Collect
Check out my collection
0
Useful +1
The Alps mountain range,
Western Europe
The highest mountain range, whose name means "white" in Latin, gets its name because the peaks are covered with snow all year round and the valleys are glaciated. Located in southern Europe. Rise from the west
France
Southeast, longitude
Italy
To the north,
Switzerland
The South,
Liechtenstein
,
Germany
South, east
Austria
and
Slovenia
. It extends from east to west in an arc, with a straight line length of about 1200 kilometers and a width of 130 to 260 kilometers. The total area is about 207,000 square kilometers. The average altitude is about 3000 meters.
[1]
The Alps are divided into three sections: west, middle and east. The Western Alps are the narrowest and most concentrated section of the mountain range, the highest peak
Mont Blanc
(4,810 m) on the French-Italian border. The Central Alps lie between the Great St. Bernard Pass and
Bodensee
Between, widest width. The Eastern Alps are relatively low in elevation. The main body of the mountain extends to the southwest
The Pyrenees Mountains
, extending south as
The Apennine Mountains
, extending southeast as
The Dinara Mountains
, extending east as
The Carpathian Mountains
.
[1]
The Alps lie at the boundary between the temperate continental humid climate of Central Europe and the Mediterranean climate of southern Europe. The mountain itself has the characteristics of vertical differentiation of climate. Many of Europe's great rivers originate in the Alps, such as
Danube
,
Rhine
,
Po
,
Rhone
Let's wait. The Alps mountain scenery is beautiful, tourism, vacation and mountaineering, skiing resort, attracting a large number of tourists every year. There are major towns in the mountains of France
Grenoble
, Austrian
Innsbruck
Italian
Bolzano
Let's wait.
[1]
- Chinese name
- Alps
- Foreign name
- Alps/Alpen
- Geographical position
- Europe South central
- Go to
- East-west trend
catalogue
- 1Formation and evolution
- 2Location boundary
- 3Geographical environment
- ▪geology
- ▪landform
- ▪Climatic characteristics
- ▪River system
- ▪glacier
- ▪vegetation
- 4Mountain relation
- ▪Major mountain range
- ▪Major peak
- 5Resource status
- ▪Biological resources
- ▪Mineral resources
- ▪Tourism resources
The formation of the Alpine mountains is one of the long-standing debates in European geology.
[14]
The formation of the Alps is closely related to the development of the world's geological history. In the Permian period, about 225 million years ago, Eurasia was connected with Africa and the Americas, with the Ancient Tethys Sea in the middle. The Ancient Tethys Sea is actually the Mediterranean region of the modern Alps, it is actually an east-west sea trough.
[13]
According to the traditional tectonic theory - geosynclin-platform theory, the geosynclinal region shows a large amplitude of ascending and descending movement and a huge thickness of sedimentary construction. The Atlantic Ocean split about 180 million years ago, and the resulting relative movement between the African and Eurasian plates and the Himalayan movement in the Early Tertiary period. The relative motion between the African plate and the Eurasian plate can be divided into three stages.
[13]
During the eastward shift of the African plate, the European and American plates had not yet separated during the Middle Jurassic to Cretaceous period (165-80 million years ago), and the entire seafloor was renewed every 300 to 400 million years as the Atlantic Ocean began to expand. The continents moved with the silica-magnesium layer, and the mid-ocean ridge pushed the African plate eastward, while smaller plates broke up in northern Africa.
[13]
The westward shift of the African plate occurred during the Upper Cretaceous to the Late Eocene (80-40 million years ago), when the North Atlantic Ocean expanded. At this time it is expanding faster than the Mid-Atlantic, and the European plate, which is separated from North America, is moving east faster than the African plate, which is therefore moving west in relative terms. The western section is closer and the convergence is earlier.
[13]
During the northward movement of the African plate, from the late Eocene to the present (from 40 million years ago to the present), the North Atlantic Ocean and the Middle Atlantic Ocean expanded at a similar rate, and Africa was left and right by the spreading tension of the mid-ocean ridge on three sides, but there were trenches in the north, so it moved northward, resulting in the collision of the plate splitting in the Upper Berian period with the Eurasian plate. Moreover, due to the different speed of the eastward movement of the Lauria and Gondwana continents, the north-south and north-south divisions, and the relative rotation of the plates themselves, the ancient Tethys Sea oceanic plate was broken up.
[13]
Europe and Africa are generally convergent, and their borders are compressional. However, as a result of these movements, there are tension or transition break boundaries in the convergence boundary. In the fault zone where the transition fault is located, the rock is more fragmented and easily eroded, so there are often grooves in the sea floor, which is how the Mediterranean Sea was formed.
