Oceania, with a total land area of 8.97 million Square kilometer Covering about 6% of the world's total land area, it is the smallest continent in the world. dividedst Antarctica Outside, one of the world's least populated continents, is located Pacific Central and south central equator North and south of the vast sea, in Asia and Antarctica Between, the west The Indian Ocean , the east Face Pacific And with north and south America Far away from each other. ^[1]

The English name of Oceania is Oceania, meaning "land surrounded by oceans", where "Ocean" means "sea" and the suffix -ia means land. This name appeared in 1812, by Denmark It was coined by the geographer Malte-Brun. ^[2] English" Australia "( Australia Sometimes it is also used as a continent name, but it refers to a smaller scope than Oceania and does not include Melanesia , Micronesia and Polynesia Area. ^[3]

Oceania spans north and south Both hemispheres , from South latitude 47° to 30° north latitude Across the eastern and western hemispheres, from 110° E to 160° W, the distance between east and west is more than 10,000 kilometers, and the distance between north and south is more than 8,000 kilometers; By a piece of Australia Composed of continents and numerous islands scattered across vast seas, including Australia , NZ , New Guinea ( Irian Island ) and Melanesia , Micronesia , Polynesia Three major island groups. ^[1]

Oceania has 16 Independent state There are significant differences in the level of economic development among countries. Australia and NZ is Developed country Most other island countries do Agrarian country The economy is relatively backward. Industry is also mainly concentrated in Australia, followed by NZ . Geographically divided into Australia , Papua New Guinea , NZ , Melanesia , Micronesia and Polynesia Zone Six. ^[4]

Chinese name: Oceania
Foreign name: Oceania
alias: Oceania and Pacific Islands
Administrative category: chau
Geographical position: Pacific Southwest and South
Area product: 8970000 km²
Subordinate area: 14 independent countries, 10 regions
Climatic condition: Tropical monsoon humid climate, Tropical Marine climate , Temperate maritime climate Etc.

Population number: 29 million people
Famous scenic spot: Gold Coast , Brisbane , Sydney Opera House , Tahiti, Polynesia , Great Barrier Reef
prescription: English , French , Maori Etc. ^[5]
Major country: Australia , NZ , Samoa Etc.
Population density: 3.23 persons /km²
Largest city: Sydney

catalogue

Geographical environment

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EDITOR

Geological landform

Across Oceania Indo-australian plate , Pacific plate and Eurasian plate Three major plates, from the region Archaean Eon It has experienced a long history of tectonic evolution. On the basis of Regional geology Characteristic, the region can be divided into 3 levels Building unit The central West of Australia The Precambrian Period craton , Australia The east Paleozoic Era Orogenic belt Mesocenozoic and circum-Pacific Island arc There are 12 secondary structural units and 40 tertiary structural units. ^[6]

Of Oceania Geological structure The main characteristics are that the crust of the ancient continental part is relatively stable, and the tectonic activity of the island part formed in the new period is frequent. terrane Development from west to east from old to new. ^[7]

Oceania is the smallest by area in the world Mainland Australia And more than 10,000 islands of different sizes, so many islands, for the crown of all continents. The island area accounts for 13.8% of the total area of the continent, which is the highest proportion after North America Ranked second in the world. Oceania not only has a large number of islands, but also a complete range of islands. According to its origin, it can be divided into continental type, volcanic type, coralline Type and mixed type four. If combined with the appearance of the subdivision, volcanic type can be divided into Hawaii Formal sum Vesuvius Type, coral type can be divided into Table reef There are three forms of reef, atoll and skirt (fort) reef. ^[7]

Oceania in addition to some mountain elevation of more than 2000 meters, generally below 600 meters. The plains below 200 meters above sea level account for about 1/3 of the total area of the continent, and the hills and platforms between 200 and 600 meters account for more than 1/2 of the total area of the continent. It is one of the low-lying continents in the world. Mainland Australia The central and western areas are vast, the climate is arid, the vegetation is sparse, the wind is strong, and the surface is widely distributed Wind erosion , Aeolian landform . In the western desert and central Lake Eyre Along the way, there are many Wind deposition Formed dunes, Sand ridge And dish to the ground. The MacDonnell Mountains You can see the wind erosion nearby sandstone Columns and typical Yardang The terrain. ^[7]

