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Paleolithic age

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The Paleolithic Period (Paleolithic; About 3 million years ago) to be used Hammering stone tool As a sign of humanity Material civilization Stage of development. Geological time Belong to Pliocene epoch The Late to Pleistocene epoch began about 3 million years ago and lasted until about 10,000 years ago.
Old Stone Age "Yes archaeologist Proposed a time segment concept. The so-called Stone Age does not mean that people at that time only used stone tools, such as: Aricius age The "nest" - human settlement lifestyle was in the early Paleolithic period, when humans could already Use tools Build a simple "nest".
Chinese name
Paleolithic age
Foreign name
Paleolithic
Time of place
About 3 million years ago
Nature of The Times
Time segment
Representative figure
Aricius
Sign of The Times
Use a beaten stone tool

catalogue

  1. 1summarize
  2. ▪Hammering stone tools to make relics
  3. ▪Paleo punching method
  4. ▪Paleolithic species
  5. ▪Paleolithic period division
  6. ▪European studies
  7. 2A surname
  8. ▪Africa
  1. ▪Archaeological discovery
  2. ▪Cultural stage
  3. ▪Southeast Asia
  4. ▪China
  5. 3Economic activity
  6. ▪Early stage
  7. ▪metaphase
  8. ▪Later period
  9. 4Yuanmou Man
  1. 5Lantian Man ruins
  2. ▪Discovery naming
  3. ▪Geological data
  4. ▪Racial characteristics
  5. ▪excavations
  6. ▪Academic value
  7. 6The ruins of Dali People
  8. ▪The ruins of the Luonan People
  1. ▪Liangshan site
  2. ▪Changwu site
  3. ▪Yellow dragon man fossil
  4. ▪Hancheng ruins
  5. 7Sites in Jilin
  6. 8Tianjin Prince Mausoleum site

summarize

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EDITOR
Primitive society During the period, human production activities were greatly limited by natural conditions, and stone tools were generally made from local materials, picked up stones from nearby river flats or from familiar rock areas, and made into appropriate tools.
Paleolith Before the middle of the era, this was generally the case, but not always, and there was usually a big misunderstanding.
In the late stages, with Living environment Changes and production experience accumulate This method of picking up sometimes cannot meet the requirements of production and life, and when conditions are available, stone materials are mined from the native rock strata suitable for making stone tools to make stone tools.
Therefore, some mountains that can provide rich raw materials will have people from the surrounding areas continue to come here, mining stone materials from the rock formation, and even making stone tools on the spot, so there are some stone tool manufacturing fields.

Hammering stone tools to make relics

Inner Mongolia Hohhot The two stone tool manufacturing fields in Dayao Village and Qiannaimoban Village in the eastern suburbs of the city were important places for human manufacturing and collecting raw materials at that time.
Dayao village is located in front of the great Green Mountains Hilly area In the south of the village, there is a site of early Paleolithic stone manufacturing, and the adjacent second ditch is a late Paleolithic manufacturing field.
At this site, the late Pleistocene is widely distributed silty Loess. On top of it is a layer Heilu soil . At the bottom of both layers of soil were found very thick pieces of stone, stone tools and stones Slag layer Among them, the typical number of stone flakes and stone cores is large, the number of stone tools is small, and the semi-finished products and waste products left behind by the production of stone tools account for the vast majority, reflecting the characteristics of the relics of the stone manufacturing field.
Among the stone tools unearthed at this site, the turtle back scraper is more special, it is made of stone stones, the splitting surface is flat, the back bulge is like the turtle back, and the processing marks are all over, the form and the method are relatively fixed, and can be used for peeling animal skin, scraping animal meat and processing leather.
The former belongs to the village of Morban brainbag The stone manufacturing field found on the beam, like the nature of Dayao Village, also belongs to the late Paleolithic Age. The emergence of stone tool raw material mining and relatively fixed stone tool manufacturing fields is social productivity A sign of development.
Site map of early primitive society (Paleolithic Age)
Through the archaeological discoveries all over the country, people's understanding of the Paleolithic Age has a certain basis. Not only that, but there has also been some research into how our ancestors made stone tools.

Paleo punching method

a. anvil method: The smaller stone material is hit on the larger natural gravel that is used as the stone anvil, and the stone chip is processed in the second step (the second processing is hammering , finger Padding manipulation , Pressing method Etc.) can be done Tool use .
b. Falling Stroke manipulation (throwing method) : Put the selected stone on the ground, and then hold another stone to hit the stone on the ground, in order to lay the required stone pieces.
c. Hammering method: Put a selected stone on the ground, and then hold a stone as a stone hammer to hammer the stone.
d. Smash method (bipolar percussion method) : Put a selected stone on another large stone used as an anvil with one hand, and then use the other hand to hold the stone hammer to smash the stone placed on the anvil.
e. Indirect strike method: Place a stick or aggregate on a selected piece of stone, and then use a stone as a stone hammer to hammer the stick or aggregate hard, transfer the gravity to the stone, and make it peel off the stone.

