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Empress Dowager Cixi

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Yehenala (November 29, 1835 - November 15, 1908), generally based on it Title of honor "Cixi," "Empress Dowager." [46] There are "Empress Dowager" and "Lafayette" [26] And so on. China Late Qing Dynasty Important political figures of the period. 咸丰帝 A concubine, Tongzhi Emperor His birth mother. [25]
Cixi Yu Xianfeng Two years (1852) into the palace, grant blue A high-ranking official (said Yi noble), the following year Jin Feng Yi wives . Due to the birth of the emperor's eldest son Zai Chun (Tongzhi Emperor), Jin to Yi Imperial concubine . Xianfeng eleven years (1861), Jae-chun ascended the throne, she and Kindness and peace The two palaces are honored together, called the "Mother Queen", Title of honor "Cixi". After the united Tzu An, Prince Gong Yi Xin launch Coup d 'etat execute Eight ministers to order Seize power. In the early days of his administration, he rectificated officials, reused Han ministers, obtained the support of the great powers, and suppressed them successively Taiping Heavenly Kingdom , twister The uprising brought temporary stability to the Qing Dynasty. contemporaneous Westernization movement The initial development of modern industry and commerce. Known to history Tongzhi rejuvenation . Zaitian (Guangxu Emperor) joined the Great succession. Following the sudden death of Ci 'an and the dismissal of yi Xin, Cixi assumed sole power. He returned to the government for a while, but after Hundred Days' coup Later, he trained the government again. The Boxer Movement After its rise, it used its struggle to declare war on the great powers, triggering The eight-nation Allied forces invaded China . The two palaces return to Luang After that, it was implemented successively New policy in the late Qing Dynasty , Preliminary constitutionalism In an attempt to salvage the dynastic crisis. On October 21, 1908, the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu, Emperor Guangxu died, and Cixi chose A surname As the new emperor, she will henceforth be honored as The Empress Dowager . The next day Hall of the Goddess of the Sun Died at the age of seventy-four. Be buried in Dingdong Mausoleum . [25] Posthumous title Twenty-three words long [177] She is referred to as "Empress Xiao Qinxian". [11]
Cixi once closed the curtain and trained the government three times [173] Before and after the late Qing regime for forty-seven years, yes Qing Dynasty The de facto ruler of both dynasties. [25] Around the evaluation of her role in the development of modern China, there are different discussions in the academic circles at home and abroad. [11] [151] A large number of literature, drama, film and television creations based on her have also continued to this day. [64] [181]
Full name
unknown (When it comes to Xing Zhen, see the "Character controversy - Name mystery" catalog)
alias
Empress dowager , Empress Dowager Cixi , Karl Lagerfeld [140] (also known as West Lafayette, Old Buddha) , Empress Hyo Chin Hin , Queen Nala , Empress Dowager Cixi or Ts'u Hsi (Wittoma phonetic system) , hiyoo ungga gingguji iletu h (wangheo) (Joseph Mullinde)
Posthumous title
Xiao Qin Cixi end you Kang Yi Zhao Yu Zhuang Chengshou Gong Qin Chongxi with day xing Sheng show queen [177]
Badge number
Cixi end you Kang Yi Zhao Yu Zhuang Chengshou Gong Qin Chongxi too Empress Dowager [7] [138] [177]
age
Late Qing Dynasty
Ethnic group
Manchu
Place of Birth
A surname (present-day Beijing)
Date of birth
November 29, 1835 (Daoguang 15 October 10)
Date of death
November 15, 1908 (October 22, 34, Guangxu Dynasty)
Place of death
Beijing Zhongnanhai Hall of the Goddess of the Sun
mausoleum
Putuo Yu Ding East Mausoleum
Major achievement
In charge of the late Qing regime for forty-seven years, monopoly power for twenty-seven years, became the actual ruler of the Qing Dynasty Tongzhi, Guangxu two dynasties
Major work
Wealth chart , Fish-algal map , Prajna Paramita Heart Sutra (handwritten version)
Flag register
Manchuria Blue ensign (Back lift in Xianghuang Banner )

catalogue

  1. 1biography
  2. ▪Enter the palace and win favour
  3. ▪Coup d 'etat
  4. ▪Two house curtains
  5. ▪Have a monopoly of power
  6. ▪The emperor and the queen fight
  7. ▪Hunt in the west in panic
  8. ▪Wind and rain
  9. ▪Enjoy your sorrow and honor
  10. 2Major influence
  1. 3Historical evaluation
  2. ▪China
  3. ▪Foreign country
  4. 4Anecdotal allusion
  5. ▪A surname
  6. ▪Related title
  7. ▪No rich family
  8. ▪Contact with foreign goods
  9. ▪Eating habit
  10. ▪Health status
  1. ▪Execute a journalist
  2. 5Interpersonal relationship
  3. 6Major work
  4. 7Character dispute
  5. ▪Name
  6. ▪Place of Birth
  7. ▪It's called Lafayette
  8. ▪Sex scandal
  9. ▪Kill your daughter-in-law
  10. ▪The death of Guangxu
  1. ▪Misappropriation of military expenditure
  2. 8memorialize
  3. 9Artistic image
  4. ▪literature
  5. ▪drama
  6. ▪Movie and television play
  7. ▪ANIMATIONS
  8. 10Historical data index

biography

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EDITOR

Enter the palace and win favour

October 10, 15th year of Daoguang (November 29, 1835), Yehenala's Born in A surname (now Beijing). She was born in a Blue ensign Manchuria (Xianfeng eleventh year, December 18, "Mother to son," was carried into Xianghuang Banner Manchuria [154] (For details of Cixi's family, see" Interpersonal relationship "Directory), great-grandfather Giranga As a member of the ministry, grandfather Jingrui did The Ministry of Punishment in feudal China Doctor, father favour Anhui Ningchi Taiguang Road. [11] [33] [121] [138]
In the first year of Xianfeng (1851), the Qing Court promulgated the election Beautiful woman Imperial Bull, February of the following year (1852), the eigh-year-old Cixi was inlaid with a blue flag collar Enxiang selected into the palace, to participate in the eight flags draft, be 咸丰帝 Give the name orchid A high-ranking official He entered the palace on the 9th of May of the same year. Xianfeng fourth year (1854) February 26, Jin Feng Yi wives (" Yi "in The Manchu script "nesuken" in Chinese, meaning "gentle" and "An Yi"). On November 35, to co-host the Grand Bachelor Jia Zhen For the minister, the Ministry of Rites left squire Su Thuan As deputy consul, perform the ceremony of the royal concubine. Jae Soon Mother with son, in the same month 24 Jin Feng Yi princess . On the first day of December, to Grand Maester Peng Yunzhang For the ministry of Rites, the book Shweilin As deputy consul, the ceremony of conferring Princess Yi. Xianfeng seventh year (1857) on the second day of the first month, Jin Feng taken Imperial concubine . Empress Tzu An ). [11] [33] December 13th, to Grand Maester Yukoto He is a minister and a cabinet minister Huang Zonghan As deputy consul, the ceremony of conferring your Royal Highness Yi. [138] [154]
当时，咸丰帝体弱多病，兼之当时的清朝，外有 Anglo-french army Invade and have inside Taiping Rebellion "And made him languish. From then on she began to interfere in court affairs. [11]

