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Soviet Workers' and Peasants' Red Army

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synonymRed Army(general term for the Soviet land-based aviation armed forces) generally refers to the Soviet Workers and Peasants Red Army

The Red Army of the Soviet Union was composed of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin , Lev Davidovich Trotsky , Josef Vesalionovich Stalin , Mikhail Vasilevich Vorunzhi The Soviet Workers' and Peasants' Red Army was created between 1917 and 1945 The Soviet Union land-based and aviation Armed forces Collectively, Soviet navy At that time, it was called the Soviet Red Navy (Red Navy), and after 1946, it was combined with the Red Navy Armed Forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics .

in World War II At its highest, more than 11 million people. defeat Nazi Germany After the number of people reduced to about 5 million, and to Cold war There were only 4 million people at the end. World War II Not yet Territorial air defense force and Strategic rocket force .

On November 7, 1917, Neva Up. The cruiser Avlor The sound of a cannon opened a new page in modern history. but October Revolution After the victory, Soviet government But not one Organized system The Revolutionary armed forces, participate Armed uprising Most of them are armed Worker , Peasant and Tsarist Russia The awakened revolutionary soldiers of the old army, who had different levels of training and used a variety of weapons, had come together for a common revolutionary goal. After the end of the Civil War, the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army carried out a comprehensive military reform in 1924-1925, gradually establishing a regular proletarian army.

Chinese name: Soviet Workers' and Peasants' Red Army
Foreign name: P. P. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H
alias: Red Army
Abbreviated form: Red Army

rename: After 1946 it was renamed the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union
inheritor: Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
founder: Josef Vesalionovich Stalin , Vladimir Ilyich Lenin , Mikhail Vasilevich Vorunzhi , Lev Davidovich Trotsky

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Historical evolution

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EDITOR

Russian Civil War

The year 1917 Russia October Socialist Revolution After the victory, the overthrown exploiting classes were organized with the support of the international imperialist forces White Guard Launched a counter-revolutionary rebellion in an attempt to overthrow the newly born Soviet power . The Bolshevik Party and Soviet government Call upon People and Red Guards defend October Revolution Great results. However, the grim situation shows that only by October Armed uprising The Red Guard, led by the Bolsheviks, and units composed of revolutionary soldiers and sailors, defended the nascent state State power Is extremely difficult. Lenin pointed out that in order to defend the great achievements of the October Revolution, Dictatorship of the proletariat The state must have a strict follow proletariat Principles established by a large number of people The Regular Army . On Lenin's proposal, on January 28, 1918, the Soviet People's Committee adopted a decree on the establishment of a workers' and peasants' Red Army. Red Army supreme Leading organ It was the People's Committee under Lenin, and the direct command organ was the military People's Commissar department . At first, the Red Army, with the Red Guard as its backbone, mobilized the most enlightened and organized advanced elements of the working class to join the Red Army on a voluntary basis. On February 23rd, Soviet Russia In order to fight against the invasion of the German army, the working people actively participated in the Red Army, and fought bravely to stop the German attack. This day was later designated as Army Day of the Red Army.

By the end of April 1918, the Red Army had grown to 196,000 men. As the civil war grew in scale, Volunteer service No longer fit for the needs of war. May 29, according to Soviet Russia Central Executive Committee Resolution, the country changed course Compulsory military service Local military service committees were established to popularize military training and set up Military academy Train military cadres and abolish command personnel Electoral system , implement Appointment system . July implementation Political commissar system By military commander Together with the Political commissars, they are responsible for managing the military and political affairs of their respective units. By the end of October, the Red Army had grown to 800,000 men and began to be organized Army group Class and aspect corps. By the autumn of 1919, seven fronts had been formed, each with two to five army groups. By the end of the same year, the total strength of the Red Army had increased to 3 million. By the fall of 1920, 88 had been organized Infantry division , 29 Cavalry division , 61 Air Force detachments and some artillery and Armored force With a total force of more than five million. Throughout the Civil War, the Red Army, under the leadership of the Bolshevik Party headed by Lenin, fought hard and crushed A.V. Kolchak, NN. Yudenich A.I. Denikin, P.N. Wrangel of the White Guard and Polish army The British, French, American and Japanese armed interveners were expelled and put to rest The Kronstadt rebellion , Antonov rebellion, Makhno rebellion and Bassmarch rebellion He defended the world's first socialist regime.