Paleolithic species

slasher : Made of stone flakes, stone cores or gravel, large and heavy.
scraper : Multi-purpose processing of small stone pieces. The common stone ware shape in the paleolithic cultural sites in our country.
Cuspate: A pointed blade at the top, with many channels Secondary processing Trim.
Carver: multi-purpose small stone chip processing. First, an oblique plane is made at the edge of the small stone chip, and then another stone chip is staggered at an Angle. Where the scars of the two stone flakes meet, that is, the blade of the instrument.
Paleolithic fine stone shovel
axelet : Mostly stone core tools that have been repaired on both sides. One end has a blade and the other end is a handle for the hand.
Arrowhead: multi-purpose pressing process. The tip edge is often tilted to one side.
Knife: One side of the stone is thicker, like Knife back .
Stone ball: generally known as "stone core tool", is not very regular spherical, the whole body is processed and trimmed, and the ball has obvious delamination A scar.
Stone implement

Paleolithic period division

Its period division is generally adopted trichotomy The early, middle and late Paleolithic periods are roughly equivalent to Human constitution Evolution of Homo habilis and Homo erectus stages, early Homo sapiens stage, late Homo sapiens stage.
Paleolithic cultures are widely distributed throughout the world. Due to different regions and times, as well as development unbalance There are considerable differences in the cultural appearance of different regions.

European studies

Archaeological work
Paleolithic archaeological work in Europe was carried out early and found ruins Many, the research is also in-depth, since the 19th century has established the paleolithic cultural staging sequence.
The early Paleolithic culture of Europe can be divided into two major systems, one is the hand axe Cultural system , include Abvili culture (Abbevillian) and Acheulian culture (Acheulian); One has no hand axe lithostone Cultural systems, such as Clarkdown culture "(Clactonian). The two developed largely in parallel.
The middle Paleolithic period Mosterian culture (Mousteria), whose main feature is repair stone Nuclear technology ( The Levalois technique And disc stone technology) has been greatly developed, typical artifacts are relatively exquisite scraper And apical apparatus.
culture
The Upper Paleolithic period in Europe is 34,000 years old The Orina culture (Aurignacian), Solutrean culture (Solutrian) and Magdalenian culture (Magdalenian).
The production characteristics of this period are mainly made of stone leaves, there are End scraper , carver and blunt Back knife Let's wait. Horn organ It's very advanced. It's the first mechanical invention, and it shows that humans already have the knowledge that machines store power.
At the same time, harpoons, needles, javelins, spear-slinger And other new tools. There are also ornaments and works of art such as paintings and sculptures.

A surname

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EDITOR
A surname is Eurasian The contact zone of Africa 3 continents, Geographical position Very important, early humans may have migrated across continents through Western Asia. West Asia and Europe, Africa The cultural relationship is very close, and the classification and naming of stone tools mostly adopts European standards.
The early Paleolithic culture in this area is known as gravel chopper And hand axe as the main feature. Bear a resemblance to The Olduvai culture Sum of types Acheulian culture .
The Middle Paleolithic period is characterized by the litholithic culture, with extensive use of Levallowa-Mosterian technology, known as Levallowa-Mosterian culture, and Europe Mosterian culture Close. Late remains are mainly of the stone leaf culture, associated with Europe The Orina culture and Gravett culture It's similar. There it is microlith .

Africa

Paleolithic archaeology in Africa occupies an important position in the world. Not only have the earliest human fossils and stone culture been found here so far, but also the known human species in the world Development stage none Missing ring , the area before and after the era.
The earliest known stone tools were found East Africa Kenya Cobifora, as well Ethiopia The age of the Omo and Hadar regions is about 2.6 million to 2 million years ago.
Two large stone tools existed in Africa during the early Paleolithic period Cultural tradition : The Olduvai culture And Acheulian culture.
Middle Paleolithic, in North Africa There are Mosterian culture And Attilin culture, in the sub-Saharan region, there are Central Africa Stone core axe type cultures, such as mountain fruit culture and Lubumba culture, S.Africa Petersburg culture, Orange culture, Stillbay culture and Bambata culture.
In the late Paleolithic period, the climate in Africa was extremely dry, and few remains were found. In North Africa, there was the Daibai culture, which was similar to the European stone leaf culture, and in the south of the Sahara, there was the Chitori culture.

Archaeological discovery

It was found in Africa as early as the mid-19th century Prehistoric period The stone tools.
By the beginning of the 20th century, the development sequence of paleolithic culture in the Pleistocene period has been initially established.
Since the late 1950s, Africa has been growing Ancient humans There are also a series of important discoveries in paleolithic and paleolithic, so that the Paleolithic archaeology of this continent occupies an important position in the paleolithic archaeology of the world.