[13]
The plate boundary of extrusion type is the place where the lithosphere plates hedge, die off and collide, that is, the subduction zone where the two plates converge, and the tectonic activity is intense and complex. This is how the Alps were formed. At this time, the Ancient Tethys Sea was increasingly disappearing, forming today's Mediterranean Sea between Europe, Asia, and Africa.
[13]
In the above three stages, the Mediterranean plate can be roughly summed up into two, the Iberian plate (including the Iberian Peninsula of Sica and Sardinia), the Apulian plate (western Italy, the Balkans and Turkey in Asia). The convergence of these two small plates in the overall north is subject to various constraints, resulting in a complex convergence trace, these two small plates have been separated from Africa before the Upper Cretaceous. However, because Pangaea formed at the end of the Paleozoic era, Iberia and Apulia were small. The plate is locked between Europe and Africa and North America. Since the beginning of the Upper Cretaceous, the Iberian and Apulian plates gradually converged towards Europe, and a extinction zone appeared on the southern coast of Europe.
[13]
Between the Late Ocene and early Oligocene, as these plates collided with Europe, the Alpine sutures formed at the junction of the Southern Alps and the Austrian-Alpine nappe. In the Third Age, the Himalayan movement (also known as the Alpine movement) occurred, the entire ancient Mediterranean Sea was strongly folded, and the Earth appeared east-west mountain range, including the Alps.
[13]
The Alps are located in southern Europe, from the southeast of France in the west, through northern Italy, southern Switzerland, Liechtenstein, southern Germany, east to Austria and Slovenia, mainly distributed in Switzerland and Austria, an arc stretching east-west, a straight line length of about 1200 kilometers, 130~260 kilometers wide. The total area is about 207,000 square kilometers.
[1]
Subject article:
Alpine orogenic belt
Geologically it is a Tertiary young fold mountain range. Its formation is closely related to the expansion of the North Atlantic Ocean and the resulting relative movement between the African and European plates. Since the Early Cretaceous, the small plate that split off from Africa has been moving northward. In the late Eocene, it began to collide with the European plate and gradually uplift the Alps. The huge nappe structure is its prominent feature, which is due to the violent thrust faults formed many times during the plate collision process, so that some huge rock masses were moved tens of kilometers to cover other rock masses, and formed large recumbent folds. This nappe structure is most typical in the Western Alps. Geologically it is a Tertiary young fold mountain range. Its formation is closely related to the expansion of the North Atlantic Ocean and the resulting relative movement between the African and European plates. Since the Early Cretaceous, the small plate that split off from Africa has been moving northward. In the late Eocene, it began to collide with the European plate and gradually uplift the Alps. The huge nappe structure is its prominent feature, which is due to the violent thrust faults formed many times during the plate collision process, so that some huge rock masses were moved tens of kilometers to cover other rock masses, and formed large recumbent folds. This nappe structure is most typical in the Western Alps.
The Alps are a typical folded mountain range, which consists of many almost parallel anticlinal and synclinal structures, as well as large-scale overthrusts and overthrust faults. In the formation of modern landforms, the vertical movement from the end of Tertiary period to the beginning of Quaternary period, as well as the strong erosion activities and Quaternary glaciers after that have a great influence. The geomorphic features of the Alps can be summarized as follows:
The mountains are majestic and high; The glacier landform is developed and widely distributed. There are passes between the mountains; The eastern and western parts of the terrain do not coincide.
[13]
The Alpine mountain landform can be divided into three parts according to elevation: 1. The piedmont outwash alluvial plain and lowland, with an elevation of less than 500 meters, mainly composed of ice-broken hills, outwash alluvial plain and the lowest mountain mouth. There are numerous ice-carbon lakes along the foothill line.
2. Hilly zone, 50-1000 meters above sea level, including some huge old ice hills and platforms.
3. Mountain, elevation above 1000 meters, mainly refers to the crystalline rock alpine mountains and limestone alpine mountains, and the height difference between the valley floor and the nearby peak is as much as 3000 meters.
[20]
The Alps are the most important mountain region in Europe, located between the temperate and subtropical, is the dividing line between the temperate continental humid climate in Central Europe and the subtropical summer dry climate in southern Europe (Mediterranean climate), and the climate has obvious vertical variations.
[7]
The Alps are the boundary between the Mediterranean climate of southern Europe and the Marine and continental transitional climate of Central Europe, and their uplift blocks the southward flow of cold waves from the north, while also having its own climatic characteristics:
The temperature decreases with the increase of altitude, with an average temperature drop of about 1 ° C for every 100 meters of increase. The temperature decrease rate in summer and the south slope is relatively small.
