明长城_百度百科

The Ming Great Wall is also called the side wall. Because of the Northern and Southern Dynasties blockhouse The Five Dynasties Archer Club A surname All are negative Confucianist Therefore, in most of the Ming Dynasty, the northern people did not have a horseback shooting organization comparable to the strength of the northern desert, and the role of the Great Wall was highlighted in peacetime. The real value of the Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty is not to permanently eliminate the Mobei army but to defend the Mobei tour, because there is no Ming Great Wall, the whole North China Plain It's not possible to be normal Agricultural production And life. Taking the Ming Dynasty as an example, due to Renxuan's abandonment of the land, after Chenghua, the Tatars frequently invaded the bases of Yijining, Dongsheng, Kaiping and Daning, so that the fields of Jiubian were deserted, soldiers were at a loss in the face of the cavalry invasion, and the Ming Bian officials reported that they could not defeat people and animals. The significance of the Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty is to deal with hundreds of small groups of wandering rangers, with the Great Wall, there are twenty thousand beacon towers, the normal production and life in the North China Plain can be maintained. As for the attack of the Prince's massive nomadic legion of 20,000, of course, the Great Wall would not be able to withstand it, but the Great Wall was not built to hold the army, it was built to provide facilities for the enemy's position, because it would take a long time to open the gap in the wall suitable for the army to enter, and the soldiers of the Nine sides nearby could take advantage of the time difference to assemble. However, because the Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty was not planned in its heyday, it could only be built in the lower tuyere, and it could not yet include and collect it. Yellow River loop , open flat, Liao River Hetao Etc. Strategic location Therefore, the role of the Ming Great Wall is far less than the Yan Great Wall, Zhao Chengcheng The Great Wall of Qin, Great Wall of Han Dynasty It works so well. On the contrary, it wastes a lot of money because it has to fight against the wind-sand flat wall garrison Manpower. ^[3]

Before the battle of Jingnan king guard (1 photo)

The Great Wall Is China and the world's longest construction, Quantity of work One of the largest in ancient times Defensive works Since the Western Zhou Dynasty, it has been continuously built for more than 2000 years and is distributed in the vast land of northern and central China. Especially since First Emperor of Qin After that, who ruled Central Plains Almost all dynasties in the region had to build the Great Wall. In history, the dynasties that built the Great Wall were Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui, Jin and Ming. All built the Great Wall on different scales. The role and cost of the construction and persistence of the past dynasties are like the cloud of the left river, "the ancient Hu soldiers bend back and cast peace by 10,000 heavy blood and blood." ^[4]

The Ming Great Wall is a military defense project built in the northern mountains of the Ming Dynasty, also known as the side wall The Great Wall of Qin Similar, but different from the Han Great Wall, the Sui Great Wall. In addition to the "outer" Wall, the Ming Dynasty built the "inner" Wall and the "inner three passes" Wall. The "inner side" of the Great Wall The Northern Qi Dynasty (550-597) Built as the foundation, from the border of Inner Mongolia and Shanxi off-balance West, east through Yanmen Pass, flat type pass into Hebei, and then to the northeast, by Laiyuan , Fangshan , Chambinh Moroprefectures Direct to Beijing Juyongguan Pass And then from north to east, to Try to appease The four customs, and "outside" the Great Wall, to Zijing Pass As the center, roughly north-south. The "Inner three Passes" of the Great Wall runs parallel to the "inner side" of the Great Wall in many places, and in some places the two cities are separated by only tens of miles. In addition, a large number of "heavy cities" were built, and the "heavy cities" around Yanmen Pass had as many as 24 roads. The Ming Great Wall belongs to Emperor Taizu of Ming The last of the three northern lines of defense.

The first line of defense: In the first year of Hongwu (1368), after the Ming Taizu sent troops to conquer the Yuan Dadu (Beijing), the Yuan Shundi led Mongolian nobility The remnants retreated to the outside world, and their successors still called themselves Dayuan The emperor, in opposition to the Ming dynasty, often harassed the Ming border. However, at the beginning of the founding of the Ming Dynasty, the national power was relatively strong, and in the Inner Mongolia region, it controlled many military strongholds, among which the main ones were Jilin shipyard , Yishinai Old City , Daning Wei (located in the eastern Mongolian corridor Kaiping Flank), Kai Ping Wei (located in Yuan Shangdu For the forward base), and Dongshengwei Located on the Yellow River Back sleeve It is the three important towns that all parties enter the Hetao triangle . Emperor Taizu borrowed land in the south of the city Herd horses Aid military assets, in order to counter attack Lingbei inheritance Yuan Dynasty This is the only one left province Many of the outposts set up in Munan are far north of the Great Wall. "Set up Dongsheng city in Triple Descent City To the east, and to the three cities of descent. Eastern Union Kaiping, Dushi, Daning, Kaiyuan; Western Union Helan Mountain, Beishan in Gansu province , on one side. Straight terrain is close and easy to defend." The first line of defense was destroyed by Yongle Master Sun. ^[5]

The second line of defense: King of Sai Specified day Honor the king and fight the barbarians The feudal Kings who were formulated under the thought of guarding the border and expanding the territory, that is, from the east to the west, referred to the King of Han, the King of Shen, King of Liao King Ning, King Qi, King Yan, Grain king King Dai, King Jin, King Qin, King Qing, An Wang , A surname . Thirteen Kings "all the king also, not enough to cover the narrow, control the fortress, with the Yuan Rong old general, the power chong system of life, the potential to fu army, clear the desert, set up tents to see each other." At the same time, it is often dispatched Zong Wang Go on a hunting tour. In March, 2004, Hongwu "ordered the king of Qi 槫 to lead the cavalry guards to approach Kaiping hunt " in Kaiping The hunting in the surrounding area (Shangdu City), which took place from March to August of the same year, was called hunting, mainly for the purpose of encircling and suppressing the remnants of the Yuan army to inherit the Yuan Dynasty Lingbei Province , this is Zhu Yuanzhang King out of town system A concrete manifestation of. Both "if I recruit you, do not go at will, a journey to build the city, slowly do it", in the summer and April of the 30th year of Hong Wu, Zhu Yuanzhang resqued the king of Jin "prepare ten things", including reviewing the garrison situation in Kaiping area, setting up remits, carrying out border affairs such as field production, and handing it over to the King of Jin, who was also in charge of all the guards near Dongshengwei. A surname Take charge of Juyan Sea Nearby, the sea is living in the Yanhai area of water and grass, and there are Ruoshui River The Zhangye River, its tributary, connected with the Hexi Corridor and was the main way for the Mongols to move south Yishino It's not too far away Weiyuan guard royal thousand households , in Sukju Set up in the middle of Juyan Sea Weluve , Shirako Mamo Chito House . The moon became a stronghold for the Ming army's expedition to Mongolia. So Jiajing's book General annals of Shaanxi "The territory of the Xingdu division" East 1,175 miles, as for the Lanzhou boundary of the House of choice; South one thousand five hundred seventy-five miles, as for Siningwei The Yellow River boundary; West five hundred and seventy miles, as for Suzhou guard Jiayu Mountain; Fifteen hundred miles north, to Yishinai." King Ning is north of the Great Wall. "Fan Daning. Daning outside Xifengkou, the ancient capital state, east Liao left, west Xuanfu, for the giant town. Ninety cities with eighty thousand, six thousand leather chariots, belonging to them Duo Yan Sanwei Cavalry, all brave and good in battle." The second line of defense was destroyed by Yongle Master Sun. ^[6]

The third line of defense: The Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty was built in the first year of Zhu Yuan ZhangHongwu, mainly with the reinforcement and repair of the northern expedition of the Ming Taizu, Hongwu first year (1368) Zhu Yuanzhang send Xu Da The first northern expedition was launched after the construction of Juyong Pass, Gubeikou, Xifengkou and other city passes; In the fourth year of Hongwu (1371), Wei, Xin and Guoguo rural workers and soldiers have jointly built and strengthened the Great Wall Second northern expedition . In the 11th year of Hongwu (1378), Emperor Taizu ordered Xu Da to build the Gubeikou Pass City, and then launched the third northern expedition, which was built in the 14th year of Hongwu (1381) Old leader After the Great Wall and Xiaohekou Great Wall, the Fourth and Fifth Northern Expeditions were launched. Since then, although the Ming Dynasty still attached great importance to the defense of the northern border, it was only to strengthen the border patrol, and there was no need to build a Great Wall. ^[6]

In the Jian Wen (1399-1402), "From Xuanfu west to Shanxi, the edge is steep, deep city, Feng Hou." ... His edict said: 'The smoke mound is increased in height and thickness in every place, and May grain and firewood medicine are stored on the mound, and Wells are opened beside the mound, and the wall outside the well is level with the mound, and looks the same from the outside.' Heavy gate The meaning of conquering violence is always awe-inspiring." The focus of its restoration was the outer Great Wall from the north of Xuanhua in Hebei Province to the north of Datong in Shanxi Province.