There are many islands in Oceania volcanism In connection with, Coral island And the base of the atoll is also composed of volcanic material, thus Volcanic landform It is widely distributed and diverse in form. As in New Zealand there are groups of Volcano crater , lava bend: Hawaii and Polynesia Some are larger in volume and smaller in slope Shield volcano Geomorphology, etc. ^[7]

Of Oceania Geomorphic structure There are five distinct ones from west to east Geomorphic unit : Erosion plateau in the western part of the continent (Western Australia Plateau), subsidence plain in the central part of the continent (Central Australia Plain), and eastern part of the continent Fault block mountain The new folded island arc on the eastern side of the mainland (continental islands), and the volcanic and coral island group further east (oceanic islands). ^[7]

Topographic map of Oceania

climate

Oceania has a small land area, but there are numerous islands scattered over a vast area Pacific On the sea, the north and south cross latitudes, so the climate differences are obvious, and the types are diverse. ^[8]

West of Oceania, yes Tropical cyclone The birthplace, its occurrence center area has two, one by The Caroline Islands An attack on the southeast coast of Asia; Isu Samoa , Tonga and Fiji Occurs near, towards Australia Intrusion in the northeast. ^[8]

Climatic characteristics

Climate of Australia

1. Wide range of tropical and subtropical : Of Oceania mainland Although widely distributed, most of the islands are located in the south, 30° north latitude In between, most of the area is tropical and subtropical: although most of the area is under the vertical sun, it is not too hot due to the vast ocean, Annual mean temperature Most of them are between 25℃ and 28℃. The continental and archipelagic parts of Oceania within the tropical and subtropical ranges are different in area, latitude and distance from the sea, and topography. Atmospheric circulation So the difference in temperature between mainland Australia and parts of the archipelago is obvious. Part of the archipelago, due to the small size of the islands, has full access to the sea Climate regulation Although it is tropical, Subtropical climate But the temperature is not too high, and the sea is obvious. The average annual temperature on the islands of Oceania ranges from 26° C to 28 ° C, with the exception of a few islands, Annual mean temperature Rarely above 29 ° C or below 24 ° C. ^[8]

2. Arid region Large proportion of land area: Oceania Annual precipitation Areas of less than 250 mm account for 30% of the total area, and areas with annual precipitation of 250 mm and 500 mm account for 28%, and the two together account for 58% of the total area. More than half of Oceania's land area is arid. Compared with other continents, the arid region of Oceania accounts for a greater proportion of the continent's land area Asia and Africa . Oceania annual average precipitation It is about 700 mm, which is only close to the rain-less Africa in the continents, and less than 1/5 of the average precipitation on each continent. ^[8]

3. The regional distribution of precipitation has significant differences From the distribution of precipitation, some of the precipitation in the eastern islands of Oceania is much greater than that in the western mainland, and it varies from east to west equator The characteristic of decreasing to the north and south. Mainland Australia In the central and western regions, the climate is arid, with annual precipitation of less than 250 mm, Lake Eyre The annual rainfall is less than 120 mm. It is the region with the least precipitation in this continent; while Hawaiian Islands the Kauai The average annual precipitation in the northeast is as high as 12,000 mm, which is one of the most precipitation regions in the world. ^[8]

4. Tropical Climatic type Various: equator Crossing the north-central part of the continent, The Tropic of Cancer The land area between the continents accounts for about 60% of the total area of the continent, and the tropical area is as wide as Africa, South America Compare. Within the tropics, there are vast continents and numerous islands surrounded by oceans; Both the vast inland controlled by regressive high pressure and the island group deeply affected by trade winds; It's hotter than being near the equator Rain region , as well as Summer monsoon Affects dry and wet season areas. Oceania has eight climate types, four of which are tropical. The distribution of climate types outside the tropics is limited. ^[8]

