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Nickel, "nickel," is a hard, hard substance
ductility
And have
ferromagnetism
the
metal
It is highly polished and resistant to corrosion. Nickel belongs to
siderophile
.
Earth's core
Mainly by
iron
Composed of nickel elements. In the crust
ferromaic
Rocks contain more nickel than siliceous rocks, for example
peridotite
nickeliferous
granite
A thousand times more,
gabbro
The nickel content is 80 times that of granite.
On October 27, 2017, the list of carcinogens published by the World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer was preliminarily collated for reference, and nickel metal and nickel alloys were in the list of Class 2B carcinogens.
[9]
- Chinese name
- nickel
- Foreign name
- Nickel
- Melting point
- 1453 ℃
- Element symbol
- Ni
- Atomic weight
- 58.69
- CAS number
- The 7440-02-0
- discoverer
- Kronstadt
- Atomic number
- 28
- Metallic property
- Transition metal
- ductility
- normal
- Corrosion resistance
- strong
- Oxidation resistance
- strong
- Main use
- Military, aerospace, machinery, stainless steel, etc
- structure
- Face-centered cubic lattice structure [1]
1. Electrolysis. Will enrich sulfide ore
roast
To form oxide, carbon is reduced to crude nickel, and then pure metal nickel is obtained by electrolysis.
2. Carbonylation method. The sulphide ore of nickel is formed by interaction with carbon monoxide
Nickel tetracarbonyl
After heating, it breaks down, and then
purity
Very high
Metallic nickel
.
4. In the blast furnace mixed with oxygen to replace sulfur, heating nickel ore can get nickel oxide. This oxide then reacts with the acid that reacts with iron to get nickel metal.
5. After the ore is calcined into oxide, nickel is obtained by water gas or carbon reduction.
[2]
Because of its excellent corrosion resistance, nickel is often used in electroplating. Nickel-cadmium batteries contain nickel.
Mainly used in alloys (
Formula
(such as nickel steel and
nickel-silver
And used as a catalyst (such as Laney nickel, especially as a catalyst for hydrogenation), can be used to make money, etc., plated on other metals can prevent rust. Mainly used to manufacture stainless steel and other corrosion resistant alloys, such as nickel steel, nickel chromium steel and various
Non-ferrous alloy
Copper with higher nickel content
Nickel alloy
It is not easy to corrode. Also known as
Hydrogenation catalyst
And used in ceramic products, special chemical utensils, electronic circuits, glass green and nickel compound preparation, etc.
Electrolytic nickel
nickel
In 1751, Alex Fredrik Cronstedt, working in Stockholm, Sweden, studied a new metal called
Red arsenic nickel ore
(NiAs) - It comes from Los in Helsingland, Sweden. He thought it contained copper, but what he extracted was a new metal, which he announced and named Nickel in 1754. Many chemists think it's an alloy of cobalt, arsenic, iron and copper - elements that appear as trace amounts of contaminants. It was not until 1775 that pure nickel was prepared by Torbern Bergman, which confirmed it as an element.
Nickel ore
Nickel is nearly silver-white, hard and malleable and has
ferromagnetism
the
Metallic element
It is highly polished and resistant to corrosion. Dissolve in
Nitric acid
After, it is green. Mainly used in alloys (e.g
Nickel steel
and
nickel-silver
) and used as
catalyst
E.g.
Raney nickel
, especially used as
hydrogenation
Of the catalyst)
[3]
|
density
|
8.902 g/cm
3
[2]
|
|
Fusing point
|
1453 ℃
[2]
|
|
Boiling point
|
2732 ℃
[2]
|
|
ductility
|
It has good ductility
|
|
hardness
|
intermediate
[2]
|
|
appearance
|
Silvery metal
|
|
magnetism
|
magnetic
|
|
plasticity
|
good
|
|
Corrosion resistance
|
good
|
Nickel, silver color contrast
Nickel is insoluble in water and forms a dense oxide film on the surface of the humid air at room temperature, which can prevent the main metal from continuing to oxidize. It dissolves slowly in dilute acid, releasing hydrogen to produce the green nickel ion Ni
2 +
; Resistance to
Strong base
. Nickel burns in pure oxygen and emits a dazzling white light. Nickel can also be burned in chlorine and fluorine. The oxidizing solution, including nitric acid, does not react. Nickel is a moderate-strength reducing agent. Nickel is slowly etched by hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, organic acid and alkaline solution. Nickel in
Dilute nitric acid
Slowly dissolve.
