The Kingdom of Yan (1044 BC - 222 BC), Zhou Dynasty The Zhou royal family Vassal state One, the state of Yan belongs to the Zhou Dynasty clade ^[1-2] Seven lords of the Warring States Period One, the reign of 822 years. ^[21]

In 1044 BC, King Wu of Zhou After the destruction of Shang, seal Ji Shi in Yanji thereupon Peking district ^[20] , is for Yan Zhao Gong . In the 7th century BC, the State of Yan moved north to Hebei, Western part of Liaoning Expansion, annexation Thistle Kingdom After the establishment of the capital Jisti (Beijing). ^[3-5] 323 BC, Yan Yi King Be king. 316 BC, The Chaos of the Sons Two years later, King Xuan of Qi In the name of peace, send an army to destroy Yan. In 312 BC, King Wuling of Zhao Support the governorship Yan Zhao King He returned to the throne and the state of Yan was restored. Yan Zhao King Invite wise men, govern them with diligence and appoint them Yue Yi Attack in tandem, Qin Kai broken A surname North Korea At the height of time. ^[6]

After the death of King Yan Zhao, the state of Yan declined rapidly. The Battle of Changping Later, Yan attempted to take advantage of the fire, and the result was a series of defeats State of Zhao And become a weak state. In 228 BC, Qin Dynasty broke Zhao capital Handan, Chen Bingyi, Yan Taizi pill Insidious faction The emperor, the Emperor, and the emperor , ultimately failed, Jing Ke Killed, King of Qin Ying Zheng Great anger is fate Wang Jian The invasion of Yan, 226 BC, Yan Wangxi unite Zhao Dai Wang Jia Resist the Qin army, after the defeat, led the Gongshi guards to flee Eastern and southern parts of Liaoning Province . ^[9] 222 BC, King Ying Zheng of Qin send Wang Ben Led the army to attack Liaodong, Rupp Yan Wangxi The state of Yan was destroyed. Qin set up in Yandi Yuyang , Right Peiping County , Liaoxi county and Liaodong county Let's wait.

Chinese name: Yan
Foreign name: The Yan State
alias: 匽 country ^[10]
metropolitan: Thistle Beijing )
Major city: Imminent change , easy, Wuyang Etc.

species: Ancient Chinese
currency: Light Sword Coin , Sharp head knife coin Xiangping square foot cloth, etc
Period to which it belongs: Zhou Dynasty
Land area: 200,000 square kilometers (at its peak)
Time of existence: 1044 BC - 222 BC
spelling: y n guo

catalogue

Title of a kingdom

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EDITOR

Yan bronzes of Western Zhou Dynasty (Capital Museum Collection, unearthed in Fangshan District, Beijing) (7 photos)

Yan (y n)," Justice of historical records Citing Xu Caizong's "Capital City Story" as saying" King Wu of Zhou seal A surname Yu Yan. The land is in the wild of Yanshan, and the country takes its name." In the book of the Capital City, it is believed that the land of Yan, which was sealed by the Emperor, was in the field of Yanshan Mountain, and the state of Yan was named after Yanshan Mountain.

It is impossible to know when the ancient Yan land was formed. Archeologists in Beijing Fangshan District Dong Jialin, Liulihe Township, Huangtupo Village There's a pretty big one around here Ruins of Shang and Zhou Dynasties Including those built at the end of the Shang dynasty The Western Zhou Dynasty (206 B.C.) A large number of bronzes of Yan State in the early Western Zhou Dynasty were unearthed, such as the Yan Marquis of Western Zhou Corydalis tripod , Yan State Taibao Ke of Western Zhou Dynasty 盉, The West Zhou Dynasty bore a large Li Scholars believe that this is the first Yan state capital Ruins. ^[11-12] ^[22]

history

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EDITOR

The beginning of Feng Yan State

King Wu of Zhou Thirteen years, King Wen of Zhou Eldest son of one's daughter Zhao Gongshi Follow King Wu of Zhou Kyfa in The Battle of Makino Defeat the Shang army, King Zhou of Shang He burned himself to death, Shang Dynasty Perish. ^[2] Brother of King Wu of Zhou The Duke of Zhou Holding a big yue, calling Gongshi holding a small yue, left and right clamp auxiliary Zhou Wu king held matsura Great gifts, upward and Shang dynasty people announced Disin The culpability of...

King Wu of Zhou Set up Zhou Dynasty After that, Gong will be summoned to seal in Yandi (now Beijing Fangshan District Northeast of Lihe Town) ^[22] The state of Yan, a vassal of the Western Zhou Dynasty, was established. However, Zhao Gongshi did not go to Yandi and seal it, but put his eldest son Ke in charge of Yandi while he remained in the capital Hokyung (present Xi 'an, Shaanxi) continued to assist the Zhou royal family. The following nine world nameless no posthumous title no year, Yanhui Hou has a posthumous title there is a year nameless. ^[16]

In the 7th century BC, Yan expanded and annexed northern Hebei and western Liaoning Thistle Kingdom After the founding of the capital Thistle (now Beijing ).