Cultural stage

Africa Stone Age Culture can be divided into two major systems. North Africa, the ring Mediterranean The coastal part, which is culturally closely related to Europe and West Asia, can use the European and West Asian staging method.
In sub-Saharan East Africa, West Africa In South Africa and South Africa, the development situation is different from that in Europe, so a separate staging system is used:
I. The Early Stone Age, from the earliest stone tools to about 100,000 years ago;
Ii. The Middle Stone Age, from about 100,000 to 15,000 years ago;
The Late Stone Age, from about 15,000 years ago to the beginning of the Iron Age (which occurred in most areas 2,000 years ago).
There are different opinions about when the Late Stone Age began.
Early culture
Geological time for Early Pleistocene and The Middle Pleistocene . The earliest stone tools ever found were found in East Africa Tanzania Olduvai (also translated as "Olduvai") canyon, Kenya Cobifora as well Ethiopia The Omo and Hadar regions. The age is about 3 million to 2 million years ago.
In the early Paleolithic period, there were two major stone cultural traditions in Africa: the Olduvai culture and the Acheulian culture. During this period, the development of culture was very slow, from the Mediterranean coastal areas to Cape of Good Hope There is a clear cultural consistency.
The Olduvai culture
The Olduvai culture Be found in Olduvai Gorge The lower layers of the 1st and 2nd layers are also found in North Africa Algeria The typical tool of Ain Hanesh is a hack.
A little later than the Oduvai culture is the Acheulean culture, and in North Africa and the upper part of the 2nd level of the Oduvai Gorge, there are rough hand axes of the early Acheulean culture.
On the 3rd and 4th floors of Olduvai Gorge as well as throughout African continent Due to the use of the soft hammer technique, thinner hand axes with shallower flake scars and more structured edge appeared, which was Acheulean Cultural characteristics . Thin blades were being hacked in greater numbers than before, and small light tools were made more neatly.
Olduvai stone tools are believed to have been made by Homo habilis (e.g., Habilis of Olduvai, 1470 of Cobifora), while the Acheulian culture was associated with Homo erectus (e.g., Mauritans of North Africa).
By the time of the late Pleistocene, as the climate changed and Sahara Desert The cultures of North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa began to differ.
Early stage
In this period, the paleolithic culture in different places showed local characteristics. There were Neanderthals in North Africa and in sub-Saharan Africa Rhodesia The man.
All over North Africa and The Nile The valley, as well as much of the Sahara, had a Levalowa-Mosterian culture during much of the Late Pleistocene, which was influenced by Western Asia and Western Asia Southern Europe The result of the influence of the Mosterian culture.
except Cyrenaica In addition, this tradition continued to exist variously until between 15,000 and 12,000 BC.
South of the Sahara, there is a South African-centred Faure The Smith culture, which inherited Acheulean cultural traditions, was widely distributed in the prairie areas. Hand axes and thin blade choppers are smaller and more refined. Symbiosis's lightweight tools make more extensive use of Levalois technology.
In the forest zone, another culture developed, centered in East Africa but also found in South Africa, the Sango culture, a culture adapted to the forest environment, characterized by the development of tools for processing wood, especially heavy hand axes, Large apical apparatus And high back" Planing tool ".
metaphase
One of its great advances was the expansion of human settlements. in Eurasia Humans enter High latitude Area. In Africa, the expansion is to forests and dry areas.
The success of this expansion of humanity is entirely due to technological progress. As adapted to different Ecological environment Paleolithic culture around the country shows increasingly obvious local characteristics.
Later period
During this period in North Africa, The Nile The culture of the valley, known as the Hormusan culture, was characterized by serrated stone flakes and carvings.
In Cyrenaica, a Dibai culture based on stone leaves, rarely seen in Africa, was discovered, and stone leaves, back stones, carvers, and stones were produced and repaired steeply by indirect strikes End blade scraper , with Europe and Southwest Asia The types of Upper Paleolithic cultures in some areas are consistent.
in Maghreb The Attilin culture, based on the Levalois and Mosterian cultures, was discovered, with typical artifacts being pointed objects with shoulders.
In sub-Saharan Africa, forest and grassland environments Two cultures The difference continued, and stone tools became smaller across the board.
Lou of the Equatorial Forest Region of East, West and Central Africa Pemba Culture, basically inherited the tradition of the Sango culture, but the hand axe and large pointed objects reduced, and the small stone tools made of stone chips increased, and the most representativeness The is a slender and pass Two-sided machining point .
In... Horn of Africa To the grassland area of the Cape of Good Hope, the Steerbey culture developed, which is characterized by the presence of stone flakes resembling stone leaves, short and wide stone flakes broken down by the stone core of the repair table, and two sides of the repair point.
Cultural characteristics
The African Upper Paleolithic culture is characterized by the development of pointed instruments everywhere. Although stone flakes resembling stone leaves have also been found, they have not yet become the main blank for making stone tools.
By the end of the late Paleolithic Age, the microstone industry began to form local characteristics.
The end of the Upper Paleolithic period Mesolithic age Globally, this is a period of increasing regionalization and microlithification, and this is also the case in Africa.

