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Mamenchisaurus is
sauropods
A genus of dinosaurs known for their very long necks, which make up almost half of their total body length. Several species have been assigned to Mamenxizaurus, and the attribution of individual species may be disputed. in
Western China
Its fossils have been found in several provinces. with
Omeisaurus
the
kinship
More recently, both belong to Mamensiidae. Most Mamenxisaurus can be over 20 meters long, and a few individuals can exceed 30 meters. Estimates of the weight of the species vary widely, with the smaller species thought to weigh less than 10 tons, while the largest species is thought to have probably weighed more than 60 tons.
Mamenxiosaur dinosaurs are not unique to East Asia.
[13]
- Chinese name
- Mamenchisaurus
- Foreign name
- Mamenchisaurus
- Type species
- Construction of the Mamenxi dragon ( Mamenchisaurus constructus )
- Sort position
- Chordate - Vertebrate Subphyla - Sauroforma - Dipora - Dinoidea - Sauropyta - Sauropoda - Mamenxiidae
Origin: Xinjiang, Gansu, Sichuan and Yunnan provinces of China.
Age: Late Jurassic Oxford Epoch
Early Cretaceous
Aptic age
About 163 million to 113 million years ago.
Formation:
Shangshaximiao Formation
,
Shishugou Formation
,
Suining formation
,
Penglaizhen Formation
,
Anning Formation
.
First Mamenchisaurus (
Mamenchisaurus
The fossil was found on a highway construction site in Sichuan in 1952, and the incomplete skeleton was studied later and made famous in China in 1954
paleontologist
Yang Zhongjian
Named for construction Mamenxisaurus (
Mamenchisaurus constructus
).
[14
]
The genus name "Mamenchi" means "Mamen Creek", where the fossil was found, and "saurus" means
Latin
"
lizard
And we generally translate reptiles as "dragons", so it is translated as "Mamenxi dragon". The fossils originally studied were located in Sichuan Province
Yibin
The construction site next to the Mamingxi ferry on the Jinsha River, but due to the accent of Mr. Yang Zhongjian, the "Mamingxi" was mistaken as "Mamenxi"; Species name construction (
constructus
) means that the first fossil was found in
Construction site
Unearthed.
[1]
Neck minister (C-spine 17-19),
Cervical rib
It is relatively long, and the leading edge of the neck rib is dagger-shaped; The longest vertebra of the cervical spine is the single vertebra of the dorsal vertebra
Average length
3.5-3.7 times; Both cervical and dorsal vertebrae are posterior concave; The sacral vertebra consists of 4-6 healed vertebrae, the nerve spines of the sacral vertebrae are healed together.
[2]
Mamenchisaurus constructus was first found in China in 1952
Sichuan
It was found at a construction site on the Itang Highway in the province. The fossil site belongs to the Shangshaximiao Formation and dates back at least to the Late Jurassic. In 1954, Yang Zhongjian, a famous Chinese paleontologist, studied this part of the skeleton and named it Mamenxiosaur.
holotype
(IVPP V 790) mutilated and disorganized. Materials included: 5 dorsal vertebrae, 30
Coccygeal vertebra
, rib fragments, dorsal nerve spines and
Pulse arc
. There were 14 cervical vertebrae, but none of them were complete, and Young noted that some cervical vertebrae may have been missing and estimated the entire neck to be 4.67 meters. There are also partial limbs, including: two femurs, a complete tibia,
fibula
,
talus
,
Metatarsal bone
,
phalanx
And claws. The skull, forelimbs, and waistband were not preserved. It is estimated that the length of the Mamenxisaurus was about 13 to 15 meters and the mass was 5 tons.
[1-2]
Construction of the Mamenxi dragon
In 1972, a second species of Mamenxiosaurus was introduced by Yang Zhongjian He
Zhao Xijin
It was named Mamenchisaurus hochuanensis. These fossils are in China
Chongqing
The city
Hechuan District
Found near a village. The fossil site of Mamenxiosaur in Hechuan also belongs to Shangshaximiao Formation, which is very close to the horizon where the holotype specimens of Mamenxiosaur were constructed, and can be traced back to at least the Late Jurassic. Locals first discovered the remains sometime before the founding of New China, however, the remains were eventually left in place and excavation work did not begin until 1957.