Red Army stamps commemorating the Revolutionary Civil War (with a picture of the Revolutionary Civil War hero Tyabayev)

The Red Army from 1922 to 1924

Official armband issued to Red Army commanders since 16 January 1919

Red Army service armband 1919-1924

The Red Army during the Civil War

Soviet-polish War

In 1919, World War I The victor and the vanquished signed The Treaty of Versailles , because of Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic with Poland The borders were not specified in the Treaty of Versailles, while the Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic was confined to chaos by civil war, and the head of State of Poland Joseph Pilsudski Seeing this as a favorable time for Poland to expand its territory eastward, the plan was to adopt union Central and Eastern Europe The remaining states formed a Polonized union (Mi-zdzymorze, literally "between the seas", according to Pythagorean plans meant from Baltic Sea to The Black Sea ) as a bulwark against the potential threat of the re-emergence of German and Russian imperialism. At the same time, the Supreme leader of the Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic Vladimir Lenin It was thought that the Red Army could be supported through Poland Communist Party of Germany And create revolutions elsewhere in Europe.

In 1919, Polish troops took control of most of western Ukraine Polish-ukrainian War To create a Ukrainian state on a territory claimed by both Poles and Ukrainians People's Republic of Western Ukraine The attempt failed. Meanwhile, The Bolsheviks Gained the upper hand in the civil war and moved west to attack disputed territory. By the end of 1919, a clear line had formed. The border skirmishes escalated, and in April 1920, Pilsudski marched east into Ukraine, beginning open warfare. At about the same time, Soviet forces began a counter-offensive, which was initially successful, and the Soviets advanced to the Polish capital Warsaw Nearby. At this time, Western countries Worried about the Soviets reaching the German border? Yeah Polish-soviet War Increased interest. In mid-summer, Warsaw appeared to be on the verge of falling, but in mid-August the situation reversed again, with Polish troops in Battle of Warsaw Won an unexpected and decisive victory in China. As the Polish forces advanced eastward continued to win, the Soviet Union offered peace, and in October 1920, the two sides ceasefire. A formal peace treaty was signed on March 18, 1921. Treaty of Riga It demarcated the disputed border between Poland and Soviet Russia. This war largely determined the border between the two World Wars.

Soviet-polish War 1919-1921

A; Commander

B; First battle, February-March 1919

C; Belarus, July - October 1919

D; The Poles marched east, January-April 1920

E; Kiev Offensive, May 1920

F; The Red Army moved towards Warsaw, June-August 1920

G; Battle of Warsaw, August 1920

H; The Last battle, August-October 1920

( Atlas reference ^{[5
]} )

Peaceful army building

After the end of the civil war, the country turned into a period of peacebuilding. In order to meet the needs of economic construction, the Red Army demobilized in large numbers. From 1924 to 1925 Frunzhi Headed by a special committee to organize the implementation of military reform. Through the reform, the Soviet Union adopted a combination of regular army and militia System of armed forces A lean Red Army of more than 500,000 people was retained and established. At the same time, the organization has undergone fundamental changes, and the organization form has been unified; Establish a strict recruitment system, and recruit every autumn conscript ; Command personnel at all levels were further updated, and more than two-thirds of the command cadres were from workers and peasants, and about half were Communist Party members and Communist Youth League members. Carry out One-man management To enhance the sense of responsibility of command personnel; Improve the military training system, implement new decrees and fatwas, and adjust the political education system; Strengthen political organs and improve the efficiency of the Party's political work; Improve the technical equipment, improve the firepower and attack force of the troops; The training of military cadres was changed from the short training system during the Civil War to the academic training system of three to four years. This military reform increased the proportion of Communists and members of the Communist Youth League in the Red Army to 26%, and Party organizations at all levels in the army were further improved. Adopted by the 14th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in December 1925 Joint fabric A chapter on "Party organizations in the Red Army" was added for the first time. Since then, the chapter on the military party organization has been retained in the Party constitution of the Soviet Communist Party. This has played an important role in strengthening the leadership of the Soviet Communist Party over the Red Army and improving the combat effectiveness of the Red Army.