Fuming nitric acid
Nickel surface passivation and corrosion resistance. Nickel, like platinum and palladium, can absorb a large amount of hydrogen during passivation, and the smaller the particle size, the greater the absorption amount. The important salts of nickel are nickel sulfate and nickel sulfate
Nickel chloride
. Nickel nitrate is also commonly used in the laboratory, with crystal water, chemical formula Ni (NO
3
)
2
·6H
2
O, green transparent particles, easy to absorb water vapor in the air. Similar to iron, cobalt, in
Normal temperature
Under water and air are more stable, can resist alkaline corrosion, so
It can be melted in the laboratory with a nickel crucible
alkali
.
Nickel sulfate
(NiSO)
4
) can and
Alkali metal
sulfate
Form Ni (SO
4
) ₂·6H
2
O (MI is an alkali metal ion). +2 nickel ions can form
Coordination compound
. Under atmospheric pressure, nickel can be combined with
Carbon monoxide
Reacts, forms highly toxic
Nickel tetracarbonyl
(Ni(CO)
4
When heated, it breaks down into the metals nickel and carbon monoxide.
[4]
|
Peripheral electron configuration
|
3d
8
4s
2
|
|---|---|
|
Position of the periodic table
|
Fourth cycle, Group Ⅷ
|
|
Metal radius
|
124.6 picometers
[2]
|
|
The first ionization energy
|
741.1 kJ/mol
[2]
|
|
electronegativity
|
1.8
[2]
|
|
Principal oxidation number
|
+2, +3, +4
[2]
|
|
Nickel oxide
|
NiC
2
O
4
=NiO+CO+CO
2
|
|---|---|
|
Nickel hydroxide
|
Ni
2 +
+2OH
-
=Ni (OH)
2
|
|
Nickel sulfate
|
2Ni+2H
2
SO
4
+2HNO
3
=2NiSO
4
+NO
2
+NO+3H
2
O
|
|
NiO+H
2
SO
4
=NiSO
4
+H
2
O
|
|
|
NiCO
3
+H
2
SO
4
=NiSO
4
+CO
2
+H
2
O
|
|
|
Nickel halide
|
NiF
2.
NiCl
2.
NiBr
2.
NiI
2
|
|
High nickel oxide
|
4NiO+O
2
=2Ni
2
O
3
|
|---|---|
|
2Ni (OH)
2
+Br
2
+2OH
-
=Ni
2
O
3
+2Br
-
+3H
2
O
|
|
|
2Ni
2
O
3
+4H
2
SO
4
=4NiSO
4
+O
2
+4H
2
O
|
|
|
Ni
2
O
3
+6HCl=2NiCl
2
+Cl
2
+3H
2
O
|
|
|
High nickel hydroxide
|
4NiCO
3
+O
2
=2Ni
2
O
3
+4CO
2
|
|
2Ni (OH)
2
+NaClO+H
2
O=2Ni (OH)
3
+NaCl
|
|
|
2Ni (OH)
3
+6HCl=2NiCl
2
+Cl
2
+6H
2
O
|
|
Ammonia coordination compounds
|
[Ni (NH
3
)
6
]
2 +
|
|---|---|
|
Cyanogen complex
|
[Ni (CN)
4
]
2 -
|
|
chelate
|
[Ni (en)
3
]
2 +
|
|
Carbonyl coordination compounds
|
Ni (CO)
4
|
|
(C)
2
H
5
)
2
Ni
|
Metal nickel has almost no acute toxicity, and general nickel salt toxicity is also low, but
Nickel carbonyl
But it can be very toxic. Nickel carbonyl is rapidly absorbed by the respiratory tract in the form of vapor, and can also be absorbed by the skin in a small amount. The former is the main way for toxic substances to invade the human body in the working environment. Nickel carbonyl at a concentration of 3.5μg/m
3
When it will make people feel like the smell of lamp smoke, low concentration when people have discomfort. Absorption of nickel carbonyl can cause acute poisoning, about 10 minutes will appear the initial symptoms, such as: dizziness, headache, gait instability, sometimes nausea, vomiting, chest tightness; Later symptoms are nausea, vomiting, high fever, difficulty breathing, chest pain, etc. that reappear 12 to 36 hours after exposure. Acute chemical pneumonia at exposure to high concentrations, resulting in death from pulmonary edema and respiratory circulatory failure at exposure to lethal doses, 4 to 11 days after the accident. The characteristic symptoms of nickel poisoning in humans are dermatitis, respiratory disorders and respiratory cancer.