Coup d 'etat

Subject article: Coup d 'etat
A portrait of Cixi's only son Zaichun (Tongzhi Emperor) reading in his early years [171]
Xianfeng decade (1860), Britain and France launched The Second Opium War The invading army moved north from Guangdong, marched straight into Dagu and captured Tianjin, and the Capital was seriously threatened. Imperial Concubine Yi thought, "The emperor can deter everything in Beijing, if the holy king does, then. Ancestral temple No master, fear for Yi people to destroy, respect the Zhou room moved east (refers to Zhou Ping and Wang moving east The Son of Heaven is forever a disgrace to posterity, and it would be a disgrace if he were to abandon the capital at once." Princess Yi's idea was quite assertive, but it was not accepted. Dangtongzhou Battle of Eight Mile Bridge 的败讯传来后，联军进逼北京城下，懿贵妃随咸丰帝等人仓促北逃 Rehe Summer resort . At the Summer resort, she "toured the provinces to write chapters" and discussed the gains and losses of the government, which gradually aroused the Xianfeng Emperor and his cronies Su Thuan Wait for the displeasure of the courtiers. Sushun even persuaded Xianfeng emperor statue Emperor Wu of Han Commit suicide Lady Kuyoshi Kill the Royal Concubine in that way. Make use of Can not bear ", did not follow his advice. Since then, Princess Yi's "momentum has been greatly reduced", and she is afraid to promise others' requests. [11] [154]
咸丰十一年（1861年）七月十七日，咸丰帝在热河去世，载淳即位，即同治帝，定年号“ Qixiang County ". The Tongzhi Emperor honored Empress Nuobolu as the mother Empress Dowager, and honored Empress Yi as the Mother Empress Dowager. On April 25, the first year of Tongzhi (1862), he was honored again Title of honor For Empress Dowager Ci 'an, Empress Dowager Cixi . [11] [138] Since then, Cixi has also been called "Western Empress" and "West Buddha", and by the end of Tongzhi, she was also called "West LaoBuddha" (for the time and change of her name, see "Buddha"). Character controversy. - Called Lafayette "Section). [170]
Xianfeng Emperor on his deathbed, will Yi prince Carrier wall Prince Zheng Tuan Hua , Long life , co-organizer of Grand Bachelor Shangshu Sushun, Mu Yin , Kuang Yuan , Duhan , Jiao Youying Eight people were appointed Praise the government minister Assisted Tongzhi emperor to deal with the government, later called" Eight ministers to order "; Two more were given to the Empress and the Crown prince (in charge of his mother, Princess Yi), representing imperial power seal . After the reign of Tongzhi Emperor, it was released Imperial edict After being drafted by the minister of the king of government affairs, the Empress Dowager and the Emperor were asked to issue the seal. On the word "imperial appreciation", on the word "Tongdao Tang" as three words Keep faith with . Cixi acted as the emperor's biological mother. They called this system" Stand behind a screen Assist in administration Both." [11]
Cixi was still dissatisfied with this political situation, and her only desire was to rule from behind the curtain and take sole control. The assistant ministers, led by Zaiyuan and Sushun, firmly opposed Cixi's intervention in government affairs, thinking that doing so was not only inconsistent with the ancestral system, but also violated the Emperor's edicts. There are already deep contradictions hidden between these two political forces. In addition to these two factions, there is the sixth brother of Xianfeng Emperor in Beijing, Prince Gong Yi Xin Led by a political force. In order to seize power alone, Zaiyuan and others were extremely repelled to Yi Xin. Cixi was very displeased with this, and first persuaded Cian and then sent a man to get in touch with yi Xin. So Yi Xin ignored the "no way forward" issued in the name of the emperor by Zaiyuan and others Travel in "The encyclical, asking to be heard A surname . On the first day of August, Yi Xin arrived at Rehe, and after the weeping ceremony, the Empress Dowager Cixi issued a decree and summoned him, which Zaiyuan and others tried to obstruct, saying, "My uncle and sister-in-law should avoid suspicion, and the first Emperor. Pyinten The Empress Dowager is mourning, especially not to summon the prince." But Cixi insisted on seeing her and sent eunuchs several times. Yi Xin for the table innocence, please Duan Hua accompany, Duan Hua looked at Su Shun, Su Shun smiled and said: "Old six, you and the two palace uncle and sister-in-law ears, why I accompany!" Therefore, Yi Xin came alone and secretly plotted with Cixi and Cian to seize power from Zaiyuan and others. Yi Xin believed that Rehe was the sphere of influence of Zaiyuan and others, and that to get rid of them, he had to return to Beijing. Cixi feared that foreigners would interfere, and Yi Xin said confidently: "There is no objection from foreign countries; if there is any difficulty, only the slaves will ask." It can be seen that yi Xin, before he left for Jehol, had consulted with the ambassadors of the Great Powers in Beijing and made all the necessary preparations. The secret talk lasted more than two hours. After all the arrangements had been made, Yi Xin left Jehol and hurried back to Beijing that night. [11] [154]
Following Cixi's secret talks with Yi Xin, planning for the coup d 'etat was intensifying. [154] Early August 6, Shandong road supervision imperial history turmerol Asked the Empress Dowager to govern the government, and sent one or two people to the prince, so that they could work together to help govern all affairs. Cixi, after seeing it, was very happy, and called the bearer of the wall, according to the request. Zaiyuan, however, on the grounds of the ancestral system to the Empress dowager's curtain, insisted on writing an encyclical pain and refutation, and Jiao Youying drafted a harshly worded encyclical draft and sent it to Cixi. Cixi left it and Dong Yuanalcohol's original copy and did not issue copies. Cixi summoned Zaiyuan and others, Zaiyuan and others were angry, saying that they were "praise the emperor, can not listen to the Empress Dowager's order", and pointed out that "please see the empress Dowager, it is also superfluous." Cixi was so angry that her face turned blue and her hands trembled, and the young Tongzhi Emperor was so frightened that he cried and wet Cixi's clothes. Ci An mediated, advised both sides to "save for tomorrow." [11] [154]
The next morning, Cixi did not send a message. With the threat of "sheltering the car", they refused to look at the folded pieces, saying: "It is not certain who is looking." At noon, Cixi sent a copy of Dong Yuanchun's memorial and Jiao Youying's decree. Zaiyuan asked the king to use a seal, and Cixi complied. Load wall and so began "business as usual, smile as before". Zaiyuan and others thought that Cixi had given in to them and no longer cared about her. Cixi, on the other hand, took advantage of the other side's paralysis and actively prepared for a coup. Yifu Draft a decree to be issued after returning to Beijing. [11]
Cixi playing chess [10]
根据奕䜣在热河时一同商定的日程，九月二十三日，咸丰帝的 A surname From the summer resort and back to Beijing. Cixi, Cian and with the emperor in the summer resort Lizheng outside the courtesy of the palace after the car, from the path first, with the carrying wall, end of China, Jingshou, Mu Yin. Su Shun and Yi Xin followed the palace. The three core figures in the king of Zhanxiang government ministers - Zaiyuan, Duan Hua, Sushun, are cleverly divided. [11]
On September 28, Cixi arrived in Shichou, imperial minister, supervision of Zhili Shandong military affairs, the military department right minister Win the game Ask the Empress Dowager personally administer the great administration, and another simple near support prince to assist in the administration. On the 29th, Cixi and her party entered Deshengmen Return to court. Thirty days, Grand Maester Jia Zhen , Zhou Zupei Ministry Shangshu Shen Zhaolin A letter from the Ministry of Punishment Zhao Guang Joint name on the thin, please the Empress Dowager pro exercise regime. Because the Qing Dynasty never had a empress Govern from behind a curtain Shen Zhaolin and Zhao Guang advised Cixi to "allow the former dynasty of the law" the Empress Dowager to follow the precedent of the dynasty, and then follow it Courtier After concentrated deliberation, the implementation was approved. [188] 政变的时机已经成熟，于是慈禧以皇帝的名义发布早在热河就已经拟好的上谕，以不能尽心和议、阻挠咸丰帝回銮、反对太后垂帘等罪名，将载垣、端华、肃顺解任，令景寿、穆荫、匡源、杜翰、焦佑瀛退出 Privy council . Then, the Empress Dowager Cixi again to carry the wall, end of the Hua "will not be called to foreign ministers, good at blocking", will carry the wall, end of the Hua, Su Shunge to the title interrogate . Soon, Su Shun was beheaded, Dai Yuan, Duan Hua gave orders to commit suicide, Jingshou, Mu Yin, Kuang Yuan, Du Han, Jiao Youying were dismissed. It is said that Sushun cried out before his execution: "I never thought of being tricked by a little girl again." [140] . Later, Cixi decided to change the year name to Tongzhi The following year was the first year of Tongzhi. [11]
On November 1, the eleventh year of Xianfeng (December 2, 1861), Tongzhi Emperor went with the Empress Dowager of the two palaces Hall of mental Cultivation , hold Govern from behind a curtain Big ceremony. Yi Xinren King of Deliberative affairs , Minister of military aircraft , Management Prime Minister Yamen on foreign affairs Affairs, a collection of domestic and foreign affairs power, became the core figure of the ruling group. [11] After that, the pattern of "two palace curtains, the prince discusses politics" that lasted for two decades was formally formed. [25]