It is generally high temperature in the northern hemisphere in summer, and the southern slope is a sunny slope, but also a windward slope facing the wind from the Mediterranean.) The summer 0℃ isotherm of the highest peak Blanc mountain is 3500 meters; In winter, the temperature at 130 meters is as low as -5 ° C.
Temperature is not only affected by height, but also by topography. The climate in the valley region is continental, while the climate in the mountain and ridge region is maritime. The valley area is closed, and the temperature change is relatively large, while the mountain high top is relatively open, and the temperature change is relatively small. At the same time, high mountain areas are more susceptible to westerly winds than valley areas. In winter, inversion occurs in the depths of the valley, that is, the temperature in the lower part of the valley can be very low, and the temperature in the upper part of the hillside can be increased, unlike the valley often frost damage.
Precipitation generally increases with the increase of height, but after a certain degree, the higher the precipitation, the less. There is generally little precipitation in the Alpine valley. The height of the windward slope increases, and the precipitation increases particularly fast. The precipitation in the marginal mountains is more than that in the interior. The western Alps are high and in a favorable position to face the west wind, so precipitation is more than the eastern Alps.
The climate of the Alps is characterized by: high temperature in the south slope, abundant precipitation and high forest line; The north slope has low temperature, less precipitation and low forest line. The valley climate has continental characteristics, and the mountain and ridge climate has Marine characteristics.
[13]
Many major rivers in Europe originate from the Alps, such as the Danube, Rhine, Po, Rhone and so on. The upper reaches of each river have the characteristics of mountain rivers, fast flowing water and rich hydraulic resources. The mountain lakes are mostly of glacial origin, the larger ones are Lake Lemen (Lake Geneva), Lake Lucerne, Lake Zurich, Lake Boden, Lake Maggiore and so on.
The Alps are the centre of the largest mountain glacier in Europe. The mountains are covered with ice sheets up to a kilometre thick. Various types of glacial landforms are developed, especially the glacial erosion landforms. There are also more than 1,200 modern glaciers with a total area of about 4,000 km². Foothills of the Central Alps
Switzerland
southwest
The Aletsch Glacier
It is the largest, with a length of about 22.5 km and an area of about 130km².
The annual precipitation of the mountain is generally 1200 ~ 2000 mm, but it varies from place to place. The highest precipitation zone is about 3000 meters above sea level. Annual rainfall exceeds 2,500 mm in the high mountains, and only 750 mm in the valley between the Lee slopes.
Switzerland
On the border with Italy
Blanc Peak
east
The Great St. Bernard Pass
(GreatSt.BernardPass) area to
Lake Como
The SplugenPass area north of LakeComo has some of the larger lakes. To the south is Lake Como,
Lake Maggiore
(LakeMaggiore,
Po
Drainage system
Part of); There is... to the north
Lake Thun
(Thun),
Lake Brienz
(Brienz),
Lake Lucerne
.
In the eastern Alps of Italy,
Lake Garda
(LakeGarda) into the Po River, while
Adige
(Adige),
The Piave River
It is fed by the Piave, Taliamento and Isonzo rivers
Venice
The Bay.
Germanic
Yin Chaung
(Inn),
Lehi
(Lech),
Isar
(Isar) and
Austria
the
The Sarzach River
The Salzach and Enns rivers both flow into the Danube north of the Alps, while Austria's
Murr
(Mur),
Delaware
(Drau) and Slovenian
Sava
(Sava) both feed into the Danube River east and southeast of the Alps.
According to statistics, there are more than 1,200 glaciers in the Alps, covering a total area of 3600 square kilometers. The largest of these is the Aletz Glacier, which is 26.8 kilometers long and covers an area of 169 square kilometers. During the Pleistocene the Alps were the centre of the largest mountain glacier in Europe. Various types of glacial landforms are widely distributed, especially the glacial erosion landforms. The mountain peaks are rocky, angular sharp, tall and steep, and there are many glacial cliffs, U-shaped valleys, cirques, hanging valleys, glacial lakes and so on.
During the Quaternary period, the Alps were subjected to several glaciations, which are generally recognized as the four glaciations of Gunz, Minde, Lisi and Tamu. The last Yulu glaciation has the largest range and the highest intensity. At the peak of the glacier, more than 70% of the Alpine mountains were covered by glaciers, and in the central Alpine mountain valleys, the glaciers were more than 3,000 meters thick. Huge valley glaciers poured into the plains and foothills, leaving a trail of ice.