Climate type area

1. Tropical ocean Climatic province : is the most widely distributed climate type area on the continent. Like Melanesi The New Hebrides , Fiji Islands, Santa Cruz Islands Etc.; The Polynesian Islands the Hawaiian Islands , Tonga Islands , Samoa , Society Islands , The Tuamotu Islands Etc.; The Marshall Islands of the Micronesian Islands, the Caroline Islands, The Mariana Islands Isohomogeneous genus Tropical Marine climate . It is surrounded by tropical oceans, and has the influence of warm currents and the regulation of sea breezes, so the climate is warm and rainy. Annual mean temperature Between 23 and 26 degrees Celsius. ^[8]

2. Tropical rainforest Climate zone: mainly distributed in equator Nearby, as Irian Island ( New Guinea ) Northwest and North, New Britain , The Bismarck Islands , Solomon Islands Parts of the region, as well Gilbert Islands Etc., all belong to Tropical rainforest climate . Hot and rainy all year round, temperature Interannual variation Small, the average annual temperature is about 27℃, Annual range 1℃~3℃, the precipitation is double peak type, the annual precipitation 2000-3000 mm, individual areas due to the impact of terrain, precipitation can reach 5000-6000 mm. ^[8]

3. Tropical wet and dry season climate District: mainly distributed in Mainland Australia the The Kimberley Plateau , Arnhem Land , Cape York Peninsula The eastern coast of the mainland at 25° south latitude; And the southern plains of Irian Island. Do it here Wet season The summer (January) is brought by the northwest monsoon Tropical Marine air mass Therefore, hot and humid, abundant rainfall for the wet season; Winter (July) is subject to high pressure from the mainland Southeast trade wind The effect of drying while becoming Dry season . The temperature in this area is high throughout the year, and the annual average gas tears are generally above 25℃. Annual precipitation Abundance, rainfall and length of rainy season vary from place to place Geographical condition There are differences between different and different. ^[8]

4. Tropical drought, Semiarid climate area : This region is Oceania's most extensive climatic region: distributed in Mainland Australia Central and western, where the climate is dry, desert wide. The average annual temperature is 18-25℃. Summer is hot, the average temperature in January is 21-30℃; Winter is mild, the average temperature in July is 13~17℃; Precipitation is rare, evaporation is strong, the annual precipitation in the inland area is less than 200 mm, is a desert area of the mainland, from the inland north or south, the annual precipitation in 250~500 mm, belongs to semi-desert Ward. ^[8]

5. Subtropical humid climate District: distributed in Mainland Australia the New South Wales and Victoria southeast Coastal zone , and North Island, New Zealand In the north, the climate here is mild and humid. The most thermidor (January) Mean air temperature It is generally 18-20℃, and the coldest month (July) is above 8℃. The annual precipitation is 700~1500 mm, and the precipitation season is evenly distributed, and most of the precipitation comes from the ocean in summer easterly It forms when it blows higher Orographic rain ; Frequent in winter Westerly wind , yes Cyclonic rain . The distribution of precipitation decreases from the coast to the interior. ^[8]

6. Subtropical continental arid and semi-arid climate zone : located at Mainland Australia Inland southeast, between Subtropical humid climate Zone and tropical arid, semi-arid climate zone. Annual precipitation gradually decreases from about 500 mm in the east to less than 250 mm in the west. The temperature is hot in summer above 25℃, mild in winter, and the coldest month is above 9℃. ^[8]

7. Subtropical summer dry climate District: located Mainland Australia The southwest corner, and to Adelaide As the center of the area. In summer The Indian Ocean Under the control of high pressure, hot and dry, winter by the north westerlies The cyclone was active and mild and wet. The average temperature of the hottest month in summer (January or February) is 18-24 ° C, and the coldest month in winter, July, is above 12 ° C. The annual precipitation is about 500-1000 mm, and the summer precipitation only accounts for 4%-9% of the annual precipitation, and the precipitation decreases from west to east and from south to north. ^[8]

