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Tropical, in
The Tropic of Cancer
Between the zone, located
equator
On both sides, it lies between 23°26 'north and south latitude and accounts for 39.8% of the world's total area.
Tropics is the English name tropics. Home tape
Solar altitude
The whole year is very big in two
Regression line
between
extensive
District, twice a year
Direct sunlight
Phenomenon, on the tropic line, there is a direct sun in a year, and the noon sun height here is higher all year round, the change is not large, therefore, this area can get strong sunlight all year round, the climate is hot, called tropical. Day and night are the same length on the equator all the year round, and from the equator to the Tropic of Cancer, the range of day and night length changes gradually increases. On the regression line, the longest and the shortest
Day difference
Two hours and 50 minutes. It follows that, within the tropics, the latitudinal differences in astronomical phenomena are minimal. The tropics are characterized by high temperatures throughout the year, with little variation and only relative
Hot season
And cool season or
Rainy season
,
Dry season
A point of... The temperature is more than 16 degrees Celsius throughout the year.
[1]
- Chinese name
- tropics
- Foreign name
- Tropics
- position
- Between the Tropic of Cancer
- Climatic characteristics
- The temperature is high throughout the year, and the four seasons are not obvious
- Inclusive country
- Brazil, India, Kenya, Somalia, etc
Tropical climate
The most significant feature is that the annual temperature is higher, the annual average temperature is greater than 16 degrees Celsius, the four seasons are not obvious, and the daily temperature change is greater than the annual temperature change. Due to differences in surface and precipitation, tropical climates reflect different characteristics, with relatively hot and cool seasons or rainy and dry seasons.
In a broad sense, the equatorial climate can also be classified as a tropical climate, the equatorial climate refers to the north and south sides of the equator 5-10 degrees of the climate, the average annual precipitation of 1000-3000 mm, and the precipitation distribution is relatively uniform, the average annual temperature is 25-28℃, the humidity is large, the annual change of meteorological elements is not significant. Near the equator, it is humid and hot all the year round, with many thunderstorms. During the course of the day, the weather is often monotonous and regular. In the early morning,
Sunny weather
Near noon, the cumulus cloud in the sky developed strongly, became thick and thick, at one or two o 'clock in the afternoon, the sky was cloudy, thunder rumbled, torrential rain poured down, and the rain could last until dusk. After the rain, it was a little cooler, but by sunrise the next day it was muggy again.
Although it is very hot here, the average temperature in the hottest months is not too high, the absolute maximum temperature rarely exceeds 38 ° C and the minimum temperature rarely falls below 18 ° C.
The Congo River basin and the Gulf of Guinea in Africa, the Amazon River basin in South America, and the Indonesian islands have an equatorial climate.
In the tropical desert, the climate is quite different. In northern Africa
Sahara Desert
West Asian
Arabian desert
And the great desert in central Australia and other places, the whole year is dry and less rain, the temperature changes dramatically, and the daily difference can reach more than 50℃.
Sino
Leizhou Peninsula
Hainan Island, the southern lowlands of Yunnan Province and the southern lowlands of Taiwan Province are under tropical climate control, with no frost and snow all year round, and lush tropical jungles everywhere, without winter all year round.
Marine climate
Cool summer tropical areas because of the high temperature and rain, for the growth and reproduction of plants and animals to create extremely favorable conditions. Many valuable plants and animals are found in tropical climates. broad
Tropical rainforest
Is made
Breath
, absorb
Carbon dioxide
The giant green factory plays a very important role in regulating the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the global atmosphere.
[1]
1.
Tropical rainforest climate
It is mainly distributed in areas near the equator, and it is hot and rainy all year round, and every month is uniform.
Sanya - Forever tropical paradise
3.
Tropical monsoon climate
Of south and southeast Asia
Indian peninsula
and
Indochina Peninsula
The most significant. This climate is hot all the year round, and the year can also be divided into two seasons of drought and rain, and the wind direction changes with the season. In the dry season, the wind blows from the land to the sea, and there is little rain. During the rainy season, the wind blows from the sea to the land, and the precipitation is concentrated.
4.