Mutagenicity: Neoplastic transformation: hamster embryo 5µmol/L.
Reproductive toxicity: The lowest oral toxic dose of rats (TD
L0
) : 158mg/kg (multi-generation), fetal poisoning, fetal mouse death.
Carcinogenicity: IARC carcinogenicity Review: Positive reaction in animals.
Migration and transformation: Nickel in natural water is often halide, nitrate, sulfate and some inorganic and
Organic complex
The form is dissolved in water. Soluble ions in water can combine with water to form hydrated ions (Ni(H)
2
O)
6
)
2 +
Forms soluble organic complex ions with amino acids, cystine, fulvic acid, etc., which can migrate with water flow. The migration of nickel in water is mainly caused by the formation of precipitation and co-precipitation, and the migration to the bottom material in crystalline sediments, which accounts for 80% of the total migration amount. The migration of dissolved form and solid adsorption form accounted for only 5%. For this reason, most of the nickel in the water body is concentrated in the bottom sediment, and the nickel content of the sediment can reach 18 to 47ppm, which is 38,000 to 92,000 times the nickel content of the water. Nickel in soil mainly comes from rock weathering, atmospheric dust, irrigation water (including nickel-containing wastewater), fertilization in farmland, and decomposition of plant and animal remains. Plant growth and drainage from farmland can remove nickel from the soil. In general, nickel ions entering the soil with sewage irrigation are adsorbed by the inorganic and organic complex of soil training, and mainly accumulate in the surface.
[5]
|
isotope
|
abundance
|
Half-life period
|
Decay mode
|
Decay energy (MeV)
|
Decay product
|
|
56
Ni
|
man-made
|
6.077 days
|
Electron capture
|
2.136
|
56
Co
|
|
58
Ni
|
68.077%
|
> 7×10
20
years
|
Beta decay
|
-
|
58
Fe
|
|
59
Ni
|
man-made
|
76,000 years
|
Electron capture
|
1.072
|
59
Co
|
|
60
Ni
|
26.233%
|
stabilize
|
|||
|
61
Ni
|
1.14%
|
stabilize
|
|||
|
62
Ni
|
3.634%
|
stabilize
|
|||
|
63
Ni
|
man-made
|
100.1 years
|
Beta decay
|
2.137
|
63
Cu
|
|
64
Ni
|
0.926%
|
stabilize
|
|||
Store in a cool, ventilated warehouse. Keep away from fire and heat. The package should be sealed and not in contact with air. It should be stored separately from oxidizers and acids, and should not be mixed. Explosion-proof lighting and ventilation facilities are adopted.
Sensitization: nickel is the most common sensitizing metal, about 20% of people are allergic to nickel ions, the number of female patients is higher than male patients, in contact with the human body, nickel ions can penetrate into the skin through the pores and sebaceous glands, thereby causing skin allergy and inflammation, its clinical manifestations are dermatitis and eczema. Once sensitized, nickel allergy can persist indefinitely. Stress, sweat, atmospheric and skin moisture and friction can aggravate the symptoms of nickel allergy. The clinical manifestations of nickel atopic dermatitis are pruritus, papular or papular vesicular dermatitis with lichenization.
Clinical observation: The biochemical function of nickel in higher animals and humans is not well understood. But in vitro experiments, animal studies, and clinical observations have provided valuable results.
1. In vitro experiments have shown that nickel-thiamine pyrophosphate (NI)
cocarboxylase
),
Pyridoxal phosphate
Affinity, porphyrins, proteins and peptides, and demonstrated that nickel also binds to RNA and DNA.
2. Six dehydrogenases in the liver are reduced in nickel deficiency, including
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
, lactate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase,
Malate dehydrogenase
And glutamate dehydrogenase. These enzymes are involved in the production of NADH, anaerobic glycolysis, the tricarboxylated cycle, and the production of chemicals
Amino acid
Release nitrogen. And nickel deficiency shows liver cells and
mitochondria
There are structural changes, especially the internal plasma irregularity, mitochondrial oxidation function decreased.
3. The blood nickel content of anemia patients is reduced, and the iron absorption is reduced, nickel has the effect of stimulating hematopoietic function, and the human and animal supplement nickel
erythrocyte
Increased heme and white blood cells.