Two house curtains

  • Temporary "revival"
Subject article: Tongzhi rejuvenation
After Cixi and Ci 'an took the supreme power, she eliminated the "party purge" in politics and consolidated her ruling position. In addition to Yi Xin being the king of the Assemblies, Yi d « was also appointed Camp of Divine Machinery Train the best soldiers. In addition, following Yi Xin's advice, she instructed her officials at home and abroad that if they had any views on the administration of the people of the court, they should tell them in truth, without any fear or restraint. During this period, Cixi trusted Yi Xin very much, and Yi Xin's tasks were "to appoint powers and governors, to keep the official title of the government as clear and clear, to make a lot of external comments, to promote the wise and able people, and not to control them." Therefore, the Qing Court relied on Zeng Guofan , Li Hongzhang , Zuo Zongtang Such organizations as the landlord armed Hunan Army , Huai Army and Chu Yong In collusion with the powers, they were able to suppress the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in a relatively short time, twister The Miao and Hui uprisings in Yunnan, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Gansu and other places brought temporary stability to Qing rule. Within the ruling clique, Cixi on the one hand adopted Westernization group The policy of "self-improvement" and "seeking wealth" was to purchase foreign guns and guns, train the navy and army, and establish some new military and civilian industries to strengthen the Qing Dynasty's strength. On the other hand, it supported the hardliners to contain the Westernizers in order to consolidate their rule. [11]
These political achievements made by Cixi, Ci 'an and Yi Xin together were called by the people of the time the so-called "renewal of the same rule". [154]
  • Uncle and sister-in-law struggle
With the consolidation of Cixi's position, the contradictions between Cixi and Yi Xin became more acute. [11] The fourth year of Tongzhi (1865) occurred" CAI Shouqi The "Event" essentially opened the race for power between Cixi and Yi Xin. [154]
Yi Xin of the third year of Tongzhi (1864) [106]
On March 4, 1865, the fourth year of Tongzhi (1865), the Hanlin editor CAI Shouqi impeach Yi Xin's corruption, arrogance, seeking power, favoritism, and asked him to "return to the government and retire to the mansion, please do not choose. Blood ties of the same blood Discuss state affairs." CAI Shouqi all the crimes, mostly unfounded. After his submission, Cixi did not immediately send it down, but wrote" Stay in China "Processing. According to... Yue Mantang diary According to the record, when Yi Xin appeared in court, Cixi told him: "Someone has impeach you." He showed the fold to yi Xin. Yi Xin did not thank you, but simply asked: "Who?" Cixi said, "CAI Shouqi." Yi Xin lost his voice and shouted, "CAI Shouqi is not a good man!" They want him arrested and interrogated. Cixi and Cian were very angry, and summoned Grand Scholar Zhou Zupei the same day, wanting to deal with yi Xin with a serious crime, but the princes asked for the first investigation and conviction. Subsequent grand master Japanese pumpkin At last, in the first seven days of the session, he repeated his plea, saying that what CAI Heung had said was groundless and that if King Kong was strict with himself, how would he repeatedly attract criticism, so the charges listed by CAI Heung may not be unfounded. After the ambiguous review of Woren and others, he was immediately summoned by Cixi. [154] Cixi handed them a copy full of typos Zhu Yu "Accused Yi Xin of:
Since the government has been arrogant, many crazy Ao [proud]. To rely on the high weight of the Lord, not the king. Look at my age, many threats [system]. Often know the beginning [dark make] to alienate, can not ask. Summoned every day, cocked up. Between the words, many cheat, full of nonsense in the mouth. [11]
After a barrage of criticism, Cixi ordered him to be stripped of all his possessions assign . After being modified by Zhou Zupei and others, this oracle was issued by the Cabinet on the same day. This was opposed by many princes and ministers. If the day after the oracle was issued, Prince Dun Yifu He wrote to Cixi, saying, "Prince Gong has not heard of any obvious misdeeds in his handling of affairs since he began to discuss the government Call in Time language Ci qi There were many indiscretions, and after all, the subjects did not see and hear each other. And he was involved in the various charges, investigated and unfounded, if he immediately dismissed, I am privately worried that rumors at home and abroad, the discussion, the government's employment and administration, seems to have no small connection." So he asked, "Order the princes Collective discussion Please do it." On the same day, Cixi summoned the king of Fu County Yi 譓 And the Minister of Military Aircraft Wen Xiang Three others, order the royal minister, Hanjan Koda The next day at the Cabinet meeting, King Dun and CAI Shouqi were issued, and said to Wen Xiang that everything was "nothing, always state affairs are the priority", if "the king and others firmly say that the country is not the king (Yi Xin) will not rule, but discuss it with the outer court, and ask for the restoration of the king, how can I hear it". Accordingly, a rumour spread in Beijing that Cixi's anger had subsided and that she continued to trust yi Xin. There is even a rumor in the palace that Prince Gong will again serve in the government. But before the meeting, Cixi summoned Woren, Zhou Zupei, Auspicious normal , goosefoot , Kipil , Wu Tingtong , Wang Fagui When they were waiting for him, they turned to harshly criticizing Yi Xin, "wild and reckless is already so great that it will not be reused," and asked the Woren and others to "serve me. Peaceful treatment Yes ". After being summoned, Woren and others went to the cabinet and the royal ministers and other meetings to relay Cixi's opinions; Wen Xiang also relayed the conversation when Cixi was summoned yesterday. These two diametrically opposed opinions made the ministers look at each other in amazement, at a loss, and unable to reach an agreement. The eighth and ninth days of the meeting were all summoned by the King of Jong-gun Yi 詥 Captain, so both sides want to zhong county king to testify, Yi 詥 actually said "(two attitudes) solid all heard of." Therefore, the ministers were discussing, and they could not guess Cixi's intention, so they had to discuss it again on March 14. [11] [154]
March 13, alcohol county Wang Yið« A surname Rushing back to Beijing, Yi Xin pleaded for mercy and asked Cixi to forgive him and make him reform in order to see the effect. Cixi also sent this memorial to the Council of Royal Ministers. On the 14th, Minister Wang and others were again in the Cabinet meeting, and there were still various discussions. Woren in accordance with Cixi's letter the day before, drafted a sparse draft, that the alcohol king and other sparse can be set aside. Prince Su Long 懃 and others agree with the alcohol king's opinion, wrote another sparse draft, many people agree. Woren had to revise his sparse draft four times. Later, the Minister of military aircraft was ranked in the Worencheng; Prince of Rites Satyr More than 70 ministers and princes signed in Su Wang Fold; Court of censors , Jongrenfu There is no break; Bachelor of Cabinet Yin Zhaoyong , Pan Zuyin To the matter Tan Zhonglin Guang Cheng, imperial history Zebinh , Bachelor Wang Weizhen All of them are folded up. At the same time that all my ministers complained on behalf of Yi Xin, some foreign envoys stationed in Beijing "also inquired about the cause of the military aircraft incident" and showed their concern about the incident of Yi Xin. Cixi felt that if this problem was not properly solved, it would not only face opposition from within the ruling clique, but also lead to foreign interference. Since the purpose of punishment had been achieved, an oracular message was issued on the 16th: Prince Yi Xin was still with Gaan Imperial palace Walk and still manage the affairs of the Prime Minister's state office. This ordnance issued by Cixi restored Prince Gong in part, but did not allow yi to enter the civil service. Therefore, many of the ministers were still not satisfied, and from time to time some people were disturbed, so Cixi, on the ground of following Yi Xin's summons with thanks, falling down and crying, confusing himself deeply, and feeling rather ashamed, on the 14th of April, let him continue to walk on the minister of military aircraft, and the name of the Reigning King was never restored. Accordingly, the power of yi Xin was greatly weakened. [11] [154]
Portrait of the middle-aged Cixi [10]
In many cases, Cixi could not have a direct dialogue with her ministers after she ruled from behind a curtain eunuch In this way, the position of eunuchs becomes more and more important, and the most ignorant of them are Undersea . In July, the eighth year of Tongzhi (1869), Anders Hai violated the ancestral system and went out of the palace without carrying any official documents and took the opportunity to amassing wealth. After arriving in Shandong, Governor of Shandong Ding Baozhen Send people will be under sea line of detention, and quickly send someone to the Beijing division please. Upon hearing the news, Cixi was terrified, and Ci 'an summoned yi Xin and others to discuss, and decided to kill him on the spot. Execution of the sea at that time is very popular, Ding Baozhen for handling the case, become a man of the moment. Within the Qing Court, the feud between the two courts was growing deeper, and Cixi was forced by time to publicly excuse Anhai, but she was deeply dissatisfied with the disposition of Ci 'an and yi Xin. [154]
In the autumn of the eleventh year of Tongzhi (1872), the Tongzhi Emperor was already seventeen years old and was supposed to confer a queen. When it came to the choice of empress, Ci 'an favored the ministry of Shangshu Chong Qi Cixi insisted on appointing the daughter of Feng Xiu as queen, so it was chosen by the emperor. As a result, the emperor agreed with Ci 'an's opinion and appointed Chongqi's daughter Alut's After that, Shazifucha, the daughter of Fengxiu, was chosen Consort of the wise . Her own son did not listen to her, but obeyed Ci 'an, which made Cixi very angry, so after the marriage, she warned the Tongzhi Emperor: "Fengxiu's daughter, Qu is Hui Fei, should be treated as soon as possible." The queen is young, not courtesies in the palace, do not often go to its palace, which is harmful to government affairs." He also ordered eunuchs to monitor the whereabouts of the emperor. This crude intervention made the Tongzhi Emperor very upset, and also made him increasingly distant from Cixi. [154]
  • Curtain withdrawal and secondary curtain
Tongzhi 12 January 26th (February 23, 1873), the eighteen year old Tongzhi emperor himself, the two palace too withdrew the curtain to return to government. [11] [33]
It was still difficult to get rid of Cixi's intervention after the reign of the Tongzhi Emperor. At that time, in order to enjoy, Cixi instructed the emperor to repair Old Summer Palace The Tongzhi Emperor also wanted to take this opportunity to let the Empress Dowager leave the palace to live in order to get rid of Cixi's interference in the government, but at that time, the financial shortage, the Yuanmingyuan was seriously damaged, and the restoration cost was huge, the Tongzhi Emperor insisted on starting work, which caused Yi Xin and other princes to oppose many people. Until the Old Summer Palace project supervision Li Guangzhao After the bribery scandal was exposed, the Tongzhi Emperor was forced to stop the construction of the Old Summer Palace and repair it Samumi But said that only with Cixi's consent could the work be stopped. Since the middle of July, the important officials inside and outside, led by Yi Xin, had repeatedly argued with the Emperor on the question of the construction of the garden, which had aroused the disgust of the Tongzhi Emperor. In July and August, Emperor Tongzhi not only rebuked Yi Xin several times, but also dismissed Yi Xin and ten other important officials of the Manchu and Han armies, and prepared to call in the officials of the six Ministries to announce the decree. The Empress Dowager of the two palaces was terrified and hurried to the palace Hongdeokhall "Comforted Yi with tears, and revoked this absurd oracular. The Tongzhi emperor was capricious and treated state affairs as a game, for which Cixi bears greater responsibility. [154]
Tongzhi thirteen years (1874) November, Tongzhi emperor contracted disease, the royal doctor diagnosed variola . At the behest of Ci Xi, all the internal and external yamen reported incidents, and she reviewed and ruled. At the eleventh hour of the fifth day of December (January 12, 1875), Tongzhi Emperor died in the Hall of Yangxin East warm Pavilion . Xi 'an and Cixi summoned Yixu «Ÿ¡, Yi Xin, Li Hongzao , Xu Tong , Weng Tonghe And more than 20 lords and ministers. Cixi first asked, "What about the curtain after that?" A minister of military aircraft replied: "The community is important, please choose a worthy, and then beg the curtain." Now I will speak, and I will never change. I am of one mind. Listen to me." Zaitian . The decision to go against ancestral rules surprised all the ministers at the meeting frightened Jing Wei, meet and cry, coma on the ground, tuck it can not rise." All the ministers obeyed, and retreated to the Civil aviation Department to draw up the purpose. Dispatched by Cixi Lord chamberlain And fu county Wang Yi 譓 and other belt Heating public go Xuanwumen Outer taiping Lake Prince of Alcohol residence Greet Zaitian. In the early morning of the first six days, Zaitian was forced into Qianqing Gate and went to Yangxin Hall to have an audience with the Empress Dowager of the two palaces. In the name of taking on Emperor Wenzongxian as his son, Zaitian entered Chengtai and became the heir emperor Guang Xu It is commonly known as Guangxu Emperor. Once again, Ci 'an and Ci Xi ruled from behind the curtain. [11] In this case, Cixi's decisive decision shows that she is relatively skillful in the struggle between the government and the court. [154]

Have a monopoly of power

Subject article: Sino-french War , Jia Shen Yi Shu
Empress Xiao Zhen Xian, who was seen twice by Cixi [110]
After the reign of Emperor Guangxu, Cixi was eager to make a difference. On the one hand, she did everything possible to win over important ministers at home and abroad, giving them precious things in the name of color, and asking them to work for her; on the other hand, she issued decrees that governors everywhere should be diligent and thrifty, loyal to their duties, stressing official administration, and consolidating the people's hearts. However, the increasingly serious frontier crisis and the internal power struggle in the court made Cixi overworked and stressed, and finally suffered from the sixth year of Guangxu (1880) to the beginning of the seventh year of Guangxu (1881) dysentery . This time, her illness was heavy and she could not handle government affairs at all, so Ci 'an alone dealt with the large and small governments. Ci 'an, who was not good at manipulating government affairs, bore great pressure and finally died suddenly in the Zhong Chu Palace on the early 10th of March (April 8, 1881), at the age of forty-five. After the death of Ci 'an, Cixi, who was recovering from a serious illness, immediately summoned the relevant ministers to the palace to make arrangements. It is believed that Ci 'an was poisoned by Cixi. Later studies pointed out that Ci 'an himself suffered from it Jue syndrome Could be Cerebrovascular disease Therefore, his death was an accidental event under excessive pressure, and not caused by short-term poisoning (for a specific explanation, see Empress Tzu An Entry). [138-139] [154] From then on, "all the political power returned to the West Palace", Cixi "only himself, to exclusively administer the state", began nearly 30 years of a palace "exclusive", the Qing Dynasty ruling power situation. [141]
Following the death of Ci 'an, Yi Xin became the only "thorn in Cixi's side" to hinder her despotism. Early after the middle of the Tongzhi period, yi Xin, who had been attacked by Cixi's suspicion and the old guard, was alternately dismissed from office and admonished; he was constantly accused, did not know what to do, and dared not let go of his work. In the early years of Guangxu, Cixi deliberately gave political support and indulgence to yi Xin in order to further contain him Qing school And make them shrink, Lie low Self complete. In the ninth year of Guangxu (1883), Sino-french War Eruption. During the war, the Qing army suffered one defeat after another. In March, the tenth year of Guangxu (1884), the active figures in the Qing school and the daily lecture began to live in the notes of officials Sheng Yu A letter was sent to the Court of the Qing Dynasty, accusing the military ministers led by Yi Xin of improper employment, mistaking the occasion in the Sino-French conflicts in Guangxi and Yunnan, blinding people and making decisions, leading to the loss of Beining and the corruption of Xinjiang affairs. Cixi seized the moment, and in March she answered with" Carry on as before On the pretext that he is discouraged, he will never be able to rise up ", he was removed from all his offices, from his double salary, and from his home to keep sick; Baoyun , Li Hongzao, Jing Lian Four ministers of military aircraft, including Weng Tonghe, were dismissed by the whole class. [11] This event is called "Jiashen Yishu" by historians. [154]
Yi Xin and others were deposed and replaced by Prince of Rites Shidor and King of Qingjun Yikuang , Eler and Boo , Yan Jingming , Zhang Zhiwan , Sun Yuwen , Xu Gengshen Let's wait. In case of critical incidents, the Military Aviation Department shall be handled by Yi𫠍½ merchant-run ", so that Yi𫠍½ hidden operation of administration Among these people, in addition to Yan Jingming with a clean reputation, most of the rest are dim and corrupt, and their administrative ability is far inferior to that of the former military minister with Yi Xin as the leader, so people think that this move is "easy to center. Inferior horse Substitute reed for bupleurum." [154]
In February 1885, the 11th year of Guangxu, the Qing Army was defeated by the French army Zhennan Pass (now Youyi Pass ), resulting in France Juffery The cabinet has fallen. The Qing government led by Cixi decided to take advantage of the victory and Sue for peace, ordered the withdrawal of troops, and authorized Li Hongzhang and the French minister Badno Signed at Tianjin on 27 April Sino-french New Testament ". [11]