Tropical desert climate
Mainly distributed in
The Tropic of Cancer
Near the west coast and inland areas of the continent, this climate has little precipitation, hot and dry all year round, and there are large areas of desert on the ground.
savanna
Due to their origin or long-term cultivation in the tropics, tropical crops generally require higher caloric conditions. Pure tropical crops such as cocoa, breadrice and durian can only be grown in southern Hainan province. Some heat requirements, have a certain plasticity, can also be suitable for higher latitude climate conditions. Such as
Rubber tree
It has been artificially cultivated in China and has been extended to suitable areas at 24° north latitude. But there are limits to what is possible. Variety improvement is a necessary step in expanding to higher latitudes.
Tropical crop
It is generally perennial and usually adopts plantation mode of production, planting once and harvesting for many years. It is not easy to change to other crops after planting.
Singapore
Asia
:
China
(
Hainan Island
Leizhou Peninsula as well
Yunnan (Province)
And southern Taiwan),
Vietnam
, Laos,
Thailand
, Cambodia,
Burma
,
Malaysia
,
Singapore
,
Brunei
,
The Philippines
,
Indonesia
,
East Timor
,
India
(in part)
Bangladesh
(in part)
Sri Lanka
,
Maldives
Oceania
: Oceania except
Australia
South central,
NZ
It's all tropical
Latin America: Except
Argentina
,
Chile
Most,
Mexico
The north is not outside the tropics. Everything else is tropical
Tropical fruit
Malaysia
- Kuala Lumpur.
Liberia -
Monrovia
(The above are the main cities)
Chaya Peak overlooking
2. Wuzhi Mountains, which is located in China
Hainan Island
The central part of the mountain is named because the peaks are shaped like five fingers, and its highest peak is two fingers, at 1,867 meters above sea level. The five finger mountains are all over the tropical virgin forest, layer upon layer, the meandering. All the major rivers in Hainan originate from this place, and the mountains and waters add radiance to each other, forming a strange and magnificent scenery. Wuzhishan Forest area is a green treasure house containing countless immortal trees for centuries.
3.
Batian
Mauke Khrebet
Mount Ilazu
Ilazu is an intermittent volcano, composed mainly of basalt and andesite. In 1841, 1920, 1963 and 1978, three craters were left. Ilazu volcano is not a barren land, here the beautiful scenery, dense forest, lush flowers, is a rare tourist resort. The white mountain road is like a beautiful belt wrapped around the verdant hills, the fertile volcanic ash provides favorable conditions for agricultural cultivation, the valley is green, strong crops, clear streams through the mountains, a pleasant sound, tall pine growing on the precipitous rocks, is a kind of scenery. Costa Rica is known as the "garden of Central America", and the Irazu volcano is the garden of this garden, which attracts tourists from all over the world with its unique natural scenery and volcanic wonders.
Ota Snow Mountain
In the Amazon region of western Venezuela, proud and isolated
The Otana Mountains
(Cerro Autana) towering above the clouds, local
Indian
Consider it a sacred mountain. Spectacular, is a quartzite sandstone dominated by the plateau mountains. In the minds of the local Indians, it is the root of life, from which everything is derived.
[3]
Thanks to favorable temperature and precipitation conditions, many parts of the tropics are rich in fruits, vegetables and a variety of foods.
Thai fruit
:
Thailand's fertile land not only grows rich rice and vegetables, but also breeds a wide variety of fruits. Delicious fruits or become the ingredients of every meal, or often become cooking materials, the most memorable is the ripening season, the smell of fruit, delicate and dazzling scene.
Thai mangoes, which taste sweet and are available in large quantities between March and June, are different from Central American and West Indian varieties. Some varieties are eaten while the skin is still green, while others are eaten with glutinous rice seasoned with coconut milk. Longan is a specialty of northern Thailand. The season of production is from June to August, so lovers can feast on it. Cheong Rai produces lychee, which is abundant between April and June. Fluffy rambutan, there are juicy sweet white flesh, the production season is from May to September, 1 kg about 30~40 baht. And the largest of the Thai fruit species is
jackfruit
The production season is from January to May. The grapefruit-shaped pomelo, which comes into the market from August to November, is very popular among enthusiasts.
Thai cuisine:
The popularity of Thai cuisine is evidenced by the huge number of Thai restaurants in major cities around the world. Most Thai meals consist of a large bowl of rice, followed by one or two curry dishes, a fish, a soup, and a salad (lettuce), eaten in any order of preference, with forks and spoons. Snacks are usually seasonal fruits or a variety of desserts made from flour, eggs, coconut milk and palm sugar.