Physiological needs: Due to the daily intake of nickel in the diet 70 ~ 260μg/d, the human requirement is calculated according to the results of animal experiments, and the possible requirement is 25 ~ 35μg/d.
Excess: Ingestion of soluble nickel 250mg per day can cause toxicity. Some people are more sensitive, ingesting 600μg can cause poisoning. According to animal studies, chronic overingestion or overexposure can lead to myocardial, brain, lung, liver and kidney degeneration.
Data show that drinking water with high nickel content every day will increase the incidence of cancer, especially during radiotherapy and chemotherapy should be prevented from contact with nickel products. Some of the ceramic food utensils distributed on the market should be carefully chosen to use, in ordinary life, take a ceramic utensil with high nickel as a drinking utensil, it will increase the chance of disease.
In addition, some sex drugs produced by informal manufacturers also have high nickel content. Therefore, we should attach great importance to nickel and human health.
Deficiency: Animal experiments have shown that lack of nickel can cause slow growth and reduced fertility.
From January to December 2006, China's cumulative nickel production was 11,1280.01 tons, an increase of 22.07% compared with the same period in 2005; From January to December 2007, China's cumulative nickel production was 115,772.10 tons, an increase of 8.51% compared with the same period in 2006; From January to October 2008, China's cumulative nickel production was 112,209.99 tons, an increase of 8.99% compared with the same period in 2007.
China's nickel industry in the continuous development at the same time, there are also some problems, such as nickel ore is mostly low taste, the proportion of exposed mining is very small, recoverable reserves accounted for only 10% of the total reserves, mining and smelting technology is relatively backward; Mineral processing generally uses weak acid or weak base medium
Flotation process
Beneficiation capacity of 4.3 million tons/year; In addition to a few large enterprises in China nickel smelting generally adopt fire matte smelting technology, nickel sulfide anode diaphragm electrolysis and sulfuric acid selective leaching - electrodeposition process is mainly used to refined nickel, and there is a certain gap with the world's advanced technology, so the cost of mining and smelting in China is high
[7]
.
In 2010, China's nickel consumption is expected to reach 400,000 tons/year, after which China will become the world's largest nickel consumer. 2010 China Nickel metal
Base reserves
Only about 2.3 million tons, 2010-2013 China's nickel exploration has not made significant progress, if in accordance with this consumption, 10 years later China's nickel resources will be gradually depleted.
On October 5, 2012, China's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region geology and mining departments and mining enterprises after four years of exploration, discovered a million tons of super large nickel ore in Ruoqiang County, Xinjiang, has been discovered
Nickel metal
Resources 1.28 million tons.
According to the "2013-2017 China Metal nickel Industry Panorama survey and Investment Outlook Forecast Report", China and the United States are the largest consumers. China's nickel pig iron production will rise to 350,000 tons in 2013, Higo said. Nickel pig iron is a substitute for low grade iron ore. The increased use of nickel pig iron by Chinese stainless steel producers will curb their risk appetite for nickel, dragging down nickel prices. Chinese demand will increase 8.5 percent to 830,000 tons, while production, including pig iron, will rise 10 percent to 540,000 tons, he said. China accounts for 47 per cent of global demand.
As of May 23, 2013, China's inventory was 180,024 tons. In 2013, global stainless steel production is expected to increase by 1.7% from January to 36.5 million tons. China's output will rise 3.7% to 16.8 million tonnes. According to the International Stainless Steel Forum, Asia's stainless steel production accounts for 70% of the world's total.
[8]
China's nickel supply consists of two components, one of which is new nickel production
concentrate
Supply, this part accounts for 72.9% of the total nickel supply, and the other part comes from recycled nickel accounting for 27.1%, along with economic construction and
Iron and steel industry
The development of nickel, the demand is increasing.
South Africa: The Nkomati nickel mine, located in the Mpumalanga region of the eastern Republic of South Africa, 300 km from Johannesburg, was commissioned in 1997 as the first nickel mine in South Africa. It is divided into two ore deposits: high content ore and low content ore. The high-content ore is sent to the Rustenburg smelter for smelting, while the low-content ore is sent to Boswana and Zimbabwe for smelting. The feasibility study of expansion was carried out in 2007, and the expansion project is expected to be put into operation in 2010. 2010 annual production capacity and production capacity of about 4000 tons (metal). After the expansion, the mining life will be extended from 2023 to 2030, and will gradually change to open pit mining.