The mountain is coming

In the 7th century BC, A surname Successively attacked the states of Zheng, Yan and Qi in the south, Yan Huanhou When he was forced to move the capital to Linyi (now Rongcheng, Hebei) to escape the invasion of the mountains.

664 BC (the 27th year of the Duke of Yanzhuang), A surname A large-scale invasion of the state of Yan, Yan Zhuang was defeated, to The State of Qi A plea. The State of Qi was then Duke Huan of Qi On the throne, Duke Huan of Qi was one of the "five hegemons" in the Spring and Autumn Period. Honor the king and fight the barbarians As a call, a large scale counterattack to Shanrong. When Duke Huan of Qi was attacking the mountains, he sent Lone bamboo Ling Zhi was also destroyed, and the Yan State was eventually preserved. Duke Yanzhuang was very grateful to Duke Huan of Qi, and did not hesitate to treat him with courtesy, and personally sent Duke Huan of Qi into Qi territory. Duke Huan of Qi said, "I am not the son of Heaven. As a vassal, it is not appropriate for me to leave the country. I must not be rude to Yan." So Yanzhuang office as the boundary to cut with Yan, ordered Yanzhuang Gong to restore the government of the duke of Zhao, just as when Chengkang paid tribute to Zhou Tianzi .

657 BC ( A surname In the first year), the state of Yan returned from Yi Thistle City .

Hui Gong Ben Qi

In 539 BC (the sixth year of the Duke of Yanhui), Yan Huigong Wanting to get rid of all the doctors and use their own confidant Song, the doctors killed Song, Yan Hui Gong was afraid and fled to the state of Qi. In 535 BC (the tenth year of the Duke of Yanhui), Gao Yan of the State of Qi arrived State Jin Request a joint attack against the state of Yan and escort the Duke of Yan Hui back to China. Duke Ping of Jin Expressing his approval, he attacked Yan with the State of Qi and escorted the Duke of Yan Hui back to China. Unexpectedly, the Duke of Yanhui died as soon as he returned to the state of Yan, and the state of Yan proclaimed a new king Duke Yan .

Rank among the seven

Cultural relics of Yan State (2 photos)

380 BC ( Marquis Zhen of Qi In five years), Qin and Wei attacked Korea, and Han appealed to Qi for help. Qi ostensibly promised to save Han, but in fact secretly gathered troops, launched a surprise attack on Yan, and captured Sanqiu (now Xushui County Southeast).

In 379 BC (the sixth year of Qi Qi's Shanxi Province), Yan asked for help from Sanjin, and The Three Kingdoms immediately sent troops to attack Qi and Sanqiu.

378 BC (the seventh year of the Qi Dynasty) ^[17] The state of Qi attacked Yan, and in order to save Yan, the Three Jin attacked Qi again and occupied it Spirit hill .

In 373 BC (the second year of Tian Huan Gong), Yan and Qi fought at Lin Ying (some say Lin Gu), and Yan defeated Qi.

355 BC ( Yan Queen Wen Gong Seven years), The State of Qi Invading the Yishui land of Yan, Yan countered and defeated Qi.

Become king together

In 356 BC (the sixth year of the Emperor Wen), the Emperor Wen and the Emperor Wen State of Zhao Held in Argentina Meetings or alliances held in ancient China .

In 335 BC, Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei, Qi and Chu joined forces against Qin. Su Qin served as the longitudinal commander and wore the seal of the six Kingdoms.

In 333 BC (the 29th year of Emperor Wen's reign), Duke Wen of Yan died and the crown prince succeeded him Yan Yi King . King Yi had just ascended the throne, King Qi Wei Taking advantage of the opportunity to hold a funeral for Duke Wen, he attacked the state of Yan and captured ten cities. Su Qin went to the State of Qi to lobby and persuade King of Qi Ten cities were returned to the state of Yan.

In 323 BC (the tenth year of King Yi of Yan), the State of Yan participated Gongsun Yan Initiated by Han, Wei, Zhao, Yan, Zhongshan" The Prime ministers of the five kingdoms During the event, the State of Yan became king in this year. In that year, Su Qin was afraid of being killed for adultery with the wife of Duke Wen, the queen of Yan, so he lobbied the King of Yi to send him to the State of Qi to stir up trouble and disrupt the state of Qi.

The Chaos of the Sons

The emperor of Zhao is a good man

See also: The king of Yan Zhao invites wise men , King Yan Zhao built a gold platform , The king of Yan Zhao asks for a scholar , Buy bones with thousands of coins , Le Yi reform

King Yan Zhao built Wuyang City in Yishui and made every effort to restore the state of Yan and avenge the humiliation. He adopts Guo Kui The proposal, recruit people, pay respect to Guo Kui as a teacher, give generous treatment, "low body thick money to recruit people", build Golden Channel As a result, scholars from all over the world rushed to the State of Yan, and Yan soon gathered a large number of talents from all aspects. Three of the most famous are: Yue Yi , Zou Yan , dramatin .