A surname In the 10th year of Yongle (1412), "Chi Bian will rule the city walls, from the Changan Mountains (about 140 li northeast of Xuanhua) to the west of Xialin (Wanquan West of Hebei Province), all built stone walls, deep Hao graben, to strengthen defense". When... A piece of writing written in Jian Wen On the basis of the years of repair, further repair of the stone wall to strengthen. In the 11th and 13th years of Yongle, the beacon towers along the Shanxi border were built successively, and the forts were built at various passes outside the pass, as well as the smoke piers built at Kaiping Guard.

preach Xuande In the first and third years (1426 and 1428), the border pass from Shanhaiguan to Juyong Pass and the Juyong Pass City were built. Yingzong legitimacy In the first year (1436), he added the "Chicheng and other fort Yandun 22", followed by the construction of castles from Xuanfu to Datong and the establishment of Datong Weiyuan Wei Let's wait. In short, in the early Ming Dynasty, from Hongwu to Orthodox twelve years (1368-1447), the restoration of the Great Wall was mainly carried out in the Wei Dynasty. The Great Wall of Qi On the basis of the construction of some additional smoke pier, Feng Hou, Tunbao, Guancheng, Hao graben and so on. Among them, during the eight years to twenty-two years of Yongle (1410-1424), he sent out five troops and went deep Mobei In a major military victory, the Wara and Tartar chiefs received titles from the Ming Dynasty respectively. But Ren and Xuan two emperors, compared with Taizu and Chengzu two emperors, can be described as the king of keeping. And in view of the late Yongle, the Ming Dynasty to Mongolia Alutai policy of successive years of conquest, Ren and Xuan two emperor began to Ming internal governance, abandoned the military conquest policy of Mongolia, through a series of Diplomatic means and Economic means And maintained the tributary relationship with Mongolia. On the Mongolian side, although still in a state of division, but pregnant with the factors of unification, and also because of the pace of unification of Mongolia, no time to look south. Under these circumstances, both sides have tried to maintain a peaceful and friendly relationship. In addition, after abandoning the policy of military expeditions, the two emperors began to embark on strategic contraction, abandoning Annan, moving slaves inside, and dissolving the personnel of the Western expedition. Ren and Xuan were militarily against the Mongols nonfeasance The policy created a strong external environment for the formation of Mongolia's unified situation The change of Civil Castle The foreshadowing was done. And the long-term threat to the Ming Dynasty The trouble of Hetao The Norrupp group in China also emerged after the mutiny of Mupu. ^[6]

Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty

Change of civil engineering After that, the Ming Dynasty was no longer able to do right The Mongolian nationality The ministries have embarked on a massive expedition. Since then, strengthening the defense of the north and building the Great Wall defense system have become more and more important. The large-scale construction of the Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty began from orthodoxy and ended in the late years of Jiajing, which lasted 130 years. This stage is due to the Ming Dynasty Political corruption Armaments were abandoned, it was no longer able to organize large-scale counterattacks, and the defense of the north gradually evolved into a defensive. After more than 100 years of operation, the border defense of the whole north has formed a combination of points and lines with the Great Wall as the main body Control line The nine-sided defense system is made of lines. ^[8] Orthodox seven years (1442) began to build Liaohe town Liaohe West and Liaohe Tao area of the Great Wall. Chenghua three years (1467) Liaoyang deputy general Han Bin Responsible for building the Great Wall. Chenghua Decade (1474) Xu Tingzhang, Fan Jin Supervise construction Ningxia Ha Dong Great Wall, "from Huang Sha Tsui to Hua Ma Chi, three hundred and eighty-seven li long". Rammed earth The Great Wall is the main part of the Ming Great Wall. The rammed earth wall is made of wooden panels. inscribe Clay or greystone, layers of compacted pestle built at a cost of about one or two silver per meter. Chenghua fifteenth year (1479) November, Zhuning County Along the river A wall. In the first year of Zhengde (1506), thirty li of the Great Wall was built. In the tenth year of Jiajing (1531), Shaanxi Province made three sides of the general Shang Shu Wang Qiong Build a side wall inside. Li Chengliang Building the Liaozhen Great Wall ( Jiushanmun The Great Wall). The twentieth Year of Jiajing (1541) Jiayuguan Pass The wall stretches 15 li to the River in the south and 15 li to Shiguan in the north, a total of 30 li." In the 23rd year of Jiajing (1544), Governor Zeng Xuan Building the Great Wall south of both sides. In the Thirtieth year of Jiajing (1551), the Great Wall was overhauled in the north and east of Beijing, and ended in the thirty-fourth year (1555). Longqing second year (1568), Qi Jiguang The original creation of a brick wall in Jili town, thickened the wall, and built a hollow Enemy broadcasting station It can store weapons gunpowder and build 1017 hollow enemy stations within 16 years. ^[9]

Construction of the Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty -1570

After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, the Nuzhen nationality arose again Northeast region And constantly threaten the security of the border. In order to consolidate the frontier in the north, the construction of the Great Wall was almost never stopped during the 200-year rule of the Ming Dynasty. The construction process of the Great Wall in Ming Dynasty can be roughly divided into three stages: ^[10]

The restoration of the Great Wall in the early Ming Dynasty (1368 ~ 1447). At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the national power was strong, and in the five years of Hongwu of Taizu (1372), 150,000 troops were sent to attack Mobei, and the west road opened up the Hexi Corridor and set up Ganzhou and Zhuangliang. Hongwu twenty years (1387), General Feng Sheng , Blue jade Navigating the northeast, pushing the border to The Greater Khingan Mountains West, Ming Chengzu Zhu Di After taking the throne, Yongle eight to twenty-two years (1410 to 1424) 15 years, has five troops, deep into Mobei, forced the Wara and Tartar Received the title of the Ming dynasty. The northern frontier of the Ming Dynasty advanced to the Greater Khingan Mountains, Yinshan Mountains, Helan Mountain North and west. The Great Wall project in the early Ming Dynasty was mainly in The Northern Wei Dynasty (535-544) On the basis of the Great Wall of Northern Qi and Sui, "Junyuan deep trench, Feng Hou meet." "The smoke piers were increased in height and thickness, May grain and firewood medicine crossbows were stored on the piers, and Wells were opened beside the piers..." "From Changan Ridge (present Xuanhua territory) western To Xialin (today's Tianzhen, Shanxi), all built stone walls and deep trenches "(" Minghui Society Volume 63 Frontier defense), that is, to build smoke pier, Feng hou, garrison fort, ditch, and local sections will be changed into stone walls. The focus of the renovation is to the northwest of Beijing Shanxi Datong Outside the Great Wall and Shanhai Pass To the border pass of Juyong Pass. ^[11]

In the middle Ming Dynasty (1448 ~ 1566), the Great Wall was built on a large scale for a long time. " Change of civil engineering After that, Vala and Tatar continued to raise troops to invade the border and plunder, forcing the Ming dynasty to build the northern Great Wall and build more piers as a top priority. More than a hundred years to build the following Great Wall town. ^[12]

The purpose of building the Ming Great Wall was mainly to defend northern Mongolia nomad The harassment of the rulers. The Ming Dynasty attached great importance to the construction of northern defense from beginning to end. The construction of the Great Wall, passes, and piers was almost uninterrupted during the 270 years of the Ming Dynasty, and gradually formed a system of "nine-sided" division defense, section management and construction of the Great Wall. According to the "Ming History · Soldier records" records, the initial set up Liaodong, Xuanfu, Datong, Yansui Four towns Following the establishment of Ningxia, Gansu, Jizhou three towns, and Taiyuan General army side head, tripartitic government in Guyuan, also known as two towns, is "nine sides". The Ming Great Wall played an active role in the consolidation of the Ming regime, the stability of agricultural and animal husbandry production in the north and the security of the country. In the defense layout to take column town troops, regional defense. In the construction project to adopt zoning, fragmentation, subdivision repair. For example, in Juyongguan in 1952, Badaling Found it on the wall Wanli of Ming Ten years (1582) on the stone tablets recorded the Great Wall repair methods.

Nine Towns of the Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty In order to facilitate the defense management and construction of the whole line of the Great Wall, the whole line was divided into nine towns. Delegated command of a general (also known as a garrison) officer, also known as The city of Nine sides . The nine-sided defense of the Ming Dynasty is a sifter The defensive forces are too scattered, and as long as the Nuzhen or Mongolia enter the scale of tens of thousands, it will be useless. In the Jiajing period, only burning land remained Tamper with the nest Drive a horse And guard against the use of people. ^[8]

Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty (2 photos)

Late Ming Dynasty (1567 ~ 1620) Longqing, Wanli At present, the border trouble mainly comes from the northeast Jurchen ( Manchu ). Wanli early years, Liaodong town commander Li Chengliang Extending the edge to build Kuan Dien, Gushan six fort, and then rebuilt the Liaodong side wall, "from the Mianzhou east to the Sancha River, and from the Sancha straight to the old Liaoyang." (" Ming Shen Zong Record "Wanli first year article) Sancha River refers to Liaoning Haicheng City 60 miles to the northwest, the Liaohe River, Hun River Confluence here, Liaohetao Great Wall The south end. The project is mainly to build Hollow wall The wall is made of masonry. The 47th year of Wanli (1619) Xiong Tingbi He again presided over the work of repairing and building the fort.