The emperor and the queen fight

  • The struggle between the parties began
After removing Yi Xin from the military and general offices, Cixi relied for a period on Yi Che «½ to take charge But Yixu «½ knew Cixi's character well, so Walk on thin ice Times are not easy. [154] In September 1885, the 11th year of Guangxu, the Qing Court was founded Navy yamen To Yi𫠍½ Premier of naval affairs, Yikuang, Grand Bachelor of Zhili Governor Li Will do . They inherited the Empress Dowager Cixi's intention, in the name of running a navy, to repair the Xianfeng ten years (1860) by the British and French allied forces burned down Qingyi Garden . In order to hide, restore Kunming Lake Water exercise And set here The naval Academy . On February 1, 1888, in the fourteenth year of Guangxu, Cixi issued an encyclical in the name of Emperor Guangxu, making the project public and changing the name of Qingyi Garden to the Summer Palace in the meaning of "nourishing and Chonghe". [11]
In June of the twelfth year of Guangxu (1886), Cixi told Yi D «½, Shiduo, etc., and tentatively announced that Guangxu Emperor "since the winter of this year Circular Mound For the beginning ", are close attainments, and let him "hold a political ceremony next year." Guangxu Emperor immediately kneeling earnestly, Yid D «½, Shiduo and so on also begged from slow, were Cixi Soon after, Cixi issued a decree: "The emperor's ceremony will be held on the 15th day of the first month next year." Ministers Wang and others have written to plead for political training. After repeated requests. Cixi agreed to continue the reign for a few more years after the emperor took over. [11]
As Emperor Guangxu grew up, Cixi felt increasingly threatened by her power. Guangxu fourteen years (1888) October, by her master, will be his brother vice president Yehenara Kwai Siong Daughter of Jing Fen (cf Empress Longyu Refers to the empress of the Guangxu Emperor, servant Nagasu Both of her daughters were selected at the same time, Feng Jin Pin (see entry Princess Duankang ), concubine . In January of the following year (1889), the big wedding took place. In order to show his resistance to Cixi's arranged marriage, Emperor Guangxu cancelled the feast of the Nara family on the pretext of illness, and the next day he distributed the banquet table to the princes and ministers in Beijing. However, the decree issued by Emperor Guangxu did not mention his later father and his later family, so Weng Tonghe recorded in his diary: "Because of the cancellation of the feast, it is impossible to avoid false words." The discord between mother and son led to the quarrel between husband and wife, which troubled the court of the late Qing Dynasty. [154] On the third day of February, Cixi withdrew the curtain and returned to power. censor Tu Renshou Please Ming down the Yizhi: "The provinces close folding, court minister seal played, still book the Empress Dowager. Sacred Map Please kindly review, and then implement." Empress Dowager Cixi rebuked Tu Renshou" abnormal "Will drive it to the imperial history, the ministry council . However, Empress Dowager Cixi's eagerness to return to government did not mean that she voluntarily gave up power, and her repeated refusal, and even punishment of Tu Renshou, was merely an attempt to convince people that "ruling from behind a curtain was not what she intended." Her behind-the-scenes governance and political training were "temporary expediency" and "out of necessity." [11]
After the end of the political training, all the personnel administration in the court, still out of the hands of Cixi, "on (Guangxu) the Empress Dowager, the court, will ask for orders is done." [7]
In the sixteenth year of Guangxu (1890), Yi D «½ was seriously ill, and Cixi at this time had suspicion of the alcohol King family, so it was very rare Until Yi𫠍½ has been dying, Cixi only "with (Guangxu) the emperor in sight, father and son relative speechless, the queen mother asked what will, (alcohol) Wang Qiangyu Emperor with filial piety, a few. Then I tried again, but I was not allowed." It is not difficult to see from these records that the contradiction between Cixi and Guangxu has been quite sharp. [154]
  • Sixty cut Taiwan
Subject article: Sino-japanese War of 1894-1895
On the occasion of Cixi's 60th birthday on the 10th of October in the 20th year of Guangxu (November 7, 1894), a large-scale celebration ceremony was held at the Summer Palace. In December (January 1893), the 18th year of Guangxu Emperor Guangxu appointed Shiduo and Yikuang to organize the celebration of longevity. Soon after, the Celebration Office was set up to deal with celebrations. copy Qianlong In the year of Hsiao Sheng Xian Empress The custom of celebrating a birthday, since The Forbidden City Xihua Gate To the Summer Palace East Palace Gate Along the way, there are 60 points of view, and various forms of construction Dragon barn , the altar, stage , archway and pavilion. Jiangnan, Hangzhou and Suzhou Weaving yamen One hundred thousand pieces of colored silk are specially made for the celebration. [11]
In June 1894, the Sino-Japanese War broke out. At the beginning of the war, both Chinese and foreign public opinion believed that China would win. Emperor Guangxu fought, Cixi also fought, "no weak words". However, when it was suggested to stop the construction of the Summer Palace, stop the construction of scenic spots, and move to military expenditure, Cixi became very angry and said: "I will make him unhappy today, I will make him unhappy all his life." Later, the Qing army suffered a series of defeats on the land battlefield, Beiyang Navy again Yellow Sea battle After a serious setback, Cixi instead supported Li Hongzhang's policy of avoiding war and peace, and fantasized about foreign mediation. As the situation grew increasingly tense, Cixi had to announce: "All the celebrations are still held in the palace, and the Summer Palace will be suspended." in Dalian To fall, Lushun In a critical situation, Cixi was in Palace of Peace and Longevity She had her sixtieth birthday. [11]
Sino-japanese War situation map [111]
On October 24, Lushun fell. The United States make Tian Beigen according to the instructions of the United States government, for the adjustment of China and Japan, the shilling truce, if not, and then war. The Guangxu Emperor refused to accept mediation. The struggle between the pro-war faction and the pro-peace faction became more intense. The princess brother Chi Rui "Calligraphy and painting war Shou policy, thousands of words", and with Ventine Such as impeaching Li Hongzhang, Sun Yuwen , exsometer Wait for the Lord and the minister. In order to strike a blow against the pro-war faction, Cixi looked for an excuse on the night of 28, and took the treasure concubine "褫 clothes. truncheon ", to humiliate; On the 29th he added, "Recently custom Flashy, repeatedly begging things "as an excuse, Jin Feng soon Jin Concubine, Zhen Concubine down to a noble person. A day later, he said that under the royal eunuch Gao Wan branch "many lawless", handed Imperial Household Department Dead with a cane. Then, the Zhirui who trained in Rehe under the orders of Guangxu Emperor was recalled to Beijing for adjustment Minister Counsellor of Uria Sutai And prepared to abolish the Manchu Han study, further isolate the Guangxu emperor. Following the request of Yi Xin, who had returned, Han's study was retained for the time being. But calls for war have not stopped. The first day of December, Imperial history An Weijun In the letter, he requested the killing of Li Hongzhang and the impeachment of the Minister of Military aircraft, arguing that "this move criticizes and criticizes the peace, and directly pays the ears, which not only harms the country, but also sells the country." And the rumor said, "The peace is from the Queen mother, eunuch. Li Lianying The real left and right ". Although he said that he "did not dare to believe" about such rumors, the reason for "did not dare to believe" was: "After the Empress Dowager has returned to the throne, if there are still problems to restrain her, how will she treat her ancestors from above and her subjects from below?" Point the head directly at Cixi. Cixi read after the great anger, will An Weijun dismissed, sent to Military platform Work atonement. [11] [154]
On the 13th of the first month of the 21st year of Guangxu (1895), Liugong Island The fall wiped out the entire Beiyang navy. An envoy sent by the Qing Court to Japan to negotiate peace Zhang Yinhuan , Shao Youlian Japan again refused, and Japan asked for another negotiator with full authority, who had done important things and had the most prestigious and well-known name. Cixi decided to send Li Hongzhang to Japan as plenipotentiary. At this time, Li Hongzhang had three eyes removed plume , 褫 go Yellow jacket Be dismissed and retained. On the 18th, Cixi told the minister of Military aircraft: "I will go to Yi (Li Hongzhang), everything. decocting Come to Beijing now instruction " Yi Xin said: "The upper (Guangxu Emperor) did not order (Li Hongzhang) to come to Beijing. This may not be in accordance with the decree given this morning." Cixi said, "I do business (with the Guangxu Emperor). If you please, I will make half of it." In the next day's imperial decree, Li Hongzhang was rewarded with the crown and the yellow jacket, and was punished with the restoration of leather, and went to Japan to negotiate peace as first minister plenipotentiary. On March 23, Li Hongzhang and the Japanese representative ITO Hirobumi Signed the" Treaty of Shimonoseki ". [11]
  • The change of Hundred Days
Subject article: Hundred Days' Reform , Hundred Days' coup
After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the imperialists set off a frenzy to carve up China, and the national crisis was unprecedenously serious. in Reform movement Under the influence of the Guangxu emperor determined to change the law. [11] Cixi was quite displeased with this, and under her threat, the capital took reform as its purpose Strong learning Forced to disband, the Guangxu emperor's trusted minister Wen Ting style "in case of trouble, discussion of current politics, joint performance" as the reason was dismissed for never to speak. She valued Li Hongzhang, sent him to Russia, and signed a treaty with Russia. Sino-russian secret treaty He tried to use the influence of Russia to consolidate his dominance. [154]