Yan Zhao King sacrificed the dead, consoled the orphans, shared the joys and sorrows with his courtiers, and later again Le Yi reform The state government worked hard, the weak state of Yan became a temporary strength, the state of Yan rich, soldiers are willing to attack, not afraid of war.

Cut down the Hu

In 288 BC (the 28th year of King Zhao of Yan), King Zhao appointed Le Yi as general of the army, and Qin, Chu, Zhao, Wei, Han and other states to jointly plan and prepare troops to attack Qi. With the subsequent Yan Zhao king sent Su Qin to the State of Qi, the first request King Min of Qi He returned ten cities that his predecessors had taken advantage of the internal chaos of Yan, and then encouraged Qi to attack them State of Song To alienate the relationship between Qi and Zhao, and in King Wuling of Zhao , King Xiang of Wei , King Huai of Chu , King Xiang of Han These great powers engaged in diplomatic lobbying among themselves.

Yanguo three counties five schematic diagram

In 286 BC (the 30th year of King Zhao of Yan), Qi destroyed Song, which caused a shock in all countries, and the frequent alliance of countries promoted the establishment of anti-Qi alliance.

In 284 BC (the 32nd year of King Yan Zhao), the king of Yan Zhao worshipped Yue Yi As a general, he led the army of the state to unite with Qin, Han, Zhao and Wei to defeat Qi and won a great victory. In five years, he conquered more than 70 cities in the state of Qi and avenged Qi's invasion of Yan. After this battle, only the territory of Qi is turning to Ju (now Shandong Province) sunshine The city Juxian County ), Jimo The two capitals.

During the reign of King Yan Zhao, there were generals Qin Kai As a hostage of Yan State in Donghu, the Donghu people trusted him very much. After Qin Kai returned to China, he attacked and destroyed Donghu, and "Donghu was more than a thousand li". As a result, the border of Yan was pushed to the east for more than a thousand li, greatly expanding the territory of Yan, and Yan also began to build The Northern Great Wall . The west end of the North Wall begins Yang formation Present-day Hebei Xuanhua Northeast), to the east Seoul (now Seoul). The territory of Yan was the largest in history.

In 279 BC (33rd year of King Yan Zhao), Yan Zhao King Die, Yanhui King Enthrone. When King Yanhui became the crown prince, he was at odds with Le Yi. The State of Qi is to defend its generals Bill of lading Knowing that the king and minister of Yan State were suspicious, he took advantage of this and plotted against each other Mount robbery Instead of Le Yi, Le Yi feared being killed and fled to Zhao.

Riding a mediocre incompetent, and no military talent, he replaced Le Yi as a general, causing the Yan army to shake hearts. Tian Dan deliberately induced the hiker to make a mistake in order to stimulate the morale of the Qi army. Tiandanyi Fire Formation In the First World War, the Yan army was defeated and killed by the Qi army. The Yan army fled, and the Qi army soon recovered more than 70 cities and restored the country.

In 272 BC (the seventh year of King Hui of Yan), there was a struggle within the ruling group of Yan, and King Hui of Yan was the prime minister of Yan Gong Suncao Killed, and immediately Hui prince Yan Wu became king For a puppet.

Yanzhao War

in Yan Wu became king King Xiao, King Xi three generations, Qin state In order to meet the will of Qin or take advantage of Zhao's danger, Yan constantly provoked disputes with Zhao.

265 BC ( Yan Wu became king When the political situation was unstable, Qin took three cities and Yan attacked Qin from north to south. Qi sent Tian Dan's army to rescue Zhao. After rejecting Qin's army to the west, Tian Dan led Zhao and Qi's allied forces to retaliate against Yan and occupy Yan's land Zhong Yang (now Tang County ).

In 259 BC (the thirteenth year of Yan Wu's reign as King), Yan took advantage of Zhao's presence The Battle of Changping On the occasion of the defeat, the northern Zhao was lured Takeaki Ling Fu Bao, Wang Rong Sue shot led the crowd into Yan.

In 251 BC (the fourth year of King Yan's reign), Zhao King of Qin Died, Yan Wang sent the prime minister Chestnut belly He signed a treaty of friendship with the State of Zhao and sent five hundred yi of gold King of Zhao Make a toast to your birthday. Li Fu returned home and reported to the king of Yan that all the young and strong people in the king of Zhao had died in the battle at Changping, and their children had not grown up enough to attack the state of Zhao. Yan School Chestnut belly Led an army to attack Zhao, Zhao sent Lian Po Led troops to resist, Li belly was beheaded, Lian Po took advantage of the situation surrounded the capital of Yan. Yan state appointed Canal canal After the negotiation of peace, the State of Zhao heard the adjustment of the canal and lifted the encirclement of Yan.