From 1934 to 1938, due to the increasingly serious threat of war, the Soviet armed forces transitioned from a mixed system to a basic system. The Red Army began to expand systematically, growing to nearly one million men by 1937. On May 10 of the same year, according to Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union and People's committee Resolution, reenforced Political committee system (until August 1940). It was implemented in September 1935 and May 1940 Military rank The system of military officers and general officers has enhanced the prestige of military cadres. However, in the "purge" of 1937-1938, a large number of senior and mid-level Red Army cadres were mistakenly killed, which seriously weakened the combat effectiveness of the Red Army.

with Socialist economy With rapid development, the weapons and equipment of the Red Army continued to improve, and the degree of mechanization and motorization of the various arms gradually increased. Between 1930 and 1939, artillery and mortars increased sixfold, anti-tank artillery and anti-tank artillery Tank gun Increased 69 times, tanks increased 1.5 times, aircraft increased 5.5 times. In the first half of 1940-1941, the Red Army's armament developed even more significantly. In 1940, military production increased by more than 30 percent over 1939, advanced heavy and medium tanks were produced in batches, and new combat aircraft and aircraft were manufactured Rocket gun . With the development of technology and equipment, the organizational system changed, and the infantry division was equipped with tanks, divisional artillery, Anti-tank artillery , Antiaircraft artillery The firepower increased significantly and began to form Tank division and Mechanized division . In 1941, 20 mechanized armies were planned. The airborne brigade was enlarged into an army. The Air Force became a division in 1940. By June 1941, the Army had 303 divisions (of which a quarter were being formed), and the Red Army numbered more than 4.7 million. With the continuous development of the army's weapons and equipment and the improvement of the organization, the Red Army was founded in the first half of the 1930s The theory of great depth operations . 1940, the Red Army in military academic research, summary The Nomenkan incident , Zhang Guofeng incident , Soviet-finnish War and World War II Based on initial combat experience, it was reformulated and issued infantry , Tank force Wait for the battle order. However, Soviet-german war Before the outbreak, the Red Army had not yet completed its work on the basis of new technical equipment. The weapons and equipment of most of the newly organized regiments are not fully equipped. Many of the commanders lacked experience in modern warfare.

The Red Army (1922-1941) from the Civil War to Barbarossa

1922-1924

From 1923 to 1929

Counterinsurgency operations, Central Asia, 1920s-1930s

From 1932 to 1938

1936-1940

Soviet Far East, 1938-1939

Poland and the Baltic States, 1939-1940

Winter War, 1939-1940

( Atlas reference ^{[6
]} ^[7] )