[14]
Alpine mountain vegetation shows an obvious vertical zonality, which can be divided into subtropical evergreen sous-leaf forest zone (base zone, below 800 meters on the southern slope of the mountains), needle and broad mixed forest zone (800~2200 meters), alpine meadow zone (2200~3200 meters), bare rock and year-round snow zone (above 3200 meters). The subtropical evergreen shardophylly forest zone, which consists of coastal pine, palm, agave and sparse woodland, reflects the characteristics of the Mediterranean climate.
[7]
The south slope is 800 meters above sea level with subtropical evergreen sclerophyll forest; 800 ~ 1,800 meters is the forest zone, the lower part is beech and fir mixed forest zone, the upper part is spruce, fir, cedar and other coniferous forest; It is cold and windy at 1,800 to 2,300 meters, which is the upper limit of the forest line, and it gradually turns into an alpine meadow. Above it is mostly bare rock and a band of year-round snow. Wild animals are Alpine bighorn goats, small antelope, mountain prairie, mountain rabbits and so on.
The Alps are divided into three sections: west, middle and east. The Western Alps are the narrowest and most concentrated section of the mountain range, with the highest peak, Mont Blanc (4,810 m), on the Franco-Italian border. The Central Alps are the widest range between the Great St. Bernard Pass and Lake Borden. The Eastern Alps are relatively low in elevation. The main mountain range extends to the southwest as the Pyrenees, to the south as the Apennines, to the southeast as the Dinara, and to the east as the Carpathians.
[1]
-
Mont Blanc
MontBlanc is the highest mountain in the Alps, on the border between France and Italy, at 4,805.59
meter
[21]
. Mont Blanc was first conquered by humans on August 8, 1786. Most of them, including the summit, are in France. The entire mountain extends from the small St. Bernard pass to the north for about 48 kilometers, and the widest point is 16 kilometers, including nine peaks of more than 4,000 meters above sea level, such as Tagur Blanc, Modi, Ajiye, Doron, MIDI, and Woerth. The mountain consists mainly of crystalline rock. The two most famous towns near Mont Blanc are Courmayeur in Valle d 'Aosta, Italy, and Chamonix in the Haute-Savoy region of the Rone Alpe, France, where the first Winter Olympics were held. The lower slopes are heavily forested and there are modern glaciers above 2400 meters. On the French side of the northwestern slope is the famous Mede Glacier. With aerial cable cars and winter sports facilities, it is the largest tourist center in the Alps. Chamonix is the base of the ascent to Mont Blanc.
[8]
Mont Blanc
-
Matterhorn
Matterhorn
(Matterhorn or MonteCervino) is the most famous mountain in the Alps, at 4,478 meters above sea level, located on the border of Switzerland and Italy, near Switzerland
Valais
Small town
Zermatt
And the Italian town of Breuil-Cervinia in Yaostha Valley. The name Matterhorn is derived from the German words "Matt" (valley, meadow) and "horn" (meaning the peak is shaped like a horn), Led by EdwardWhymper and MichelAugusteCroz, local Zermatt father and son guides PeterTaugwalder the Great and PeterTaugwalder the little, the famous Hornligrat route was successfully summered on 15 July 1865. In the end, only EdwardWhymper and Taugwalder managed to escape, the others were killed. The year 2015 marks the 150th anniversary of the Matterhorn Summit, and during July and August 2015, there is a spectacular celebration of the Matterhorn lighting up along the Horry Ridge every night from 9pm to 9.30pm.
-
Dufour Peak
Dufour Peak
(Dufourspitze) is the second highest mountain in the Alps, 4634 m above sea level, facing the Matterhorn to the west, and is the highest point in the Monte-Rosa-Massiv on the Swiss-Italian border, belonging to the Valais Alps (or Benning Alps), To the north is the Swiss town of Zermatt.
[10]
-
Dome Peak
Dom is the third highest mountain in the Alps at 4,545 meters above sea level, located in the northern Zermatt village of Randa (Randa), across the valley from the Weiss mountain, its eastern gorge is another resort in Valais
SARS fee
(Saas-Fee). It is the highest point of Mischabelgruppe, the second largest mountain group in the Valais Alps, and the highest mountain in Switzerland.
-
Weiss Peak
At 4,505 meters above sea level, Weisshorn is considered by many climbers to be the most beautiful mountain in the Alps, and its shape is very similar to another "most beautiful mountain in the world" - Alpamayo (5,947 meters) in the South American Andes.