In 243 BC (the twelfth year of King Yan's reign), the State of Zhao Li Mu Attacked Yan and captured it Wusui And square City. The State of Zhao was repeatedly trapped Qin state And forced away Lian Po , in order to Pang 煖 Major-general. Yan Wang liked to think there was an opportunity, asked dramatin Can attack the state of Zhao. Based on his impression of Pang 煖 when he was a friend, he commented on Pang 煖. He thought Pang 煖 was an easy man to dismiss. Therefore, Yan took old Liuxin as his commander and waited for an opportunity to attack Zhao. As a result, Liuxin slighted the enemy and led his army into a bold advance. He was defeated by Pang 煖, the commander of the Zhao army.

In 236 BC (the 19th year of King Yan's Xi), Zhao again led an army against Yan and captured the cities of Li and Yangcheng. The State of Yan was defeated repeatedly, and Qin attacked and occupied the territory of Zhao in the name of saving Yan.

Destroyed by Qin

Jing Ke stabbing the king of Qin (2 photos)

In 232 BC (the 23rd year of King Xi of Yan), he was a hostage in the State of Qin Yanzi decoction Flee back to Yan.

In 228 BC (the 27th year of the Xi of King Yan), Qin broke Handan and Zhao Childe Jia escape Come to generation The Qin army came to Yishui, and the Yan ruling clique was terrified. A surname Ju Wu Advocated a relationship with the dynasties of Qi, Chu, Xiongnu, an ancient nationality in China Unite against Qin, Taizi pill Realizing that the vassals were all subordinate to Qin, it was impossible to organize and unite, and they resorted to assassinations.

In 227 BC (the 28th year of King Yan's Xi), Prince Dan School Jing Ke Carry Yan Du Kang (today's Hebei Yi, Zhuo area) map and Qin rebel general Fan Yuqi Head, with Qin Wuyang He went to the state of Qin and attempted to assassinate the king Ying Zheng . The emperor, the Emperor, and the emperor It failed, and Qin used this as an excuse to send Wang Jian with Xin Sheng Led the army to attack Yan, Yan and Dai allied forces in the west of the Yishui organized resistance, Qin army defeated Yan and Dai allied forces.

226 BC (the 29th year of King Yan's Xi) Qin General Wang Jian Led the army to defeat Yan capital Jicheng (southwest of today's Beijing), Yan Wang Xi and Taizidan led the Gongshi guards to flee to Liaodong. Qin led Li Xin to seize the victory and pursue him to Yanshui (now Liaoning (Province) Taizi River ), and then defeated the prince Dan Army, wiped out the main force of the Yan National Guard. King Yan killed Crown Prince Dan to Sue for peace, but Qin refused. In view of Yanzhao The remnants, they're in the bag, for Concentrate forces Deal with Wei Chu. Suspend the attack.

In 222 BC (the 33rd year of King Yan's reign), Qin dynasty send Wang Ben He led an army to attack Liaodong, captured King Xi of Yan, and the state of Yan was destroyed. Qin set up in Yandi Yuyang , Right Peiping County , Liaoxi county and Liaodong county Let's wait.

territory

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EDITOR

After King Wu of Zhou Keyin, Feng A surname Yu Yan, the specific situation of the sealed domain of Yan State is unknown, according to Liuli River Site The excavated inscriptions show that the land and people of six states were originally under their command. In the western Zhou Dynasty, the Spring and Autumn period continued to the north of Hebei and Western part of Liaoning Development, annihilation Thistle Kingdom The lone bamboo country, the branch country, no end country, etc. It can be roughly known that the territory of the state of Yan during this period mainly included the northern Hebei, the present-day Beijing area and the western Liaoning Province Dalinghe River The river basin.

During the reign of Emperor Yan Wen, according to the book "War State Policy · Yance 1 · Suqin will speak from the North about Emperor Yan Wen", it is recorded that the state of Yan "has the east North Korea , Eastern and southern parts of Liaoning Province , there is a north Linhu , A surname , Nishiyo In the clouds , Kubara To the south there are Huts and easy water." The area spans more than 2,000 miles, with hundreds of thousands of armed troops, 600 chariots, 6,000 horses, and enough food stored for several years. A surname Jieshi , Yanmen The fertile land, the north has red jujube Even if the people do not cultivate, the harvest of red dates and chestnuts is rich enough. This is what we call a natural repository. No one can live and work in peace and contentment, without fighting, without seeing the destruction of the army and the killing of the generals.