8. Temperate maritime climate zone : Including New Zealand South Island and North Island The South, The island of Tasmania Let's wait. Under the western risk control system of temperature and humidity all the year round, there is neither hot summer nor severe winter. The average annual temperature is 10~15℃, 1 Mean monthly temperature The average temperature in July is 11℃ in the north and 5 ℃ in the south, and the annual variation is small. Rainfall is abundant all year round Frontal precipitation Main. It is the only region in Oceania where snow is visible in winter. ^[8]

drainage

Oceania rivers appear to be very rare, the rivers are short and less water, the water surges in the rainy season, the dry season sometimes cut off, most of them are not conducive to navigation. The main rivers are Australia the Murray River andtributary Darling River and The Malambidge River , Roper , Gilbert River , The Flinders River , New Zealand The Clutha River , The Waikato River and New Guinea the The Sepik River , Fry , The Mamberamo River Let's wait. ^[4]

The area of the world is 1000 Square kilometer There are about 146 of these lakes, four of which are in Oceania. Fresh water Total resources It is 2,390 kilometers ³, or 267,000 cubic meters per square kilometer. Compared with other continents, Oceania has fewer lakes, and the continent has more lakes Saltwater lake . The number of lakes above 20m above sea level is 186, of which more than 54% are located in Australia, and the number of New Zealand lakes is 43, accounting for 23.1% of the total number of lakes, followed by Papua New Guinea It has nearly 21% of the number of lakes. ^[4]

The largest lake in Oceania, that is Australia internal North Eyre (Lake Eyre), with an area of 9,500 square kilometers at its maximum (when filled), is divided into North Eyre and South Eyre Between the two lakes is the narrow Goyder Channel, the volume of which varies with precipitation; The deepest lake in Oceania, i.e South Island, New Zealand south-western Lake Manapuri (Lake Manapouri), 443 meters deep. ^[4]

Development history

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EDITOR

Oceania (3 photos)

Humans have been living since 55,000 years ago at the latest Eurasia Southeast island departure crossing Land bridge Arrive with the shoal Australia With the nearby archipelago, roughly formed until 1500 years ago Mainland Australia Indigenous civilization and Melanesia , Micronesia with Polynesia Three archipelagos Cultural circle . ^[5]

About 50,000 years ago, Eurasia the Primitive population Just follow the Indonesian archipelago Australia , archaeologist The earliest found in the world Grinding stone tool Be at New Guinea Found artificially more than 20,000 years ago edging The stone axe. Around 6,000 years ago, Australia the Indigenous people Wild dogs were domesticated, forming economic, political and religious habits that continue to this day. When modern Europeans arrived, the indigenous population was 300,000. ^[9]

1512, the Portuguese voyage New Guinea The north coast. In 1519, the Portuguese Magellan As Spanish seafarers led expeditionary fleets around South America To the west, to find the route to India, via The Tuamotu Islands , The Marquesas Islands And Guam, among other places, opened up Spain to The Philippines Trade routes. In 1526, the Portuguese Menezes was founded by the Portuguese Malay Peninsula To the Spice Islands (i.e The Maluku Islands The voyage encountered wind, reached the western coast of the island of New Guinea, saw the indigenous people have a lot of curl, so Papua ( Malay It means someone with curly hair. In 1542, the Spaniards began Mexico On the way to the Philippines, we arrived at Palau. In 1545, the Spanish sailed along the north coast of New Guinea, where they met with the local population Africa Guinea People similar, is named New Guinea. In 1567, the Spanish Mendanha de Nella Set sail from Peru in search of the legendary Southern continent , arrive Solomon Islands . Some 30 years later, Mendania de Nella sailed again Pacific , found Tokelau Islands , Santa Cruz Islands Etc.