-
Eigspitze
Eigspitze
(Eiger) at 3,970 meters above sea level, although less than 4,000 meters above sea level, it is famous for its famous north wall, which is also the Alps
Three northern walls
One of them. Swiss extreme climber Daniel Arnold broke the North Wall climbing record held by the famous Swiss "mountaineering machine" UeliSteck on April 20, 2011, with a time of 2 hours 28 minutes, nearly 20 minutes faster than UeliSteck. DaniArnold also holds the Matterhorn North Wall record (1 hour 46 minutes, set on April 22, 2015).
The Alps lie between temperate and subtropical latitudes, making them Central Europe
Temperate continental humid climate
And the sub-tropical summer dry climate of southern Europe. At the same time, it itself has the characteristics of mountain vertical climate. The vegetation of the Alps shows significant vertical changes. Can be divided into
Subtropical evergreen sclerophyll forest belt
(below 800 meters on the south slope of the mountain range);
Forest zone
(800 ~ 1800 meters), the lower part is
Mixed forest
The upper part is coniferous forest; The forest zone above is
Alpine meadow belt
; Above are mostly bare rocks and peaks of perennial snow.
Several in the Alps
Plant zone
Reflecting differences in altitude and climate. On the bottom of the valley and on the low slopes grew deciduous trees of all kinds; There is... among...
basswood
,
oak
,
beech
,
aspen
Elm, chestnut,
Mountain ash
, birch,
Norway maple
Let's wait. Of the trees at higher elevations, the most
Coniferous tree
The main varieties are
spruce
,
larch
And various others
Pine tree
. In most parts of the Western Alps, spruce dominates forests up to 2,195 m (7,200 ft) above sea level. Larch has good resistance to cold, drought and wind, and can grow at altitudes up to 2,500 m (8,200 ft), with spruce intermingled at lower altitudes. In perpetuity
Snow line
The area about 914 m (3,000 ft) wide below and above the tree line is glaciated; It is covered with lush grass, and cattle and sheep graze during the short high summer. These distinctive grasslands - known as alpages (alpine midsummer pastures), from which both the Alps and the plant belt are derived - lie above the main, lateral valleys. In the southern foothills of the coastal Alps and the southern Italian Alps, mainly
Mediterranean
Plants, there are
Coast pine
Palm, sparse woodland and
agave
,
Fairy fruit
Not a few too.
Alpine animal species are also more, chamois, lynx, Wolf, red deer, golden eagle, otter and other animals have been adapted to the mountain environment, although some areas
The bear
Has disappeared, but the highland goat (it is the same
chamois
Like, unusually agile) was saved by Italy's Royal Game reserve.
marmot
Wintering in the underpass. Mountain rabbitwa
ptarmigan
A kind of
grouse
Turns white (protective color) in winter. In the middle of some small mountains, there are several
National park
The local animals can be safely protected.
Alps
Alpine skiing
The mountain glacier presents a polar scenery, is a mountain climbing, skiing, tourism resort. Alpine mountain glaciation forms many lakes. Largest lake
Leymansee
In addition, there are four forest state lakes,
Lake Zurich
,
Bodensee
,
Lake Maggiore
and
Lake Como
Let's wait. The beautiful lake district is a tourist attraction.
The western and Central Alps scenery is pleasant, with modern hotels, ski slopes and hiking lifts. wintertime
skiing
Attract a lot of tourists.
piedmont
with
Valley floor
There are many villages and towns with beautiful scenery and elegant environment. Every year, there are a large number of tourists to travel here.
In addition, the Alps are also every year
The Tour de France
Every year, a large number of tourists are attracted by these two golden signs to enjoy the beauty of the Alps, while watching the Tour de France, standing on the roadside to cheer for the athletes.
The Alps provide Europe with drinking water, irrigation and hydroelectric power. Although it covers only 11% of Europe, it provides more than 90% of Europe's water, especially in dry areas and in the summer.
Milan
Cities like these depend on the Alps for 80% of their water. There are more than 500 hydroelectric power plants in the river basin with a capacity of 2900 kilowatts. Other rivers, such as the Danube, also have major tributaries that originate in the Alps.
Lone Chaung
is
Mediterranean
The second largest source of water, after
The Nile
; The glacier melts to feed the Rhone river
Lake Geneva
Then it goes to France, where it's used to cool nuclear power plants.
Rhine
Stem from
Switzerland
An area of 30km², accounting for about 60% of Switzerland's water output.
Mont Blanc
Between 800 and 600 BC,
Sehrt
The tribes attacked the camps of the Neolithic people and forced them to move to the remote valleys of the Alps, on top
Austria
Hallstatt
(Hallstatt) Yes
Celts
Great cultural center. Due to the wealth of archaeological artifacts found here, the name Hallstatt has become the first place in Europe between the end of the Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age. ~ 500BC). The Celts began to carve some mountain passes high in the Alps as trade routes.