Southeast Asia

archaeologist The paleolithic culture in this area is generally referred to as the "gravel and stone chip stone tradition" or "chopping tool tradition".
Under this tradition, a number of local types can be divided: ① distribution in Burma The Irrawaddy River catchment The Anyasin culture ;
② distribute in Thailand West Fenno River basin The Fennoi culture ;
③ Found in northwest Malaysia Peri Chaung The valley of Kota Tam Tambian culture ;
④ distributed in Indonesia Jawa Central South coast of the Basoka River valley The culture of Batchedan ;
⑤ distributed in The Philippines The island of Palawan Southwest coast Tabang culture Let's wait.
Today, paleolithic material in this area, although available from early to late periods, is very incomplete, with many regional and temporal gaps, and many sites lacking reliable chronological evidence.
The discovery of human fossils unbalance Except for the Indonesian ones Java Island Other areas are scarce.

China

After more than half a century of work in China, many Paleolithic sites have been discovered in China, and relatively rich paleolithic archaeological materials have been accumulated, preliminarily establishing China Paleolithic culture A framework for development.
Paleolithic archaeology
Early stage
The distribution of culture in the early Paleolithic Age in China has been widespread. Paleolithic culture from 1 million years ago West Hou Du culture Yuanmou stone tools, 匼 River culture Lantian culture as well Donggu Tuo culture (see Donggu Tuo Site ).
After 1 million years ago, there are more sites, represented by the Beijing Humanization of Zhoukoudian Site in the north, and Qianxi Guanyin Cave in Guizhou in the south Guanyin Cave culture Be represented.
All in all, China's early Paleolithic culture is basically similar to The Olduvai culture There seems to be no Western type Acheulean hand axe Culture. But some scholars believe that during this period, Chinese paleolithic culture and the West Acheulian culture There may be communication.
metaphase
China Paleolith The middle period culture can be used in Shanxi Xiangfen discoverable Ding village culture (see Dingcun site ) is represented.
In addition, there are more important Zhoukoudian 15th place culture and Shanxi Yang Gao Xujiayao people culture.
The middle Paleolithic culture of China basically maintained the types and processing techniques of the early culture. Even if the type changes slightly, the technology advances slightly, it is slow. An obvious feature is the lack of development of stone repair techniques, such as Levalois techniques.
Later period
Entering the late Paleolithic Age, the number of sites increased, cultural relics became more abundant, and technology made significant progress. Cultural type It's more diverse.
In North China, South China And elsewhere, there are cultural types with similar eras but different technological traditions:
I. In North China, there is a small stone tradition inherited from the previous period, and its important representatives are Zhiyu culture , Xiaonnanhai Ruins, Top cave site (see Caveman) etc.;
Ii. There are stone leaf cultural types, to Lingwu prefectural aqueduct Represented by culture, it has many similarities with western contemporaneous culture;
ⅲ. There are typical microstone crafts found after the 1970s, such as Shanxi Refreshing water the Shimokawa culture , Hebei Yangyuan Hutou Liang Site the Tiger head Liang culture Let's wait.
In Northeast China, Liaoning is an important site belonging to this period Haicheng Little Lonely Mountain site Heilongjiang Province Harbin Yan Jiagang Site Let's wait.
In the South, several regional cultures emerged during this period, such as Sichuan province Hanyuan county Named after the site of Fulin Fulin culture Type to Chongqing The city Tongliang county Zhang Ertang site as the representative Tongliang culture Type as well as originally in Guizhou Province Xingyi City The cat flap site discoverable cat-flap Cultural type.
In addition, in Xizang A number of paleolithic sites belonging to this period or later have also been found in Xinjiang and Qinghai regions. Overall, the main feature of the culture of this period is that, except in a few locations, stone leaf craft and bone horn production were not very developed.

Economic activity

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EDITOR
Paleolithic humans Economic activity Food is obtained mainly by picking fruit, hunting or fishing.
At that time, people lived in groups in caves or partly in trees, with the fruit of some plants, nut and tuber They also hunt wild animals and fish mussels in lakes and rivers for food. Many relics and relics have been left in the cave, but it is difficult to leave any traces of tree-dwelling life.
From the ancient literature, we can faintly find the shadow of tree dwelling and collection in ancient times. From the Upper Paleolithic to Mesolithic age Human life is characterized by cave or nest dwelling, gathering and hunting.

Early stage

In the early Paleolithic sites, there are a large number of ape-man fossils co-existing mammal Fossils and traces of human fire. Except for the rough and clumsy ones Hammering stone tool And processed antlers and chopped and scraped animal bones.
During this period, human economic activities were basically in an extremely primitive embryonic stage.
In the early stage of economic activities, human beings only collected, hunted and fished for survival. These activities began with the collection of the earliest, early Paleolithic 匼 River Site Stone balls that may have been used for hunting were found, suggesting they were present at the time Hunting economy In the whole Paleolithic Age, collecting and preying on small animals has always been the main economic activity of people, and the collective hunting of large animals often has to pay a great price.