Great Patriotic War

On June 22, 1941, Fascist Germany tore up the" The Molotov-Ribbentrop pact To launch a surprise attack on the Soviet Union. The Red Army failed to stop the German offensive in the early stages of the war due to the Soviet Union's insufficient estimation of the war crisis, inadequate preparation for the war, misestimation of the balance of forces between the two sides, and misstrategic guidance. By 8 July, 89 Red Army infantry divisions and 20 tank divisions had been wiped out. By November, the German army had advanced 850 to 1,200 kilometers into the Soviet Union, and the Red Army had lost about 7 million men, of whom more than 3 million had been captured. In response to the invasion, Communist Party of the USSR And the government mobilized the nation's military and people to rise up Great Patriotic War . By July 1, 1941, 5.3 million men had enlisted in the Red Army. By November, the Red Army had 291 divisions and 94 brigades on the front. By the end of 1941, the Red Army had more than 400 new divisions. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union mobilized members of the Communist Party to join the war, and by late December 1941, about 1.1 million party members had joined the Red Army. Many members of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the United States (Communist Party of the People's Republic), the Party Central Committee of the joined Republics, the Party committees of the border regions, the prefectures and other leading organs of the Party held important leading positions in the Red Army. In order to cope with the increasingly complex situation and strengthen the organizational leadership of the army, the Red Army once again reverted to the political system. In order to improve the organizing and commanding ability of commanders at all levels and solve the problem of serious shortage of commanding cadres, the training of wartime commanding cadres has been strengthened. Military academies should expand the number of cadets, shorten the academic system and improve their training capacity. The front and group armies held accelerated training courses to train a large number of junior officers. At the same time, a large number of soldiers have been promoted to enrich the ranks of grass-roots cadres. As a result of these emergency measures, the combat capability of the Red Army has been rapidly improved. By the end of 1941, the Red Army had finally stopped the Germans Moscow and Leningrad (now St. Petersburg And set the stage for a counteroffensive. in Battle of Moscow In the second and third stages, the Red Army wiped out more than 500,000 German troops, making Fascist Germany suffer its first defeat in World War II. Blitz warfare The plan collapsed completely. In the summer of 1942, German army in Soviet-german battlefield The southern flank attacked in an attempt to seize Caucasian Petroleum origin and The Don River , Kuban A grain-producing area. In order to stop the German attack, the Red Army continued to increase its strength, and by the summer of 1942 the total strength of the Red Army was more than 10 million men (of which more than 5.5 million were combat troops). in Battle of Stalingrad In the middle, the Red Army dealt a heavy blow to the German army and captured Strategic initiative . This victory turned the tide on the Soviet-German battlefield and became a turning point in the war of World War II.

With the war National defense industry By 1943, the Red Army had gained an advantage over the German Army in terms of military technology and equipment. By June 1943, the Red Army's fighting forces had more than 100,000 artillery and mortars, tank and Self-propelled gun More than 10,000 vehicles, more than 10,000 combat aircraft. By the end of the same year, the Red Army had five The Tank Army 24 Tank corps And 13 mechanized armies. Air division, army and Air Force Group It has also been further expanded. During the summer and fall of 1943, the German army High command Attempt to seize Kursk The bulge, to turn the tide, but the Red Army in Battle of Kursk China dealt the German troops crushing blows and fully grasped the strategic initiative. In 1944, the Red Army was in Leningrad , Krim, The Dnieper River Right bank Ukraine , Belarus , Moldavia , Baltic Sea Littoral sum Arctic region A series of large-scale strategic offensive campaigns were launched to drive the German army out of the Soviet Union.

The Red Army grew stronger, with 9.4 million fighting troops by early 1945, artillery and mortar More than 140,000 units, more than 15,000 tanks and self-propelled guns, and more than 22,000 combat aircraft. This heroic army gave the Germans no time to breathe, and after liberating their own territory launched a series of strategic offensive campaigns without pause to help Eastern Europe and Southeast Europe The peoples were liberated from German fascist occupation. The Red Army was launched in April 1945 Battle of Berlin Annihilated nearly a million German troops and completely destroyed Hitler's lair. Soviet-german war After the end, the Red Army moved east and fought against Japan on August 9 of the same year Communist Party of China leading Northeast anti-Japanese United Army and Outer Mongolia (now Mongolia The army coordinated, crushed The Japanese Kwantung Army And make a major contribution to the final victory of the world anti-Fascist War.

During the Soviet War, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union sent more than 1.6 million members to the Red Army. They played a core leadership role in the Red Army and made the Red Army withstand the severe test of war. in Anti-fascist war More than 7 million officers and soldiers of the Red Army have been awarded MEDALS and MEDALS, and more than 11,000 have been awarded Heroes of the USSR Title. After the war, the Red Army demobilized in large numbers. From 1946, the Red Army was officially renamed the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union (see Armed Forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Entry).