In 15 BC,
Roman Empire
The legion crossed the Alps, swept through and conquered half of Europe.
Roman
The expansion of ancient Celtic villages; Many new and prosperous towns were built, both in the valleys leading to the Alps and in the valleys of the Alps themselves. The Romans improved the water supply and built arenas and theatres, the best preserved of which are at Aosta. Control of the Alpine passes was the key to Roman expansion, and goat trails were expanded into narrow roads. The mountain passes connecting Roman military outposts abroad (e.g., the Great St. Bernard, Sprugen, Brenner, Plocken) were particularly important. "Barbarians"
Germanic
The first incursions of the tribes took place in 259 AD, and by 400 Roman control of the Alps had crumbled.
It's Romanized
Celts
Its lands were divided by various Germanic tribes such as
Burgundy
People (Burgundian),
The Alemanni
(Alemanni) and
The Lombards
(Lombard) occupied. During the 8th and 9th centuries, the Alpine lands became
Charlemagne
Holy Roman Empire
Part of it. Charlemagne's grandchildren, according to the
The Treaty of Verdun
TreatyofVerdun (843) carved up the empire, and a further breakdown in 888 led to a basic linguistic divide that continues to this day.
Celts
,
Roman
And the unity imposed by the barbarians on the Alps disappeared during the Middle Ages. For most of the time, the valleys were isolated from each other. The isolation of the peoples of the Alps was broken by the Industrial Revolution and the arrival of the railway (through huge tunnels through the Alps).
-
mountaineering
Mountain climbing
As a sport, it is gradually formed on the basis of human production activities, and its origin is generally recognized as being in the Alps in the second half of the 18th century. On August 8, 1786, M.G. Parkar, a doctor, and J. Balma was the first to climb Mont Blanc, the highest mountain in the Alps at 4,810 meters. Later, people also called mountaineering "alpine sports".
[2]
-
Stream tracing
River tracing
It is necessary to cross waterfalls and climb cliffs, making river tracing a comprehensive outdoor leisure activity that integrates mountaineering, wading, camping, diving, swimming, rock climbing, orienteering, map research and judgment, field survival and emergency rescue. Originally a popular mountaineering method in the European Alps, river tracing has evolved into a relatively independent outdoor sport.
[3]
-
Whitewater kayaking
canoe
kayak, which originated from the Inuit people, includes two types of racing boats, kayak and rowboat, both of which are small two-pointed, no paddle, and they are basically the same in the field of competition, competition distance, competition rules and judging methods. Kayaking originated in the European Alps and parts of the American mountains where rivers are abundant. Europe was the first to carry out some kayak races down the river (Oownriver), and international competitions began to form around 1920. During the 11th Olympic Games held in Berlin in 1936, canoeing was included as an official Olympic sport. Canoe slalom was added to the Olympic Games in 1992.
[4]
-
Paragliding
paraglider
It originated in Europe in the 1970s. In 1978, a French mountaineer successfully descended from the Alps using a square parachute. To this end, many mountaineering enthusiasts have followed suit and made further improvements to the parachute, creating a paraglider that takes off using the hillside terrain and can soar freely in the air.
[9]
-
hiking
On foot
Sports are often mixed in mountaineering, camping, wilderness survival, river tracing, rock climbing and other outdoor sports, the more pure form of walking sports are: hiking, hiking exploration, orienteering, urban (trail) hiking and so on. The modern meaning of walking originates from the popular walking fitness method in the Alps, which has a history of more than 100 years.
[11]
-
Snowmobiling
Snowboarding originated in the Alps and Switzerland in the 19th century. The first Winter Games in 1924 included four-man snowmobiles as an event. Since then, the snowmobile event has gradually evolved into a sports event using an artificial track, including bobsleigh (bobsleigh), steel skeleton (skeleton) and luge (luge). Collectively known as snowboarding.
[12]
-
Alpine skiing
A snowsport in which a skier wears snowshoes and skis while holding a pole on a mountain and sliding downhill using the acceleration of gravity. Because it originated in some countries near the Alps, such as Austria, Switzerland, Italy, France and other countries, it is also known as Alpine skiing.
