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Patriarchal culture
Cultural domain terms
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Patriarchal culture consists of patriarchal system and its thoughts
Confucianism
The combination of ideas is the core of Chinese traditional culture. Patriarchal system is a kind of clan system and rule, which is characterized by patriarchal power and clan power and contains the content of class confrontation, collectively referred to as patriarchal culture.
- Chinese name
- Patriarchal culture
- Foreign name
- The patriarchal clan culture
- coalescence
- Patriarchal system and its thought and Confucianism thought
- core
- Chinese traditional culture
As far as productivity is concerned, the traditional Chinese society belongs to the agricultural society, the basic unit of which is the family. The family carries the main functions of production, life and procreation, and the family as the center radiates and diffuses the blood relationship forms the main link of agricultural society. The patriarchal culture, which was derived from the blood relationship of family, clan and clan to maintain and strengthen this relationship, rose to Confucianism and became the orthodox and mainstream culture in ancient China. Under the patriarchal culture, the state also became the emperor's home
The whole world
. In the past two thousand years, China has undergone many changes of dynasties, and there has been turmoil and division, but the main body of political culture has not changed substantially, and the core is still patriarchal culture.
At present, although many achievements have been made in the study of patriarchal system and its culture, there are still many differences. At present, the teaching of patriarchal culture has just started, and it is a teaching field to be developed. patriarchy
culture
Criticism, inheritance and transformation are important topics in the construction of two socialist civilizations at present.
China is an ancient civilization founded on agriculture, but also an ancient civilization known for water control. The important position of the Great Yu in the ancient history of water control is proof. The idea of emphasizing agriculture and suppressing commerce, and the self-sufficient small peasant economic form ran through the whole feudal society of China. This economic system which severely inhibited circulation could not develop based on the development of science and technology
Industrial revolution
It is impossible to develop capitalism based on market economy, but it can develop a traditional totalitarian society based on patriarchal system that attaches importance to blood relations and emphasizes group consciousness.
China is a country with a long history of ancestor worship. The legends about Chao, Cheren, Shennong, Xuanyuan and Yao Shunyu in ancient times are the clear evidence of this ancestor worship. Blood relationship is the physiological and psychological basis of ancestor worship. The ancestor worship in the clan era was later materialized into the ancestral temple, and later developed into the clan temple. The theoretical and organized system of ancestral temples and ancestral halls is the basis for the existence and development of the patriarchal system.
Ancestor worship
It profoundly affected the family structure, the social structure, and also the social psychology and ideology of China. The clan system developed by blood ties and group consciousness was gradually developed into the patriarchal system by the later feudal rulers. Thus it became the social basis for maintaining feudal rule.
After the establishment of family and clan system, ancestor worship within the family has been different from clan society. Has evolved into strict kinship and orderly genealogical records. The existence of this kind of family system in the society has the function of resisting disasters, protecting the people, enhancing unity and connecting feelings. It also plays an important role in property inheritance and power transfer.
The core of the patriarchal system of Zhou Dynasty is the succession system of "receiving the people and the territory" according to the clan blood. The son of heaven, the vassal, the official, the scholar, is not only the political relationship of the king and the subject, but also the relationship of the large and small clans in the blood. The authority of the Son of Zhou was limited, and the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States period were constantly challenged by the powerful princes. After the unification of Qin Dynasty, this pattern was broken, and the power of the clans linked by blood was greatly weakened, not only the ancestral temples of each vassal state were destroyed, but also the rich homes of the six Kingdoms were all moved to Xianyang. The emperor's exclusive royal power, especially his personal authority, was greatly strengthened. The country is the same structure, the color of the country as the home is strengthened, in essence, the degree of totalitarianism is greatly strengthened. The color of power being dispersed and contained in the Zhou Dynasty was gone. This kind of dominant family allowed no other regime pattern, but greatly weakened the foundation of state power. It could only be maintained by oppressive means, so the Qin Dynasty "beheaded the second emperor" and soon collapsed.
After the Han Dynasty, the rulers learned the lessons of Qin and gradually perfected the patriarchal system whose main purpose was to maintain the emperor's authority and feudal order. The core of Dong Zhongshu's programmatic doctrine is "three principles", that is, "the king is the minister's principle, the father is the son's principle, and the husband is the wife's principle." Thus determined the world's small family to maintain the royal family's ethical basis; Thus, it also laid a theoretical foundation for later Confucian theorists to perfect family politicization and national family. "Governing the world with filial piety" is a typical expression that emphasizes this core. Since then, the family system and the state system have been integrated. This is where the meaning of the word "country", rooted in home, lies. The social structure, theory and organizational form of "home and country isomorphism" are all in it.