The holotype (CCG V 20401) consists of an almost complete associated spine, consisting of 19 almost completely preserved elongated cervical vertebrae, 12 dorsal vertebrae, 4 sacral vertebrae, and 35 caudal vertebrae, with only the last few caudal vertebrae missing. The skeleton is also missing most of the forelimbs and skull. The total length of Mamenxiosaur was about 21 to 22 meters, with a neck length of 9.3 meters. When the Hechuan Mamenxiosaur was first described, it was the largest known in China
sauropods
Animals. Yang and Zhao estimate that Mamenxiosaur Hechuan weighed 45 tons. However, later weight
Estimated value
Lower, 14-18.2 tons.
[2-3]
In August 2022,
Asia
integrity
Dinosaur fossil
The largest of the holotype specimens, the Hechuan Mamenxiosaur, completed the first overhaul since the fossil installation in 1965. The specimen of Mamenxisaurus hechuanensis preserved 35 tail vertebrae, and the tail vertebrae were restored by 55 sections. After restoration, the skeleton length was "longer" by 2 meters, and the total length was increased to 24 meters
Chengdu Museum of Natural History
(Chengdu University of Technology Museum) Second floor "Dragon Travel Sichuan-Chongqing" exhibition hall.
[12]
Mamenxizaurus hechuanensis
In 1993, the third species of Mamenxisaurus --
The Gamamentesaurus
(Mamenchisaurussinocanadorum) is described. The species name refers to Chinese and Chinese
Canada
the
paleontology
Joint study project. The remains were discovered in 1987, when a neck rib was seen protruding from a cliff. The fossil site is located in Xinjiang
Junggar Basin
General Temple area on the east margin; From the upper Shishugou Formation (161.2 Ma to 158.7 Ma) of the early Late Jurassic.
[4]
The specimen (IVPP V 10603) consisted of a well-preserved joint sequence of the first four cervical vertebrae
Lower jaw
Composed of bone and other skull material.
mandible
It is 60.3 cm long and has 19 teeth. with
diplodocus
In contrast to the more square mandible of the class, the anterior mandible of this specimen is presented
Bevel Angle
.
vertebra
The neural arch and vertebral body healed well, indicating that the animal was mature. In the description
Sauropod dinosaurs
The species has the longest neck rib, 4.1 m long. The average length of the cervical vertebrae of Gabamenxisaurus was 1.19 times that of that of Hechuan Mamenxisaurus. Based on this, the researchers estimated the full length of the specimen to be 26 meters. It is estimated that this dinosaur had a neck of 12
Meter length
.
[2]
[5]
The Gamamentesaurus
The Shangshaximiao Formation was described in 1996
Mamensaurus yangi
(Mamenchisaurus youngi). His remains were found in 1987 in Sichuan
Zigong
Xinmin Township a village near one
Stone pit
Found. The species was named in honor of Mr. Yang Zhongjian.
The holotype specimen (ZDM 0083) is very complete and mostly associated, preserved from the head to the 8th
Caudal vertebra
All vertebral bodies of; This species has 18 cervical vertebrae. And also saved it
Shoulder girdle
, waistband, and material for all limbs. The specimen also preserves a nearly complete skull.
premaxilla
It has four teeth,
Upper jaw bone
It has 18 teeth,
Dental bone
It has 22-24 teeth. With a length of 16 meters and a neck length of 6.5 meters, it is one of the smaller species of Mamenxiosaur.
[2]
[6]
Mamensaurus yangi
In 1996, He Xinlu et al. described
Mamenxisaurus anyue
(Mamenchisaurusanyuensis). His remains were found in 1987
Sichuan basin
Anyue county
Longqiao township
Two nearby locations were found. In one quarry, at least 5-6 individuals were found. In the second quarry, four individuals were found. One of the specimens, AL001, was a holotype, preserving two-thirds of the associated bones of the whole body. Other specimens, AL002, AL003, and AL101-106, were also reported, which provided additional skeletal information. The name of the species is related to Anyue County, where the species was found. Mamenxisaurus anyuensis was found at the top of Suining Formation and at the bottom of Penglaizhen Formation.