The reconstruction of the side wall between Shanhaiguan Pass and Jiayuguan Pass is mainly to build a large number of hollow enemy buildings on the Great Wall, which are easy to use brick and stone to strengthen defense works and change the line of some areas for reconstruction.

Great Wall of Jicheng Town

In "... Governor of Jiliao " Tan Lun , Liu Yingjie Chief officer Qi Jiguang presided over the building of 3000 brick hollow enemy stations, increased construction Shanhai Pass Stone wall to Nanhaikou into the sea (now Old leader The renovation project is not only to protect the inner Great Wall of the capital, but also to expand the three passes of the Great Wall in the Taihang Mountains at the border of Shanxi and Hebei.

Xuanfu town Great Wall

Longqing 2nd year (1568) Governor Time of day Make up the north road outside the Longmen, from the Longmen Winding path Dun, (now Hebei Province Akagi prefecture East), to Jingrupu Da Ya Kou (present-day Hebei Province Chongli county Southeast), will Kaiping Weidushi Castle is enclosed within the Great Wall. After Wanli, all pack brick.

Great Wall of Datong Town

In the early years of Wanli (1573), the Ministry of Household issued more than 260,000 gold to repair and build Datong Town Tumbo 257, enemy station 1,028, brick pack.

Shanxi town

Wan Li twenty-third year (1595) Governor Li Jing Rebuilt Yanmen Pass side wall, stretching 15 miles. Added offset pass, Ningwu Pass Guan Cheng and along the Taihang Ridge south of the Great Wall each Guan city, hollow enemy tower, are urn bricks.

Yulin town

General soldiers and governor Yamen Chenghua from Suide The state city moved to Yulin After the Acropolis, Yansui Town is also called Yulin town . During Longqing Dynasty, Governor Wang Gu rebuilt the Great Wall. Dongqi County Yuxi River On the west bank, west to Baoning Fort (more than 30 miles southwest of Yulin City); Five years (1571) Gao Guangxian He also supervised the construction of Yuxi River Red Stone Gorge East to Changlebao (Yulin City more than 40 miles northeast), Baoning fort southwest Boroburg Okawaguchi Wudinghe River Two sections of the Great Wall on the north shore; At the beginning of Wanli, Zhang Shouzhong worked hard to build Huang Fuchuan Jian 'an Fort (To the south of Lijimao Village, Yulin City) and to the southwest of Bolaobao Zhenjing Fort Hundreds of miles of big sides of the Great Wall. There are many rivers in this area, sand everywhere, the old wall has long been washed down, the construction of masonry water tunnel secret door, Water gap There are more than 500 water holes and waterways, which solve the problem of the city wall crossing the river. At the same time, "because the edge is the pier, because the pier is the yard, because the ground is the village, the modification is moved, and the configuration is reconfigured", the plan Xiuhou104, the pier is 484, and the village is 59, so that the Great Wall in the north of Yulin Town is finally finalized and the Yi is the giant barrier. In the 35th year of Wanli (1607), the Yulin Great Wall was cleared of sand and brick forts, and was created at Hongshan City entrance 15 miles north of Yulin City Zhenbeitai With a height of 7 zhangs, it is the largest fortress along the Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty.

Ningxia Township

In 1561, a great earthquake occurred in Ningxia, and the Great Wall collapsed completely. During the Longqing period, the Great Wall collapsed on the east bank of the Yellow River was rebuilt. In the early Wanli year, the gates of the gullies of Helan Mountain were repaired or rebuilt, and more piers and fortresses were built.

Guyuan Town

In the fifth year of Longqing (1571), he was governor Wang's admonition , Dai CAI Successively presided over the new construction of Peijiachuan Great Wall "in Ningxia pull mu Gorge old fort estuary, to Wufang Temple pagoda Bay white grass [sheep] Chuandun." The new border wall extends from the west of Zhongwei County in Ningxia to the south bank of the Yellow River and ends in Gansu Jingtai county Five Buddhist temple Township opposite shore, with Guyuan old edge phase, and Jian Shui Anbao City (Jingyuan County today Shimen township Southeast) garrison reclamation. Wanli twenty-six years (1598) after the big, small Songshan campaign, Gansu town extension edge, five Buddha Temple south of the west bank of the Yellow River cable bridge, and Guyuan town Peijiachuan Great Wall end to end, the old border city military status decline, Guyuan town defensive center of focus moved north to the south bank of the Yellow River Peijiachuan Great Wall line, along the construction of dozens of castles, well opening exchange, become the west of Helan Mountain. Nishitau The Mongols were one of the important channels for trade within the Great Wall.

Gansu town

In the late Ming Dynasty, the Great Wall was rebuilt and rerouted on a large scale mainly in Zhenfang District of Gansu Province. In the fifth year of Longqing (1571), Liao Fengjie presided over several reconstruction projects. First, west from Ganzhou Weibanqiao fort (today Linze county Banqiao Town), east from the Ming Shabao (now Zhangye 60 miles northwest), second, east to Banqiao Fort, west to the town of Yisuo (today Gaotai county northwest Tiancheng Village East bank of Heihe (today Jeongnghia Gorge ); Third, from Jiayuguan Pass in the west, to the west bank of Heihe River in the east; Fourth, from the east of the Shandan health Church to the ancient city grotto boundary monument (100 miles southeast of today's Shandan County city). The reconstruction project focused on repairing the city wall and redigging it trench Repair the drainage channel. After the second year of Wanli (1574), it was gradually wrapped in black bricks and changed its appearance. Wanli 26th Year (1598) Trilateral governor Li Wen Set seven divisions, separate troops, into the suppression entrenched in the big, small Songshan (now Jingtai County, Gansu Province Thulu Mountain , Changlin Mountain) in the area of Tartar a red rabbit and other departments. Service flat, then build Matsuyama "new edge". "East of the river from Yongan Cable Bridge to the small Songshan double Dun boundary, a total of 180 li; To the west of the River, the boundary from Sishui Tumen to Xiao Songshan Double Dun spans 220 li." (" Qin Bian Ji Volume 1) Hedong refers to Guyuan Town east of the Yellow River, and Hexi refers to Gansu town defense area. Yongan Cable Bridge, located on the west bank of the Yellow River in the southeast of Jingtai County; Shuangdun refers to Zhangjialiang, Changlin Mountain, northwest of Jingtai County, when it is the boundary of two towns; Fort Surabaya, Fort Tumen, now Furunang County north of Surabaya, Tumen township . This new side of the Great Wall faces the Peijiachuan Great Wall in Guyuan Town on the east bank of the Yellow River across the river to the east, and the Gulang Suo in Gansu Province to the west. Chong Lang Wai (Present Gansu Province Vinh Daeng The old edge phase title, built between the north foot of Songshan and the Luoqian Beach, a total length of more than 400 miles, the new construction of Tumen, Dajing, Peijiaying, Hongshui River Sanyanjing, Lutangying castles, by Gansu, Guyuan two towns, so that the Ming Dynasty from the Yellow River to the north of the line more than 300 miles, is the late Ming Dynasty to build the largest project of the Great Wall.

Funing county The Great Wall

On May 5, 2014, in Funing County Garrison camp town Banchangyu Scenic Spot, Hebei Qinhuangdao : Restoration of the Ming Great Wall Clay chess set Appeared under the Great Wall. ^[13]

In Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province, the 233-meter Ming Great Wall between No. 159 Enemy Tower and No. 160 Enemy Tower in Banchangyu Scenic area of Zhuaoying Town, Funing County, is being methodically restored. When cleaning the foundation of the Great Wall under the No. 159 enemy building, the soldiers guarding the Great Wall made of clay chess was found. Chinese chess There are two kinds, one black, one black Earthy yellow . There are more than 40 pieces of chess unearthed, divided into two kinds, one black, one earthy yellow, from the font of the Ming Dynasty Imitation song typeface . ^[13]

Jiayuguan Pass

明宪宗 Chenghua seven years (1471), life Governor of Yansui Metropolitan official Yu Zijun Dazhu edge secret, "from Huang Fu Chuan west deckle Camp dry more than 200 miles, pier fort look at each other, cross-cut sleeve; Internal compound graben mountain, valley, said the road, the east to the head, the west end Ninggu." (" History of Ming Dynasty Volume ninety-one military records · Frontier defense) Huang Fuchuan originated from today Inner Mongolia The bend of a river Jungar Banner Within the territory, south flow to Shaanxi Fugu county Northeast into the Yellow River; Set the border camp to rule the present Northern Shaanxi Dingbian county The partial head is now Shanxi Pianguan county Ninggu refers to Ningxia at that time The guards and Guyuan Town . The Great Wall was built in accordance with the Sui Dynasty five years Cui Zhongfang The old foundation of the western section of the Great Wall was built, and the eastern section extended northeast to the west bank of the Yellow River in Fugu County until the tenth year of Chenghua complete Two Great walls were built. Jiajing Period (1522-1566) Yang Yiqing And Liu Tianhe successively presided over the renovation and renovation. South by the Great Wall self-determined border camp to the south by Shilangchi, Xinxing fort around Ding Yi The arc to Longzhou City is connected with the old wall, relying on Baizi Mountain, and the road of invading ring (county) and Qing (Yang) is filled with Du.