Red Army troops capture the Parliament building in Berlin

Red Army in the Great Patriotic War (1941-45)

Defense of Brest Fortress, 1941

Defense of Leningrad, 1941-42

Defense of Moscow,1941-42

Battle of Stalingrad, 1942-43

Red Army Cossack cavalry

Battle of Kursk, 1943

Operation Bagration, 1944

The Battle for Berlin, 1945

World War II Soviet Army (1)

Commander of the Army, 1939

Nomenkan and the Cossacks, 1939

Eastern Poland, September 1939

The Finnish Winter War, 1939-40

Baltic States, 1940-41

Belarus and Ukraine, 1941

Western Russia, 1941

Moscow, December 1941

World War II Soviet Army (2)

Commander of the Military Forces, 1942

Central and Northern Russia, 1942

Caucasus and Crimea, 1942

Southern Russia, 1942

Battle of Stalingrad, 1942-43

North and Central Russia, 1943

Kursk and Kharkiv, 1943

Ukraine and the Caucasus, 1943

World War II Soviet Army (3)

Army commander

Northern Battlefield, 1944

Central and Southern battlefields, 1944

Southern Battlefield, 1944

Central, Southern and Northern battlefields, 1945

Central Europe, 1945

Victory Parade in Moscow, 24 June 1945

Manchuria, August 1945

( Atlas reference ^[1-4] )

scale

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EDITOR

Land force

The largest part of the Soviet armed forces was the Army, with over 53,000 main battle tanks in Soviet ground forces in terms of numbers; 60,000 armoured personnel carriers/combat infantry vehicles; 48,000 artillery, mortars and multiple rocket launchers; At least 4,600 anti-aircraft missile launchers (not including thousands of shoulder-fired infantry missiles); 7000 doors Antiaircraft gun ; 1,600 surface-to-surface artillery rocket launchers; 4,500 helicopters; And a total of more than 1.8 million soldiers, a staggering size. It has about 184 divisions, ranking second in the world. There are about 50 of them Tank division , 134 Motorized infantry division And 7 Airborne division All the ground forces were organized into 16 military regions, and four army groups stationed outside the country.

The Soviet Front Air Corps, whose main task was to provide direct support to the Army, was assigned to various units of the Air division. A standard Soviet mechanized infantry division had 270 fighting vehicles, 680 combat infantry vehicles/armored personnel carriers, 215 artillery pieces and 13,500 soldiers, while a standard armored division had 330 fighting vehicles, 255 combat infantry vehicles/armored personnel carriers, 165 artillery pieces and 11,000 soldiers. It is roughly equivalent to a combined armored and mechanized infantry division. They received the latest Soviet equipment.

Air force

The Soviet Air Force is an important part of the Soviet air power, but also an offensive strike force of the Soviet army, it mainly performs front-line air control, enemy attack and other offensive tasks, equipped with warplane , fighter-bomber , Attack plane , Strategic bomber And some scouts, Electronic warfare And other special aircraft.

Tu-95 strategic bomber

The typical mode of combat is use Tu-160 Long-range strategic bombers, such as Tu-22, under the escort of Su-27, MiG-29 and other air superiority fighters, carried out large-scale bombing against the enemy depth Early warning and control aircraft Guide MiG-29, MiG-23 and other air fighters to form "high and low" fighter groups to cover Su-24, MiG-27 and other fighter-bombers to attack the enemy. Therefore, the Soviet Air Force is an air strike force that mainly fights for front-line air dominance and targets deep targets of the enemy, and its operational philosophy is mainly to fight outside the Soviet Union. The Soviet Air Force is equipped with nearly 10,000 aircraft of various types, all provided by the Soviet aviation industry.

The Soviet aviation industry has a very high level of science and technology, ranking second in the world, in the development of military aircraft is the only important force that can compete with the United States, its production of MiG, Sukhoi, Tupolev and other types of military aircraft, not only a large number of service in the Soviet army, but also dozens of countries around the world air power of the main equipment, the Soviet Union's strategic bombing forces and United States Air Force SAC is the same in nature, is the air force directly under the Supreme High Command, for about 700~1000 warplanes, the total force of 100,000 people, by the 24th aviation Army, the fourth Aviation Army, the 46th Aviation Army, the 36th Aviation Army, the 30th aviation Army composed of five aviation forces, in addition to equipped with medium and long-range bombers, There are also Su-24 "Sword Master" fighter-bombers, which can intercept, attack and support the ground at high altitude, and MiG-29, MiG-31, Su-27 and other advanced fighters as base air defense aircraft. other Reconnaissance aircraft , ECM machine, Refueling machine And other fixed equipment, so that the air force can fight independently. The strategic bombers of the Soviet Aviation Army were replaced by the ASM long-range cruise missiles with long-range attack capability.