The vegetables are fresh, and most of the dishes are cooked in Chinese wok. In many parts of the country, coconut milk is used as the basic seasoning for curry sauce, and there are many seasonings, including lemongrass, shrimp paste, fish sauce and more than a dozen local special spices, and chili peppers from mild to extremely hot taste, you can choose.
Different parts of Thailand have different dishes. The northeast loves sticky rice with grilled chicken and a spicy papaya salad called SomTam, which is a mixture of shredded papaya, dried shrimp, lemon juice, fish sauce, garlic and casually chopped chillies. Northerners prefer a local sour meat called "Naem", which varies according to taste. Southern food is heavily influenced by Malaysia's Muslim style and has a variety of raw seafood to go with it. Other popular domestic favorites: lemon shrimp soup or Tom Yam Gong, crispy rice noodles with shrimp, pork, eggs, Thai chicken curry, chicken with coconut sauce and spicy beef salad.
Why did European colonists first conquer not Africa, which was just a few miles away, but America? Why is modern Africa still trapped in the poverty trap? Why does India look rich but it is weak and has a caste system for thousands of years?
In 1500, under the rule of King Manuel I, the "lucky one", the Portuguese Empire was enjoying great fortunes. Since crossing Cape Bojador in 1434, the Portuguese have been steadily advancing along the west coast of Africa.
In 1498, Vasco da Gama crossed the Cape of Good Hope and reached India. In 1500, Pedro Alvarez Cabral reached Brazil. It was in that year that the King sent an expedition up the Gambia River in West Africa to explore the "heart of darkness." However, only one of the expedition team returned safely, and the rest were all left behind by the disease.
The later historian John de Ballos wrote: "God sent an angel, wielding the flaming sword of a deadly fever, to prevent us from entering the clear spring of this garden, from which the river of gold flows to the sea which we have so many times conquered."
For hundreds of years the deadly fever, malaria, kept European adventurers out of the interior of the "Dark continent" until Europeans arrived from the Americas
The Cinchona tree
To extract quinine, a potent drug to treat malaria. Even in the 19th century, the greatest African explorer, David. The Livingstons still both died of malaria.
Even as late as 1900, a quarter of Africa's interior remained unexplored. Dean Swift once described the dilemma of mapping the dark continent as follows: "On the map of Africa, geographers fill the gaps with wild animals. So for uninhabitable hilllands, elephants were filled in to replace the lack of towns."
During this time, Europeans carried deadly infectious diseases: smallpox, measles,
typhus
Influenza and diphtheria had swept across the American continent, wiping out most of the Native American Indians and helping the Europeans to completely conquer the Americas.
The American Indians were conquered by epidemics, Jared. Mr Diamond's magnum opus, Guns, Germs and Steel, offers a convincing explanation. The fate of Africa and other tropical countries is linked to malaria, the most feared infectious disease in human history.
Why did European colonists first conquer not Africa, which was just a short distance away, but America, which was thousands of miles away? Why is it that today the total population of Native Americans is only 48 million when there are one billion people in Africa? Why is modern Africa still trapped in the poverty trap? Why does India look rich but it is weak and has a caste system for thousands of years? The answers to these questions may go back to ancient times, with malaria playing a central role.
Most people know that malaria is a parasitic infection caused by the single-celled organism Plasmodium and transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes; But what is less well known is that the four strains of malaria that infect people, namely
Plasmodium vivax
,
Plasmodium falciparum
P. malariae and P. ovale have distinct characteristics, evolutionary history and geographical distribution. On the scale of thousands and thousands of years, these protists have engaged in a fierce evolutionary competition with humans.
Vivax malaria occurs in more than 80% of regions such as India, the Middle East, Central and South America, and the Caribbean, but less than 10% in Africa. All malaria parasites originate in Africa, so why has Vivax been driven out of its home country?
We know that vivax malaria has been raging in Africa for at least 100,000 years, and in the long process, Africans have evolved a weapon against vivax - Duffy antigen-negative: more than 90% of West and Central Africans lack a red
Cell surface
The protein Duffy antigen was blocked
Plasmodium vivax
The pathway into the red blood cells. Thanks to this powerful weapon, most Africans are largely immune to vivax.