During the reign of King Yan Zhao, with the strong national power, the territory also expanded greatly. According to the "Han Shu · Geography" recorded: "Yan Di, tail, Minji divide also. King Wu decided on Yin and appointed Duke Zhao to Yan, after which the thirty-six Kings and six Kingdoms were crowned Kings. A surname Yuyang County , Right Peiping , Western part of Liaoning , Eastern and southern parts of Liaoning Province ; Nishiari Kamigani , Yoshimori , Yanmen ; Nander Zhuogun The ease of ( Baoding ), A surname , A surname , there is a north New town , so safe, Zhuoxian , Pleasant place , Xinchang And the safety of the Bohai Sea, all Yan also. Le Lang, Dodder It is also appropriate to belong to ". That is to say, the east of Yan Yuyang County , Right Peiping , Western part of Liaoning , Eastern and southern parts of Liaoning Province To the west Kamigani , Yoshimori Goose gate, south get Zhuogun Change of land (Baoding), A surname Fan Yang, north of it New town , so safe, Zhuoxian , Pleasant place Xinchang, Xinchang, and Anzi of Bohai are all places of the State of Yan. Rorang , Dodder , Erlong Lake ancient city , handicap All belong to the state of Yan.

political

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EDITOR

Local administration

During the Warring States Period, the State of Yan was located near Beihu Border area Successively set Kamigani , Yuyang County , Right Peiping , Western part of Liaoning , Eastern and southern parts of Liaoning Province Five counties. ^[13] During the Warring States period, Yan State implemented the "county capital system", which was different from other countries Vassal state the The system of prefectures and counties . Yan county during the Warring States period Local administration The name is both. ^[7] ^[14] The academic circles believe that there are 25 names of counties and towns in the Warring States.

Central government system

in Central office Aspect, under the Yan Hou bureaucracy It is important to be in charge of civil and military affairs respectively. The Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States Period, Officials are divided into civil and military It is an important feature of the bureaucratic organization of various countries, and the division of civil and military officials is undoubtedly conducive to the further concentration of power on the monarch.

The prime minister is the head of the civil service. Former prime ministers include: Zi Yuki ( Yan Wang Kuai Hours), Gong Suncao ( Yanhui King When), chestnut belly ( Yan Wangxi Time). The general, also known as "general", is the head of the military attache, which is found in the handed down documents: quilt , Qin Kai . Among the generals there is" Top general ", Yue Yi Served as this official; The status of the generals in the Warring States period was equivalent to that of the marshal in the Spring and Autumn period. Other military attaches found in the literature are "Sima".

In terms of rank, the rank of rank in the state of Yan was roughly divided into two levels: qing and doctor. A surname High-ranking official and Aqing The doctor has A surname , A surname , Doctors of traditional Chinese medicine , Five doctors Let's wait. In terms of salary, the state of Yan adopted a "stone" salary. The Southern Song Dynasty Lv Zuqian "Annals of Events" cloud: "with stone, beginning to see here." Ten litres is a fight, ten measures is a stone, each stone weighs 120 pounds. The State of Yan in the Warring States period, its place Administrative organization As in other countries The system of prefectures and counties . Generally, it is a two-level system of county and county. There are 5 counties in the Kingdom of Yan: Kamigani , Yuyang County , Right Peiping , Western part of Liaoning , Eastern and southern parts of Liaoning Province . county Chief executive It is "guarding", which is filled by the military attache; The chief executive of a county is a "ling", composed of Cheng, lieutenant, etc.; Under the county, there are township, village, cluster (village) or connected, Lv and other grass-roots organizations. It can also be learned from the official seal that the State of Yan has "Situ" and "Situ" in the local area. A surname "," A surname ", "Cheng" and so on.

Princely system

In the Warring States period, all countries generally established the local administrative organs to unify counties and implement centralization In place of the old system of the aristocracy ruling over land by rank; However, the princely system was also set up, which to some extent maintained the new aristocratic privileges. The following is a list of Yan princes recorded in pre-Qin history:

Confer a title of prince	name	nationality	Age of entrustment	Reason for sealing	Title source	Document provenance
Xianganjun	-	Suspected Yan Wang clan	Yan Zhaowang time	Send out diplomatic envoys	The title is based on merit	War State Policy · Zhao Ce IV Warring States Zh Family Letters, etc
Wu Anjun	Su Qin	Zhou Dynasty	Yan Zhaowang time	To enter as a spy	The title is based on merit	Zhanguo Policy · Yanze Letters of the Warring States Dynasties Shi Ji Su Qin Biography
Lord Chang	Yue Yi	Zhongshan State	Yan Zhaowang time	The War of the Vazzi was won	In place name for the title	War State Policy · Yan Policy II Shi Ji Le Yi Biography
Lord Chang	Rauma	Zhongshan State	Yanhui King time	inherit	In place name for the title	War State Policy · Yan Policy II Shi Ji Le Yi Biography
Chenganjun	Gong Suncao	-	Yanhui King time	Ren Yan is a prime minister	The title is based on merit	"Shi Ji · Yan Family" disappeared Shi Ji · Zhao Family
Gao Yangjun	Rong 蚠	State of Song	When Yan Wu became king	-	In place name for the title	War State Policy · Zhao Ce IV Shi Ji · Chronology of Six Kingdoms, etc

capital

In the history of eight hundred years, the state of Yan had built five capitals, and in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Duke of Feng Zhao was located in Yandi ^[5] (Now Beijing Fangshan Liulihe Town Dongjialin Ancient City in Northeast China) ^[4] Yan Land was the first fiefdom of Yan State ^[3] . Yan Huanhou The nomadic people of the north A surname The continuous invasion to the south forced Yan to move its capital to Linyi. Duke Huan of Qi After defeating Sanjung, A surname Shangdu Jili was gradually built, and gradually moved to this capital, until the Yanxiang Duke Shangdu Jili became the capital of the state of Yan.