Ming Great Wall sites around (18 photos)

During the tenure of General Officer Zhao (1432 ~ 1443), he set aside and built a pass, which became the prototype of the Great Wall in Ningxia. Chenghua Decade (1474) Xu Tingzhang, Fan Jin Imitating the practice of Yu Zijun, governor of Yansui, he supervised the construction of the Ningxia Hedong Great Wall, "from Huangsha Tsui to Hua Ma Chi, the length of 387 li." (" Bian Zheng Kao Volume 3) Wong Sha Tsui, located later Crosswise castle (Present-day Ningxia Lingwu County Hengchengzi Village) northwest, west of the Yellow River. Huamachi is now Ningxia Salt pond County, the Great Wall east with Yansui Town Connected, also used the Sui Dynasty Ling, Sui part of the Great Wall of the old base. It is called the East Wall of the River. 12 Years of Chenghua (1476) Jia Jun Served as the governor of Ningxia, in the side for eight years, not coerce his wife, diligent Congo, presided over the construction Helan Mountain South entrance of Shuangshan (present-day Ningxia Qingtongxia City northwest fork ) to Guangwu Camp (now Qingtongxia The city Guangwu township ); Yong An Dun (now Ningxia Zhongwei County SW) to West Sha Tsui (now Zhongwei county Ruoyuanbao Village) on the southwest side wall of Ningxia. Again in present-day Ningxia Taole County The east bank of the Jianhe east "18 piers side wall", from the north Zhenyuan Guan (now the northeast of Shizui Mountain in Ningxia) on the east bank of the Yellow River, south of the Heng Castle "Hedong Wall". During the reign of Jiajing, Ningxia Township The side wall was rebuilt and rebuilt to form a whole, starting from the junction of the Great Wall of Huamachi and Yansui Town in the southeast and the northwest Xingwu Camp Horizontal castle, along the east bank of the Yellow River northbound To Shizui Mountain across the Yellow River, through the Zhenyuan Pass around a large arc, and then along the eastern slope of Helan Mountain south to Zaoyuanbao turned west, through Ningxia Centre half It ends on the north bank of the Yellow River.

明孝宗 During the reign of Hongzhi, Mongolia Flame screen , princekin Many times the army dived into the trap, south Guyuan , Pingliang Along the way, the Ming Dynasty officially established Guyuan Town in the fourteenth year of Hongzhi (1501) Commander in chief And began the construction of the Great Wall. "The total system Qin humerus built inside one, since Raoyang From the boundary, west to Xu Bin water more than three hundred miles, the Guyuan boundary; From Xu Bin water, west to Jinglu flowers bifurcate stop, more than 600 miles long, also build... Yiran is a serious danger in Guanzhong." (" Emperor Ming nine sides exam Raoyang refers to Raoyang Water Fort in Yansui Town (now Jiyuan Township, Dingbian, Shaanxi Province) Liaoyang Village), which is the boundary between the two towns of Yan and Gu; Xu Bin water fort. Present Ningxia Tongxin County Northeast Xu Bingshui Village, Jinglu fortress, that is now Gansu province Jingyuan County The county seat; Flowers bifurcation, located in today Jingyuan county Northwest Shuiquan Town on the east bank of the Yellow River, this almost east-west Great Wall was called the "inner side". Jiajing years (1522 ~ 1566) Guyuan town general Jingluwei Built southwest along the southeast bank of the Yellow River (present-day Jingyuan) Pier and abutment Add the Great Wall through the present Lanzhou (capital of Gansu Province) City, and along The Taohe River (in Hebei Province) The east coast extends southward to the present Minxian County In the territory, called "the Yellow River a side wall" and" Taozhou Ten passes ".

Jiayuguan Gate

Set up at the beginning of the Ming Dynasty Gansu town Running the West River defense, but Indian classical logic (NVH) In the early period, border troubles from the north were mainly concentrated in Hebei, Shanxi and Shaanxi, and Hexi was relatively safe. With the Mongols also moving west, Gansu's defense was tight, Hongzhi, Zhengde During the years (1488-1521), the construction of the Great Wall began, and the real construction was in the middle period of Jiajing. Governor of the sixteenth year of Jiajing (1537) Zhao Zai Jianjun Zhen Fanwei (now Minqin, Gansu) Linhedun to Yongchang Weicheng (now Gansu) Yongchang county Earth walls, gully hundreds of miles. Jiajing twenty years (1541), repair" Jiayuguan Pass The wall stretches 15 li to the River in the south and 15 li to Shiguan in the north, a total of 30 li." (" Border Political Examination "volume 4) The river is now Bac Ha Shiguan is located in today's Jiayuguan Pass Montenegro To the northeast of Lake Reservoir, this is the first time that Jiayuguan has appeared as a regular city wall project. Governor of Jiajing in the 26th to 27th year (1547-1548) Yang Bo Presided over again Gansu Great Wall Three sections of the large-scale expansion project. The first section of the east from the five dam fort (now Gansu high Taitung 18 li) Shagang pier, west to Jiuba Fort (40 li northwest of today's Gaotai), stretching in Heihe The North Shore. The second segment is located Red lily Within the border, east from the Wuquan mouth Fengcheng shop (today Shandan Feng Castle) West Da Kou Zi East Yueyi (today Shandan county In the west Dongle Town ). The third section of the east to East Yueyi, west to Gansu Zhencheng (now Zhangye Northwest of the city Banqiao Fort (now Linze county Banqiao Town ). On the north side of the Great Wall Longshou Mountain The mountain passes were also built with moats, piers or gateways. So far, Gansu town under the jurisdiction Hexi Corridor Sections of the Great Wall are basically formed and connected as one.

Jiayuguan Pass

Cheng Hua 21 years (1485) Yu Zijun Yi The Ministry of Ministry Shangshu and Left deputy imperial history , Governor General Datong , Xuan Prefecture Military affairs have increased the construction of 440 piers, east from Sihai Ye (Beijing Yanqing county East), west to the Yellow River, stretching more than 1,300 li. The reconstruction of the Great Wall was mainly completed during the reign of Jiajing.

From the 21st to the 29th year of Jiajing (1542 ~ 1560), Zhai Peng , Zhan Rong, Onwanda Governor Yi, big, pick and repair the side wall dry. The new works feature on the city walls ukiki The wall table, Enemy broadcasting station "Conducive to the side attack", the platform set shop house "to place the garrison soldiers"; Forts were built near the Great Wall, "to rest the ambush soldiers", and secret doors were left under the city wall, "so as to get out of the sentry." This is the Ming Great Wall Building structure 's... Great improvement, so that the city wall, pass, smoke pier, garrison fort together to form a deep defense system.

from Ningxia Yingu, Hui autonomous region Class I highway Drive 8 kilometers east, located in Etoke Banner Shanghai Miao town The Ming Dynasty Great Wall site in the west stretches hundreds of kilometers from the east bank of the Yellow River to the east, and is 53.3 kilometers long in the territory of My Banner. Although it has experienced hundreds of years of ups and downs, the whole is still intact, from loess ramming The tamped layer is 8 to 12 cm, the walls and piers ( Enemy broadcasting station To form the main body, the piers are arranged neatly, each pier is 150 meters apart. After Cangsang pier to this day is still up to 12 meters, the wall is 6.5 meters high. The Shuidonggou River, which runs through Lingwu County in Ningxia, runs through a gap in the Great Wall, which is the main defensive point of this section of the Great Wall, and contains the Pass city and other important defensive facilities. The Great Wall of Ming Dynasty has 7 places in the territory of my banner Ruins of beacon Tower .

This area of the Great Wall is the inner edge, intended to prevent nomad The cavalry circled the east of the Taihang Mountains and threatened the capital Division's Gi-fu. Great governance During the years (1488-1505), the Mongol Tatars were resident Yellow River loop In, Slanting pass Along the Yellow River meander Many beaches, to enter the kou ferry, therefore, in the middle of the Ming Dynasty in this area to build a number of heavy Great Wall, forming one to four sides. Big side in Guanbei 120 miles, east Datong Zhenping Luwei cliff head pier, west to the Yellow River: two sides in Guanbei 60 miles, east Ping Luwei White lawn; trilateral 30 miles northeast of Guan, from the east Lao Ying stone temple (now off-balance County northeast Laoying township), west to Bai Dao slope Stone ladder A block of water; On all sides Kannan 2 miles, east from the Changlin eagle nest cliff, west to Guanjiao military field. During the Jiajing years, it was renovated Zijing Pass South edge Taihang Mountains Under the inner Great Wall, soil and stone mixed, build enemy terrace shop house, close the city. The inner three passes of the Great Wall at the junction of Shanxi and Hebei were completed.

Shanhai Pass

Dongqi County Shanhai Pass , west to Juyongguan Pass This section of the Great Wall that guards the capital lies between Yanshan Mountain Between the mountains, easy to be washed down by mountains and rivers, Hongzhi, Jiajing years respectively Xifengkou to shard , Gubeikou The section from Huanghua Town to Juyong Pass is filled with the mountain pass waterway and built with the blocking wall, that is, the water pass that can pass the mountains and rivers under the city wall.

