and tail crossed and the head drooping.	Rui Gong Shengde tablet Pavilion
Imperial watch	Across the third stone arch bridge, on both sides of the face is white jade watch, also known as the pillar. Full height 6.5 meters, under the square foundation stone, set on the top of the eight prism, the body decorated with cloud gas pattern, head decorated with cloud dragon pattern two-layer waist.	Hua Biao (pillar) (2 photos)
The group of stone statues	After Huabu, there are 12 pairs of stone statues, built in the sixth year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1527). There are 1 pair of lion, 1 pair of Xie Zhi, 1 pair of camel, 1 pair of elephant, 2 pairs of Kirin, 2 pairs of horse, 2 pairs of military generals, 1 pair of Wenchen and 1 pair of Xun. The stone statues are the symbol of imperial power and the epitome of the emperor's health during his lifetime.	The group of stone statues
Lingxing Gate	Lingxing gate called stone square or Longfeng gate . It is a sky-high archway with 3 gates, 6 columns and 4 floors, with a cloud plate hanging on the square columns, a rosette covering the beams, and a statue of heaven on each rosette 犼, a neutral flame jewel, Therefore, it is also called "Flame arch". . Square body are imitated wooden fronting Fang, flower board, holding frame, with a door pin, square column before and after the holding drum stone, shadow wall wall is set under the seat, covered with yellow glazed tile.	Obvious Linglingstar gate (3 photos)
Inner mingtang	Across the fifth stone arch bridge, there is the Neimingtang, built in the sixth year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1527), the Neimingtang is a round, brick structure, 33 meters in diameter, the inner wall 5 steps to lighten the bank, bluestone pressure surface, surrounded by colored pebbles inlaid with cloud dragon pattern. The inner Mingtang echoes the outer Mingtang, in addition to the role of storing wind and gathering gas, it can also reduce the water level of the underground Xuangong, and also play the function of fire protection, because most of the main buildings of the Xianling are wooden buildings, if once on fire, you can draw water on the spot.	Inner mingtang (2 photos)
Ji Rui Wen tablet Pavilion	Ji Rui Wen Tablet Pavilion in the east side of the Ming Tang, built in the Ming Jiajing eleven years (1532), the plane is square, west to the center of the gate, the front step, the pavilion has been destroyed, the tablet is still there, the Xumui seat is waist shape, the inscription is not clear.	Ji Rui Wen tablet Pavilion
祾 Enmen	In the north of the Neimingtang is 祾 Grace Gate, with 3 wide rooms and 2 deep rooms. It has a platform with three stairways in front and back. The upper building has been destroyed, and the platform base is intact. 祾 Both sides of the Enmen gate have eight-figure glass walls, the front of the flower heart is a glass Qionghua pattern, the back of the double dragon play beads.	祾 Enmen Ruins
A glass wall	The inner and outer sides of the Yongling Mausoleum 祾 have exquisite glass walls. Seen from the existing wall, it is a glazed imitation wood structure with a Qionghua pattern on the front.	祾 The inner and outer walls of the Grace Gate
祾 Eunjeon	祾 Enmen north for 祾 Endian, located in the center of the courtyard, is the heavy eaves after the mountain holding mansion palatial building. Built in the fourth year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1525), now only the foundation site, the face is 5 wide, 4 deep, surrounded by a 2 meter wide corridor and white jade stone carved fence plate, pillar. There are 60 full relief drainage heads on the Xui pedestal, and four corners have four dragon heads. In front of the platform, there are 2 dragon heads in each corner, and the platform base is intact. 祾 En Hall is built in imitation of the Royal Palace Jinluan Treasure Hall. It is an important place to worship the Empress God and hold Shangling sacrifice activities.	祾 The Ruins of Eunjeon
Shi Wujie	Stone five is a group of symbolic buildings. In the middle is a stone incense burner, a stone candlestick and a stone vase on both sides of the incense burner, and a stone offering behind it. The five stone supplies have no practical use, but it symbolizes the eternal prosperity of cigarettes in front of the tomb, the immortal fire is not extinguished, and the immortal flowers are often opened, so that the emperor and empress who are buried in the underground palace are full of the offerings of their descendants. The stone case is the Xumui seat type, the upper square is engraved with the lotus branch, the upper and lower is engraved with the lotus flap, and the waist is wan Hua knot belt pattern.	Shi Wujie
Fang Cheng Ming floor	Fangcheng Ming building was built in the sixth year of Ming Jiajing (1527), the width of the square city is 22.2 meters, and the depth of the gate is equipped with a tunnel, there is a royal road in front of the door 礓礤, and the left and right sides of the gate are set 礓礤 for the Ming upstairs and down. The east, west and south sides of the square city are crenellated, the north is built with female walls, and the east and west outer walls are equipped with 1 water faucet each. The center of the monument building 1, heavy eaves rest hilltop style building, four side coupon door. South between the double eaves hanging italicized "Xianling" plaque. Inside the holy number tablet, Xumui seat waist, the first engraved "Daming" seal character, the body engraved "Gongrui sacrifice Emperor's tomb" big style characters.	Fang Cheng Ming floor
Reference materials: ^{18 [19]}

