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Geological relic
Geological terms
Geological remains are found during the Earth's historical period, by
Internal geological process
and
External geological process
The formation reflects the geological historical evolution process and the change of physical and chemical conditions or environment. This is an important basis for human to understand geological phenomena, speculate geological environment and evolution conditions, and is the main parameter for people to restore geological history. Geological remains are non-renewable, destroyed will never be restored, and will lose the actual data for the study of geological processes and formation reasons.
- Chinese name
- Geological relic
- Foreign name
- geological relics [1]
- dominance
- Geological terms
Geological relic
Geological relics can be divided into the following 6 types according to their formation reasons and natural properties:
(1) Standard geological section: such as the oldest rock in China - Baijiafen granite in Anshan, Liaoning province; Middle and upper Proterozoic strata sections in Jixian, Tianjin.
(2) Famous
Paleontological fossil
Site: such as Beijing Zhoukoudian
Peking Man Site
; World wonder -- Xixia in Henan Province
Fossil dinosaur eggs
Let's wait.
(3) Geological structure traces: such as Tibet
The Brahmaputra River
Suture zone; Songshan mountain in Henan province
The Precambrian Period
Strata and three integrated relics.
(4) Typical geological and geomorphic landscape: such as Huangshan Mountain in Anhui Province;
Penghu Islands
The terrain landscape, etc.
(5) Super large deposits: such as the world's largest rare earth deposit - Inner Mongolia
Bayan Obo
; China's rare metals and precious pearl -- Xinjiang Altai pegmatite; Daqing Oilfield, Heilongjiang, etc.
(6) geological disaster remains: such as the earthquake remains in the Sinian-Cambrian strata of Jinshitan, Dalian, Liaoning; Tangshan earthquake remains in Hebei Province;
Dongchuan District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province
Debris flow and prevention.
Geological relic
(1) Northeast mountain and Songnen plain region;
(3) Shaanxi-Gansu Loess Plateau;
(4) East China, South Central hills and islands (Taiwan, Hainan Island) region;
(5) Sichuan Basin, hills and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau;
(6) The eastern and central arid grassland areas of Inner Mongolia;
(7) Western Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Hexi Corridor and Xinjiang desert grassland area;
(8) Qinghai-Tibet Plateau alpine desert grassland area.
According to statistics in 1997, there are 86 geological heritage reserves, including 12 at the national level, 33 at the provincial level, 9 at the municipal level and 32 at the county level.
Geological relic
According to statistics in 1992, 104 of the 606 nature reserves had geological content, including 27 at the national level, 71 at the provincial level and six at the county level.
By the end of 1997, there were 926 nature reserves in China, of which about 160 contained geological content.
Among the 119 national scenic spots announced by the state, many of them are mainly named after famous mountains, lakes, rivers and canyons, karst caves, waterfalls and springs, and coastal islands, which are closely related to geological relics. Among the 512 scenic spots of various kinds in the country, more than half of them contain geological relics.
By 1998, China had built more than 920 forest parks, 295 of which were at the national level. Its types can be divided into mountain type, lake type, volcano type, desert type, glacier type, sea island type, seaside type, karst cave type, hot spring type, grassland type and garden type, the first nine types of forest park geomorphic subjects are closely related to geological relics, or contain one or more geological relics.
In addition, in the four batches of national key cultural relics protection units that have been announced in China, there are 15 ancient ape and ancient human remains, which belong to a type of geological relics.
Geological relic
Our country attaches great importance to the protection of geological relics. The protection of geological relics began in the late 1970s, mostly as part of the protection of other types of nature reserves.
In 1987, Yuhara
Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources
With the promulgation of the Provisions on the Establishment of Geological Nature Reserves, China began to establish a number of geological nature reserves. Before 1992, a total of 52 geological and natural reserves had been established, including 4 at the national level, 31 at the provincial level and 17 at the county level. In 1995, the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources issued the"
Regulations on the protection and administration of geological relics
So that the protection of geological relics has been relatively rapid development.
Geological relic
Geological relic
Classification according to the distribution characteristics of geological relics:
The first type, points or lines of exposed and vulnerable geological remains
Generally, the typical, scarce, and vulnerable geological relics are distributed in points, and a small number are distributed in lines, and some of these relics have high scientific value, such as"
Gold nail
It is a typical stratified profile point with global comparison standard value (such as the "golden nail" in Changshan, Zhejiang); scarce
Biological fossil
Point of origin (including human fossils) (e.g. Sichuan
Zigong dinosaur
Fossil burial site, Xingyi Guizhou dragon fossil burial site, Beijing Zhoukoudian ancient human site, Beijing Yanqing silica wood dew point, etc.); Precious minerals (e.g
meteorite
, gemstones, jade,
Crystal
, precious ores, etc.) and their typical origin; There are micro geological landscape points with special ornamental value, such as Beijing
Silver Fox Cave
"Silver Fox" stone, Yang Yuan stone of Danxia Mountain in Shaoguan, Guangdong, etc. (See FIG. 2-1-1).