Soviet Air force The content and level of science and technology is comparable to that of the United States, and even exceeds the United States in some aspects.

The Su-27 is known as an aerial scalpel.

navy

Soviet navy (Russian: "B" -m "b" m "C" C "f") by submarine , Surface ship , Air arm , coastal rocket artillery and Marine Corps Five branches of the armed forces, the total strength of 477,000 people, its submarine forces a total of various types of submarines about 360, of which Ballistic missile 76 submarines with a total of 973 bombs (including 62 ballistic missile nuclear submarines with 928 bombs); 14 conventional powered ballistic missile submarines, carrying 45 bombs), the "Typhoon" class is its largest and newest, carrying 20 bombs; 67 cruise missile submarines (including 51 nuclear-powered and 16 conventionally powered) There are 200 attack submarines (including 76 nuclear-powered and 124 conventionally powered), the "A" class (Alpha) nuclear-powered attack submarine is the fastest in the world (41 knots), and the M-class submarine is the deepest submarine in the world (1027 meters); 25 submarines for other purposes.

Strategic rocket force

The Soviet Strategic Rocket Forces (SRF), established in 1959, formed the backbone of the Soviet strategic force. It holds all long-range (over 1,000 km range) land-based missiles, as well as 6,000 strategic warheads out of a total of 10,000, and has four main targets for attack in the event of a nuclear conflict:

1. Enemy nuclear forces: including underground structures, missile launching sites, airfields, naval bases, weapons storage sites, and nuclear warfare command and control facilities.

2. Enemy fighting forces: including the various military services, ports and transportation networks.

3. The enemy's civil and military industries.

4. Enemy cities

From 1980 to 1988, the Soviet Union devoted full speed to the modernization and diversification of intercontinental ballistic missiles, and the Strategic Rocket Force, after 30 years of improvement, has become a super sophisticated force with a global nuclear attack, with the SS-18 heavy intercontinental ballistic missile as the main force. The SS-18ICBM alone can destroy 65 to 80 percent of the intercontinental ballistic missile launch centers in the United States and maintain 1,000 unused warheads.

Aspen -M intercontinental ballistic missile

The Soviet Navy had the largest strategic missile submarine force in the world, consisting of the new Delta and Typhoon class, which were equipped to be projected from Soviet ports or coastal zones North America The submarine-launched ballistic missile to Pacific with Northern Fleet The base ballistic missile submarine, equipped with more than 3,000 nuclear warheads, some of these submarines would survive a nuclear war and counterattack, the development of the Soviet long-range bombing capability, always behind the strategic Rocket Force and naval strategic force, the Tu-95H and Black Jack bombers in service. Demonstrating the Soviet Union's interest in intercontinental bombing force, the establishment of a tripartite (land, sea, and air) strategic force, the Soviet Union to maintain aviation capabilities with non-stop flight training and simulated attacks, Strategic air force In addition to long-range cruise missiles that can be projected outside the North American region and directly attack the North American region, its bomber fleet can also penetrate the airspace of Canada and the United States to exert power, and the Black Jack is more flexible to mount a variety of missiles and bombs to simultaneously carry out "far attack" and "penetrate" two types of attacks.