History and culture

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EDITOR

Relevant person

Dedicated Emperor Zhu You 杬

Woo Joo 杬是明宪宗朱见深的第四子、明孝宗 Zhu Youcheng Half brother, Emperor Wuzong of Ming Dynasty Zhu Houzhao My uncle. Born on the second day of July in the twelfth year of Ming Chenghua (1476), Shao Chenfei was born to Zhu Jianshen. Queen Xiao Hui Shao ). Ming Chenghua 23 years (1487) July 11 was named King Xing, Ming Hongzhi seven years (1494) September 18 on the fan of Huguang Anlu state (today Zhongxiang City). He died on June 17, 1519, at the age of 44. Ming Wuzong Zhu Houzhao posthumous title "dedication", with the prince's ceremony buried in Songlin Mountain Xing Xian king tomb (i.e., obvious mausoleum). Emperor Jiajing of Emperor Shizong ascended the throne and was posthumously named Emperor. ^{7 [8]}

Dedicated Emperor Zhu You 杬

Show filial piety to the queen

Show filial piety to the queen She was the princess of King Xingxian Zhu You 杬 and the birth mother of Emperor Jiajing Zhu Houcong of Emperor Sejong of the Ming Dynasty. Born in the thirteenth year of Ming Chenghua (1477) on the third day of February. In December 1491, the fourth year of Hongzhi in the Ming Dynasty, he was appointed Princess Xing. Emperor Jiajing of Emperor Shizong of Ming Dynasty was named Empress Dowager of Zhangsheng after his succession. He died of illness on the 4th of early December in the 17th year of Emperor Jiajing of Ming Dynasty (1538) and was buried with his husband Zhu You 杬 in the Obvious Tomb. ^[15]

Show filial piety to the queen

Ancient poetry

Ancient poetry
Poetic style	dynasty	author	Some names of poems and texts
Poetry and prose	Ming Dynasty	Zhu Houcong	"Wheat Wave" "Bow to Xianling crossing the River" "First read the pure De Mountain happy and complacent" "Read Xianling song again" "South Atsu Xianling life drive out of Beijing Self-statement"
		Xia Yan	"Dada South Tour Fu" "Gong and imperial system first read pure De Mountain happy and satisfied poem" "Ye Xianling Movement two tie down" "Hu Jia Ye Xianling"
		Luo Qinshun	"Send Mr. Jia Nanwu to send An Lugong to Xing Xian Emperor God Lord" "Send Zhu Gong of Chengguo to send An Lugong to Xing Emperor Shu Bao"
		Tong Chengxu	Ye Xian Mausoleum
		Guo Zhengyu	Ye Xian Mausoleum
		Bian Gong	The Five Chapters of Xianling Mausoleum Sent to Patriarch Yan Jiexi
		Panhitzen	Send Zhou Tai Changbi Anlu Memorial
		Land depth	"From Xing Xian Mausoleum three", "Worship Xian Mausoleum two", "and Pu Ting Xian Mausoleum road willow Yin small comfort four", "Back Luang song four"
		Son Chengen	Pay homage to the Tomb
	Qing Dynasty	Wei Liangzuo	On the Pine Mountain
	Qing Dynasty	Zhou Wei	Xing Xian Mausoleum
Tablet inscription	Ming Dynasty	"King Xing Xieng Khouang" "King Rui Gong Shengde Inscriptions" "Saint inscriptions" "Add Shang Huang Kaozun posthumous title" "Pure De Mountain sacrifice text" "Ji Rui Wen" "Imperial inscription"
Tablet inscription	Qing Dynasty	Inscriptions on Prohibition in the Eleventh Year of Qing Xianfeng
Reference materials: ^{30 - [33]}

