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Basque People
,
southwest
The European nation. They call themselves the Oscaldunac. It is mainly found in Spain
The Pyrenees Mountains
Xiduan Hoa
The Bay of Biscay
The rest are in France and Latin America. Belong to
Europaean
Mediterranean
Type. The language is
Basque
For writing
Latin alphabet
Spell. Believe in
Catholicism
. The Basques are ancient
Iberia
A direct descendant of the Bascon tribe.
- Chinese name
- Basque
- Foreign name
- Basque
- National lineage
- Western European peoples
- self-styled
- The Oscaldunac
- Main distribution
- Distribution in Spain The Pyrenees Mountains
- National script
- Latin alphabet
- language
- Basque
catalogue
In Spanish they are called Vasco, or Vascongado, and in Basque they are called Euskaldunak or Euskotarak. Belong to
Europaean
Mediterranean type. The language system is undetermined. For text
Latin alphabet
Spell. Available in Spanish or French. Believe in
Catholicism
. The Basques are ancient
Iberia
The direct descendants of the tribe Bascon, the history of its ethnic formation, and
The Iberian Peninsula
Other ethnic groups are significantly different. They suffer on the peninsula
Celts
,
Roman
,
The Germans
and
Arab
During the invasion and its reign, it maintained its own identity in terms of descent and language, except for the occasional acceptance of its cultural influence; Even in 600 years
romanization
In the flood, also not hit. This may have something to do with their mountainous environment in one corner. During the 8th and 10th centuries, it resisted Arab invasions and remained independent. The Basques of Spain in the 13th century
The Kingdom of Castile
After the union, it has its own special rights for a long time. After 1876, the privilege was revoked. The Basque people have a strong national consciousness and they have fought tirelessly for the "restoration of ancient laws" and for equal rights. In 1978, autonomy was granted under a new constitution.
In the eyes of scientists, living in Spain and
France
The Basque, yes
Europe
The oldest people. But in modern times
European
In the eyes, this population of less than one million, with countless legends of the nation is undoubtedly a "strange" - they unknown origin, special appearance, speech is difficult to understand! Hence the name "unknown origin" of the European alien.
Athletic Bilbao prides itself on using only Basque players
The appearance of Basques is distinctly different from that of other Europeans - long, narrow faces, noses
High stilt
He has a dark complexion and a medium build. Some scholars have shown that they don't belong at all
Indo-european race
, are related to neighbors by blood
Spaniard
The French have no contact with other Europeans.
"Unknown origin, complex family" is a major feature of this nation. Some anthropologists have argued that
Ancient Egyptians
,
Phoenicians
,
The Ligurians
,
Indian
,
The Eskimos
More than 20 ethnic groups may be their ancestors; Others believe that the Basques are those who mysteriously disappear into the sea
Osai Chau
Descendants of residents; Others think they may be related to ancient times
The Iberians
, North Africa
The Berbers
,
Caucasian
Related by blood.
However, there is no doubt that the Basques are the oldest people in Europe, and archaeological discoveries have long since confirmed this: in the Basque settlements, archaeologists have found
Paleolithic age
The skull of the late Basque people.
Basques are known for their bravery. In 778 AD, this small nation was defeated at Roncesvalles Pass
Charlemagne the Great
The army.
To this day, the Basques remain a maverick, refusing to integrate with Europe and Spain. In order to fight for autonomy and even independence, the Basque people have carried out a long and continuous struggle, even at the cost of violence and frequent terrorist incidents.
The Basque language is extremely unique. As a result of a long period of communication and integration with neighboring peoples, Basque has a large number of languages
Rohmann
And many old Latin loanwords, but
Indo-european languages
Loanwords are rare, one of the few in Europe that does not belong
Indo-European
One of the languages (the rest are there
Finnish
,
Hungarian
,
Estonian
,
Maltese
,
Turkish
Etc.).
The origins of this language still baffle linguists, with some even suggesting that it is the "language of God."
The grammar of Basque is extremely complex and difficult for foreigners to master. In the 18th century, a Basque scholar, after years of effort, wrote the first Basque grammar book, which was called Hard Work.
What's more, the Basque dialect system is extremely complex, with only eight officially recognized dialects and as many as 25 sub-dialects. A village away, or even a house away, talking is different.
Thus, there is a story circulating in Europe: one year, the demon King moved to the Basque area, but after seven years he had to leave because he could not communicate with the Basques! In seven years, the Demon King learned only two Basque words: "yes" and "no." Such language may really only be understood by God!
The Basque language is spoken only in a small area of Spain and France, no more than 10,000 square kilometers; With the small number of Basque speakers in other parts of Europe and the Americas, the total number of Basque speakers is just over half a million.
It is mainly found in Spain
The Pyrenees Mountains
Xiduan Hoa
The Bay of Biscay
South Coast, the rest distributed in France and
Latin America
Countries. The Basque people living in Latin America are mainly descendants of immigrants from the first half of the 17th century and the second half of the 19th century.