Unfortunately, Duffy antigen-negative has probably been solidified by evolutionary mechanisms for no more than 70,000 years, so Homo sapiens who migrated out of Africa 70,000 years ago did not carry the gene, and modern Indians and Americans would not have been able to fight vivax malaria.
Falciparum malaria is the most feared of the four kinds of malaria, known for its rapid onset and high mortality rate, and accounts for more than 80% of malaria in Africa. Falciparum malaria may have been around for as little as a few thousand years. Humans around the world have evolved multiple weapons to fight falciparum malaria: the Mediterranean is
thalassemia
Africa is sickle cell anemia and
G6PD deficiency
Melanesia has ovalocytosis.
Although these weapons are powerful in the fight against falciparum malaria, they often cost the enemy 1,000 lives. For example, a person who inherits the sickle-cell gene from both parents tends not to survive into adulthood; People who inherit only one gene from one partner have no abnormal symptoms, but the death rate after infection with falciparum malaria is reduced by 90%.
But the other side of the battle, the plasmodium, is evolving even more rapidly. In just a few decades of the 20th century, malaria parasites developed resistance to miracle drugs such as chloroquine and artemisinin.
Humans and
Plasmodium falciparum
The competition of evolutionary mechanisms informs us of the fact that human evolution has never stopped. The late paleontologist Stephen. J. Gould once argued that "for nearly forty or fifty thousand years the human race has not changed biologically, and we have created all our cultures and civilizations with the same bodies and brains."
We know that Gould was wrong:
thalassemia
,
G6PD deficiency
The evolutionary history of sickle cell anemia is only a few thousand years to ten thousand years. The bodies of Africans, Europeans and Americans are not the same, and it is this difference that has led to the very different histories of the Americas and Africa.
Malaria is primarily a tropical disease. Leaving the tropics, the malaria parasite lives longer or even stops reproducing, and the activity of Anopheles mosquitoes declines sharply. However, in tropical regions such as Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Central America and the Caribbean, malaria not only affects human survival and ecological conditions, but also radically changes the social and economic functioning of tropical countries.
Sub-saharan Africa is the only "stable transmission zone" for malaria. Due to repeated infections, a large number of children die before the age of 4-5 (in the early 20th century, half of East African children died before the age of 4, the vast majority due to malaria), and survivors gain some protective immunity, greatly reducing the risk of death when re-infected with malaria.
Malaria also highly infects pregnant women, leading to high rates of miscarriage, low birth weight and other birth defects. What is particularly frightening is that malaria and AIDS are a deadly combination, with people living with HIV more susceptible to malaria and women infected with malaria at higher risk of transmitting HIV to their newborns.
Moreover, in many African countries, more than 30 percent of carriers of the sickle-cell gene have at least one in ten offspring who die from the disease.
The seeds of Africa's doom had already been sown. Because of the lack of domesticable mammals, when Africans began moving from hunter-gatherer societies to settled agricultural societies four or five thousand years ago, they did not raise the kinds of livestock that people in Eurasia did.
Africans cut down trees to build villages, and the population and density began to swell at the same time
Tropical rainforest
Created a large number of ponds and stagnant water, turning the colony into a paradise for Anopheles mosquitoes.
Anopheles mosquitoes adapted to this living environment will only feed on human blood because there are no other animals to choose from. Under natural selection, an Anopheles mosquito with a strong preference for feeding on human blood --
Anopheles gambiae
Come into being. Anopheles gambiae feed on human blood 80-100% of the time, while Anopheles from other continents often feed on less than 20%. This is the most important reason why malaria infection rates in Africa are so much higher than in other regions.
The greatest challenge facing Africans living in areas of steady malaria transmission is the very high rate of child mortality, a powerful selection pressure that can act on both biological and cultural systems over millennia.
For example, compared to other ethnic groups, sub-Saharan Africans
Fraternal twins
The odds are even higher: Yoruba in West Africa has a 4.5 percent chance of having twins, four times the world average; Under the same conditions, African women have a shorter pregnancy than European women, have more preterm babies and are more likely to survive, and have their first period earlier.
India is a different story. Vivax malaria, which is raging in India, spreads erratically and is more deadly to adults. Because people are not infected frequently enough to maintain protective immunity, they are threatened with malaria for life. At the same time, Indians lack protection from Duffy antigen-negative genes, making vivax a dangerous killer along with falciparum.