Cemetery activity

"March 3rd" temple fair

Every year on the third day of the third lunar month, Hubei Zhongxiang people will hold the traditional "March 3" temple fair in the obvious Tomb, which mainly includes "royal ancestor worship" and folk performances. Zhong Xiang people's enthusiasm for the traditional festival of March 3rd is related to Emperor Jiajing of the Ming dynasty. The Obvious Tomb is the combined tomb of Jiajing Emperor's biological parents, Emperor Gong Rui Xian and Empress Jiang Cixiao Xian, and is also the largest single tomb in the Ming Dynasty. After the construction of the Tomb, Emperor Jiajing once led the civil and military ministers of the whole dynasty to worship their parents on the third day of the third lunar month; Since then, every year on the third day of the third lunar month, the cemetery keeper will organize worship activities, and slowly this activity has continued to modern times, becoming a memorial activity for people in the Zhongxiang area to worship their ancestors and pray for happiness and well-being. ^{39 - [40]}

Value of cultural relics

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EDITOR

Obvious mausoleum is the highest expression of ancient Chinese funeral art, reflecting the economic situation at that time

The Ming Dynasty, like all the feudal dynasties in China, advocated "generous burial to show filial piety", and every time the emperor died, he did not spare a lot of money and manpower to build a huge mausoleum for him. These mausoleums are the concentrated embodiment of the belief in the soul in the feudal period of China, which embodies the political thought, moral concept and aesthetic taste of a period. At the same time, this kind of mausoleum built by the state power also reflects the economic situation, the level of science and technology and the level of construction technology at that time, and is the highest expression and architectural model of Chinese funeral art. ^[7]

The Obvious Mausoleum is of great value for the study of the history and political environment of the early Jiajing years of the Ming Dynasty

The construction of the tomb was an important event in the middle Ming Dynasty." Grand Rites The product is related to the social thoughts, beliefs and fate of some political leaders in the early years of Jiajing, which witnessed the process of consolidating Emperor Jiajing's imperial power under Emperor Shizong of the Ming Dynasty, and has great historical significance. ^[7] ^{[29
]}

Emperor Shizong Jiajing of Ming Dynasty

It is obvious that the mausoleum of Ming Dynasty has the function and significance of connecting the past and the next

The obvious Mausoleum inherited and continued the existing shape and system of the previous Ming mausoleum, such as "mute courtyard" and "front court and back bed", and produced a new system on this basis. For example, the drainage system of the Obvious Mausoleum is significantly different from that of the first seven Ming Tombs on Tianshou Mountain in Beijing. At the front and back of the tomb, there are 16 water hydra heads hanging outwards, draining water from the Baocheng directly to the city. Previously, the temple was drained inward and was later built Ming Yongling Mausoleum , Dingling Mausoleum of Ming Dynasty Inherited Ming Xianling this drainage method. Obvious Mausoleum as an independent mausoleum area, its periphery has a length of about 3.5 kilometers of outer Luo city, the plane into the shape of a "golden bottle". Previously, Tianshou Mountain seven mausoleum only Mausoleum palace area has walls, and there is no separate outer Luo city. After the obvious Mausoleum, the Ming Yongling Mausoleum and Ming Dingling have built outer Luo City, which is also inherited by the later Qing Dynasty imperial mausoleum. ^[7]

Cultural relics protection

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EDITOR

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the protection of the obvious Mausoleum was valued by governments at all levels. ^[13] ^[21]