In the twenty-third year of Guangxu (1897) in October, Germany invaded and occupied Jiaozhou Bay Russia forcibly leased Lushun Dalian Bay Other powers also demanded to cede territory. Kang Youwei Fu Que wrote a letter asking to copy the Japanese as soon as possible Meiji Restoration Carry out reform, otherwise the great disaster of the country will be at hand. Emperor Guangxu was quite moved, and said to Prince Qing Yikuang: "If the Empress still does not give me. Powers and powers of office I am willing to give up this throne, rather than be the king of the subjugation." Yikuang told Cixi, and Cixi angrily said, "He did not want to sit here. I had already refused to let him sit here." Yikuang repeatedly persuaded Cixi to agree, saying, "Let him do it. initiate Not until you have a look." [11] Later, Cixi carefully read Kang Youwei's sonata submitted by the Guangxu Emperor and his submission of the" The Apostasy of Peter "" Japanese political change exam He felt that what Kang Youwei said was not unreasonable, because it was also his wish to "make the world safe in the rock", so he agreed to the request of the light Xu Emperor for reform, and claimed: "If you can get rich and strong, my son will do it for himself, I will not control it internally." [154]
On April 23 (June 11, 1898), the 24th year of Guangxu, Cixi told Emperor Guangxu: "The previous day, the imperial history Yang Shenxiu , bachelor Xu Zhijing said National affairs Not sure, good is. I'd like to talk about it today Western learning Declare clearly." As a result, Guangxu issued the "Wall" drafted by Weng Tong. Ming Dingguo is 's Imperial edict (That is, "Ming Ming Ming is an edict"), the emphasis on western learning, reform and self-improvement, as the Qing Dynasty's state policy, so that the reform movement achieved a legitimate status. On the 25th, Emperor Guangxu ordered Kang Youwei to meet him on the 28th. On the 27th, Empress Dowager Cixi forced Emperor Guangxu to issue an edit, releasing and returning Weng Tonghe, who was the assistant Grand scholar and official of the Ministry of Household Affairs. (Weng Tonghe was dismissed because he intended to protect himself from the conflict between the emperor and the empress, and took a negative attitude towards the reform, which caused conflicts with Guangxu and Zhang Yinhuan, a supporter of the reform [107-108] ); And issued several encyclicals in succession:
  1. 1.
    life Wang Wenshao Come to your Majesty to see you Rich and powerful Temporary signature Governor of Zhili . [11]
  2. 2.
    In the court work, "such as the Empress Dowager to reward the grade and supplement the Manchu Han servant above the officials", are needed crease After "Attainments before the Empress Dowager thank you", provincial generals, capital, governors, governors and other officials, also need to fold to Cixi. [11]
  3. 3.
    I will send you a letter of honor to the Queen Mother to visit Tianjin by train in the autumn of this year Drill reading . [11]
On the 5th of May, Wang Wenshao supplemented The Ministry of Ministry Shangshu , in The Minister of war walks on board ; Ronglu was appointed Governor of Zhili and was also responsible for trade affairs Minister of the North Ocean Control the three armies in the North Ocean; Chongli County Supplement the infantry command. From then on, Cixi kept personal, financial, and military power firmly in her hands. [11]
When the edict on the reform came down one after another, the old-guard officials were very frightened, and often knelt down to Cixi and asked her to forbid it, but Cixi smiled but did not say anything. When someone repeatedly cried, Cixi smiled and said, "Why should you bother with this?" It is not my responsibility. See things Not as good as thou?" July 19th, the Ministry of Rites Waitapu Wait for the obstruction of the ritual department A surname Tiaochen affairs, Emperor Guangxu angry, will hinder the reform of the Waitabu, Xu Yingkui , Kun Xiu , Xu Huifeng , Pu Ting , Zeng Guanghan Six ministers were dismissed at the same time. Waitabu's wife cried to Cixi. Cixi was deeply sympathetic to Waitapu and summoned him to the Summer Palace to inquire about the matter in detail and ask him to "be patient for the time being". On the 20th, Guangxu Emperor awarded the reform generals Tan Sitong , Yang Rui , Liu Guangdi , Lin Xu Four kinds of rank, let them in Military aircraft Zhang Jing Walk on, participate in New Deal matters. Kang Youwei suggested that Emperor Guangxu follow suit Maoqin Hall The old practice of electing talents and inviting special politicians from East and West to discuss daily, emphasizing governance. Emperor Guangxu ordered Tan Sitong to draw up a decree, and asked him to consult the hadith of the past dynasties, will Kangxi The old cases of opening Maoqin Hall in Qianlong and Xianfeng three dynasties were written into the oracle. On the 29th, Guangxu Emperor went to the Summer Palace to request Cixi to open the Maoqin Hall, "the Empress Dowager did not answer, look abnormal." Sensing danger in Cixi's manner, Emperor Guangxu summoned Yang Rui and gave him a secret edict, ordering him to work with Lin Xu, Liu Guangdi, Tan Sitong and other comrades to find a good solution. Tan Sitong suggested Zhuangzheng Train at a small station The direct Li inspector Yuan Shikai The support of... On the first day of August, Emperor Guangxu was in the Summer Palace Hall of Jade Ripples Summon Yuan Shikai and have him vacancy Act as minister Be a candidate Specialized in training affairs. On the first three days, Tan Sitong visited at night Fahua temple Advised Yuan Shikai in the first five days of the training, please Guangxu Emperor to pay Zhu Yu together, so that he led the troops to Tianjin, see Ronglu, Zhu oracle read out, immediately the law, on behalf of the Zhiligovernor, the oracle, Zhang hung notices, notice Ronglu treason, that is, the ban of the electricity bureau, the railway, quickly loaded the army into Beijing, "half of the Summer Palace, half of the palace." Yuan Shikai agreed and confidently said, "Killing Ronglu is like killing a dog's ear!" [11]
But the old guard is not alone. As early as July 20, Waitapu, Tachiyama , Yang Chongyi So he went to Tianjin and Ronglu plot. After Yuan Shikai was sent to Beijing, Ronglu falsely claimed that there were several British military ships cruising Dagu Haikou, ordered the battalions ready to listen; make Nie Shicheng He led ten battalions to Tianjin, stationed at Chenjiagou, cut off Yuan's army from entering Beijing, and sent a message to Yuan Shikai, asking him to return to the defense immediately. By this time, former Japanese Prime Minister ITO Hirobumi had arrived in Beijing, and Emperor Guangxu was ready to summon him on the beginning of August 5. Some reformists believed that if they hired ITO and others, they could make the New Deal a success and turn the country around. The conservative forces believe that: "ITO fruit use, then the world passed down from the ancestors, is like giving away." On the first three days of the year, Yang Chongyi, through Yikuang, submitted a secret message, accusing the reformists of "demagoguery, disorder of the government, citing the Eastern people (referring to Hirobumi ITO), and causing trouble to the Zong Society", and "urging the Empress Dowmother to train the government today, so as to deter chaos". On that day, Yikuang, Zaiyi They went to the Summer Palace and cried for the Empress Dowager to train her on the government, saying, "ITO has been scheduled to see her on the first five days, and I am afraid that she will no longer be the Empress Dowager when the situation in China is relieved." Cixi immediately changed the original plan and returned the palace from the Summer Palace on the first four days of the year. She went straight to the Guangxu Emperor's bedroom, copied all the memorials, and immediately sent Guangxu Emperor Sea terrace . From then on, Guangxu Emperor lost his personal freedom, although Yuan Shikai's request for training and ITO Hirobumi's audience were carried out according to the original plan, but these activities were closely monitored by Cixi's confidants. On the first six days, Cixi issued an encyclical in the name of Guangxu Emperor, and resumed the administration of training by herself. On the same day, Cixi dismissed Kang Youwei, the alternate chief of the Ministry of Works, on the charge of "cliquing for selfish purposes and abusing the government", and sent Kang Youwei and his brother to prison Kang Guangren Submitted to the criminal Department for punishment; With the "abuse of bandits, the usual reputation of bad" charges, will be imperial history Song Bolu Dismissed, never to speak. [11]
On the eighth day of August, Cixi held a grand ceremony of political training in the Hall of Diligent Administration. As a result of Yuan Shikai's informant, the Empress Dowager Cixi already knew about Kang Youwei's plot. On the ninth day, he also ordered Zhang Yinhuan, Xu Zhijing, Yang Shenxiu, Yang Rui, Lin Xu, Tan Sitong, and Liu Guangdi to be dismissed, and handed over the interrogation of the Department of Torture under the command of the army. Before they could reply, they killed Kang Guangren, Yang Shenxiu, Tan Sitong, Lin Xu, Yang Rui and Liu Guangdi on the 13th on the charge of "forming a clique with Kang Youwei and secretly inciting people". Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao fled abroad. Many officials who participated in or supported the reform were demoted, dismissed, or exiled, respectively. All new policies were abolished. [11] The Hundred Days' Reform ended in failure. [4]
  • Storage failure
Subject article: Have been built and stored
After the failure of the reform, Cixi wanted to use Emperor Guangxu's serious illness as an excuse to install a new emperor. Due to the opposition of the great powers and some local governors, Empress Dowager Cixi's plans were not realized. In the end, Empress Dowager Cixi took Ronglu's advice and gave the emperor "Guangxu" a letter. Inveterate disease In the bow, difficult Give birth to On December 24, 25th year of Guangxu (January 24, 1900), the son of King Zaiyi of Duan County was appointed Pu Jun For Big Brother. [11] The matter ended with" The two palaces return to Luang Before and after, Zaiyi, Pujun father and son were sent to Xinjiang and ended. Cixi's attempt to dethrone the Guangxu Emperor was defeated.