In 1947, 75 million out of 330 million Indians were infected with malaria; In the first half of the 20th century, malaria killed more people in India than all other causes combined. To stave off malaria, one of the favourite drinks of the British colonists in India was gin and tonic, which later became the pub favourite gin and tonic.
It is probably no accident that Buddhism, which considers the impermanence of life and death and focuses on the afterlife, emerged in India. Volume 5 of the First Shurangama Sutra: "From the beginning of the world, and all the ignorance, both destroyed and born, although so much heard of the good root, called the monk, still every day malaria", the occasional day of abuse of cold and heat, is used by the Buddhist sutra to compare the birth and death of ignorance.
The prevalence of malaria and other tropical diseases consumed much of the energy of these microorganisms, making it difficult for rulers to recruit enough soldiers and public works labor to maintain a unified empire. The political and military fragility of the Indian empires may have had something to do with it. The institutional comparisons that are often made between tropical India and temperate China are far from accurate.
Further, India's caste system may also have something to do with tropical diseases such as malaria. Studies of Indian genomes have shown that the caste system of strict inter-caste marriage has been in place for thousands of years.
It is reasonable to speculate that when foreign invaders (such as the Aryans who invaded India some 3,000 years ago) came south into tropical India, they were attacked by tropical diseases such as malaria, and the caste system and taboos of intercaste contact acted as a firewall, reflecting the fear of invaders keeping a safe distance from infectious diseases.
Today, the movement of people and trade between areas of stable malaria transmission and other regions remains difficult, and foreign investors fear endemic areas. In 1998, when mining giant BHP Billiton invested $1.4 billion in an aluminium smelter in Mozambique, 7,000 cases of malaria and 13 expatriate workers died within two years.
Malaria suppresses trade and foreign investment in affected areas, making economic development a luxury. A map of the world's malaria-affected areas is actually a map of the world's poor countries.
The average income of the two northern and three southern temperate countries in the Americas is five times that of the 17 tropical countries sandwiched between them; Five of Africa's richest countries are also located in Africa's north and south temperate zones. There are few developed countries in the tropics, and malaria is to blame.
Malaria not only inhibits communication between infected areas and the outside world, but also inhibits the vitality of local people.
Because there is a high chance that the children born will not survive to adulthood, Africans tend to prefer quantity over quality when having children, and societies with persistently high fertility rates have forced women to devote almost all of their time to childbearing and raising children, losing job opportunities.
Today, malaria remains an important factor in fertility, with regions with fertility rates of more than 4 overlapping almost exactly with stable malaria transmission.
For those who survive, repeated malaria infections in childhood damage the development of the brain and body organs, and affect the learning time of school-age children, making it difficult to effectively form human capital for society as a whole. People suffering from malaria are generally depressed, lack of ambition, and focus on short-term interests.
Advances in epidemiology over the past 200 years have eliminated most deadly infectious diseases and pushed the few that remain into a corner. But malaria, one of the oldest infectious diseases, remains the last bastion standing before humanity.
In 2012, there were still 200 million malaria infections and 600,000 malaria deaths worldwide. While infection and death rates have been brought under control in most countries, areas of stable malaria transmission in sub-Saharan Africa have not been broken and the situation has not changed much.
Indeed, thanks to the insecticide DDT and the malaria drug chloroquine, malaria had been eliminated in more than a dozen countries by the 1960s, and in India, a malaria powerhouse, cases had fallen to 100,000. Victory seemed imminent. In 1962, Rachel Carson published the bestselling Silent Spring, which predicted the emergence of drug resistance in Anopheles mosquitoes while pointing out the toxicity of DDT.
Since then, DDT has been banned in the United States, and drug-resistant Anopheles mosquitoes and malaria parasites have emerged, respectively, and re-introduced into Africa from Southeast Asia. At present, a fully effective malaria vaccine is still not available, and complete control of Anopheles mosquitoes in the tropics is a challenge. This infectious disease from ancient times is destined to stay with its host for a long time to come.
For example, artemisinin and its derivatives discovered in 1971 by Chinese scientist Tu Youyou (winner of the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine) are the most effective anti-falciparum malaria drugs among all drugs today, which was once hailed as the discovery of "saving 200 million people". New, more effective anti-malarial drugs are bound to emerge.