In the early 17th century, the Portuguese P. Fernandez de Kiros And Torres, the Spaniard Cook Islands , The New Hebrides And the island of New Guinea Mainland Australia intermediate Torres Strait . In 1642, the Dutchman A.J. Tasman was born Batavia (present day Jakarta) set sail, discovered on the way The island of Tasmania , South Island, New Zealand and Tonga Islands , Fiji Islands Some of the islands. In 1699, the British W. Dampier sailed to the Pacific Ocean and found a large island near the island of New Guinea, named New Britain . In 1722, the Dutch discovered Easter Island , Samoa . In 1768, the French Louis Antoine de Bougainville Found in the Solomon Islands Bougainville Island (today's Papua New Guinea ). 1768 ~ 1779, the British J. Cook has three voyages to the Pacific Ocean, in addition to the arrival Australia , NZ Wait outside, find New Caledonia , Hawaiian Islands . Spanish occupation in the 17th century The Mariana Islands .

From the late 18th to the late 19th century, the islands of Oceania were successively colonized. In 1788, Britain established colonial rule in Australia. Since then, Europeans have searched Oceania sandalwood , Pearl And other valuables. In 1828, Netherlands Occupying the western half of New Guinea. In 1831, the British took possession Pitcairn Island . In 1840, New Zealand was reduced to British colony . At the same time, France was facing what came to be known as French Polynesia Some of the islands were declared for protection. In 1853, the French took possession New Caledonia . In 1872, the United States was in Samoa the Pago Pago Set up naval coaling station. In 1874, the British took control Fiji In 1877, the British established the Western Pacific High in Fiji Commissioner's office To safeguard British interests in the Pacific. At the same time, Britain announced Tokelau Islands , Niue The Cook Islands are under British protection. In 1884, the United Kingdom claimed the southeastern part of the island of New Guinea (later called Papua) as British Protected area British New Guinea. That same year, Germany claimed the northeastern part of the island of New Guinea.

It was settled by the Netherlands in 1885 New Guinea The boundary between the western and eastern halves. That same year, Germany occupied the Marshall Islands. In 1886, Britain occupied the Gilbert Islands and Germany seized the northern islands of the Solomon Islands. In 1887, Pitcairn Island officially became a British protectorate. Declaration of France Wallis Islands For its protection. In 1888, the Law expanded the scope of the protected area The Futuna Islands . In the same year, Germany annexed Nauru . In 1892, the British combined Gilbert and Ellice Islands Most of it is set aside as protected land. In 1893, the southern islands of the Solomon Islands became a British protectorate. In 1898, the United States occupied Spain Micronesia The territory, acquired Guam, annexed Hawaii . In 1899, the United States occupied Eastern Samoa Germany owns the West Samoa . Meanwhile, Spain will The Caroline Islands , The Mariana Islands Sell with Germany.

In 1900, Great Britain designated Ocean Island as a protected area and declared it "protected". Tonga . In 1906, Britain and France rescinded the law of 1887 The New Hebrides A joint Naval Commission was set up to declare the islands under condominium. World War I The pattern of colonial rule in post-Oceania changed. League of nations Decision, Germany in Melanesia The surrender of the territory Australia Western Samoa was taken over by New Zealand. German in Micronesia The colonies are Japan Possessed. World War II During this period, the Japanese successively occupied New Guinea The unified parts and Solomon Islands The majority of... Post-war, the West capitalism The great powers in Oceania Sphere of influence Change again. Micronesia Occupied by the United States.

In the 1860s, Maori revolts broke out in New Zealand settler Thirty years of war (see Maori uprising ). in New Caledonia There was a struggle against French colonial rule. In the early 20th century, Micronesia experienced a struggle against German colonial rule. In Western Samoa, the slogan of the struggle was "Samoa for Samoans" Mai-ukrainian movement That is Political opposition ).