Juyongguan in 1550

History books generally agree that it began Ming Dynasty Chengzu Vinh Lac After the suspension of shipping, but the construction situation and the location of the direction are unclear. A slightly more accurate record is ① Western part of Liaoning The side wall, built in Emperor Yingzong of Ming Orthodox Seven years (1442) Wang Ao commander-in-chief Eastern and southern parts of Liaoning Province Military affairs, "bow out of the border, straight from Shanhaiguan. Open up a field High walls, deep gully, five miles for the fort, ten miles for the tun, beacon Sui exhouts, beads even round." (" Jeon Liong-shih "Volume 4," Huangming from the Credo "volume 18) Western Liaoning Changmaple from Shanhaiguan North Awizi Mountain I name mouth of the town of the Great Wall, along Western Liaoning Corridor The eastern slopes of the West Mountains stretch northeast to White earth factory close (present-day Liaoning) Heishan county Baichangmen Township). 2. Liao River Set the side wall, "the whole Liao Zhi · Frontier Zhi", "Bi Gong shou Liaodong, beginning Jian mountain Yin Chaung Weaving wood as a wall, it is easy to version the wall over time, and the pier castle, a little addition." "When we reach Bi Gong, we will place Liao River within our borders." The Beginning of Zhengde (1506) Lee Seung Hoon Governor Liaodong, "Please build the side wall, since Liaoyang three-bifurcation Hebei Province, as far as Kaiyuan, stretching more than five hundred li." After several builds, Liao River set the side wall West from Baituchang Guanshun Liaohe west bank south, through the east trench of Heishan County, Tai 'an County Large table Six tables, to Haicheng county Niuzhuang Town Northwest across the Liao River, then turn to the northeast, along the Liao River east bank to Kaiyuan, Changtu County border, ending in Zhenbei Fort. Because the Great Wall is south around a big v shape, along the eastern and western banks of the Liao River, it is called" Liaohetao Great Wall ". The Liaodong border wall was built in the third year of Chenghua (1467) and driven away by the Ming army Jianzhou Jurchen After that, Han Bin Zhou Jun has built Dongzhou to Caohe ten fort, Zhenbei, Qingyang two fort, to fifteen years (1479) to build a side wall from Kaiyuan arrived The Yalu River Side, seventeen years (1481) to build Phoenix, town east, town Yi three border cities, so far, the entire Liaodong border wall is completed.

Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty

Great Wall of Ming Dynasty City wall Guancheng castle, wall platform and smoke pier, etc. constitute a complete military Defensive works The system.

The wall is the main body of the Great Wall project, and the wall is divided into brick walls, stone walls, Rammed earth wall Shovel gable, gable wall, wooden tussah wall, trench press and other types, with the terrain, the difficulty of materials vary. All except the walls of the Great Wall in Jili Town Strip stone , Black brick Masonry, the rest of the Great Wall uses rammed earth walls, only closed doors, enemy buildings package brick. Gable shoveling refers to cutting a natural mountain into a steep wall; Mountain walls are generally built of masonry against steep ridges; Wooden tussah wall refers to the wood fence wall in the forest; Trench press refers to the wall of earth built on one side after digging a trench. The large section of the wall is trapezoidal, and the height and thickness of the wall vary with the needs of the situation. Top of the wall, peripherals crenel , built inside Parapet wall Both sides are crenellated, such as the Mutianyu Great Wall in Beijing, showing the importance of military control. The Great Wall of brick and stone structure takes the Juyong Pass of Bada Zhi in Beijing as an example. The outer side of the wall is built with neat strips of stone and the interior is filled with lime and gravel. The average height is 7 ~ 8 meters, and the base width is 6 ~ 7 meters. Top width 5 ~ 6 meters. The top is built with black bricks into the crenel and female wall, the crenel is about 1.8 meters high, and the female wall is about 1.2 meters high. The crenel is perforated and perforated. The top of the wall is paved with square bricks, and there are two sides drain and Effluent stone PRRRRR. The inner walls are interspaced Ticket gate A secret way for the guards to go up and down.

Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty Guan Cheng is the castle of China. It is the passage to and from the Great Wall, and it is also an important line of defense of the Great Wall Tower over a city gate and Archery watchtower . Generally, the Guan city is built two or several times, which is connected with brick stone walls to form a closed city, and some Guan cities are also built A barbican city , turret , water pass or Yicheng City From the city to the city Bridle path In order to prepare the garrison troops in time to mount the city. Guancheng and the Great Wall are one, the famous Shanhaiguan, Juyong Pass, Pingxingguan Yanmen Pass, Jiayuguan and so on.

Ming Wall hollow enemy station in 1570

Most of the castles in the world are located in European countries, such as France, Britain, Germany, Italy , Sweden , Hungary , Netherlands And other countries. But there are also castles on the Great Wall of China. Castles are classified into the Acropolis, the Guard or dry house city and the castle city, according to the defense system and Military system It is required to be installed on the inside of the Great Wall, and some are located outside the wall. The distance between the Wei and the city is about a hundred miles, the circumference of the acropolis is 6 to 9 miles, and the circumference of the Qianhuo city is 4 to 5 miles, with brick walls and peripherals Horse face Corner tower, gate to build a walled city, and some gates also build a moon city or wing city opposite the gate of the walled city to strengthen the control of the gate. There is... in the city Government office Barracks, dwellings and temples. The distance between Wei and Suo City and the Great Wall is close or far, depending on the moderate location within the Great Wall, the gentle terrain, and the easy place to build. Castle city or edge fort, spacing about 10 miles, city around l ~ 3, brick wall, open 1 ~ 2 doors, build the gate. There are garrison barracks in the city, ground The distance between the temple, the edge fort and the Great Wall is generally not more than 10 miles, and the police can quickly climb the city.

Qin Great Wall site

The wall platform is on the Great Wall, about 300 meters apart, protruding outside the wall, the countertop is flat with the top of the wall, and the shop house is built for the soldiers of the city to shelter from the wind and rain when patrolling, and the wall platform is laid with a crenel, which is used for the enemy of the siege. The enemy station, also known as the enemy tower, was built across the city wall, divided into two or three storeys, several feet above the city wall, with arches and arrow Windows, and was hollow inside, where the garrison soldiers could live and store guns, ammunition, bows and other weapons. Top construction oar Ring with crenel, for the gap of hope. The enemy station is located at the most dangerous point of the Great Wall. It is twelve feet wide and can hold thirty or forty sergeants. Hollow straddle wall enemy station is Qi Jiguang Founded when he was general of Thistle Town.

Smoke pier is also called beacon tower, Feng Hou Pier, pavilion, pavilion, Beacon tower It is a kind of building that burns smoke during the day and opens fire at night to convey military information. More built inside and outside the Great Wall on the top of the mountain, easy to look at the mound or road turns. Smoke pier form is an isolated one Rammed earth Or a high platform of brick and stone with a watchhouse and fireworks faggot , alarm gun, sulfur, Saltpeter . Under the stage, there were walled garrison houses, sheep-horse pens, warehouse . There are four kinds of smoke pier Settings: one is close to both sides of the Great Wall, called "side pier"; The second is to extend beyond the Great Wall, called "outside the belly fire pier"; The second is to extend the connection to the mainland capital city, said; " In the belly Catch fire pier "; Four outer edges Communication line Arranged, said: "add Dao Duntai". One every 10 miles or so, just within sight of the human eye. Present-day Hebei, Shanxi (Province) The inner Great Wall at the border of the province did not build a wall because of the steep mountains and the mountain as a barrier, but only built brick hollow enemy towers at the mouth of the mountain pass and the cliff bank of the river, numbered in turn as "× word ×× platform", stationed troops to guard, and used to transmit signals.

In order to effectively conduct defense management and construction of the whole line of the Great Wall, the Ming Dynasty divided the entire line of the Great Wall from the Yalu River in the east to Jiayuguan in the west into nine defensive areas, assigned general officers under the command, also known as the garrison, so nine Garrison area A.K.A. Nine edges Or "Nine Towns". The general garrison and sections of the Great Wall under its jurisdiction are as follows:

Liaodong Town

General officer first rule Quang Ninh Wei (now Beizhen, Liaoning Province), Long Khanh Later, he moved to Dongningwei (now Liaoyang, Liaoning Province) in winter. The Great Wall under the jurisdiction of the east from today Dandong City Kuandian county Hu Mountain south of the Yalu River, west to Shanhaiguan North Wuming mouth, a total length of 975 kilometers. By Kuandien Fort, Hai Gai, Kaiyuan, Jin Yi, Ningyuan The five will defend in sections. Due to the The Great Wall of Liaodong Town Most of them were not covered with bricks, and there are few surviving relics.