[15]
|
category
|
name
|
Regional country
|
|---|---|---|
|
World cultural heritage
|
Shared by Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Italy and Slovenia
|
|
|
The Retaen railway in the cultural landscape of Albla-Bernina
|
Switzerland, Italy
|
|
|
Switzerland
|
||
|
Rhaetia Railway Albra/Bernina view
|
Switzerland, Italy
|
|
|
Vineyard landscape in Piedmont: Langroelo and Montferrato
|
Italy
|
|
|
Including the old town of Regensburg in Stadt Amhof
|
Germany
|
|
|
Austria
|
||
|
Italy
|
||
|
Germany
|
||
|
The Benedictine Monastery of St. John of Mistere
|
Switzerland
|
|
|
World natural Heritage
|
Beech forests of the Carpathians and other parts of Europe
|
12 countries in Europe
|
|
Jungfrau - Aletsch Ice River - Beechhorn
|
Switzerland
|
|
|
Italy
|
|
category
|
name
|
Regional country
|
|---|---|---|
|
United Nations Intangible Cultural Heritage
|
Alpine climbing
|
France, Italy, Switzerland
|
|
Migration: Seasonal migration of livestock in the Mediterranean and Alps
|
Austria, Greece, Italy)
|
Among the Alpine mountain disasters, the internal forces are earthquakes, mudslides, avalanches, collapses, Rolling Stones, earth slides, snow slides, storms, hail disasters and rapid glacier movement. The main ones are flash floods, mudslides, avalanches and landslides. Flash floods are concentrated in Italy, France, Yugoslavia, West Germany and Austria in the middle and low Alpine mountains. Mudslides spread throughout the Alps.
[19]
Avalanches are mainly found in the high Central Alps (Switzerland), southern Germany, and the low and middle Alps of northwestern Austria. Landslides often occur in Alpine mountainous areas with poor geological conditions, steep slope and joint fissure development, mostly caused by slope excavation, improper drainage and hillside instability.
[19]
In the context of the increasingly severe global warming trend in recent decades, it caused ice collapse disasters in the Alps. On August 30, 1965, an ice collapse occurred on the Auanling Glacier at the construction site of the Mattermark Dam (hydroelectric dam) in the Sass Valley in the southern Swiss Alps, killing 88 workers. At the same time, the Alpine region is also a high incidence area of debris flow in the world, and one of the more developed areas of collapse and landslide in the world.
[14]
|
category
|
Event name
|
|
|---|---|---|
|
avalanche
|
||
|
other
|
Waiang landslide
|
|
Alps
In the early days
Alps
And some other mountains have some kind of mountain god, they are mainly in the form of large rocks, stones, water, caves and trees.
What remains today is the procession and worship of the Lord's Guard of the Alpine inhabitants.
Canton Graubunden
The small church of Ziteil is visited twice a year and, at 2,433 meters above sea level, is the highest holy site in Europe. Near Nature religions believe that the mountains have spirits, and that the spirits live in the uninhabited peaks, because that is where heaven and earth meet. In the Alps, on the other hand, the legends come from the folk, and the characters in the legends are little wild men and women or idealized herders, who reward people when they do good things and punish them when they do bad things.
iris
iris
It is the goddess of the rainbow in Greek mythology - the messenger of the gods on earth, so the iris is also known as the holy one of flowers. The different colors that she was born with make her charming, and the blue-purple iris that grows in the Alps is particularly rare, and the thick roots show strong vitality.
In the late 1980s, eight Alpine countries, including Germany and Germany, began to discuss how to better develop and protect the natural and cultural resources of the Alps. In 1991, the eight countries signed the Alpine Convention in Salzburg, Austria. The States parties have reached a consensus to jointly promote the sustainable development of the Alps, taking into account the ecological and cultural environment. The Alpine Convention, which came into force in 1995, is the first continental European convention on mountain protection. The Convention on Alpine forestry, agriculture, tourism, natural landscape protection and other aspects have been made in accordance with the national conditions of the provisions of scientific research.
[5]
The Alps are the European mountain region with the longest history of establishing trans-administrative border institutions for the purpose of regional cooperation. Regional working groups have been established in the central, eastern and western Alps since the 1970s, and similar bodies have been established in the famous tourist areas in the contiguous regions of two or more countries. European mountain organizations such as the European Association for Mountain Cooperation, the European Union of Mountain Representatives, the Alpine Union, and the European Mountain Forum also play an active role in the protection and development of the Alps.
[6]
Alpine countries have enacted a variety of laws on the natural environment, such as forest law, mudslide prevention law and water conservancy project funding law.
[19]
The Alps are the cradle of modern geology, and many of the classic concepts and theories of earth science were born in the region.
[18]
Modern mountaineering began with the climbing of the European Alps, and the scientific investigation of mountaineering also began. At the same time, the modern study of climate change began with the study of the Alps glaciers by J.L.R. Agassi of Sweden in 1840.