The second category, local distribution of geological remains
Geological relic
The third category is the geological landscape with a wide distribution area
The distribution range of this kind of geological relics is greater than a few square kilometers, sometimes hundreds of square kilometers, its geological landform landscape is very spectacular, very ornamental value, such as
Danxia
, Yadan, karst, peak cluster, peak forest, loess, estuary delta and other geological landscape. This kind of landform, unless man-made large-scale quarry damage, is generally easier to protect; However, its ecological environment is fragile, because of inappropriate human activities or overexploitation may cause damage to its ecological environment and landscape. Among the national geoparks that have been approved, this category accounts for the largest proportion, such as Danxia Landform of Danxia Mountain in Guangdong Province and Dunhuang
Yadan landform
, Yellow River Delta in Dongying, Shandong, Xifeng Forest in Xingyi, Guizhou, Luochuan Loess Tableland in Shaanxi, Zhangjiajie Sandstone Peak Forest in Hunan, Yangchun Karst landform in Guangdong, Sichuan
Xingwen Stone Sea
Karst landform
The fourth category is the geological remains with relatively complete morphological space
The relatively complete space sites composed of rock walls have high scientific value and geological landscape value, such as karst caves and other caves, sinkholes, canyons, etc. This kind of geological and geomorphic landscape is easy to distinguish, and there are a large number of national geoparks that have been approved, such as Beijing
Stone Flowers Cave
, Guizhou (Province)
Maring River Canyon
, Guangxi
Tai Shek Wai Tianhang
Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province
Huguang Yan Mar Lake
Let's wait.
Fifth category, others
Geological relic
3. Geological heritage protection measures
The existing graded protection measures are generally aimed at the protection of scenic spots or natural ecological reserves, but there are no specific measures for geological relics and geological landscapes, and even if there are, they are not specific or have poor operability.
3.1 Spot exposed geological relics, such geological relics or geological landscapes, are generally of high value and belong to the highest level of protection, and the most effective protection measure is to be isolated from tourists, and absolutely do not allow entry and touch. For example, the "silver Fox" stone in Beijing is completely isolated from tourists with a glass cover, and tourists can see and not touch outside the isolation facilities; Danxia Mountain
actinolite
It is also isolated from tourists and can only watch and take photos outside the isolation facilities, and tourists are forbidden to enter and cause damage to it. For meteorites, they can be protected by museums, and those who are too large to be transported can be protected by isolation on the spot, allowing tourists to visit outside the isolation facilities; For gems, crystals, precious ores, etc., samples can be collected and displayed in museums for protection, and their origin should be isolated and strictly protected, and theft, mining, and destruction are strictly prohibited.
3.2 Small and medium-sized local distribution
Geological landscape
, including all kinds of stone forests, stone eggs, typical earthquake, collapse, debris flow, glacier sites, as well as waterfalls, strange springs, etc., such local distribution of geological landscapes, generally do not allow entry, or after removing the danger, controlled access is allowed to investigate and sightseeing; Planning can arrange designated routes or platforms in nearby safe areas for visitors
Go sightseeing
. The protection method prohibits quarrying, collecting soil and other activities that are harmful to the protected objects in the scenic spot.
3.3 Large-scale distribution of geological landscapes, including Yadan landform, Danxia landform, karst landform, volcanic landform, etc., these geological landscapes allow tourists to enter the sightseeing, outside the planning core area can be arranged to construct necessary
Tourist facilities
Such as road parking, a small number of service reception buildings. The way of protection is to delineate the protection area as a geopark park, which is prohibited in the area
quarrying
,
Borrow earth
,
Open a mine
, grazing,
Chop down
And other activities that are harmful to the object of protection. This is the way most geoparks are protected.
3.4 Geological remains of relatively complete space, which is generally surrounded by rocks, including various caves, sinkholes, canyons, etc. Under the premise of ensuring its integrity, visitors enter the space through the planned construction of the arranged walking path to sightseeing, sometimes (such as canyon river) visitors can drift on the planned waterway, experience the magic of nature. The way to protect it is that all vehicles and roads and buildings are not allowed to enter the space protected by it, and it is not allowed to quarry, collect soil, and other activities that are harmful to the rocks that constitute the space.
Geological relic