Obvious Mausoleum related document protection matters
Year period	Preservation of cultural relics
The year 1956	Yingling Tomb was announced by Hubei Provincial People's Government as the first batch of provincial key cultural relics protection units.
The year 1981	Hubei Provincial government allocated special funds to clean up the waste inside 祾 Enmen and put some white jade railings back in place.
The year 1984	The mausoleum management office cleaned up the remains of the mausoleum gate, and repaired the collapsed wall with old city bricks according to traditional techniques; Clean up the front and back crescent City and return to their positions. Repair the collapsed and flaring parts of Baoding retaining wall; Hubei Provincial government appropriated funds to clean up the basic environment of Shendao and Neimingtang.
The year 1988	Obvious Mausoleum has repaired and restored Fangcheng Minglou, new Red Gate, old Red Gate, Lingxing Gate, Jiuqu Yuhe, Double Tombs and other well-preserved buildings, while repairing cultural relics, focus on the surrounding environment remediation.
The year 1989	Since 1989, the Zhongxiang Municipal government has moved more than 300 people from more than 40 households in Xianling Mausoleum out of the mausoleum area for three times, improving the environmental features in the mausoleum area and within the core protection scope.
From 1984 to 1999	The management office of the obvious Mausoleum raised its own funds to clean up and adjust the sunken stone slab three times.
The year 1988	On January 13, the tomb was listed by The State Council of the People's Republic of China The third batch of key national cultural relics under protection .
1993-1994	From October 1993 to October 1994, the Administration Office of the Ming Mausoleum carried out repairs to the old and new Red Gates and the red walls on both sides.
The year 1994	In August, the State Administration of Cultural Heritage approved the "biochemical protection plan for obvious Mausoleum stone statues", and officially started work on September 13 of the same year, under the comprehensive guidance of experts from the Chinese Institute of Cultural Relics, the scientific and technological protection of stone statues. First of all, the surface was cleaned with chemical agents, and then coated with silicone polymer as a whole to improve its strength and delay natural weathering, and it was completed in late October of the same year. The total funding for the protection of stone statues is 220,000 yuan, of which 200,000 yuan is allocated by the state and 20,000 yuan is self-raised.
1994-1995	In the winter solstice of 1994 and the spring of 1995, the Zhongxiang Municipal government arranged workers from three towns to excavate and dredging the Jiuquyu River and Waimingtang, remove 260,000 cubic meters of soil, repair the nearly 2000 meters of the Jiuquyu River, and plant more than 500 weeping willows and red peach trees along the banks of the Jiuquyu River.
The year 1996	In July, the management office of the Obvious Mausoleum returned the scattered components such as the Xumui seat to safety, a small number of broken pieces were bonded with epoxy resin, and the missing parts were made with stones of the same texture as the original.
The year 1999	The administration office of Qingling Mausoleum protected the area around Neimingtang.
The year 2000	On November 30, the tomb was designated as a part of the "Imperial Mausoleum of the Ming and Qing Dynasties" UNESCO Approved for inclusion in the World Heritage List "
The year 2005	In May, the renovation project of Shuangcheng (before and after Baocheng) was started. The floors and parapets of the front and back Baocheng, and parts of the battlements on the east and west sides of the former Baocheng were restored. Completed in December of the following year, the total cost of the project is about 2.36 million yuan.
The year 2006	The management office of the Obvious Mausoleum repaired the glass wall of the former Crescent City, strengthened the glass wall of the latter Crescent City, and protected the roof with wood.
2010-2013	From September 2010 to October 2013, the management Office of the Obvious Mausoleum carried out the protection and renovation work in three phases: the west section of Luocheng 200 meters north of the east side of the Old Red Gate, 800 meters to the west, 1,000 meters to the north, and 1,130 meters to the west, respectively. The entire Wai Luo City maintenance and protection project (including Wai Ming Tang dredging project) investment is about 34.9 million yuan. The maintenance and protection project of outer Luo City fundamentally solved the hidden security risks of Outer Luo City.
The year 2014	The administration office of Obvious Mausoleum repaired 祾 Enmen floor and coat; Clean and reinforce the screen walls on both sides of 祾 door and set up guardrail to prevent safety accidents; Local reinforcement of the crooked wall of the mausoleum gate was carried out with steel structure pair. In August of the same year, the glazed tile roof of the Ming building and the wooden frame were dismantled again, and the frames that were seriously damaged by termites were replaced, and then the drugs were sprayed for treatment.
The year 2017	The "Yingling Environmental Protection Comprehensive Management" project has been approved by the National Development and Reform Commission, with an allocation of 3.6 million yuan, mainly to carry out land acquisition, land leveling, returning farmland to forest, greening and tree planting within the protection range of 150 meters outside the city of Wailuo, and to clean up and repair the necessary trails and drainage systems and other infrastructure construction.
Reference materials: ^[3-6] ^[13] ^{[28] 21 -}