metaphase

It is about 100,000 ~ 20,000 years ago, which is equivalent to the geological history Late Pleistocene That is to say archaeology In the middle and late Paleolithic Age, human economic activities gradually became active.
At that time, Taiwan, Japan and other islands and the mainland Land bridge Join, in Asia To the northeast, The Bering Strait There is also land access North America .
中国大陆的气候比较干燥寒冷，西北高原及华北大地堆积了厚厚的黄土。
This period is in Interglacial period Most of the vegetation on the continent is Forest steppe Or semi-arid grasslands, Natural condition It's pretty bad. It is in this harsh environment that human beings survive, get exercise and development, and finally break away animalia , transformed into modern man.
geologist It's called the Loess Period, anthropologist During the middle and late Paleolithic period, known as the Homo sapiens period, clan organizations were widely distributed Yellow River basin , Yangtze River basin , Northeast region and South China In different production practices in different places to improve tools, invented friction fire, thus promoting the development of the primitive economy.
In the middle of the Paleolithic Age, the technology of making stone tools has advanced compared with the early period, and the stone tools of Dingcun people have more types and various unearthed in the site slasher , scraper , Trigonal large pointed apparatus And stone balls, some shape is quite regular. It shows the differentiation of stone tool function.
Compared with people in Ding Village, Xujia kiln People's hunting skills are higher, and judging from the unearthed stone tools, they will not only be beaten Stone nucleus Tap and strip around the edge of the countertop SLATE And make more small ones stylus , carver Small stone diamonds and small slashers. A turtle back scraper and Short body round head scraper The edge has been carefully processed and has been initially created microlith Process technology The style that represents Paleolith The progressive factor of culture.
As an effective weapon for hunting large animals, stone balls were found in piles and thousands in Xujiayao people's camps, vividly showing the highly developed hunting economy of this clan. The stone leaf, which prevailed in the Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods, has also appeared here, and this tool is closely related to hunting and eating animal meat.
There are tons of animal bones left in Xujiayao, but no complete individual has been seen, and even a complete skull has not been found, indicating that basically people smashed it after eating meat dereliction . They are also good at using animal bone horns to make spade tools, Trigonal pointed apparatus And a scraper. Xujiayao people lived 40,000 years ago, and their hunting economy represented a high level at that time.

Later period

Twenty to thirty thousand years ago, it was the late Paleolithic Age in China, and the primitive economy based on gathering and supplemented by hunting developed faster in various places.
From the important site Zhiyu, Xiaonnanhai From the stone tools and remains found in Hutou Liang, the level of production at that time was constantly improving and improving. With the invention of bow and arrow as a sign, the hunting economy has been further developed.
Hutou Liang Site
Excavated in Shanxi in 1963 Zhiyu Site From 28,000 years ago, there were more than 15,000 stone materials alone, and composite tools such as stone arrows and small stone knives were clearly unearthed.
When Xiao Nanhai Cave was first excavated in 1960, an area of 10 square meters was unearthed stonework Up to more than 7,000 pieces, it can be seen that the stone tool manufacturing industry had a considerable scale at that time.
In Hebei Yangyuan the Hutou Liang Site Archaeologists cleared the remains of three bonfires, including burned animal bones and Ostrich egg The skin, surrounded by a large number of stone flakes, Stone chips With chunks of gravel used as anvils, this was apparently a hunter-gatherer's camp.

Yuanmou Man

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EDITOR
Yuanmou Man, about 1.7 million years ago, is the earliest confirmed ancient human in China. [3]
Millions of years ago, the Yuanmou area of Yunnan Province was covered with hazelnuts and lush forests, a subtropical grassland, onychodactylus The last branch horn deer and other remnants of the third period are found here. Later, there are Hyena samsoni , Equus yunnanensis , shanxiensis Such early Pleistocene animals. Most of them are herbivore A beast. To survive, the Yuanmou used stone tools to hunt them.
Zaiyuanmou Shangna Bangcun In the nearby Early Pleistocene strata, two upper inner incisor fossils were found in the 22nd layer of the 4th section of the flu-lacustrine sedimentary strata exposed in the Yuanmou Basin with a total of 28 layers and a thickness of 695 meters.
According to paleomagnetic testing, the two teeth belong to a young male 1.7 million years ago, which confirms the historical origin and existence of the Chinese people. At the same time as the two tooth fossils unearthed from the brown clay layer, there are seven gangue stone cores and scrapers made and used by Yuanmou people.

Lantian Man ruins

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EDITOR

Discovery naming

In July 1963, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences The investigation team is on Field investigation ... at... Lantian county The west of a city North Atlantic Treaty Organization 10km Sihu Town An elderly female was found in Chen's nest mandible Fossils.
May 1964, in Gongwang Ridge A mostly intact fossil skull of a middle-aged female was found in the strata.
After indoor restoration of the fossil skull, a complete fossil skull of ape-man was recovered. The original researchers combined the mandibulae of Chenjiawo with the skull of Gongwangling and named it "Sinanthropus Lantian", or "Lantian Anthropus" for short.
However, many scholars believe that the degree of originality shown by these two specimens is obviously different, and the ages of the two sites are successively divided, so it is suggested to establish a new species "Lantian man" for Gongwangling skull. The mandibulae of Chenjiawo was given the scientific name of "Chenjiawo subspecies of Homo erectus", or "Chenjiawo man".