Jilly Town

Commander in chief government Santun Camp Present-day Hebei Qianxi County Santunying Town ). Jurisdiction of the Great Wall east from Shanhaiguan Old leader West to Huangyu Pass (present-day Hebei Province Xingtai Taihang Mountains in the northwest of the city), a total length of more than 1,500 kilometers. The Great Wall of Jizhou Town is divided into three sections: Jizhou Town, Chang Town and Zhenbao Town. ① Jizhou town by three roads Deputy commander-in-chief Branch: East road from mountain to pass Jianchang camp Cold mouth; The middle way is self-cooling Malanyu County ; West road from Malanyu to Shitang Road Mutianyu. ② Changzhen boundary from Mutianyu to Shitang Road Jizhou boundary in the east, west to Juyong Pass border town, Zijingguan Zhenbao town boundary, by the three participants divided into three towns, are: Huanghua Town, Juyong Pass, Henglingkou. ③ Zhenbao town administrative boundary from Zijing Pass Along river estuary Lianchang town boundary, coming west Defect pass Lu intersection, Shanxi Pingding Prefecture Borders. It is divided into Zijing Pass, inverted horse Pass, Longquan Pass So pass four participants will be divided. The Jizhen Great Wall is the best preserved section of the existing remains.

Xuan Prefecture The town of

General Officer rule Xuan Fuwei Present-day Hebei Xuanhua ). Jurisdiction of the Great Wall east Mutianyu Bohai Sea and four seas metallurgy branch, west West Yang River (today Huai 'an County, Hebei Province County) and Datong Town, a total length of 558 kilometers. This town is the northwest gateway of the capital, the situation is important, the side wall is strong, there are nine internal and external. Under the main town, there are six defenses. ① East Road, east from Sihai Ye Lianchang Town Huanghua Town boundary, north to Jinganbao, city wall length of 66.5 kilometers. ② Lower North Road, north from Muma Fort east side, west to sample field, south to Chang 'an Mountains The city wall is 106.5 kilometers long. Up North Road, from the east Chin Yen Fort, North maxima Edge, west to Jinjiazhuang, the city wall is 130.5 kilometers long. ④ Middle road, east Akagi West to Zhangjiamen Castle, the city wall is 89.5 kilometers long. ⑤ Shangxi Road, from Yangfangbao in the east to Ximalin in the west, the city wall is 107 kilometers long. ⑥ Down the west road, from the east New estuary . West to Xiyang River Datong Town Pingyuan fort boundary, the city wall is 58 kilometers long. Xuanfu Town Remains of the Great Wall The masonry in the eastern section was mostly demolished; The rammed earth wall in the western section is well preserved.

Datong Town

General Officer rule Datong Fu (now Datong, Shanxi), governed the Great Wall east of Tianchengwei (now Shanxi) Tianzhen County Near the far fort boundary, west Ma Kok SAN (Present-day Inner Mongolia Qingshuihe County Kouzi on the village Dongshan) joins Shanxi Town, with a total length of 335 km. From east to west, there are eight town guards, which are Xinping Road, East Road, North East Road, North West Road , Middle Road, Weiyuan Road, West Road, well Pinglu . The ruins of the Great Wall in Datong Town have been demolished, and the rammed earth wall is still intact.

Shanxi town

Also known as Taiyuan Town. General officer first rule partial head pass (now Shanxi partial Pass), seek to move Ninh Vu So (now Shanxi Ningwu). It governs the east bank of the Yellow River from Hequ (now the old county of Hequ, Shanxi) to the west of the Great Wall, and passes through Bianguan, Old Camp Fort , Ningwu Pass , Yanmen Pass, Pingxingguan To the east of the Taihang Mountains, the Great Wall of Jizhou Town, a total length of nearly 800 kilometers. Because it is within the Great Wall of Xuan and Da two towns, it is also called the Inner Great Wall, partial head, Ningwu, Yanmen collectively known as" The Outer Three Passes Relative to the "inner three passes" of Jili town: Ju Yong, Bauhinia, and pour horse. The Great Wall of Shanxi town is built against the mountains, mostly stone walls, and several heavy, by Beiloukou East Road Daichau Left, Taiyuan left (refers to Ningwu Pass), Middle Road Limmingburg Turn left on the west road, Hequ county The remains of the Great Wall have been restored and are still coherent.

Yansui Town

General officer first rule Suide Prefecture (Present Shaanxi Suide ), after the transfer treatment Yulin Wei (now Shaanxi Yulin), it is also called Yulin town. Govern the Great Wall from the east Hwang Bucheon Fort (present Huangfu Township, Fugu County, Shaanxi), west to Huamachi (present Ningxia) Salt pond ), a total length of 885 km. On the south side of the Great Wall there is another "two sides", from the west Bank of the Yellow River in the east (today's Shaanxi Fugu Wadou township ), twists and turns, west to Ningbian Camp (today's Dingbian, Shaanxi) and the big border wall. From east, central, west, Lone Mountain Fort , Qingping Fort , Yulin Boryeongburg Six route participants will defend. Yulin town of the Great Wall remains are buried by sand, local areas were pushed dry to do the road, only rammed Mound platform Still exists.

Ningxia Township

General Officer rule Ningxia Guard (Present-day Ningxia Yinchuan ), the jurisdiction of the Great Wall from the east of Huamachi Chi (today's Yanchi, Ningxia) and Yansui town of the Great Wall boundary, the west end of the Ningxia Zhongwei Qiquigou River north bank (today's southwest of Ningxia Zhongwei County), a total length of 830 kilometers, divided into five defensive. ① East Road, the east boundary of the white flower Machiying city, the west to the west border of Maobu Sibu fort (today northeast of Lingwu, Ningxia Baota Township ). ② Middle Road, southeast from Qingshui Ying City (now Ningxia Lingwu County Ciyaobao township Qingshuiying village East border and east Road from the northwest to Hengchengbao Yellow River east bank. ③ North Road, from Heng Castle north, Xida town North fort south (today's Ningxia Helan county West). The North Road Great Wall crosses the Yellow River in a great arc to the north. ④ South Road, north of Baiping Qiangbao (now Qianjibao Village in Yinchuan City), south to Dambao (now Qingtongxia City) Dam Village ). ⑤ West Road, east Guangwuying north boundary (now Qingtongxia City Guangwu Township), west end Centre half Southwest magpie ditch. Most of the remains of the Great Wall of Ningxia Town are buried in quicksand, only the stone wall of Helan Mountain section has a discontinuous remains, and a dislocation phenomenon caused by fault seismic activity is preserved.

Guyuan Town

General Officer rule Guyuan prefecture (now Guyuan, Ningxia), because the governor Shaanxi trilateral region Military affairs open house Guyuan, so also called Shaanxi town. The jurisdiction of the old Great Wall for the east from Yansui Town Raoyang water fort west boundary, west Lanzhou, Lintao And stretched for miles. In the late Ming Dynasty, the line was rebuilt and the Great Wall of the town was divided into four ways. ① Xiamaguan Road. East from Yansui Town Raoyang water fort (now Liaoyang Village, Jiyuan Township, Dingbian, Shaanxi) west boundary, west Da Xi 'an Prefecture Somian Shawan Estuary (present-day Ningxia Haiyuan county Northwest cotton bight ). "Liangjiaquan new edge" southeast from the present Tongxin County Xubingshui village southeast of Daluo Mountain, northwest Hongsi Fort Arrive today Zhongning county Singing Sand Town The south bank of the Yellow River is also guarded by this road. ② Jinglu Road. East from the northeast of dry salt pond fort Sand Bay Mouth, West Pingtan fort big Wolf Gully pier (now Pingtan Township, southwest Jingyuan County, Gansu Province). The "Peijiachuan Border Wall" built during the period of Longqing was from the south bank of the Yellow River in the southwest of Zhongwei in the east to the south border of Dialyxunbao in the west (now the west hollow building village of Shuiquan Town, Jingyuan County). ③ Lanzhou Road. A castle on the east bank of the Yellow River (now Gansu Province) Yuzhong county Qingcheng Town ), the west arrived at the high mountain fort (now Yongjing county Border). ④ Hezhou Road. Rise from the north Ha Chau Guard (Present Gansu Province Linxia City) East of the Yellow River, south to the old Taozhou fort (now Gansu Imtan ). ⑤ Lu Tang Road. southeastwardly Cable bridge Northwest of the red water fort west and Gansu town Songshan new border boundary. The ruins of the Great Wall in Guyuan Town are preserved completely except the "Songshan new edge" in Jingtai County, and the other parts of the wall are seriously collapsed, only the rammed earth pier is preserved.

Gansu town

General military officers to govern Gan Zhou Wei (now Zhangye, Gansu province). The southeastern part of the Great Wall has been governed since now Lanzhou Yellow River North shore, northwest to Gansu Jiayuguan, south Qilian Mountains It is more than 800 kilometers long. Divide the defense five ways. 1. Chong Lang road Southeast from Shajing fort (now Lanzhou City HuangHebei Manjing station Boundary with Guyuan Town Anning Fort, northwest to Chinchaung Fort Trang Lang Ha South bank (now Jinqiangyi, Tianzhu County, Gansu Province). ② Liangzhou Road, southeast from the south of the fort of Anyuan Station (present Zhu County), reached the ancient city caves of Dingqiang Dun Fort (present northwest of Shuichang, Gansu). Ganzhou Road, from the east Red lily Shixiaokou Fort Liangzhou road boundary, west end observatory Jiuba Fort west boundary. ④ Suzhou Road, east from the town of Yi Rouge fort It is connected with the west boundary of Jiuba Fort and ends at the south Red Spring Pier of Jiayuguan (now Gansu Province) Sunan Yugur autonomous County Qiwen Township MAO Laiquan village southwest). ⑤ Dajing Road, east from Abaling fort Shuangdunzi, Guyuan Town Lutang Road west boundary, west to Sishui fort with Liangzhou Road old edge. This section is called "Matsuyama Shinbian". The remains of the Great Wall in the town of Gansu Province, although buried by the erosion of the wind and sand, still maintain a coherent wall, and there are two parallel walls with a distance of more than 10 meters in Shandan. The total length of the Great Wall under the jurisdiction of the above nine towns has exceeded 10,000 miles, so it is called "the Great Wall".

Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty

Ningxia, September 1, 2010 Yinchuan The city Survey of cultural relics Team in Ningxia Yongning county Yellow Sheep Beach Farm The eastern foot of Helan Mountain Small Jingzi Ditch A section of the Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty was found on the diluvial fan platform in front of the mountains, for the construction and military of the Great Wall of China in the Ming Dynasty Defense system The study provided new historical data. The newly discovered wall was called "the Great Wall" in the Ming Dynasty. Side wall The identified side wall is 16.1 kilometers long, starting from the center of Xiaojingzidun in Huangyangtan, passing through Lianyingpanbao, Dajingzi, Niutou Mountain, Hongjinggou, Clip groove , 鹦鹉山 Willow ditch, stop at Funing Village 100 meters north of the beacon tower, and then extend to the southeast part Irrigation and water conservancy construction Extensive damage, unknown direction.

It is understood that the side wall is now Have all already The collapse was sloping, with a base width of 13 meters and a residual height of 1.2 to 1.5 meters. The side wall shall be excavated on the west side of the wall with a width of about 6 meters and a depth of about 1.2 meters Sandy stony soil The accumulation of earth Leng and deep gully remains is obvious. On the top of Xiaojing Hill, there is one Beacon tower 530 meters southeast of the beacon tower, there is a castle site on the east foot platform, the site can be seen everywhere Ming Dynasty building materials and ceramic fragments of life.

According to the detailed characteristics of the construction records of the Great Wall after the Chenghua Year in the Ming Dynasty, the newly discovered Huangyangtan side wall should be the product of the twelfth year of Chenghua (1467). ^[14]

2014 is Yankhanh An important year for the restoration of the Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty Yanqing county Section construction length of about 4400 meters, including Nine eyes Tower Section, Shixia Pass section, residual section of the Great Wall and other 6. September The longest extant Ming Dynasty Great Wall in Yanqing Badaling Town At the repair site, the staff found a number of Chongzhen seven years of bricks and tiles when cleaning up the collapsed city wall Enemy tower Let's wait. The discovery of bricks and tiles means that the construction history of Yanqing section of the Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty has been extended by 13 years, and the construction history of the Great Wall in Yanqing with exact written records has been refreshed. These cultural relics are the first found in the Great Wall restoration so far, and have high documentary value for the study of the history of the Great Wall. These repair projects will be completed by the end of October 2014. ^[15]

The first area to be repaired is the 80-84 enemy tower section of the Great Wall in Badaling Town, and the repair project includes more than 1,000 meters of walls and 5 enemy towers, which will be damaged by artificial demolition and natural factors Traditional craft Repairs have been carried out to thoroughly improve the protection of the Great Wall, a national treasure. ^[15]

In April 2009, the State Administration of Cultural Heritage and State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping Joint Announcement, China The Great Wall From Shanhaiguan Pass in Hebei Province in the east to Jiayuguan Pass in Gansu Province in the west, it runs from east to west through Hebei, Tianjin, Beijing, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, Qinghai (Province) 156 counties in 9 provinces (provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government), with a total length of 8851.8 km. ^[16]

The Great Wall of China is the largest in the world Cultural heritage In order to better protect this precious heritage of mankind, the State Administration of Cultural Heritage and the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping took two years to find out the "family background" of the Ming Great Wall for the first time. In the meantime, investigators Total travel Hundreds of thousands of kilometers, fully ended in October 2008 Field work On December 15 Field investigation At the end of the basic measurement work, China has obtained the basic data of the Ming Great Wall for the first time: the total length of the Ming Great Wall is 8,851.8 kilometers, including 6,259.6 kilometers of artificial walls, 359.7 kilometers of trenches, and 2,232.5 kilometers of natural hazards. ^[16]

"The Ming Wall is about 2,000 kilometers longer than the original data, which means the scope of protection will be further expanded in the future." Great Wall expert Luo Zhewen Excited to say that these results for the delineation of conservation areas and Construction control zone , establishment Conservation planning It also provided support for the development of protection and repair plans and the establishment of Great Wall archives. ^[16]

According to Shan Jixiang, director of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage at the time, the survey results show that the existing enemy stations of the Ming Great Wall are 7062, 3,357, 5,723 beacon towers, and 1,176 Guanbao remains At 1026. Through the survey, China not only for the first time comprehensively obtained the preservation status of the Ming Great Wall First-hand information The basic data such as the accurate length of the Great Wall of Ming Dynasty were mapped. The relevant departments also for the first time comprehensively mastered the existing conditions of the Ming Great Wall as a huge military defense system, including its specific distribution, direction, architectural characteristics of the walls and ancillary facilities, as well as the nature and nature of the Great Wall Humanistic environment Protection and management status quo. ^[16]

The Ming Dynasty resisted militarily Minority nationality The invasion promoted the frontier economically Economic development It was politically consolidated Multi-ethnic state The unity of... The Ming Great Wall is Chinese history The Great Wall project, which took the longest time, the largest project, and the most complete defense system and structure, played no small role in defending the Ming Dynasty from encroachment, protecting the national security and the stability of people's production and life, developing remote areas, and protecting the communication links between China and the northwest regions. It fully embodies the high achievements of ancient Chinese architectural engineering and ancient times Working people His ingenuity.

The ice road carries stones

At the beginning, built Jiayuguan Pass When the Great Wall was built, thousands of stone strips 2 meters long, 0.5 meters wide and 0.3 meters thick were needed. After the craftsmen chisel the stone strips in Montenegro, people could not lift them, cars could not pull them, and the mountains were too high and the road was too far to transport them. Everyone edge edge cutting stone strip worry, see the midwinter season is coming, stone strip has not been shipped out of the mountains, if you want to delay the project, no Charge for a job Yeah, well, that's not gonna be a good head. Everyone was sighing, at this time, suddenly a dull thunder on the top of the mountain, from the white clouds floating down a piece of brocade silk, the artisans quickly caught, I saw a few lines vaguely visible above, everyone saw an aha moment, according to its actions. After the arrival of winter, they built a road from the mountain to Guancheng, poured water on the road, let it form an ice road, and then put the stone strip on the ice road to glide transportation, the result was very smooth stone strip to the Jiayuguan city, not only did not delay the construction period, but saved a lot of time. In order to thank God for his protection, the craftsmen built a temple near the Guan city to worship the deity, and became a place that the craftsmen must visit after their training.

Goat pack brick

Jiayuguan City, the wall is 9 meters high, but also on the wall to build dozens of different sizes of pavilions and numerous walls, the number of bricks is very surprising, at that time, the construction conditions are very poor, there is no lifting equipment, all rely on manual handling. At that time, the bricks used to build the Guan City were fired 40 miles away. When the brick is done, use oxcart Pull it under the gate, then pull it up by hand. Due to the height of the city, the road that could go up and down was very difficult, although many people were sent to the wall to carry bricks, everyone was tired to death, but the bricks on the back were still in short supply, and the progress of the project was seriously affected. A day, one Children herding sheep Came here to herd sheep and play, saw this scene, had an idea, took off the belt, each of the two bundles on A brick , overlap Then, with a pat on the back of the sheep, the light goat, carrying the bricks, trotted up the wall. Surprised and delighted, the people followed suit, and a large number of bricks were soon transported up the wall.

A bird strikes a stone and crows

According to legend, in ancient times there was a pair of swallows nesting in Jiayuguan soft Yuan gate. One morning, two birds fly out of the gate, at dusk, the female bird flies back first, wait until the male bird flies back, the door is closed, can not enter the gate, then cry to touch the wall and die, for this female swallow grief, from time to time issued "chitter" swallow song, cry until death. After death, its spirit does not scatter, every time someone hits the wall with a stone, it sends out a "chitter" swallow song, to talk to people. In ancient times, people regarded it as an auspicious sound to hear the sound of the swallow in Jiayuguan Pass. When the general left the pass to fight, his wife would hit the wall and pray. Later, before the soldiers left the pass, they would take their families and children to hit the wall and pray together, so that a custom was formed.

Ten thousand years of grey and Yanjing City

People say, yes First Emperor of Qin The earliest built miles The Great Wall . In fact, he did not build the first Great Wall. As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period before the First Emperor of Qin, there was a king of Yan. His land was small, his troops and horses were few, and his strength was weak. He was in danger of being eaten by his neighbors at any time. In order to preserve the land, the king of Yan commandeered the men at the border of his land On the mountain top Build a high wall to protect against invasion.