Hunt in the west in panic

Subject article: The Boxer Movement , The eight-nation Allied War against China , The Gengzi kingdom changed , Southeast mutual insurance , Have been built and stored
After the Hundred Days' coup d 'etat, north China rose up The Boxer Movement . When the Boxer Movement just started the anti-imperialist struggle of "exterminating foreign enemies and religions" in Shandong, Cixi was intent on suppressing the Lord. With the development of the Boxer Movement and the deepening of imperialist aggression, the attitude of the Empress Dowager Cixi gradually changed. [11]
In November 1899, Cixi succumbed to imperialist pressure and replaced the Shandong governor, who had sympathized with and supported the Boxers Yuxian He was replaced by Yuan Shikai. However, within ten days, she issued a decree three times in a row, asking Yuan Shikai to strictly discipline all the subordinates, "in case of a case of people and religion, handle it evenly, do not rely on military force", and must take the crushing and disbanding as the first principle to ensure the stability of the hinterland of Gyeonggi Province. At this time, the Qing government headed by Cixi did not dare to offend imperialism, but also feared that reckless action would cause great disasters. She hoped that the governors of the provinces would choose wise officials carefully, order the places, and rest with the people. Meet the people religion Legal arguments It should be handled in a flat manner, not slightly weighted, greatly small, and for nothing, so as to achieve "solid fundamental" and "joint. Diplomatic relations "The purpose". [11]
Portrait of Cixi in court dress in her later years [10]
Later, the Boxers in Shandong suffered heavy losses due to Yuan Shikai's suppression, but the Boxers in Zhili developed rapidly and entered Beijing. On April 24, the 26th year of Guangxu (1900), Laishui The Boxers killed the deputy general of the Qing army who went to suppress it Yang Futong . On the 29th, about thirty thousand boxers occupied it Zhuozhou . After sending a note to the Qing Court urging the suppression of the Boxer, the foreign ministers insisted on sending troops to Beijing to protect the embassy despite the opposition of the Qing Court. Early May 3, the minister of military aircraft, the Ministry of Justice and Shun Day Zhao Shuqiao Shun Tianfu Yin He Naiying said: the Boxer is huge, "can not be punished, it is better to use it", sent commanders to command, put them into the army, "because of its hatred of the heart, as a bold gas", so "private anger and for. justice If there is a "reprieve can rely on". Cixi was very appreciative of this opinion. However, before the administration, she first assigned Zhao Shuqiao and co-organized the Grand bachelor on the 9th and 10th of May resolute Go to Zhuozhou, investigate the situation of the Boxer. On the night of the tenth day, Cixi summoned the princes' ministers to discuss the strategy of dealing with the Boxers in secret. After a heated debate, she decided to appease the Boxers. On the night of the 12th, the consuls stationed in Beijing received urgent messages from their ministers to send troops to Beijing immediately, held a meeting immediately, and decided to form a force of nearly two thousand people Eight-nation allied forces To the British Vice Admiral Edward Hobart Seymour Captain McGarra of the United States Navy, as deputy commander, took the train from Tianjin to Beijing in batches on May 14. March to Langfang , was blocked by the Boxers (see entry Langfang resistance battle ). On the 15th, the Boxer Group entered Beijing on a large scale. The next day, the Boxers in Beijing began burning churches. Cixi school Kai Soo Such as in her name to the foreign ministers and their wives, and sent Xu Jingcheng , Jing Xin , Naton Zhao Shuqiao and other officials met with the British Minister to China at the British Embassy Donale He again discouraged countries from sending troops to Beijing. The ministers of all countries sent a joint note to the General Administration, claiming that "the troops of all countries are now determined to enter Beijing, and we are unable to stop it, and we deeply regret your country." Under the command of officials from various embassies, the invading troops who forced their way into Beijing in the name of protecting the embassy wantonly arrested, drove away, shot and even shelled the Boxers and Chinese residents in the streets of Beijing. [11]
At this time, within the ruling group of the Qing Dynasty, the debate was more intense around whether to suppress the Boxer or suppress the Boxer, and whether to fight or reconcile with imperialism. The die-hards, represented by Zaiyi, Gangyi and Xu Tong, advocated appeasement of the Boxers and resistance against the foreign powers; Yikuang, Wang Wenshao, Liu Kunyi , Zhang Zhidong The central officials and local governors, such as Yuan Shikai, advocated destroying the Boxers and avoiding armed aggression by the foreign powers. Although Cixi preferred the former, the stakes of declaring war on the great powers were high, so for some time she fell between suppression and war. In order to win more people's support, Cixi held four consecutive meetings from May 20 to May 23 Imperial council To discuss the issues of suppression and war. On the first day of the meeting, the two factions began a heated debate. Taichang Temple minister Yuan Chang He believed that the Boxers were chaotic people and should not be relied upon, so he gave rise to sorcery, since ancient times and today, there is no one who can succeed by this. Cixi immediately refuted this, saying, "Magic is not enough, nor is the human heart?" Today's China is extremely weak, and it depends on the people's ears. How can a country be founded if it is lost to the people?" [189] That evening, Jiangsu grain Road Luo Jiajie sent his son to meet Ronglu, sent a confidential information, allegedly learned of the foreigners Deliver a note to There are four contents:
  1. 1.
    Specify a place for the Emperor of China to reside;
  2. 2.
    Collecting money and grain for the provinces;
  3. 3.
    Take over the world military power;
  4. 4.
    Ordered the Empress Dowager to return to power.
Ronglu got this information, hesitated all night, the next day at dawn, that is, Cixi. After seeing this, Cixi was filled with grief and anger and determined to declare war on the great powers. On the 21st, in Hall of the Goddess of the Sun Call a second council. After reading the first three notes of the so-called Foreigners' note, Cixi went on to state that "today the provocation starts from you (the great powers), and the country dies at present" rather than waiting for its demise, such as "died in the First World War." All the participants have expressed their willingness to die force, carrying Yi, servant A surname And so on is fighting hard. Cixi added in a loud voice, "All the ministers have heard of what has happened today. I had no choice but to declare war for the sake of the country and the mountains, but I could not know what was going on, just as after the war, the country and the mountains were still in danger, and all the princes are here today. You should know that I took great pains not to blame one person and say that the Empress Dowager will send the ancestors three hundred years of the world." The ministers kowtow and say: "minister equal heart to serve the country." So Cixi ordered Xu Yongyi, Li Shan, Association element You go to the embassy and you get paid Armed Guard Prepare to defend. [11]
On May 22, Cixi convened a third council to discuss peace. On the 23rd, she learned that the information sent by Law was a forgery. However, the note from the French Consul General in Tianjin, Duslan, that the naval commanders and commanders of all countries ordered the Qing army to hand over the artillery forts at the Dagu port at two o 'clock in the morning of 21, or seize them by force, had been sent to the Governor of Zhili Yu Loc Report to the Qing Court. Duslan's note indicates that war is about to begin. By the time Cixi read the note, the forts at Dagu had already fallen. Before that day, the Empress Dowager Cixi held the fourth imperial meeting in the Temple of Luan, decided to declare war, and ordered Xu Jingcheng and others to inform the foreign envoys that they should leave Beijing within 24 hours. Emperor Guangxu did not want to go to war, took Xu Jingcheng's hand and said: "It is better to discuss." Empress Dowager Cixi angrily rebuked: "Let go of the emperor, do not misbehave!" Therefore, the Yamen of the Prime Minister sent a note to the envoys of all countries, ordering the envoys and their families to leave for Tianjin within 24 hours with their guards. On the afternoon of the 24th, Dong Fuxiang command Gan Jun and Wuwei Central Army The united Boxers began the siege Dong Jiao Min Lane The embassy. On the 25th, Cixi issued an edict declaring war in the name of Emperor Guangxu. At the same time, the Qing court's policy towards the Boxer was changed from attacking and suppressing to inviting and appeasing. In order to strengthen the control of the Boxers, the Empress Dowager Cixi sent Prince Zhuang on the 27th Jae Hoon Gangyi commanded the Boxer Group in Beijing and Tianjin, and sent Yingnian, Zailan It will be handled jointly. [11]
However, Cixi's decision was opposed by local governors led by Liu Kunyi and Zhang Zhidong. They signed a joint telegram to the Qing Court, urged the main suppression group to ask and actively engaged in activities, signed a treaty with the great powers, and implemented the "Southeast mutual protection." Cixi's resolve began to waver. On the 29th, she sent a telegram to Li Hongzhang, Li Bingheng Liu Kunyi, Zhang Zhidong and other governors along the coast and the river explained that the declaration of war was not "picking quarrels and opening themselves". In the afternoon of the same day, Cixi ordered Ronglu to go to the embassy to sympathize with the envoys of various countries, and erected a wooden plaque on the bridge of the Beiyu River, on which a large letter said: "Qin Fengyi, vigorously protect the embassy." At the beginning of June 3, the Empress Dowager Cixi, in a decree to her diplomatic ministers abroad, although still insisting on the end of the war and not "picking quarrels with themselves", changed the Boxer from "righteous people" to "unruly people", saying that "China is overconfident, how can it pick quarrels with other countries at the same time?" How can you rely on chaos among the people in order to pick quarrels with nations?" They should make a concrete statement to the foreign ministries of all countries that they know China's intention, and said that the embassies of all countries are still strictly ordered to protect the military officers before the shooting, and that they will "try to punish the unruly people by themselves." [11]
In the face of imperialist attacks, Cixi on the one hand continued to claim that "now that China and foreign countries have gone to war, there is no way to negotiate peace", and asked provincial generals and governors to "first sweep the word" and "carefully arrange for the defense of the war. On the other hand, they respectively sent letters to the monarchs of Russia, Britain and Japan, asking them to come forward and "resolve the difficulties". Then, she tunes Governors of Guangdong and Guangxi Li Hongzhang, governor of Zhili and Minister of Beiyang, was ready to negotiate with the great Powers. Although Cixi continued to make use of the Boxers, she had already ordered Zaixun to "If there are still groups of parties (Boxers) and wanton killers, they will be captured, in accordance with the law. bandit Constitution to punish, to pacify the place." On June 18, Tianjin fell. On the 21st, Cixi also addressed credentials to the Kaiser and to the presidents of the United States and France, asking them to "try to maintain, Be the leader To redeem the situation "; Ronglu to stop attacking the embassy, and the prime minister Yamen to the embassy to send food. But the coalition did not stop its offensive. On July 18, the eight-nation allied forces fell Tongzhou . On the 20th, they entered Beijing. In the early morning of the 21st, Cixi, dressed as a folk woman with a bun on her head and a blue buxia shirt, fled in a hurry with the Guangxu Emperor, the Empress, the Jin Concubine, the elder brother and the princes and ministers, under the guard of more than 2,000 soldiers. Before going, will request to let the light Xu emperor stay in Beijing Zhen Fei input Hall of Happy Longevity Back in the well; Yikuang and Li Hongzhang were appointed as plenipotentiary ministers to negotiate with the imperialists. On August 14, Cixi arrived in Shanxi Guoxian County Officially issued a decree, saying: "At the beginning of this case, the Boxer Group was actually the cause of the disaster, and today's desire. The source of the Bathonse The pain must be added and removed." She thought that by placing the responsibility on the Boxers, she could gain the aggressors' understanding. However, the envoys of various countries asked the Empress Dowager to return to the government and severely punished the princes and ministers who supported the Boxer Group as a precondition for peace. At the same time, they demanded Cixi and Guangxu Emperor as soon as possible A surname . Under pressure from the invaders, Cixi issued an encyclical on the second day of the beginning of August, punishing Zaixun, Pu Jing, and Pu Jing, who had fought or supported the suppression of the Boxers, on the charge of "harpooning the Boxers and provoking friends". Zai Lien , A surname , Zaiyi, Zailan, Yingnian, Gangyi, Zhao Shuqiao, etc. Cixi was reluctant to return to Luang. Because Beijing was under the control of the eight-nation Allied forces, once it returned, Guangxu Emperor could regain his freedom and exercise the power of the emperor, and she could not "advance state affairs" but "retire to the deep palace and enjoy the rest of the year." Such conditions were absolutely unacceptable to Cixi. Not only did she not return, but she went further. On the eighth day of August, Cixi and her party left Taiyuan , Go Xi 'an . [11]
After several months of repeated negotiations, the countries participating in the armed aggression in addition to Russia, Britain, the United States, Japan, Germany, France, Italy, Austria, added Belgium , Spain and Netherlands Together, they formulated" Outline of negotiated peace Draft article 12. On the first day of November, Yikuang and Li Hongzhang copied the "Outline of Negotiation and Peace" from the US Embassy and immediately telegraphed it to the Military Aviation Department and forwarded it to Ci Xi. Cixi learned that she was not listed as the ringleader, and did not want her to return to the Guangxu emperor, if granted amnesty, the same day on the telegram to Yikuang, Li Hongzhang, on the outline of the twelve, in principle "according to permit." [11]
The signing scene of the Treaty of Xinchou (sitting in the middle of the right is Li Hongzhang, the former is Wang Yikuang)
On December 26, 26th of Guangxu's reign (February 14, 1901), Cixi issued an encyclical, saying that she would "measure the material resources of China and win the favor of the country." In order to reach a peace settlement as soon as possible, Cixi accepted all the conditions proposed by the imperialists. On July 25, 27th year of Guangxu (September 7, 1901), Yikuang and Li Hongzhang, on behalf of the Qing Court, signed the "War of Humiliation" with eleven imperialist countries. Treaty of sin-ugly (Although Cixi issued an edict declaring war in the name of Emperor Guangxu, it was not followed International law The practice of sending notes of declaration of war to the embassies and consulates of States in Beijing made the declaration of war procedure incomplete, and thus affected the legal definition of the document. Thus, in the Western text, it was later called "the final settlement between China and Eleven countries concerning reparations for the 1900 riots. agreement " [109] ). [11]
On August 24, 1901, in the 27th year of Guangxu, Cixi set out from Xi 'an Palace and returned to Beijing via Henan and Zhili, where she spent her 67th birthday in Kaifeng. At around noon on November 28 (January 7, 1902), Cixi returned to Beijing, ending her exile of one year and five months. [11]