Late Spring and Autumn Period northern A surname The ministries grew stronger, forcing the state of Yan to migrate to Yi again. The Chaos of the Sons Later, King Yan Zhao built Wuyang City in Yishui, is for Yanxia Du . Taizi pill Qin is defeated, General Qin Wang scissors , Xin Sheng When the army came to Yishui, King Yan and Zhao, who had fled to Dai, met Childe Jia United troops and Qin in the west of the Yishui decisive battle, after the defeat, Yan army commander Taizi pill Hide in the Yanshui, by the Qin general Li Xin Chase and slash, Yan Wangxi Have to abandon Thistle City Led the troops to retreat Liaoyang . Five years later, General Qin Wang Ben Captured Wang Xi of Yan, the state of Yan fell.

Due to business, Handicraft industry The development of the city is also unprecedented prosperity. During the reign of King Zhao of Yan, the capital of Yan State formed the system of "three capitals", namely Jicheng and Zhongdu (now Fangshan District of Beijing) Dou Dian West) and lower Wuyang City.

Military affairs

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EDITOR

The military system of Yan State can no longer be studied because of its long age and lack of documents. Yan's important military stronghold: Lingdisai (now Hebei Province Qian 'an City West), Juyongsai (today's Beijing Changping District northwest Juyongguan Pass ), mainly against Donghu. Wuyang City (now southeast of Yi County, Hebei Province), in Yan Great Wall The northwest end was mainly to guard against the two states of Qi and Zhao. Yan's army, with hundreds of thousands of armor, 600 chariots, 6,000 horses, millet count This year.

At the beginning of the establishment of the state of Yan, the situation it faced was severe. In the North China Great Plain, there are magnificent mountains in the west Taihang Mountains From time to time nomad Intrusion, east of the Bohai Sea transgression and Ancient route of the Yellow River Caused by the rolling bog The road is not smooth, the central plain is flat, endless, there is no danger to defend. At the beginning of the establishment of the state of Yan, frequent wars, pacifying the rebellion in the territory, resisting the intrusion of the northern nomads, are supported by force. From the tomb of the Yan Marquis buried with a number of bronze, halberds, masks and Horse and carriage gear As well as the phenomenon that the tomb of those with weapons and chariots in the medium tomb is larger and the grade is higher than that of the same tomb, it can also be seen that the Yan Hou himself is a warrior, and his nobles are also large and small military leaders.

economy

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EDITOR

Farming and animal husbandry

Yan Yanshan Mountain The south is mainly agricultural, the north is mainly animal husbandry, Yanshan area and The eastern part of Hebei Province The region has both agriculture and animal husbandry. As large as the east coast has the benefit of fishing salt, the north produces horses, cattle and sheep, the south is rich in corn, rice and corn, the mountain has copper and iron mining and metallurgy, the economic sector is relatively complete. Yan Animal husbandry The area is in the three counties of Shanggu, Yuyang and YouBeiping. Agricultural region In the area south of Jicheng, the fishing and salt industry are mainly distributed in the Bohai coast and the islands, as well as the Liaoshui River and the lower Yalu River.

Yandi of the Shang Dynasty Western Liaoning region Winemaking industry More developed. Yan Agricultural tool It is mainly made of stone and copper, and stone farm tools are occupied in number Absolute advantage . Most of the stone farm tools unearthed are grinding tools. In the middle of the Warring States period, iron farm tools were widely used everywhere. Yan State in the Western Zhou Dynasty Food crop There are millet, millet, rice, sorghum, wheat, beans, hemp, etc., and millet and millet are the main food of Yan people.

Water conservancy project, in the southern boundary of Youzhou, there are Du Kangze, Du Kangmo, in Beijing Yongding River The watershed includes Taujing , in Yannan Great Wall There's a water levee, in Yanxia Du There are rivers that carry grain.

Handicraft industry

The main handicraft industries in the state of Yan are iron smelting and bronze handicraft. During the Warring States period, the iron handicraft industry in Yan State made great progress, not only Tools of production Made of iron, weapons of war have gradually been made of iron, and the smelting technology of bronze handicraft industry has reached a very high level.