Because there was no lime at that time, the walls he built, the stones and bricks were plastered with mud. In order to rush time and repair the wall as soon as possible, he ordered not to stop work in winter. The weather is cold, and the mud has to be hot water, so the folk will be big Iron pan Take it to the construction site, set it up on three stones, and Tim Wood-fired porcelain Boiling water. After a long time, the iron pot was burned in a big hole, and the water in the pot all leaked out; Put out the fire under the pan. But the citizens also unexpectedly found that the water spilled in Support pot On the stone, the hot stone exploded when it met the water, and exploded a lot of white faces, which the citizens looked at and thought about, and felt very strange. A man mixed the white surface with water and found it moist and sticky more than mud, so he spread it between stones and bricks.

The next day, the citizens found that with this Wheat flour The stones and cracks of bricks are stronger than those of clay. Yan People were inspired, and from then on, they burned lime to wipe the cracks in the wall.

Later, Qin Shi Huang unified China in order to make Chinese nation Not be Xiongnu, an ancient nationality in China After the conquest, the Great Wall of ten thousand miles was built in the same way as the King of Yan. At the beginning of construction, he made a decree that the original Yan people should do the lime burning work. Therefore, the lime used to build the Great Wall at that time was burned by the people of the State of Yan. Where the Great Wall is built, it burns ash on the hillside, and the quality of the ash burned is very good, which is called ten thousand years of ash, meaning that ten thousand years of no deterioration.

After the construction of the Great Wall, other folk returned to different places. Because of the Yan people's success in burning ash, the first Emperor of Qin appropriated gold and silver to build a town for the Yan people to live in, and this town was Beijing. Therefore, at that time, Beijing was called Yanjing, and the mountains that Yan people used to burn ash and stones were collectively called Yanshan Mountain Mountains.

Issued by the State Administration of Cultural Heritage on November 26, 2020 The first batch of national-level important sections of the Great Wall list A total of 54 sections/places of the Ming Great Wall were included. ^[2]

Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty

There are regional differences in the protection of the Great Wall. Some experts said that some sections of the Great Wall in Beijing, such as Badaling and Juyong Pass, have attracted attention because the scenic spots are famous around the world. " The Wild Great Wall "Because there is no profitability It is not paid attention to by relevant departments and is not well managed and protected.

Dedicated to the protection of the Great Wall of the civilian volunteer "rocket man" to reporters introduced the "wild Great Wall" the current situation: "We often go to Laiyuan a place, called Oolong Valley . The Great Wall over there is so beautiful. There's a saying over there that it's bad luck for people to build houses with old bricks. Because of the existence of this legend, the Wulong Valley section of the Great Wall is very well preserved. But in the summer of 2004, we found that the wall, which was perfectly preserved, had been knocked down. Some people go to the village to collect scorpions, you can do traditional Chinese medicine. A scorpion 5 cents, adults do not look at 5 cents, but 5 cents for children is very attractive. The scorpions were in the bricks, so the children ran up to the Great Wall and knocked down the wall to catch the scorpions inside. It turns out that the customs of the Great Wall are very well preserved, and because Economic benefit It's broken."

According to the report, the reporter found that many parts of the Great Wall have collapsed, leaving only the foundation. "Rocket Man" told reporters: "The Great Wall is mostly made of earth and stone, and has been for more than 500 years. On the one hand, the wind and rain continue to erode, and the enemy buildings we see disappear in a certain rain. And then there is [man-made destruction], which is mainly mining for economic gain, causing damage to the Wall, threatening it and even changing the landscape in some cases."

It is reported that the "wild Great Wall" in remote places is being destroyed faster than people can imagine and is on the verge of disappearing. In 2006, The State Council of China issued the" Regulations on the protection of the Great Wall However, the status quo of the Great Wall protection is still not optimistic. Chinese media have said that the regulations on the protection of the Great Wall exist in a state of lax enforcement, a lack of detailed rules, no law enforcers, a lack of specific implementation rules, and a virtual dead letter.

On the basis of Peking Beijing, Hebei and Tianjin have reached an agreement, the municipal government information office said on Sept. 28 Beijing-tianjin-hebei region The maintenance and protection of the wild Great Wall in the border section is currently focusing on the Red Stone Gate, Simatai and Jinshanling Mountain Section of the wild Great Wall. ^[17]

On May 26, 2019, the second phase of the renovation project of the Changping section of the Ming Great Wall began, and the bullet holes and other relics of the Anti-Japanese War on the Great Wall will be protected in their original state during the renovation process. ^[18]

The Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty in Yulin area starts from Fugu in the east to Dingbian in the west, with numerous castles along the way. Although repeatedly destroyed but still can see its majestic, especially to Yulin Sacred wood One section is the best preserved.

Jingtai Ming Great Wall in Gansu Province

Jingtai Ruins of the Ming Great Wall Is a provincial key Cultural relic protection unit .

Great Wall site Hiking adventure is the outdoor sports enthusiasts to seek the unknown, explore the valuable relics of the Ming Great Wall left to people. It is a very challenging activity for travelers.

The Great Wall of Ming Dynasty Jingyuan County County over the Yellow River into Jingtai County. East from the rope bridge mouth, through the north of Luyang Township, across Ma 'Anshan - Caowo Beach - eight springs - three Wells - Tao Jia Mountain - Hongshui Township -- Longkou -- Changling Mountain -- Yak circle, entering Gulang County border in the west, stretching through Jingtai for more than 90 kilometers The sound of water White earth beam, Luyang Shuigou Mountain Hongshui Changshou Mountain and other places are stone masonry, so far preserved well, most of the rest of the area because of loose soil, long-term erosion by wind and rain, has been naturally inclined PI, leaving only remnants. The '80s, big time Farmland capital construction During the period, about 18 kilometers of the remains of the Great Wall were leveled. To this province Construction Authority farm There is a section of the Great Wall 200 meters long, 3 to 4 meters high, 0, 7 meters to 1 meters wide. According to... History of Ming Dynasty Ming Wanli years, Ganning between Songshan, Bingtu , Zai monk, the force of the rabbit, repeatedly for the two towns. Grand governors Tenaku Decision recovery. Nai Kai Deputy General Ganzhou Mayinglong, Lliangzhou Jiang He and King Yongchang Tieblock attacked him in separate ways, Kou Yuan fled, pulled out his nest, and pushed the land 500 miles, "Songshan has been restored, in order to build a wall, Block up Put up the small house.

" General annals of Gansu "Read: Ming Wanli soldiers prepared deputy Jingzhoujun According to the book of Sanyan Jingbao, the construction began in March of 27 years (1599) and lasted for four hundred miles from Ulan Hasji to Dajing and Sishui Fort by the end of June. " Annals of Jingyuan County Cloud: From the Yellow River cable bridge of Jinglu Weijie to Tumen Mountain a total of four hundred miles, and Lanjing Trang wave Four hundred miles to the edge of the first. Dilu Tang, Sanyan well and other places of soil sparse Yi PI, when the cost of repair, still according to the country's original site. In 1987, Gansu Provincial People's Government It was announced as a provincial key cultural relic protection unit. ^[19]

In July 2015 Gansu (Province) province silver City Jingtai County National key cultural relics protection units The Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty was destroyed. Fort Rope Bridge The site itself and the environment were destroyed, and several gaps were dug in the wall of the Cable bridge, and the Great Wall Beacon Tower 7 Seat pier Being dug up with a shovel. The State Administration of Cultural Heritage received the report and sent it quickly Inspectorate section Rushed to the scene to investigate. This gives us a wake-up call: the Great Wall protection situation is still grim, the protection work is still unsatisfactory, can not relax for a moment. ^[20]

In April 2023, the Supreme People's Procuratorate and the State Administration of Cultural Heritage jointly released on the 21st typical cases of procuratorial public interest litigation on the protection of the Great Wall: including the Shenmu City People's Procuratorate in Shaanxi Province urged to protect the Ming Great Wall site administrative public interest litigation, and the Datong County People's Procuratorate in Xining City, Qinghai Province urged to protect the Ming Great Wall (Datong section) administrative public interest litigation. ^[21]

At 4:20 p.m. on August 24, 2023, the command center of Youyu County Public Security Bureau received an alarm that a gap had been dug in the thirty-second Great Wall of Yangqianhe Township. After investigation, the criminal suspects Zheng (male, 38 years old, from Helinger, Inner Mongolia) and Wang (female, 55 years old, from Helinger, Inner Mongolia) were constructing near the 32th Great Wall. In order to save the distance, they excavated the original gap of the ancient Great Wall into a large gap with an excavator to facilitate the excavator to pass through the gap. It caused irreversible damage to the integrity of the Ming Great Wall and the safety of cultural relics. The two suspects have been detained in accordance with the law, and the case is under further investigation. ^[22]

Parts of the 32nd Great Wall were severely damaged

Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty

catalogue

Introduction to the Great Wall

Historical evolution

Construction background

Construction purpose

Reconstruction works

Primary scope

Yansui Town

Ningxia Township

Guyuan Town

Gansu town

Datong Town

Etok

Shanxi town

Jilly Town

Liaodong Town

Main structure

City wall

Guancheng Castle

castle

bench-table

Chimney pier

Nine edges

Archaeological excavation

Surveying and mapping data

Historical significance

Story and legend

Conservation status

nationwide

In and around Beijing

Yulin area

Jingtai in Gansu Province

Protection case