Geological data

On the basis of paleomagnetism Method determination, Gongwang Ling and Chen Jiawu palaeopithecus There are three different data of human fossil horizon successively:
I. Chen's nest: 650,000 years ago
Gongwang Ridge: 75-800,000 years ago
Ii. Chen's nest: 530,000 years ago or 500,000 years ago
Gongwang Ridge: 980,000 or 1 million years ago
ⅲ. Chen's nest: 650,000 years ago
Gongwang Ridge: 1.15 million years ago
It is generally believed that Gongwang Ling is about 1 million years ago, and its geological age is The Middle Pleistocene Early, or Early Pleistocene Late stage. The Chenjiawo fossils are about 600,000 years old and belong to the middle Pleistocene.

Racial characteristics

Lantian man is an early human fossil in China. Its forehead is low and wide, Brow bone The bone wall is thick, the eye socket is slightly square, and the mouth is extended forward. Intracranial ear height 71 mm, Brain volume It is 778.4 ml, which is basically the same as Java, Indonesia Human 775-900 ml equivalent.

excavations

In Gongwangling Lantian man fossil near the land, along with the Paleolithic era human use of many Tools of production There are pointed tools, cutting and smashing devices, scrapers and stone chips, stone cores and other stone tools.
One side of the pointed device has a blade, the other side retains the original stone, suitable for hand holding. The scraper has four forms of straight blade, concave blade, raised blade and double blade, and is used for scraping wooden tools and peeling animal skins. These tools are rough, mainly single-sided processing, and are often used without the second step of processing.
More than 40 species have also been unearthed in Gongwangling Animal fossil And the most striking fossils of these animals have a strong southern color, such as stegodon , Giant panda , chalicotheres , Tufted deer , Water deer Let's wait. This shows that the Lantian man lived The northern foot of Qinling Mountains At that time, the climate was warm and humid, and the vegetation was lush and forested, which was very suitable for hominid Multiply and live.

Academic value

The discovery of the skull of Gongwangling Anthropus in Lantian, Shaanxi is of great significance Academic value .
Gongwangling Lantian Man skull expanded the known distribution range of Chinese ape man, increased the distribution of ape man fossils in the world, and explored and investigated Human origin It has great significance.

The ruins of Dali People

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EDITOR
Discovery mining
The site is located in Dali county Jiefang Village in northwest China, Geological time Late Middle Pleistocene.
In the spring of 1978, there was someone near the village Luohe River third terrace Found an intact one in a layer of gravel Ancient humans A fossil skull.
Autumn 1978 and Autumn 1980, Chinese Academy of Sciences paleo-vertebrate In association with the Institute of Paleoanthropology Northwestern University Department of Geology, Xi 'an Banpo Museum , Shaanxi (Province) Provincial Institute of Archaeology and other units, carried out excavations.
Feature description
The fossil has been identified as about 200,000 years ago, and is a male skull less than 30 years old, with a low cranial dome, a flat forehead, and a thick skull wall. Brow ridge Stout, its shape and Beijing people close. but Parietal bone Relatively large, lowered occipital carina, higher parietal occipital, rhynchos Less protruding, thin cheekbones, not squamosal cheekbones triangle And the round shape, these are the progressive characteristics of Homo sapiens. The brain size is about 1120 milliliters, which is higher than that of Beijingers Mean value Slightly larger, with physical characteristics between Homo erectus and early Homo sapiens, it is an ancient type among early Homo sapiens.
find
with Tari Human companion animals are Ancient Rhombodon , Big horn deer with swollen bones More than 10 species, such as ostrich. Discovered plants sporopollen There are artemisia, chrysanthemum, quinoa and other grasses and plants, Pine and cypress , spruce Etc. Needle leaf No broad-leaved tree species were found, indicating that the local environment was forest-grassland type during the period of Dali people's life.
With the Dali people out of the stone and stone products of about 500 pieces, raw materials to quartzite For the Lord, flint After that, there is a small amount Gangue quartz , Igneous rock Let's wait.
Among the stone products, most are stone flakes and stone cores, and stone tools account for about 30%. The shape is generally small, the length is generally not more than 4 cm, and the weight is about 20 grams. The type is mainly scraper, Concave blade scraper The number is many, followed by a small number of pointed ware and a small number of carvers, stone cones, chopping tools, stone balls and so on.
Crafting technology is mainly hammering The piece is thick and not very regular. smashing Stroke manipulation Also occasionally seen, or at one end, or at both ends of the visible damage. The second step of processing is mainly one-way back processing, the edge of the zigzag, the cutting edge is uneven, mostly zigzag or corrugated, or sharp or blunt. There are more single blades than double blades in stone tools. Pointy machine processing is slightly refined, there are positive point, Angle point, double point, crooked point ruo type.
Cultural characteristics
The cultural characteristics of Dali people belong to our country North China The type of ship bottom scrapers - carvers with small stone tools as the main.