China used to be a family society. The family of "four generations under one roof" and "five generations under one roof" is actually a small family. The emperor has the royal family, the ancestor family law is the standard followed by the royal family, even the Qing Dynasty ruled by foreign families is no exception, the royal interest is the highest interest, there are officials at all levels in the middle, and there are family magnates in the folk. The officials represented the interests of the royal family at the top, and the interests of the noble family at the bottom. Among the people, the interests and honor of the family are the most important. If someone in the family commits a royal law such as "rebellion", he may suffer a great disaster of family annihilation, and if he is honored for "loyalty, filial piety and heroism", it is the supreme glory of the family. In order to secure their own safety and order within the family, the people who live together must also obey the rules of the clan in addition to the laws of the king. The so-called "state laws, family rules" is the meaning. Don't think house rules are just a floor spanking. Until modern times, some clans opened ancestral halls, and the chieftain could still decide to impose the death penalty such as Shentan on the children of the clan who had committed "serious crimes against Ren." If there is a conflict with another clan name, it can still be decided to fight to the death of a large number of lives. The authorities won't even pursue it. The reason why the royal family will delegate some of the power of life and death to the family, of course, there is a deep meaning.
The feudal rulers of all dynasties always retained the "clan punishment", that is, the power and responsibility were handed over to the family power, and the punishment was used as the words, "punish their SINS and say punishment", and there were not a few people who were punished by the family because of the words and words in all dynasties. Therefore, in order to avoid such a tragic fate, all the families in the world would try their best to restrain their own clans. Don't break the royal "heinous" rule. The core function of the patriarchal system in China is to use the patriarchal system to maintain the imperial system, use the clan power to consolidate the imperial power, and use the family law to supplement the state law.
In Chinese history, in addition to turning state power into private power of the royal family, the royal family also turned some public power into private power to the family power. In addition, there was hardly any public power (public power of non-governmental organizations). This arrangement has deep implications, the first implication is that this part of the civil power, not only does not threaten the imperial power, but also plays a role in maintaining the imperial power. Of course, if the power of the clan grew to the point of threatening the royal family, the supreme ruler would inevitably weaken it. For example, in the period after the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the forces of the intellectuals gradually became stronger in politics and economy, and finally developed to the point of pursuing the supreme power in the military. Therefore, there was a period of history in which the central government consciously attacked, contained and weakened the noble power.
The imperial power system and patriarchal system of the isomorphism of the family and state are still tied by blood and group consciousness, and Chinese families are far less independent than Western families. Ancient Greece and Rome long ago replaced collective cooperative production with individual family production, liquidated the clan system, dissolved the clan commune, and through large-scale military conquest, captured a large number of prisoners of war, and provided slave labor to free families, thus establishing a universal slave system. This system, even after the discovery of the New World by Columbus, who had already entered the feudal period in Europe, was transplanted to the Americas. This proves that the period of slavery in the West is an important stage of social development.
In China, however, there was actually no universal slavery in the sense of historical stages. It is questionable to regard the Zhou Dynasty as the slavery period before the implementation of the well field system, which is suspected of copying the western theoretical model. Chinese society entered the era of civilization with the umbilical cord of clan system. The gentile system was never completely liquidated. On the contrary, Chinese feudal society has always had a strong clan system color. There is no evidence that the process of acquiring captives as slave labor by mass conquest, as happened in ancient Greece and Rome, took place in China. The fact that the Qin state rose in vain and sent 400,000 soldiers from Zhao to Changping without turning them into slaves also proves that the idea of using captives as labor force on a large scale is weak in China. This is because independent family private ownership is not fully developed in China. Therefore, the administrative conditions for the full utilization of slave labor do not exist.
The mindset of "under the whole world, there is no king, no land, no king" has influenced the Chinese people for three thousand years. This mindset, first of all, institutionally and psychologically, ascribes all rights to the supreme ruler or the government. People's rights can only come from the ruler's gift, grant and transfer, and personal rights and personality rights must also be based on the dependence and submission to the ruler. This mindset of rights still exists strongly in the subconscious of the Chinese people, in the hearts of the government and the general public. This is largely reflected in the concept of property of the Chinese people, whether it is the government or the people, and the ubiquitous influence of power in the interest game of the whole society.
The land and labor power belonged not in the full sense to the free families, but to the monarch. Therefore, China has never had a strict private property system, and the emperor can deprive or grant his subjects property at will. Therefore, China has never raised the slogan of "the sanctity of private property."