World War II In the meantime, Papua New Guinea , Solomon Islands , The New Hebrides There was a struggle against colonial rule. After the war, the political situation in Oceania changed dramatically. with decolonization The rise and development of the movement, some former colonies after a long struggle to obtain political independence, 1962-1980 Oceania, 9 new island countries were born, namely Western Samoa (January 1962), Nauru (January 1968), Tonga (June 1970), Fiji (October 1970), Papua New Guinea (September 1975), Solomon Islands (July 1978), Tuvalu (October 1978), Kiribati (July 1979), Vanuatu (July 1980). Plus independence in the early 1900s Australia New Zealand, a total of 11 Independent state . Most of these countries are The British Commonwealth Member state or Associated country . In addition, Niue, Marshall Islands, Cork Islands , Palau , Micronesia These five territories have been acquired internally Right of autonomy . New Caledonia , French Polynesia And not yet independent. Hawaii It became a state of the United States in 1959.

The independent countries of Oceania, except Australia and New Zealand, are Developing country All are facing the historical task of developing national economy. ^[13] With a common purpose, they organized South Pacific Forum The South Pacific Economic Cooperation Bureau was established. South Pacific The Fisheries Bureau implements regional cooperation in order to preserve the country's Natural resources Have successively announced 200 nautical miles exclusive economic zone At the same time, the initiative to set up south Pacific islands Foundation, the establishment of the South Pacific Common Market, carried out South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Exercise. By 1982, of the nine island nations that became independent after the war, Papua New Guinea (October 12, 1976), Fiji (5 November 1975), Western Samoa (6 November 1975), Kiribati Diplomatic relations were established on June 25, 1980, severed on November 29, 2003, and resumed on September 27, 2019 ^[16] ), Vanuatu (March 26, 1982) has been officially established with China Diplomatic relations .

Oceania

Natural resources

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EDITOR

Water resources

The water resources of Oceania are mainly distributed in the sea, and the inland areas (mainly Mainland Australia Water resources are scarce. Water resources ratio of other islands in Oceania Australia Rich, all the islands of Oceania Total water resources It's 2040km³, Runoff depth It's 1610 millimeters. Australia has a water deficit of 1,440 mm per year, while other islands have a surplus of 1,270 mm per year. ^[4]

All the rivers of Oceania are almost ice-free all the year round, River recharge The source is mainly rain. The outflow area of Oceania accounts for about 48% of the total area, Murray River It is the longest sum in the outflow area Basin area The biggest river. Internal flow area (including Arheic region About 52% of the total area, are distributed in central and western Australia, the main inland rivers are injected North Eyre (Lake Eyre). On the whole, Oceania can be divided into continental terrain and island terrain, and the sea area is large. Terrestrial water resources are mainly distributed in Australia, accounting for more than 60% of the entire continent. ^[4]

Oceania continent Groundwater resources It is extremely abundant, forming a number of underground dives, with a total area of 2.6 million square kilometers, occupying nearly one-third of the continental area. Which accounts for the entire Oceania continent area of 22.6% Great artesian basin It covers an area of 1.735 million square kilometers. The basin supplies 199 million cubic meters of water a year, making it the largest in the world Artesian basin ; Secondly, how much contains Sodium carbonate , Potassium carbonate , Magnesium carbonate and Sodium chloride the Hot well Although not suitable Agricultural irrigation But for Queensland , South Australia and Northern place the Arid pastoral area It provides sufficient drinking water for cattle and sheep. ^[4]

Biological resources

Oceania is so isolated from other continents because of its dispersed landmass that its animals have characteristics that are markedly different from those of other continents. Poor animal species, lack of higher mammal . Birds Abundant and widely distributed. The animals have many endemic species and strong antiquity. Three species from Australia Monotremata And about 150 species marsupiata mammal It is both endemic and ancient Relict species . About 70% of birds are endemic, making them some of the most primitive representatives of their species in the world. Animal distribution Regional differences are obvious.