Wind and rain

Subject article: New policy in the late Qing Dynasty , Ding Weizheng Chao , Preliminary constitutionalism
The Gengzi incident was so stimulating to Cixi that she once told her courtiers: "I do not intend to laugh for the emperor!" [159] In order to please the imperialists, deceive the people, and resist the revolution, Cixi, on the way to the west, issued an edict in the name of Guangxu Emperor to punish himself and ask him to speak frankly; After arriving in Xi 'an, he issued an edict to change the law. In March 1902, the 28th year of Guangxu, the Qing Court decree was established To supervise the administration As the organization of the "New Deal", Yikuang, Li Hongzhang, Kungang, Ronglu, Wang Wenshao, Lu Chuanlin In order to supervise the affairs minister, Liu Kunyi and Zhang Zhidong Yao participated. According to the suggestions of Liu Kunyi, Zhang Zhidong et al. (see entry Jiang Chu can make changes in three fold A number of new policies were introduced, such as Abolished imperial examination , school, dispatch Overseas student Encourage agricultural, industrial and commercial, knitting and training New Army And adjust some government agencies. At this time of the New Deal, there is a "mother and son of one heart" "endure hardships" frame [154] . However, these new policies did not go beyond the scope of the Hundred Days' Reform. In the context of the rapid development of the revolution led by the bourgeoisie, slow local reforms are no longer of any use. Cixi also had to admit that although "the imperial court repeatedly issued Ming edits, striving to reform and revitalize", "for several years, although the scale has been established, the effectiveness has not been demonstrated." [11]
In the face of the rising revolutionary movement, some wise people in the ruling class suggested that Cixi should change the feudal regime and "imitate the system of Britain, Germany and Japan. constitutionalism A state of government "in order to preserve the" Zongsha ". Such appeals have been made by Han Chinese bureaucrats, such as Sun Baoqi , Cen Chunxuan There were also important officials, such as Zhang Zhidong, and Manchu bureaucrats trusted by Cixi upright These continuous requests caused Cixi's deep thought and attention. After much deliberation, she decided that it was better to accept a constitution than to be revolutionized, especially in northeast China Russo-japanese War The victory of Japan in China, and the fact that Japan was a constitutional government, further encouraged Cixi to favor constitutionalism. [154] So in the thirty-first year of Guangxu (1905) June, Cixi selected the school Zaize County , Dai Hongci , Xu Shichang , end side, Thiein Five ministers went to East and West countries to investigate politics (see entry Five ministers went abroad ). In May of the following year (1906), Zaize and others returned to China successively and asked for the declaration of the Constitution. Zai Ze said in the compromise that the constitution has three advantages: first, the imperial throne is permanent, second, foreign aggression is becoming lighter, and third, internal strife can be eliminated. After a heated debate, on July 13, Cixi issued an "imitation Constitutional government "The encyclical. But the principle of the Constitution was: "Power rests in the court, A surname Make public opinion." Actually in the name of the constitution despotism In fact, and "the current regulation is not prepared, Wisdom of the people Under the pretext of "not yet opened", no time was announced for the implementation of the constitution. Due to the inclusion of representatives of the upper bourgeoisie, and even some foreign envoys, local governors, central officials and even members of the royal family asked for an expeditious departure Congress The call is growing louder in order to co-opt constitutionalist To jointly deal with the revolutionary Party, Cixi issued the "on August 1, 34, Guangxu (August 27, 1908)". Outline of the King James Constitution And declared that the constitution would be prepared for a period of nine years. [11]
( Old age Cixi atlas main reference materials [172] )
Since Xinchou returned to Luang, the Qing Court faced serious internal and external challenges. On the one hand, in the face of the imminent threat of Beijing and Tianjin and the northeast powers, the Qing Court used and nurtured those who had a strong army, were shrewd and good at diplomacy Yuan Shikai , Enhance A surname The armaments and strength to defend Gyeonggi. On the other hand, for the interior, it is necessary to re-establish authority as soon as possible, and reverse the "external weight and internal light, so that it is not possible" that is rapidly intensified because of the Boxer Hunt in the West and the Southeast mutual protection. [186] Therefore, it is necessary to curb the anti-imperial forces of the Southeast mutual protection. In order to accelerate military training and implement new policies, we must also strengthen the right An old name for Southeast Asia Control of the area of wealth. In order to carry out this policy, the Qing Court, whose prestige was greatly reduced, began to foster Cixi and Yuan Shikai, who relied on Ronglu, to strengthen their control over Jiangnan. Yuan Shikai, who was good at acquiring power, also took this opportunity to strongly move south, interfere in the personnel of the South Ocean region, control the wealth and armaments of the South Ocean, and expand the North Ocean forces and the North Ocean model to the South Ocean. [185] In this process, known as "the North Ocean to the South Ocean", the Hunan forces in the South Ocean tried to resist, but suffered heavy setbacks, the balance of the North and South factions was broken, and their contradictions became more acute. In court, to the Xiang people minister of military aircraft Qu Hong 禨 There was also a fierce political struggle between the Qing faction headed by Yuan Shikai and the Beiyang faction headed by Yuan Shikai, and finally Yuan Shikai allied with his backer Yikuang to win. Cixi disparaged Qu Hong禨, Cen Chunxuan and other Qing bureaucrats, seemingly supporting the Beiyang school, but in fact vigorously supported the pro-noble forces in Manchuria to contain the Beiyang School, which also led to the situation of pro-noble centralization in the Xuantong period. [183-184]
The announcement of the constitution by the Qing Court was just a piece of paper, and it was difficult to quell the increasingly violent constitutional trend. At this time, the rule of the Qing Dynasty was already in turmoil, Cixi" Tens of thousands To reason, the heart is exhausted." In the summer of the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu (1908), she had always been healthy and "sometimes felt ill" and had diarrhea in September. On October 10th, she spent her seventy-fourth birthday in West Park. The disease continued to develop due to excessive activities and celebrations. On the fourteenth day, he developed a "headache and drowsiness... Irritability, thirst, dry tongue, cough, sometimes cold fever "and other symptoms. The next day, he had "pain all over his body and his face was floating." [11] [154]

Enjoy your sorrow and honor

Dutch journalist Henri Borrell photographed the coffin of the Empress Dowager [103]
Guangxu thirty-four October 21 (November 14, 1908) you are two quarters three minutes, Guangxu Emperor in Yingtai Hall of Han Yuan Death (For various accounts of the death of Guangxu Emperor, see" Character controversy - Guangxu's death "Section). 1911, Guangxu emperor's half-brother Prince Alcohol Zaifeng With the minister of military aircraft, the minister of Internal affairs and other hurried to Fuchang Hall to see Cixi. Due to the Daehang Emperor Without an heir, Cixi, according to her previous decision, would carry Feng's son, who was only three years old A surname Established as the heir to the throne, the year name Xuantong, inherited Tongzhi emperor, inherit Emperor Guangxu, Cixi is revered as The Empress Dowager , imitate Shunzhi Dynasty story, grant Fengzai for Prince regent All military and political affairs should be carried out in accordance with Cixi's "instructions" to "execute with discretion". At this point, Cixi knew Unable to bear He told his ministers, "The Emperor has done a great job... Take care of your affairs immediately." Before three quarters of the next day (around 2 p.m. on November 15, 1908), Cixi was in Zhongnanhai, Beijing Hall of the Goddess of the Sun He died at the age of seventy-four, just one day after Guangxu's death. Cixi's last words were: "From then on, no woman shall hear about the state." This is contrary to the law of this court and must be strictly restricted. In particular, it must be strictly guarded against allowing eunuchs to usurp their power. The events of the late Ming Dynasty can serve as a cautionary lesson." [2] [11] [176]
Cixi's funeral was held according to the specifications of the emperors of the Qing Dynasty. Propaganda and administration On the 22nd of the first month of the first year (1909), the Qing Court determined it Posthumous title For "Xiao Qin Cixi end you healthy and leisurely Yu Zhuang Chengshou Gong Qin Chongxi with Tianxing Shengxian Queen" [177] Its length is the most after the emperor of the Qing Dynasty, referred to as "Xiao Qinxian Empress" (of which the main posthumous title "Qin", Manchu is called "kobton", Regulations for posthumous title mesonymy Weed Note that you will answer "). On the fourth of October, Cixi was buried in Putuo Yu, Zunhua City, Hebei Province Dingdong Mausoleum . [11] [138]