Iron smelting workshops in the state of Yan are generally operated by the government, and the copper smelting industry in the state of Yan is mainly composed of ritual and weapons. The copper smelting industry is the same as the iron smelting industry. It is mainly operated by the government. The weapon manufacturing industry is one of the important handicraft industries in the state of Yan, which is mainly supervised by the government.

Yan state official pottery, its producers are mostly Official slave and torturer Folk pottery is popular, but the level of manufacturing varies greatly across the country, and the State of Yan has special production Bone object the Handicraft workshop . Yan is governed by the north Minority nationality The influence of leather industry developed. The general leather ware is made of cowhide and sheepskin, and the leather armour is hard Wild animal Leather making. Yan Salt cooking industry After the middle of the Warring States period.

city

The cities of Yan developed rapidly, large, medium and large. Small city It's a lot. In the big city, the lower capital Wuyang Famous for its large scale, Shangdu Thistle is famous for its wealth. In many small towns, different regions also have their own characteristics, distributed in the area near the Great Wall, the military nature is stronger, because it is with the construction of the Great Wall and rose. Yanbei county five counties Xiangping, Yuyang, Juyang, Wuend, Yangle and other cities, all have a certain scale.

commerce

trade

The goods exported by the state of Yan are of a single type, limited to a few native products. In the commodities provided by Yan State to the Central Plains, the proportion of agricultural and handicraft products is very small, and the main products are the native products cherished by the Central Plains. Jujube and chestnut are the two items of Yan State Bulk commodity It is produced in the north of the State of Yan ^[8] ^[15] . Jujube, chestnut, thistle in addition, Yan is also rich in apricot, plum and so on fruit . Scorpion horn, platinum, Swallow stone Is another kind of native products of Yan State. Commodity Exchange It is usually carried out in the market. The capital of the state of Yan and other major cities had cities ^[9] .

currency

culture

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EDITOR

Yanguo brass nose button (2 photos)

As a specific historical environment, Yan State gathered many different cultures, and the infiltration of various cultural factors led to Yan culture. From the Liuli River near it Zhenjiangying Site In the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty, there was already a kind of Zhou Dynasty, Shang dynasty culture Cultural coverage of factors combined. This combination phenomenon is reflected in many vessel types, such as the overall Shang shape of the bag foot, but with Zhou style short heel, for example, although the open shape of the Shang style, the mouth edge, the table, the circle foot have changed, Zhou people do not use A surname Of, perhaps by the merchant Copper GUI The impact of...

As a result of the cultural combination, the relics produce group changes, which are called the Western Zhou Yan culture, and the human community that creates this culture has been formed. Western Zhou Yan culture in Beijing Liulihe Yandu City city ruins , Zhenjiangying Site B30, Chambinh Baifu B31, Hebei Mancheng Groups of artifacts were unearthed in Yaozhuang B32. The factors of merchant culture in pottery are obviously stronger Zhou culture Factors, such as a large number of unearthed Shang style bag foot Li, such as the four-series pot, the common existence of triangular carved guigui and so on. Burial customs are closer to the style of the Shang culture, the city of Manchu to Zhuang and Changping Baifu medium tombs have Waist pit There is also a dog on the second floor of M1. in Funerary object On the other hand, Zhuang M1's bag foot Li is more than foot heel li, and the merchant culture features more strongly, Changping white floating tomb Tao Qi The heel of the foot is Zhou cultural factor, and the mouth is raised along the mud strip rib Zhangjiayuan is the upper cultural factors.

Spring and Autumn Since the beginning of The Times, the feudal lords all over the country competed with each other, and the original situation of Zhou culture was gradually destroyed, and the regional culture began to change the trend of "localization". Here we are Warring States After The Times, this situation was more obvious, and the use of characters could be roughly divided into five major systems according to the region: Qi system, Yan system, Chu system, Jin system and Jin system Qin script The text of each system is generally similar, only a small part of the text is different, so there is not much problem with the exchange of documents between each other.

In short, in the Western Zhou Yan culture, Shang dynasty culture The most important factor, Zhou culture Factors followed, and occasionally showed the existence of a small number of Zhangjiayuan upper culture and other ethnic cultural factors in the north. This cultural representation, combined with the small area occupied by Zhou people in the graveyards of Yan State, reveals some aspects of the social background of Yan State. The Zhou people were only a minority in the state of Yan, and most of them belonged to the high rank, so they could not directly contact with the lower class, and the intermediate force they used was the original merchants and old officials with strong commercial culture. The Shang culture sowed the seeds of cultural tradition extensively in its role as a bridge between the previous and the next, and eventually became an important political force in Yan.