SS-18 Satan missile

Army of heaven

Since 1957, the first Soviet bomb Artificial satellite After launch, Us and Soviet Space race The Soviet Union began research and development of anti-ballistic missile technology in the late 1950s, and from 1964, its "rubber shoes". Anti-ballistic missile Its accompanying early warning and tracking systems, including missile radars and space tracking radar networks, entered service, so that by the 1970s the Soviet Union was the only one in the world with operational capabilities Anti-ballistic missile system The country, originally in the capital Moscow 64 ABM-1 anti-ballistic missiles were deployed at eight launch sites at four missile bases in the surrounding area, and since 1981, these missiles have been replaced by improved ABM-1 missiles with a range of more than 320 km and a yield of one megaton Nuclear warhead Make use of atmosphere External nuclear explosion, incoming missile and its release decoy All destroyed, these anti-ballistic missiles also have the ability to launch again within two hours after launch, in addition, the Soviet Union also developed and produced the SF-4 and SF-8 two more excellent performance supersonic interceptor missiles, in addition, the Soviet Union also equipped SA-10 And the SA-X-12 new surface-to-air missiles, both with a range of more than 100 kilometers.

At the same time, the Soviets began to study Anti-satellite technology I've got something I can use in the field Anti-satellite weapon And further develop relevant" Space warfare "Technological research, Soviet Anti-satellite system It started in 1967 and has been conducted more than 20 times Anti-satellite test These tests basically used to launch after finding and tracking the target Interceptor satellite Make its maneuverable orbit, instantly close to the target, in order to launch steel balls, rockets and other anti-personnel weapons, or in the way of self-explosion into fragments, to achieve the purpose of destroying the target, October 19, 1968, the Soviet Union in the Truratam space base launched the space 248 satellite, and then launched the space 249 and 252 interceptor satellites, The two interceptor satellites in the orbit of the earth after 23 weeks, both have been in the orbit of 500 kilometers high altitude quickly close to the synchronous orbit of the Cosmos 248 target star self-explosion success, in February 1976, the Soviet Union began its anti-satellite combat test, in June 1976, the Soviet Union launched the Cosmos 918 interceptor satellite, in a low orbit around the Earth after several times, It made a sudden ascent and successfully destroyed Kosto 909 at an altitude of 2,103 km, near a quasi-synchronous orbit of 990 km, followed in 1977 by the Soviet SS-5 launch of four interceptor satellites at a time to intercept three targets launched a few days earlier.

The Bulava missile is currently the world's most lethal nuclear weapon

International Defense Review magazine: "Moscow has been working on Star Wars" Space weapon Under development are: Particle beam weapons, proton beam weapons, high-power near-infrared linear beams, a plasma beam generator, high-power radar, which is thought to be used in conjunction with particle beam weapons in a ballistic missile defense system, space lasers, the first tests were originally expected in the 1990s. The new anti-ballistic missiles SH-04 and SH-08 were tested in 1980, and the Soviet Union spent the next few years developing and improving offensive space weapons Anti-missile system The ability of the Soviet Union soon began to study Space war How the Chinese military will play its role, and specific plans for deploying armed forces in space. Soviet ABM-X-3 missile defense system.

The Bulava ballistic missile

The armed forces

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EDITOR

The Soviet Union The largest part of the armed forces is the ground forces, with 48,000 artillery, mortars and multiple rockets; 4,600 anti-aircraft missile launchers (not including thousands of shoulder-fired infantry anti-aircraft missiles); 7,000 anti-aircraft guns; 1,600 surface-to-surface artillery rocket launchers; 4,500 helicopters; And a total of more than 1.8 million personnel, the Soviet Front Air Corps (FA); Its main mission is to provide close support to the Army Airman division Assigned to each unit, the Soviet ground forces were distributed approximately as follows The Far East About 52 divisions, 28 divisions in Southern Russia, 16 divisions in China and Russia, 65 divisions in Europe and Russia Eastern Europe With 30 divisions, the Soviet readiness level was divided into three levels, namely, fully equipped combat divisions with 75% personnel, fully equipped reserve divisions with 25% personnel, and reserve divisions with 50% equipment, 215 guns and 13,500 men, 165 guns and 11,000 men, equal to about one Armored division and A mechanized infantry division The combination and receive the latest Russian equipment.