The ruins of the Luonan People

Discovery mining
In 1977 Luonan County A human tooth fossil was found in the grayish-yellow calcareous sand in a cave in Donghe village. The geological age belongs to the early Middle Pleistocene, or possibly to the late early Pleistocene.
Feature description
The fossil is the upper right first molar, with all the roots missing, Dental crown Well preserved, cusp There are signs of wear.
from Occlusal surface Look, the teeth are near the middle cheek Side Angle Protruding forward, the distal lingual Angle is more round and blunt, and the whole tooth surface is round diamond shape. The proximal distolateral coronal wall of a tooth, having a transverse rectangle attached to the anterior and posterior teeth Concave surface . hypocone and metacone Posterior parietal enamel The layer is corroded, and there are many worm-like channels and pits formed after corrosion. protocone It is large and worn low. The anterior tip is slightly larger than the posterior tip, the original tip and the posterior tip have obvious ridges, and its fossils belong to the category of Homo erectus, which can be called Luonan Homo.
find
The only animal fossils shared with the fossils of Luonan Man are giant pandas and tapirs, reflecting the time when Luonan Man lived Climatic environment It's warm and humid.

Liangshan site

Discovery mining
locate Hanzhong district Nanzheng county The south bank of the Hanshui River, geological age belongs to the middle Pleistocene, that is, the middle Paleolithic Age.
Discovered in the early 1980s, the Hanshui Archaeological team of Shaanxi Province's Kite Ancient Research Institute, Xi 'an Institute of Mining and Technology Department of geology and other units carried out many times Archaeological investigation And excavate.
find
Paleolithic is distributed in about 10 kilometers long from east to west and 2 kilometers wide from north to south. Relics are represented by stone products, and more than 1,000 pieces have been found, including stone tools, stone cores, and stone pieces, especially stone tools.
The main raw materials are quartzite, gangue and Volcanic rock Three, all rivers gravel . Gravel surface is used for most of the stone core mesa. The method of direct attack, anvil and smash is used to attack the stone chips. Most of the stone flakes are wide and long, and the shape of the stone flakes lacks regularity.
Characteristics of stone tools
Stone tools are large and thick. Mainly gravel stone tools, lithostone Take a back seat. Gravel tools are mostly processed on one side or one end of the gravel, and the gravel surface accounts for 1/2 or 1/3 of the surface of the object. Most of the stone chips are processed in one direction. Secondary processing Not much.
The types of stone tools are stone hammers, pointed tools, chopping (smashing) tools, scrapers, stone balls and original hand axes.
Stone hammers are made of quartz and are characterized by dense point-like scars at one end of round or oval gravel.
Sharp ware including gravel, stone pieces three edge sharp ware two, chop chop (smashing) unearthed more, accounting for 43% of all stone products, is the most paleolithic sites in Liangshan representativeness The artifacts of...
Stone balls too Liangshan site The main types of stone tools.
Cultural characteristics
The discovery of Liangshan paleolithic site filled the upper reaches of the Hanshui River Paleolithic culture The blank.
Its stone style besides" Large SLATE Chopping tool - three-edged pointed tool "this north China paleolithic Cultural tradition Besides, it also has South China It is mainly characterized by gravel stone tools. This feature of cultural coexistence provides new data for the study of the distribution and mutual relations of Paleolithic cultures in the north and south of China.
The appearance of the original hand axe in the site provides clues for the study of the cultural exchange between the east and the west in the Paleolithic world.

Changwu site

Discovery mining
Located in Shaanxi Changwu county Yaotou ditch and duck ditch in Chengguan town.
In 1972, China paleo-vertebrate Discovered with the Institute of Paleoanthropology. The geological age belongs to the late Pleistocene, the discovery of Homo sapiens Fossil teeth One.
Feature description
Absence of tooth root, Corona dentis Mesiolateral and Lingual surface The enamel is destroyed, but dentin Complete. It is grayish white, the primary tip is large, the secondary tip is small, the latter is located in the middle of the distal side, the anterior tip is slightly larger than the posterior tip, and the three tips of the anterior tip, the posterior tip and the primary tip form a concave surface. Distal none Contact surface . Mesiolateral enamel loss, and there's no discernable correlation Anterior teeth The contact surface.
These properties suggest that the tooth is a newly erupted upper left second molar, possibly in a juvenile. The accompanying animal fossils are Myospalax , Woolly rhinoceros seem bronco , Wild ass , Macroceras , Spotted deer Cattle, etc.
Stoneware unearthed
Nearly 200 stone specimens were found here, 80% of the stone is quartzite, and 60% of the stone specimens have gravel surfaces. The shape of the stone tools are scrapers, pointed tools, cutting and smashing tools. The stone tools are mainly small, made of gravel pieces, rough processing, simple type, and the shape is more than the original shape of gravel. The second step of the processing of stone tools is mostly processed from the back side of the splitting, and the repair of the pointed tool is quite fine. The stone tool is assembled with one side Straight blade scraper Mainly, the number of sharp and cutting devices is small.