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general

Yue Yi , Qin Kai , Mount robbery , Chestnut belly , dramatin , Raku Vehicle , Rauma Wu Yangjing, Khanh Chin

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Canal canal , Ju Wu , CAI Niao

Assassin

Ge Nie , Jing Ke , Qin Wuyang

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Su Qin , Tian Hikaru , High fade , Zi Yuki , A surname , Yan Zhao King

Monarchical lineage

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The following table is listed Historical records of the pre-Qin Dynasty The emperor of Yan:

Title of monarch	algebra	The name	Years in office	Time in place	remark
Zhao Gongshi	1	Shi	4	1042-1039	He was also called Kang Gong, a member of the Zhou royal family
Yanhak	2	g	unknown	1038 BC - unknown	A surname Eldest son
Imperial decree of Yan Marquis	3	purport	unknown	unknown	Yanhak midbrother
Yenhou dance	4	dance	unknown	unknown	Imperial decree of Yan Marquis The child
Yan Houxian	5	xian	unknown	unknown	Yenhou dance Son, one said yes A surname
Yan Hou He	6	and	unknown	unknown	Yan Houxian Son, the first is called Father
A surname	7	unknown	Late Western Zhou Dynasty	unknown	unknown
Yan Houkun	8	he	unknown	Unknown - 865 bCE	After Ji Divination
Yan Huihou	9	unknown	38	864 BC - 827 BC	A surname Ninth grandson, 11th monarch
Yanli Marquis / Yanli Marquis	10	zhuang	36	826 BC - 791 BC	Yan Huihou The child
Yanqing Hou	11	unknown	24	790 BC. - 767 BC	Yanli Marquis The child
Swallow Ai Marquis	12	unknown	2	766 BC. - 765 BC	Yanqing Hou The child
Marquis of Yanzheng	13	zheng	36	764 BC - 729 BC	Swallow Ai Marquis The child
Yan Muhou	14	unknown	18	728 BC - 711 BC	Marquis of Yanzheng The child
Marquis of Yan Xuan	15	unknown	13	710-698 BC	Yan Muhou The child
Yan Huanhou	16	unknown	7	697 BC. - 691 BC	Marquis of Yan Xuan The child
A surname	17	unknown	33	690 BC - 658 BC	Yan Huanhou The child
A surname	18	unknown	40	657 BC - 618 BC	A surname The child
A surname	19	unknown	16	617 BC. - 602 BC	A surname The child
Duke Xuan of Yan	20	unknown	15	601 BC - 587 BC	A surname The child
Yan Zhaogong	21	unknown	13	586 BC - 574 BC	Duke Xuan of Yan The child
Lord Wu of Yan	22	unknown	19	573 BC. - 555 BC	Yan Zhaogong The child
Yan Qian Wen Gong	23	unknown	6	554 BC. - 549 BC	Lord Wu of Yan The child
Duke Yi of Yan	24	unknown	4	548 BC. - 545 BC	Yan Qian Wen Gong The child
Yan Huigong	25	paragraph	9	544 BC - 536 BC	Duke Yi of Yan The child
Duke Yan	26	change	7	535 BC - 529 BC	Yan Huigong The child
Yan Gonggong	27	unknown	5	528 BC. - 524 BC	Duke Yan The child
A surname	28	unknown	19	523 BC - 505 BC	Yan Gonggong Son of
Jian Gong before the swallow	29	(one paragraph)	12	504 BC - 493 BC	A surname The child
A surname	30	The waves	28	492 BC - 465 BC	unknown
Yan Xiao Gong	31	According to	10	464 BC. - 455 BC	Jian Gong before the swallow The child
Yan Chenggong	32	wear	21	454 BC. - 434 BC	Yan Xiao Gong The child
Yan Mingong / Yan Mingong	33	Yang	31	433 BC. - 403 BC	Yan Chenggong The child
The queen of Swallows is a simple man	34	load	30	402 BC. - 373 BC	Yan Mingong The child
Queen of Yan Huan Gong	35	coach	11	372 BC. - 362 BC	The queen of Swallows is a simple man The child
Yan Queen Wen Gong	36	A surname	29	361 BC. - 333 BC	Duke Yan Huan The child
Yan Yi King	37	Wen Yuan	12	332 BC. - 321 BC	Yan Queen Wen Gong The child
Yan Wang Kuai	38	Kuai	5	320 BC. - 316 BC	Yan Yi King The child
King of Swallow	39	Zi Yuki	3	Front 316 - Front 314	314 BC The State of Qi Swallow eradication
-		State extinction period		Three years of treatment
Yan Zhao King	40	job	33	312 BC. - 280 BC	Yan Wang Kuai Son, restore the country
Yanhui King	41	Akitho	8	279 BC. - 272 BC	Yan Zhao King The child
Yan Wu became king	42	meat	14	271 BC. - 258 BC	Yanhui King The child
King Yan Xiao	43	ghost	3	257 BC. - 255 BC	Yan Wu became king The child
Yan Wangxi	44	xi	33	254 BC. - 222 BC	King Yan Xiao In 222 BC, Qin destroyed Yan and was captured alive

This table is from historical records, Yan Huihou anterior Yan State lineage It is confirmed by unearthed cultural relics that there is no historical record and the deeds are unknown.

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