Basques have been engaged in farming, herding and fishing since ancient times. Well into the 20th century,
Basque country
The industry developed rapidly and became one of the main industrial areas in Spain. The area is rich in high-quality iron ore, and with the development of mining and metallurgy,
Basque
National bourgeoisie
It began to form and emerged individual big capitalists and financial giants, which had a great impact on domestic politics and economy.
Basque traditional dance
The Basque region has a mild, humid climate, hilly and wooded areas, and iron ore. Basques have traditionally cultivated the lowlands through which rivers flow, protecting the grassy slopes and raising dairy cattle. Apple orchards and mountain sheep pastures are important economic conditions. Farmhouses are scattered, forming villages or distributed on low slopes. Each family has a barn, acres and family house, its own body, long-term settlement.
In the past, traditional inheritance laws guaranteed that property passed entirely to a single son or daughter, so traditional Basque culture was built around such self-contained "caserio", with a strong sense of kinship due to its isolation. Basques have traditionally been small farmers, shipbuilders and seafarers. Due to ethnic unity, as well as the border between France and Spain, smuggling is also common.
The Basque people are devout Catholics and today are the most devout Catholics in Spain, although animistic beliefs are still preserved among the people.
Their traditional culture has been in decline as a result of prominent urbanization and industrial development, and their farms have been depopulated by the emigration of many Basques to France and the Americas. Live in most larger
Industrial city
The Basque people not only abandoned their old customs, but also the old language tended to die out. The Basque language is still spoken in the hinterland and mountainous backcountry, but by the end of the 20th century, almost all Basques (whether or not they originally spoke Basque) had switched to French or Spanish.
The early history of the Basque people is still an unresolved subject, and Roman writers had written about it roughly equivalent to the present day
The province of Navarre
It was recorded by the Basques tribe in the area. Looks like they fought the Visigoths,
Franks
,
Normans
And sometimes also to occupy the Epolo river basin
Moor
Battle. The epic
Song of Roland
The Battle of Roncesvalles was defeated in 778 AD
Charlemagne
The rearguard was Basque, not Moorish. The Basque country was incorporated in the 10th century
Navarre
At the end of the political turmoil of the Middle Ages, the kingdoms of Arava, Biscay, and Gipsqua were united with the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon. However, in both Spain and France, the Basques maintained a high degree of autonomy and privileges in trade, taxation, and military affairs. When the Spanish Republic was established in 1931, the Basques became politically divided. The province of Gipzcua,
The province of Biscay
And to some extent
Arawa Province
They were prepared to assume a relatively autonomous position within the Republic, and thus remained loyal to the Republic despite its policy being contrary to the Catholic Church. In Navarre, however, they expected the fall of the Republic, becoming a strong stronghold in the 1936 revolt and fielded the best troops. The war lasted until September 1937. Many Basques died after the war,
Franco
The government revoked all Basque privileges. After Franco's death, Spain became enlightened, especially in 1975
monarchy
After its establishment, Basques staged numerous mass demonstrations demanding
Local self-government
. The Spanish government granted partial regional autonomy in 1978-79, but the militant separatists were not satisfied. Among them is the hardline militant Basque Homeland and Freedom (ETA), a terrorist group; They demanded autonomy for the Basques from Spain. As a result, the Basques and the dominant
Spaniard
How the relationship is still not finally resolved.
The Basques are said to be "the world's first whalers".
In 1975, Salma Buckham, a Canadian scholar, discovered from folklore and historical records that the Basques had visited North America in the 16th century. After research Basque nautical records, mortgage deeds, insurance vouchers and other information. She discovered the Basques in Canada between 1540 and 1610
Labrador
He's been active along the coast. They hunt whales as their main activity.
In 1977, the Royal Canadian Geographical Society organized an expedition to excavate the ruins of 16th century Basque houses according to the locations provided by Buckham, and found that they engaged in whaling activities in the waters around Red Harbour on the Canadian coast during the summer when whales were in estrus.
From 1977 to 1985, archaeologist James Tuke led an expedition in eastern Canada
Sadr Island
There are traces of the Basque people refining whale oil and eating whale meat. Archaeologists also discovered Basque tombs on Sadr Island in 1982. On the seafloor near Sadr Island, archaeologists have also found Basque whaling ships and a whale ship motif carved into a sunken plank on the seafloor. On Tewin Island, off the east coast of Canada, archaeologists have found not only Basque whaling gear, but also a number of beautifully made Basque artifacts that archaeologists believe date from around the 16th century
The Pyrenees
It was brought from the hometown, which showed the exquisite artistic achievements of the Basque people at that time.
Archaeologists believe that the Basque people's navigation and whaling skills in the 16th century are astonishing even in today's advanced science and technology.