Uranium lead
The age of Mamenxisaurus Anyue from Suining Formation is 114.4 Ma. Since this would make it about 30 million years younger than the other Mamenxiosaur species, there is some doubt whether Anyue Mamenxiosaur is a member of the genus Mamenxiosaur.
The holotype specimens preserved 8 posterior cervical vertebrae, 12 dorsal vertebrae, 5 sacral vertebrae, several caudal vertebrae, and a complete girdle. Another specimen (AL102) retained five associated cervical vertebrae in the middle cervical vertebrae. In addition to the phalanx, other parts of the forelimb were found. This species has many morphological similarities with Mamenxiosaurus hechuanensis. The length of this species is estimated to be 21 meters.
[2]
[7]
In 1998, Zhang Yihong, Li Kui and Zeng Qinghua described
Jingyan County
Mamenchisaurus jingyanensis. The holotype specimen (CV00734) was found
Jingyan county
The village of Meiwang. About 10 kilometers from Maywan
Sanjiang Town
Pengjiazhai
Another paratype (JV002) was found in the Western Mountains. The third specimen (CV00219) was found near Dujia village, about 10 km from Sanjiang. The fossils are located in the Upper Shaximiao Formation in the Sichuan Basin. The species name refers to the fact that most of the specimens were excavated from Jingyan County.
The holotype specimen consists of parts
scapula
And complete
coracoid
, forelimb, complete
ischium
, relatively intact skull and hyoid bone. Paratypes include three anterior cervical vertebrae, several weathered dorsal vertebrae, various caudal vertebrae, relatively intact hind and forelimbs, and isolated teeth. The third specimen preserves a cervical vertebra with associated cervical ribs, four fused sacral vertebrae, several coccygeal vertebrae, a complete scapula, various limb bones, and isolated teeth. The length of the skull is 55 cm. The prejaw has four teeth, the maxilla has 14-16 teeth, and the dental bone has 17-19 teeth. The length of this species is estimated to be between 20 and 26 meters.
[2]
[8]
Jingyan Mamenxisaurus
Over the years, other species of Mamenxisaurus have also been named. Some of these species are based on fragmentary remains that are considered invalid. In some cases, species from other genera have also been migrated to Mamenchiosaurus, but on migrations
effectiveness
There are different opinions.
In 1976, researchers named the four specimens found in the Shangshaximiao Formation as Fuxi
zigongosaurus
.
[9]
Since then, other researchers have disagreed about whether the genus is valid. A 1983 study relocated the remains to
Omeisaurus
Belong to the year. In a 1996 study, the remains were transferred to the genus Mamenxisaurus, which was named Mamenxisaurus Fuxiensis.
[10]
In 1998, Zhang Yihong, Li Kui, and Zeng Qinghua mentioned it briefly in their descriptions of Jingyan Mamenxisaurus
Mamenxisaurus guangyuanensis
No details were given. Since then, other research views have differed on the validity of this species.
[8]
In 2004, a study by Fang Xiaosi et al. was published in the journal
Yunnan (Province)
Mamenxisaurus yunnanensis unearthed from Anning Formation, province.
[11]
The ancient
biota
The fossils of Mamenxiosaur have been found in Shangshaximiao Formation, Shishugou Formation, Suining Formation, Penglaizhen Formation and Anning Formation, dating from Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous. In different strata, the assemblage of fossils is different, reflecting different paleontological communities. With the late Jurassic found in Sichuan
Mamenxiosaur fossil
It was excavated from the same level
Dinosaur
Includes:
sauropods
Emei Dragon, Mamenxi dragon,
theropoda
the
Yongchuanosaurus
,
Sinraptor
,
ornithischia
the
Yandusaurus
,
Chungkingosaurus
,
Tuojiangosaurus
Etc., and a few more
testudines
and
crocodilians
Of the fossil.
Also unearthed from the Late Jurassic Shishugou Formation in Xinjiang are: Sauropod Mamenxisaurus,
bellusaurus
Theropod
corythosaurus
,
Janchosaurus
, Sinraptor,
haplosteophosaurus
bird-hip
Colorface Ceratops
,
Hidden dragon
, and several
pterosaur
And crocodiles.
Mamenxisaurus Anyue is the only one in Mamenxisaurus unearthed in the Early Cretaceous stratum
kinship
adjacent
Qijianglong
.
The size ratio of different species of Mamenchisaurus