Honor received

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EDITOR

In April 2008, the "Obvious Mausoleum Cultural Tourist Area" where the tomb is located was designated Ministry of Culture and Tourism, People's Republic of China Approved as a national AAAA level tourist attraction. ^[4-6] ^[41]

On February 6, 2024, the "Obvious Mausoleum Cultural Tourist Area" where the tomb is located was designated Ministry of Culture and Tourism, People's Republic of China Announced as a national AAAAA tourist attraction. ^[42]

Tourist information

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EDITOR

Geographical position

Obvious mausoleum Hubei Province Jingmen City Zhongxiang City Mount Chunde, 7.5 km northeast of the city, has geographical coordinates of 31°12 '20 "-31 °13' 00" north latitude and 112°37 '50 "-112 °38' 09" east longitude. ^[7]

The Xianling Mausoleum

Opening hours

Be obviously buried in Obvious Mausoleum cultural tourist spot Inside, general scenic area opening hours. Time of entry to Lingling Cultural Tourist Attraction: 8:30 am - 5:00 PM. ^[34]

Ticket price

Obvious Mausoleum scenic ticket list
Type of ticket purchased	Ticket price	Preferential ticket purchase policy
Full fare ticket	65 RMB/person	① Minors between the ages of 6 (excluding 6) and 18 (excluding 18). ②, full-time students with bachelor's degree or below. (3) Elderly people aged 60 (including 60) to 70 (excluding 70). ④, Zhongxiang resident certificate half ticket.
Half-fare discount	32 RMB/person
Free ticket Offer: ①, active servicemen, retired cadres of the army. (2) Children under 6 years old (including 6 years old) or height of 1.3 meters (including 1.3 meters). (3) Seniors over 70 years old (including 70 years old) with valid documents are free of charge. (4) Disabled persons with valid documents are free of charge (severely disabled persons accompanied by one person are free of charge). ⑤. Zhu , Jiang Citizenship document free of charge. Visitors who enjoy the ticket offer must present a valid ID, which is for their own use only Reference materials: ^[35]

Traffic route

Self-driving travel

The area outside Zhongxiang City reached the obvious Mausoleum scenic spot:

①. Xiangjing Expressway From the city into the Xiangfan Jingzhou expressway about 40 minutes; Wuhan (Han) to Jing (Men) expressway was opened to traffic on May 28, 2010, about 20 minutes from the city on the highway, to Wuhan 140 km Wuhan (capital of Hubei Province) It takes about an hour and a half. From the expressway to the east to Wuhan, Hefei, Nanjing; Heading west to Jingmen, Jingzhou, Yichang, Chongqing , Chengdu.

②. Zaoshi Expressway Zhong Xiangdong Toll Station is about 10 minutes away from the scenic spot. Shanghai-chengdu Expressway Zhong Xiang toll station is about 20 minutes away from the scenic spot, and Erguang Expressway Chen 'an Toll Station is about 35 minutes away from the scenic spot.

Zhong Xiang city direction to the obvious Mausoleum scenic spot:

The obvious Mausoleum scenic spot is about 5 kilometers away from Zhongxiang City, and there are two tourist highways connected with Zhongxiang city, namely Ying Huang Highway and Yanhu Road.

①, Ying Huang Highway grade is second class, black road, 14 meters wide, driving speed of 40-80 km/h;

②, the road along the lake is a two-level white road, two-way two-lane design. 7-9 meters wide, driving speed of 40-80 km/h;

A map showing the regional traffic of Lingling in Hubei Province

Railway traffic

Zhongxiang Railway Station in the territory of Zhongxiang with a total length of 67 kilometers, through 5 towns and cities, has opened Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Wuhan, Hangzhou, Chongqing, Chengdu, Yichang, Jingmen, Xiangfan and other urban passenger trains.

Trains stopping at Chung Cheung Station:

K8102 Jingmen -- Hankou

K8103 Hankou -- Jingmen

K8093 Wuchang -- Jingmen

K8094 Jingmen -- Wuchang

K1257 Wenzhou -- Chengdu East

K254 Jingmen -- Upper Hainan

K253 Shanghai South -- Jingmen

K530 Chengdu East -- Hangzhou

K358 Chongqing West -- Guangzhou