In China, people with the status of slaves are mainly servants who serve their masters and masters, rather than labor forces carrying out production activities. Even large-scale slave labor, such as the construction of the Great Wall, the construction of imperial tombs, and the digging of canals, was performed by forced laborers who were not slaves in the form of corvee labor. Therefore, there was no historical process of large-scale emancipation of slaves in Chinese history.
With the umbilical cord of clan system, China entered the threshold of feudal era, thus developing patriarchal system which was linked by blood relationship and group consciousness. This patriarchal system, after the unification of China in the Qin Dynasty, suffered a fatal impact due to the establishment of a unified and highly centralized imperial power system. However, the later rulers realized the important role of patriarchal system in safeguarding their rule and kept and improved it, so that the patriarchal culture became the culture throughout the feudal society, which is completely different from the western culture in the history of Chinese cultural development.
China's patriarchal social structure, the self-sufficient farming economic model, the need to expand the family power, so that "there are three unfilial, no offspring is the biggest", "prosperous" become the Chinese people's mindset. Therefore, the stable period of an imperial dynasty is the period of a large increase of rural population, and the increase of population to a certain limit, and the bearing capacity of nature and conflict. The totalitarianism of the imperial dynasty, however, followed a process from prosperity to decline, from enlightened to extremely corrupt. These two opposing trends led to periods of dynastic succession. At the end of a dynasty, population growth was at its peak, and natural and man-made disasters led to mass starvation and killing. And the main one is the mass murder caused by man-made disasters, which leads to the mass destruction of the population. At the beginning of a new dynasty, it was also a period of less population base, and a period of light taxation and rest for the people. This kind of cycle is a vicious circle of history, which makes it difficult for Chinese society to have orderly and gradual historical development space, resulting in a series of bad results such as extreme disregard for the destruction of life.
The social structure of family and country isomorphism, which is linked by blood relationship, is a conservative social structure in which the old and the new are entangled and the old ideological system stubbornly sticks to its position. The heavy patriarchal tradition hindered the progress of political economy, science and culture on the basis of the foundation, and people's thoughts were confined in the framework of clan ethics and politics, ignoring the exploration of natural science, and limiting the exploration of political system and humanistic thought.
Chinese society is still a society where patriarchal thoughts are still very serious. In the wenge period, Fu Commander-in-chief once said a famous saying: "human relations are greater than the law of the king", in his mind, the law of the king is no more than this. This expression is only a little more polite than Lao Tzu's "monk holding an umbrella, lawless." Such contempt for the law, expressed in the plain language of the people, illustrates the problem that China is not a society with a tradition of rule of law. All social classes show varying degrees of contempt for the authority and justice of the law. In the case of the Chinese, the first consideration is not recourse to the law, but the connections that can be used. This is still the mindset of most people, and this consciousness seriously hinders the process of legal construction in China. Reality also proves that China is far from the modern sense of the rule of law.
Mr. Hu Shi once said, "If someone says, give up your personality, your freedom, and fight for your country's freedom." I say to you, to fight for your individual freedom is to fight for the freedom of the nation; To fight for your own character is to fight for your country's character. A free and equal country is not built by a bunch of minions."
Mr. Hu Shi's remarks must have been inspired by the servility of the Chinese people. In the patriarchal society of China for a long time, due to the worship of power, the disregard for the basic rights of individuals, and the strong and universal attachment psychology generated by the historical state of dependence, people who seek independent personality and pursue personal freedom become the outliers of this society. What a terrible state of society this is!
Patriarchal law, patriarchal law, that is, the law of the ancestors, that is, the law of the clan, that is, the systematic law of the comprehensive privatization of state public power. The core function of patriarchal system is to maintain and consolidate the unified feudal centralization, which is one of the most important ruling thought resources in China's totalitarian system.
Up to now, patriarchal thoughts have undergone great evolvement and extension. The original father party, mother party, wife party, township party, friend party evolved into relatives, friends, classmates, fellow townsmen, colleagues, comrade-in-arms and so on. Any relationship that can be bonded can be used to become a hot science today. The transfer of power by bloodline is still a common social phenomenon. Official relatives are still the most available relatives, and this social phenomenon is a typical phenomenon of privatizing state public power. All this is still related to the strong patriarchal culture, without establishing the democratic process of transfer of public power, without eliminating the phenomenon of power and human rule, there will be no real rule of law, there will be no judicial independence, and the patriarchal culture will still have deep soil!