Soviet Air force It is an important part of the Soviet air power and a main offensive strike force of the Soviet army, and its typical combat mode is the use of long-range strategic bombers such as Tu-160 and Tu-22, MiG-27 fighter-bomber Therefore, the Soviet Air Force is mainly a force to compete for the air control of the front line. The Soviet Air Force is equipped with nearly 10,000 aircraft of various types, all provided by the Soviet aviation industry. The Soviet aviation industry has a very high level of science and technology, and its scale ranks second in the world. It consists of the twenty-fourth Aviation Army, the Fourth Aviation Army, the forty-sixth Aviation Army, the thirty-sixth Aviation Army and other five aviation armies, in addition to being equipped with long and medium range bombers, there are Su-24 sword division attack aircraft, so that the aviation army can fight independently, and the strategic bombing of the Soviet Aviation Army uses ASM with long-range attack performance to replace bombs.

In addition to having a large air force, the Soviet Union also set up a special task in charge of domestic air defense Territorial air defense force Compared to the Air Force, except Air arm Foreign land Air defense force There are also anti-aircraft missile and radar units, and the main equipment of the air defense Air Force aviation units warplane and interceptor The number of aircraft responsible for strategic air defense has been maintained at about 2,250, as well as other auxiliary aircraft. Offensive aircraft such as bombers, attack aircraft and fighter-bombers were mainly used to equip the air force, that is, the Soviet Air Force was completely an offensive force, not for defense. Compared with the more aggressive air force, the Territorial Air Defense Air Force was mainly used for domestic air defense missions, its troops were never stationed in foreign bases, and the combat aircraft equipped by the air force were rarely exported. Because the air defense force bears the heavy responsibility of defending the national airspace and strategic areas, it enjoys a certain priority in the allocation of defense funds and the procurement of technical equipment, and the Soviet Union divided fighter jets into air defense interceptors. Tu-28 5 types: /128, Su-15/21, MiG-25/31), forward-line fighter (MiG-21, MiG-23, MiG-29), attack aircraft (Su-25), fighter-bomber (Su-17, MiG-27), and front-line bomber (Su-24). Like the Su-15/21 and Tu-28/128 in the Air Force or Naval aviation Frontline fighters such as the MiG-21 and MiG-23 are equipped with both the Air Force and the air Defense Force, but the air defense force is equipped with a specialized model, and the MiG-31 can be said to be the last air defense interceptor developed specifically for the air defense force.

Soviet navy by submarine , Surface ship , Air arm The coastal rocket artillery and Marine Corps are composed of five arms, with a total strength of 477,000 people, and its submarine force has a total of 360 submarines of various types, including 76 ballistic missile submarines, with a total of 973 bombs (including 62 nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines, with 928 bombs; 14 conventional powered ballistic missile submarines, carrying 45 bombs), the "Typhoon" class is its largest and newest, carrying 20 bombs; 67 cruise missile submarines (including 51 nuclear-powered and 16 conventionally powered); 200 attack submarines (including 76 nuclear-powered and 124 conventionally powered), the "A" class (Alpha) nuclear attack submarine is the fastest (41 knots) and deepest (900 meters) submarine in the world; 25 submarines for other purposes. The Naval Aviation Force consists of a Naval Aviation Command and a Fleet Aviation Command, the former under the direct leadership of the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy, the latter under the administrative and operational leadership of the Naval Aviation Command, and under the operational leadership of the fleet commander, the fleet aviation force has several aviation divisions and independent aviation corps, battalions, regiments, and squadrons. Naval aviation has a total of about 1,369 combat aircraft, 435 helicopters, including 390 bombers, 195 fighter-bombers, Anti-submarine aircraft 514 aircraft, Maritime reconnaissance and Electronic warfare aircraft 205 units, Mine action helicopter Fifteen of them, Air tanker 70 aircraft, 415 transport and training aircraft. The coastal rocket artillery had a total of 13,000 men, organized into one shore Artillery division It is mainly equipped with "SM-4-1" 130mm artillery and about 100 "Sepal" shore anti-ship missile launchers. Marine Corps There were 18,000 men, organized into one Marine division, three independent Marine brigades, four ship special operations brigades, and 61 independent support units.