Mainland Australia Northeast sum Irian Island climate Damp and hot The forest is thick and rich in animals, many of which are wet and climbing, such as the big-eared kangaroo, Koala bear (Koala), and platypus , Black Swan Wait for birds. The grasslands of the central continent are represented by animals kangaroo , plan wombat , Tasmanian devil ^[15] And grass parrot Wait for birds. The species and quantity of animals in the western wilderness area of the mainland are small, and mainly live in the dry heat tolerance jerboa Let's wait. NZ The representative animals are a variety of strange birds and reptilia For example kiwi , kakapo ^[14] , pecking a sheep parrot Let's wait. Fiji Islands The animals are continental, there are snakes and endemic Tube-nosed fruit bat Let's wait. The distribution of animals in Oceania continues to decrease gradually from west to east. ^[10]

political

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EDITOR

nation

There are 16 in Oceania Sovereign state The details are shown in the following table:

Serial number	nation	English	capital	English	Population (10,000)	Area (km²)
1	Australia	Australia	Canberra	Canberra ^[17]	2544	7682300
2	NZ	New Zealand	Wellington	Wellington	378	270534
3	Palau	Palau	Melkeok	Melekeok	2	458
4	Federated States of Micronesia	Micronesia	Palikir	Palikir	11	705
5	The Marshall Islands	Marshall Islands	Majuro	Majuro	6	180
6	Nauru	Nauru	Aaron	Yaren	1.1	21.1
7	Papua New Guinea	Papua New Guinea	Port Moresby	Port Moresby	450	462840
8	Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	Honiara	Honiara	40.4	28369
9	Vanuatu	Vanuatu	Port Vila	Port Vila	20	12190
10	Tuvalu	Tuvalu	Funafuti	Funafuti	1	26
11	Fiji	Fiji	Suva	Suva	80.9	18272
12	Samoa	Samoa	Apia	Apia	17	2934
13	Kiribati	Kiribati	Tarawa	Tarawa	8.2	811
14	Tonga	Tonga	Nukualofa	Nuku'alofa	9.8	699
15	Cook Islands	Cook Islands	Awarua	Avarua	1.3	240
16	Niue	Niue	Alofi	Alofi	0.16	260

Note: Indonesia The Republic stretches across Asia And Oceania. Source of information: ^[11]

The Oceanian countries

Regional organization

Pacific community : February 6, 1947, when South Pacific region There are possessions and Trust territory The United States, the United Kingdom, France , Netherlands , Australia And New Zealand and other six governments signed the "Canberra Agreement", announced the establishment South Pacific commission (SPC). It was renamed in 1998 Pacific community . Be headquartered in New Caledonia The capital Noumea .

Pacific Islands Forum : 5-7 August 1971, Fiji , Samoa , Tonga , Nauru , Cook Islands And Australia in the capital of New Zealand Wellington convene South Pacific 7 party meeting, officially established" South Pacific Forum And decided to hold a meeting once a year. In October 2000, it was officially renamed the Pacific Islands Forum. The secretariat of the Forum is located in the capital of Fiji Suva .

Oceania

population

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EDITOR

Oceania totals about 29 million people and is the world's largest Antarctica One of the least populated continents. Account for about World population Of 0.5%. 65% across the state Population distribution in Mainland Australia . Island countries Population density The difference is significant. Papuans, Australians, Tasmanians, Maori, Melanesians, Micronesians and Polynesians make up about 20% of the population, while Europeans account for more than 70%, in addition to mestizos, Indians, Chinese and Japanese. The original inhabitants are yellow (Polynesians, etc.) and brown (Polynesians, etc.). Aboriginal Australians ).

Language

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EDITOR

The vast majority of the population speaks English, while the locals on the three major island groups speak Melanesian, Micronesia Verbal harmony Polynesia Word.

religion

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EDITOR

Oceania is known for its Christianity, Primitive religion Faith is the main thing. Primitive religions are widely followed, along with Islam, Hinduism , Buddhism, Judaism Et al Religious believer . ^[12]

The introduction of Christianity into Oceania began in the 17th century, and Protestantism had the greatest influence and power. Among the most influential were the Anglican Church, Methodist Church , Presbytery , Reformed society Let's wait. Although the Catholic Church has many adherents in Oceania, its influence is far inferior to that of Protestantism. ^[12]