[16]
In 1779, H.B.de Sausselle of Switzerland published his Travels in the Alps (4 volumes), the first monograph to discuss Alpine geology. The discovery of large-scale overthrusting structures is a remarkable achievement in the study of Alpine tectonic geology. In 1841, Swiss A.V. Ehill first discovered that older layers of rock had overthrown younger ones in the Alps. The nappe formation in the French Alps was discovered by French P. Termiere in 1891.
[17]
In 1984, Chopin, a French scientist, discovered the ultra-high pressure mineral coxite on the surface of the Western Alps for the first time. Based on the ultra-high pressure metamorphism characteristics of the mineral, he proposed the hypothesis that the continental lower crust subducted to a depth below 100 kilometers and returned to the surface, thus developing the continental deep subduction theory.
[18]
The State Key Laboratory of Lithosphere Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, led scientists from China, France and Italy to carry out the first large-scale mobile seismic station observation experiment in the Alpine region from 2010 to 2013 (CIFALPS). Fifty-five sets of wide-band seismic instruments were deployed in the key corridor of the Western Alps subduction zone.
[18]
In 2023,
France is testing 947 permafrost zones in the Alps, and studies are being carried out at several high-risk sites. The French Ministry of Ecology has developed a specific action plan to monitor and respond to possible natural disasters in the valley region.
[22]
The Alps are an important part of Austria, covering western and central Austria
Vorarlberg
,
Tyrol
,
Salzburg
,
The state of Styria
and
Upper Austria
And other provincial administrative regions, including
Innsbruck
and
Salzburg
Wait for the big city. The Alps make up 65% of Austria's total land area and 50% of its population. The area of the Alps in Austria is 54,600 square kilometers, accounting for 29% of the total area of the Alps, ranking first among relevant countries. The permanent population of the Alps in Austria reaches 4 million, accounting for 29% of the total population of the entire Alps, second only to Italy.
[5]
Germany
The state of Bavaria
Located in the eastern part of the Alps in the northern foot of the Bavarian Alps (BayerischeAlpen), the mountains cover the whole of Bavaria.
[5]
The Alps evolved into one of the most densely populated mountain areas in the world. Since the 1950s and 1960s, the population growth of the western and northwestern Alpine central mountains has maintained a rising rate of about 5%, driven by the comprehensive development of economy, tourism and transportation.
[5]
Switzerland is one of the main countries in the Alpine region. The Alps cover about 60% of Switzerland's land area, including three of the five topographic divisions (Fore-mountain, Mid-mountain and South Slope), and are home to 24% of the country's population.
[6]
Alpine region
Alpine region
Before the 19th century, the Alps were relatively isolated, many villages and towns were backward in transportation, and some areas were even isolated. Throughout the mountains, the local people are mainly engaged in agricultural production. In the German ghetto, it was characterized by an agricultural economy oriented towards animal husbandry. Other industries exist in individual regions, such as mining in Schladming in Styliya, Austria. Only a few princes and nobles spent their summers in the mountains, for example, in 1849, Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria built a Summer Palace in Bad Ischer. There was no tourism in the mountains at this time. Since the 1870s, people have gradually paid attention to the tourist resources of the Alps.
[5]
Modern glacier tourism originated in the Alps in the mid-19th century.
In 1855, the first Bavarian travel guide to the Alps was published. In 1862, three Viennese university students spontaneously founded the Austrian Alpine Club. In 1869, under the auspices of the Austrian Club, the German Alpine Club was organized in Munich. After the end of the Second World War, the Alpine tourism of Germany and Austria developed rapidly and entered the stage of "mass tourism".
[5]
In the mid-20th century, the Alpine tourism industry, represented by alpine skiing, became the main driver of population recovery and economic revitalization in parts of Switzerland and western Austria.
[6]
In order to make it easier for tourists to climb Zug, Germany and Austria have built a series of railways and cable cars. In 1928, the Zug Railway was built in Germany. In 1962, the Ebu Lake cable car was built in Germany. Austria built the Tyrolzug train in 1924 and the cable car in 1989.
[5]
The Brenner Pass (1,370 meters), Simplon Pass (2,009 meters), and Gotthard Pass (2,112 meters) in the Alps have been the main north-south traffic routes since ancient times. In 1871, the first railway tunnel was dug in the Seny Mountains between France and Italy. The Simplon Tunnel (19.8 km) between Switzerland and Italy, completed in 1922, is the longest mountain railway tunnel in the world. From 1958 to 1965, France and Italy jointly built the Mont Blanc Road Tunnel (11.6 km). In 1980, Switzerland completed the longest Gotthard Road tunnel in the world (16.9 km).
|
category
|
name
|
||
|---|---|---|---|
|
railway
|
Semelin railway
|
||
|
tunnel
|
|||