Yellow dragon man fossil

exhumation
Located in Shaanxi Huanglong county Xujiashan South slope of yellow soil with Red soil At the junction, the geological age belongs to the late Pleistocene.
In 1975, a complete human was discovered at the site cranium Fossils.
Feature description
The cranium belongs to the late Homo sapiens stage according to the development degree of cranial eminence, supraorbital region and frontal region, and the tilt degree of frontal scale, but it also has certain primitive features, such as Sagittal ridge More prominent, thicker skull wall, less developed frontal junction, Bregmatic points It represents the transition type of late Homo sapiens and provides a new clue for the study of the transition from early to late Homo sapiens in Asia.

Hancheng ruins

exhumation
locate Hancheng County northeast of the Yellow River Yumun On the west side, the geological age is late Pleistocene.
It was discovered during the construction of the railway in 1973 Cave deposit , Northwestern University Archeologists cleaned it up. The cave rises about 30 meters above the bed of the Yellow River.
find
The cultural remains are mainly stone artifacts, traces of fire and some animal fossils. The raw materials of stone tools are mainly quartzite And flint, the surface more retained gravel surface. The stone chip and stone core are irregular, and the hammering method is used. The stone tool type is small, there are cutting and smashing devices, pointed devices and scrapers, and scrapers are the most. The second step processing is rough, are repaired by hammering method, in order to split from the back side of the processing.
The embers remain in the cave up to 5 centimeters thick, with remnants Burnt bone Charcoal and stone, etc. discoverable mammalia Animal fossils include cows, rhinoceros And deer, are grassland type fauna . Yumun The discovery of paleolithic sites has closely linked the paleolithic cultures on both sides of the Yellow River.
Cultural origin
The stone tools in this site retain the cultural tradition of small stone tools in the north of China Neolithic age Early stage Microlithic culture It provides important clues for exploring the cultural origin of China's Neolithic Age.

Sites in Jilin

broadcast
EDITOR
On May 30, 2018, Jilin Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology The newly released results show that: in the institute and Ji Lin University April 2018 right Jilin Province Wangqing county The paleolithic project Archaeological investigation In addition, archaeologists have discovered 63 new sites containing beaten stone tools, and collected 1,362 stone artifacts. [1]
According to the characteristics of relics collected on the surface and the accumulation of exposed strata, 12 sites of Paleolithic Age can be preliminatively identified. [1]
The 12 newly discovered Paleolithic sites are distributed in Ga Ya , Suifenhe The river basin. Found in the valley of the Ga 'a River Chunyang Town Stone village Beigang site, Tianqiao Ling town Tongsin Site I, Malugou Site, Tianqiao Ling Town, Daxinggou Town There are 5 new sites, including Ⅰ and Ⅱ sites; Found in Suifenhe River basin Luozigou town Shanghe site , entrepreneurial site Ⅰ, Ⅱ location, Xiahe site The sites Ⅰ and Ⅱ and the sites Ⅱ and Ⅳ of Suifen Site are 7 sites. [1]
The archaeologists collected several stone products at the first site of Dongxin Site, the first site of Xinxing Site and the Malugou Site respectively in the Jiahe River basin, which basically represents three different types of Paleolithic industry in Changbai Mountain area.
Paleolithic archaeology carried out in Wangqing area Special investigation It is the first time to systematically understand the face of paleolithic archaeological culture in this area, which is another important discovery of paleolithic archaeology in Changbai Mountain area in eastern Jilin Province. [1]

Tianjin Prince Mausoleum site

broadcast
EDITOR
Archaeological excavation site of Prince Mausoleum Paleolithic site [2]
The Prince Mausoleum Paleolithic site is located Tianjin The city Jizhou District . The site is located on the back of the mountain and the river, the terrain is flat, and the vision is wide, which is suitable for ancient human activities in this area The basic conditions. [2]
From the geomorphic location, stratigraphic accumulation and cultural characteristics of unearthed stone products, it is inferred that the age of the site is the middle and late Paleolithic Age, that is, the absolute age should be between 100,000 and 10,000 years ago. [2]
It was conducted in 2005 and 2015 Thematic survey More abundant Paleolithic stone products were found and collected. [2]
From October to November 2021, archaeological excavations made new progress, and 158 stone artifacts were unearthed in the area.
Excavated stone products with raw materials Quartz sandstone Mainly flint, with a small amount of quartz, crystal and Iron ore Etc.; stonework delamination The technology is mainly hammer method, smash method occasionally seen; The type combination of stone products is very rich, both stone hammers and a large number of stone cores, but also cutting and smashing machines, sharpener , scraper, dimmer And other rich tool types, also see stone flakes, stone leaves, Fault block Let's wait. [2]
It is worth noting that this archaeological excavation has unearthed polish Traces of stone tools. After observation by professional instruments, it is found that the stone grinding technology is mature, local manual grinding marks are clear, and the edge ridge line is clear and obvious after grinding. [2]
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