The local people of Oceania have always believed in primitive religions of different forms and contents. The original religions of Australia include Exalted God Ideas, totemism, spirit worship, idolatry And witchcraft. Among them, totem worship is the most popular. Clans and individuals can have totems, animals and plants as well as non-living things, even The sun, moon and stars Can be used as a totem. In addition to holding a god dance simulating the image of a totem, the totem is sometimes eaten in order to obtain its power to pass on to the body. ^[12]

The original religion of the Maori people of New Zealand, including the belief in high gods and tabu (taboo) concepts, is still embedded in their folk life. Polynesia The primitive religion of the islands focused on the worship of high gods. ^[12]

The remnants of these primitive religions are still visible in the lives of the locals. Oceania still has many giant idols of primitive religions. Such as: Easter Island supertall Stone crowd Like, Tonga In Nuku Avalo, the capital, it is made of boulders weighing about 40 tons. calendar "And use 5 meters high coralline Built of huge stones called "Haan Monga" Three Stone Pagoda . ^[12]

Muslims in Oceania trace their roots back more than 500 years, Australia , New Zealand, Fiji In other countries, national and continental Islamic organizations have been established. 19 May 1984 United Islamic Council of Australia, United Islamic Association of New Zealand, Papua New Guinea Islamic Society, New Caledonia The Islamic Society and the Tongan Muslim Organization co-founded South Pacific Regional Islamic Mission Council . ^[12]

Oceanian Buddhists mainly live in Australia , New Zealand, Tonga , Nauru Wait for the country. Mostly for Asia People of Chinese, Japanese, Singapore , Sri Lanka , Burma , Thailand , Korea Most of the immigrants from other countries were members of the Oceania Buddhist community who moved here around the 1950s Mahayana Buddhism The South spread Theravada Buddhism. Most of the associations have close ties with the homeland, and still retain their native lands to varying degrees Cultural tradition With features. ^[12]

economy

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EDITOR

agriculture

Economic development of Oceania countries Horizontal difference Obviously, Australia and New Zealand belong to both Developed country Most other island countries do Agrarian country The economy is relatively backward. Agricultural crops include wheat, coconut , sugar cane, pineapple, Natural rubber Let's wait. Wheat production accounts for about the world's wheat Total output The main food of local residents is potato, corn, rice and so on. Animal husbandry It mainly raises sheep, accounting for about 20% of the total number of sheep in the world. Wool production accounts for about 40% of the world's wool production. There are also mixed farming areas where wheat is grown and sheep are raised ( Murray Darling Basin ).

industry

Mineral resources of Australia

The industry of Oceania is mainly concentrated in Australia, followed by New Zealand. Mainly mining, steel, non-ferrous metal smelting, Machine building , chemical, building materials, textiles and other departments. Oceanian island industries are mostly distributed in their respective capitals or capitals, generally relatively backward, only mining and agriculture, forestry, livestock products processing, mostly foreign capital control, products for export.

tourism

Oceanian countries attach importance to the development of tourism. Tonga , Vanuatu Countries such as tourism income is considerable, become National economy An important part of. Oceania is between Asia Wainan, North America Between, south distance Antarctica It is the only route connecting all continents. Many international Submarine cable All through here, maritime shipping has become an important means of mutual communication between countries and islands. Land transportation is mainly by rail and road. The total length of highways exceeds 1 million kilometers. The railway has a total length of more than 46,000 km. Inland shipping The distance is about 1000 km. There are routes to the capitals and capitals of countries and important regions within the continent, and the continent is important Port city They're all connected.

World record

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EDITOR

The smallest continent in the world : Oceania has a total land area of 7.62 million Square kilometer It is the smallest continent in the world. ( Guinness World Records )

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Growth task Introduction to editing Editing rule Edit by oneself

I have a question.

Content questioning Online customer service Official post bar feedback

Complaint and suggestion

Report bad information The article was not appealed Complaint infringement information Blocked query and unblocked

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