Major influence

broadcast
EDITOR
  • Early days in power
At the beginning of the fall of the two palaces, Cixi, with the assistance of Yi Xin and others, overhauled bureaucratic officials, placed Han officials in high places, and relied on them Zeng Guofan , Zuo Zongtang , Li Hongzhang Han landlords armed; Following Yi Xin's policy of "borrowing foreign troops to help suppress", he ingratiated himself with the Great Powers of Britain, the United States and France and organized" Rifle corps "" Ever Victorious Army "" The Ever Triumphant Army ", has been suppressed Taiping Heavenly Kingdom , twister , Miao uprising It alleviated the ruling crisis of the Qing Dynasty and made the Qing Dynasty temporarily stable. [121]
In order to maintain the feudal autocratic rule, since the Tongzhi dynasty, Cixi again Westernization group In the principle of "self-improvement" and "seeking prosperity", the government developed some military and civilian industries, and trained the navy and army to strengthen the power of the regime. Objectively, it has played a positive role in China's modernization. During this period, the domestic uprising was put down, the two opium Wars temporarily satisfied the greed of the great powers, and there was no great loss in diplomacy. Westernization movement The military strength of the later Qing Dynasty was improved, and the industry and commerce had initial development, which was called "Tongzhi revival". [1]
In the twelfth year of Tongzhi (1873), Cixi also personally intervened in the sensational Yang Naiwu and little white cabbage case The investigating officer was dispatched Hu Ruilan In the case of favoritism and huge public opinion, he ordered the case to be submitted to the Criminal Department for detailed review, which finally made the unjust case that had dragged on for three years finally come to light. [164]
  • mid-term
The Battle of the Qing Army to recover Xinjiang [112]
After Guangxu Emperor ascended the throne, Cixi began the second "ruling from behind the curtain" with Ci 'an. During the Tongzhi period, the Central Asian Haohan Khanate was an aggressor Yakub They invaded and took over Xinjiang Most of the area, Tongzhi ten years (1871), Tsarist Russia again sent troops to occupy Ili In the region, Cixi and others felt that Xinjiang's survival was of great importance. In the first year of Guangxu (1875), Cixi appointed him Zuo Zongtang Supervised military affairs in Xinjiang for the imperial minister, and ordered the provinces to contribute funds to support the western expedition. In the fourth year of Guangxu (1878), the Qing army recovered all the lost territories except Yili. Guangxu seventh year (1881), passed Zeng Jize Through direct negotiations with Russia and the support of Zuo Zongtang's army, the Qing government recaptured most of Yili. In the same year, Ci 'an died suddenly. Three years later, war broke out between China and France, launched by Empress Dowager Cixi Jia Shen Yi Shu Following the change of the government bureau, Yi Xin dismissed him from all his posts on the grounds of "flagging compliance", and dismissed the other ministers of military aircraft and began to assume sole control of the government. [25]
In the tenth year of Guangxu (1884) to the eleventh year of Guangxu (1885) Sino-french War In China, the Qing government headed by Empress Dowager Cixi was in the process of obtaining Battle of Zhennan Pass After the victory, he decided to "seize the victory and withdraw", ordered Li Hongzhang to negotiate with France, and finally signed the "Agreement". Sino-french New Testament ". [121]
In the tenth year of Guangxu (1884), the Qing government established a province in Xinjiang and consolidated the northwest frontier. In the 11th year of Guangxu (1885), he established a province in Taiwan and strengthened the construction of the southeast sea frontier. To the thirty-third year of Guangxu (1906), the Qing government rebuilt the provinces in the northeast, integrating the three eastern provinces with the inland system, and strengthening the centrional force of the ethnic groups in the Northeast frontier. These measures are conducive to maintaining the stability of a unified multi-ethnic country. [150]
In the twelfth year of Guangxu (1886), Cixi used the name of the Navy to repair the Qingyi Garden (later renamed the Summer Palace), which had been burned down by the British and French allied forces, and then implemented the "Imperial Palace". Political tutelage ". In the fifteenth year of Guangxu (1889), Emperor Guangxu's marriage began to govern, and Cixi withdrew the curtain and returned to power. Since the Guangxu Emperor had no governing experience and could not disintegrate the political power system established by Cixi in a short period of time, the Guangxu Emperor was nominally in charge of the government, but in fact Cixi continued to train the government for nine years after withdrawing the curtain. After the end of the political training, all the personnel administration in the court, still their hands. [25] [121]
In the 20th year of Guangxu (1894), the Sino-Japanese War broke out, and the Qing Army suffered repeated defeats on the land and water battlefield. In order not to affect her own Sixty Day celebration, Cixi supported Li Hongzhang's policy of avoiding war and peace, and used various excuses to suppress the pro-war faction headed by Guangxu Emperor. The following year, at the request of the Japanese, Cixi sent Li Hongzhang as plenipotentiary minister to Japan to Sue for peace, and signed the "Treaty of Humiliation", which was unprecedented in Chinese history. Treaty of Shimonoseki ". [25]
In 1898, under the influence of the Reform Movement, Emperor Guangxu adopted the opinions of Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao and others and began to reform the law. Since the Reform greatly touched the interests of the old forces of the Manchurian nobility and many feudal bureaucrats, they gathered together, led by Cixi, and strongly opposed the reform. One hundred days after the reform began, Cixi launched it Hundred Days' coup ", confine Emperor Guangxu, repeal all reform measures previously promulgated, and hunt" Hundred Days Six Gentlemen ". After the Wuxu coup d 'etat, Cixi announced the re-implementation of political training, and created public opinion, ready to depose Guangxu Emperor and install a new king. Due to the opposition of foreign ministers such as Britain and Japan and some local governors, the matter was eventually abandoned. [25] [121]
After the Wuxu coup d 'etat, the Boxer Movement emerged. Cixi initially advocated encirclement and suppression, but later turned to suppression and suppression. And because of the constant interference in the internal affairs of the foreign powers, insisted on sending troops to the capital of the dissatisfaction, so that he tried to use the Boxer against the foreign powers, which led to the eight-power allied forces invaded China. During the period, local governors Zhang Zhidong and Liu Kunyi strongly opposed the declaration of war against the foreign powers and carried out "war on foreign powers". Southeast mutual insurance She acquiesced to the situation. After the eight-nation allied forces invaded Beijing, Cixi fled in a hurry with Guangxu Emperor, and ordered Yi Zhu and Li Hongzhang to be ministers with full authority to deal with the powers, negotiate with the powers, humiliate and Sue for peace, and sign the" Treaty of sin-ugly ". [25] [121]
  • Later period in power
In order to maintain her rule, resist the revolution, change her old-fashioned and incompetent image, and please the powers, Cixi said during the "West Hunt" that she would refer to the "Western Law", change her course, and effectively rectify political affairs. In the 27th year of Guangxu (1901), an order was issued to set up an administrative office for supervision New policy in the late Qing Dynasty The organ. Subsequently, in the name of the New Deal, a number of decrees aimed at stabilizing the rule of the Qing Dynasty were promulgated, such as adjusting the official system, reorganizing the official system, revising the criminal law, training the new army, rewarding industry, abolishing the imperial examination, setting up schools, and permitting Manchu and Han intermarriage interdiction foot-binding make [163] Let's wait. [121] With Cixi's acquiescence, girls' schools were set up to teach new learning, which gradually became popular in coastal towns such as Shanghai and Guangzhou where the port was opened earlier.
In order to resist the revolution more effectively, Cixi co-opted the upper bourgeoisie and deceived the masses. At the same time, it attempts to weaken the power of local governors and further strengthen the centralization by reforming the official system. In the thirty-first year of Guangxu (1905), Cixi said that if constitutionalism could "consolidate the foundation of the Qing Dynasty forever" and "eliminate the idea of civil revolution by itself", after investigation, "there is no defect", he decided to adopt a constitution. In the same year, Cixi school Zaize, Duanfang, etc Five ministers went abroad Examine constitutional government. The following year (1906), the Qing government officially announced that it was "preparing to follow the constitutional government", ready to start from the reform of the official system, gradually formulate laws, promote education, clean up finance, rectify the armed forces, and set up patrol police Preliminary constitutionalism . At the end of the year, Cixi announced the central government system, and the administrative central Military Machinery Office remained unchanged, and was increased to 11. To the thirty-third year of Guangxu (1907), the Qing government also announced the local official system, and the military power and financial power of the provincial governors were transferred to the War Department and the provincial branch respectively. At the same time, the most powerful of the local governors were promoted by the method of ascending and descending Yuan Shikai , Zhang Zhidong Internal transfer to the minister of military aircraft, in order to gradually reduce the real power of provincial governors. Moreover, in the center, the Manchurian nobles held the real power of foreign affairs, the army, the Ministry of Agriculture, industry and Commerce. [165] Therefore, the so-called reform of the central official system actually excluded and weakened the Han bureaucratic power, and implemented the centralization of the Manchurian royal family and nobility. [166]
Guangxu thirty-four years (1908), the revolutionary forces developed rapidly and constitutionalist Under the rising tide of petitions, Cixi issued the" Outline of the King James Constitution 23. The Outlines were copied from the constitutions of Germany and Japan, with the guarantee of "the power of the king" as the core, and the absolute prerogatives of the monarchy were retained, the imperial succession was always hereditary, the imperial power was inviolable, legal proposals were subject to the approval of the emperor, the freedom of the people could be restricted by imperial edicts, the declaration of war and peace was decided by the emperor, and the employment and justice were in the hands of the emperor, and the people had no real rights. At the same time, it also promulgated the "Essentials of the Parliamentary Election Law" and the "List of Annual Preparations for constitutional Affairs", which clearly defined the nine years from this year as the preparatory constitutional period. [121] In the autumn of the same year, the Qing government announced the establishment of the central government Imperial Council , the provinces set up Consultative Council As the future parliament and provincial assemblies, as a lure to the upper bourgeoisie. Thus, the "preparatory constitution" officially began. [165] However, the period of nine years for the constitution is quite different from the constitutional expectation of two to three years. With the death of Emperor Guangxu and Cixi, the political situation changed greatly, and the constitution failed to complete the structural transformation of the political system, and the Qing Dynasty soon fell in the revolution. [150]

Historical evaluation

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China

After the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom uprising, he went to the capital to see Tongzhi Emperor and the Empress Dowager of the two palaces Zeng Guofan In private to his staff Zhao Liowen Memory: "The two palaces are ordinary, meet without language; His majesty Impact analysis There is no way to measure it; The situation is all in the palace of the military aircraft (Yi Xin), Wen Xiang ), Bao ( Baoyun A few people have more power than a man." [32]
Zhang Taiyan On Cixi's 70th birthday, a joint was written sarcastically: "Today to Nanyuan, tomorrow to Beihai, when to ancient Chang 'an?" Sigh Li people plaster blood all withered, only one song to celebrate; Fifty cuts to Ryukyu, sixty cuts to Taiwan, and now cuts to the three provinces of the East, pain in the red County Bang Yin, every time I wish Xinjiang." [102]
At that time, the Ministry of Rites was in charge of Wuxu's Reform A surname Once succinct point out: "Fang homeland, the capital Chaoyang gate lane name." Cixi, Longyu two stepmother home is also. Yi Xin, Prince of Gongzhong, once said, My Qing Dynasty is dead in the homeland." [154]
Shortly after Cixi's death, the literati wrote a poem of the Qing Palace, summarizing her life: "In the spring of fifty years, the jade throne and the pearl curtain hug people three times." Hold the bed a see young sun worship, set province instrument Luan only other morning." [155]
He served as Secretary of State for the War Murza Tirion staffy Yun Baohui Once said: "The Empress Dowager Cixi is insidious and resourceful, and can be gracious and forceful to the Manchu and Han ministers, and her power is not circumvention, which is beyond the reach of ordinary women." [12]
Zhao Erxun Editor-in-chief of Draft of Qing Dynasty history "And the end of the Emperor Wenzong, Xiao Zhen, Xiao Qin two queens bow to the handle of government, there are wise Kings, outside the famous general, cut the great difficulties, great praise ZTE." Unfortunately Mu Zong is the world, Xiao Zhen empress collapse, Xiao Qin Emperor after listening to the government for a long time, a little camp away from the palace, the celebration, see the holy ancestor after Xiao Zhuang Emperor, Gao Zongfeng Xiao Sheng Empress not one of ten, and the world Gu steal but have private discussion, foreign invasion, disaster 祲 frequently seen, not the time. Unfortunately, Dezong will 恉 not agree, an exciting and Qi Wuxu's struggle, and then exciting into the Gengzi chaos. Late is a meaning of change, fear of the fate of heaven, the will of the people, and want to save the constitution, a hundred end and lift, urgent people, mausoleum soil is not dry, the country step then changed. The rise and fall of a generation is tied to the imperial chambers. SOB SOB! Isn't that amazing? Isn't that heavenly?" [7]
Chae Dongfan " The romance of Qing history ":
  • Independent credit Zeng Guofan, in fact, Cixi's wisdom, given to heavy responsibility, obey, the death can cut down the great difficulties, conquer the southeast, the Qing Dynasty does not die in Hong, Cixi and powerful Yan. [13]
  • The Empress Dowager Ci 'an, with a strong temperament, proposed to return to government, without ridicule; The Empress Dowager Cixi was still in the period of experimentation, and all the personnel and administration were carefully conducted, so there were many praises and few defamers. After ten years of political training, the southeast was conquered, and the northwest was gradually flattened. [14]
  • Even if the actions of the Empress Dowager Cixi, once narrated, did not deep text within the week, just feel strong and fierce, as if Lv Wu The non-economic gentry and commerce of the electricity, the protest of the Jiang governor, the opposition of the ambassadors of various countries, geometric and inferior to the Empress Lu's private emperor, Empress Wu's good at abolishing Zhongzong also. Husband Cixi with wisdom, the first curtain, cut down the great disaster, the world push for Women of Yao and Shun The longer Hu is over the years, the more things benefit more, in spite of the matter, the reverse if this? [15]
  • World allied forces into Beijing, leaving in a hurry, still must put the precious princess to death, and then set off, the woman's love, often dance on the side, love is very flattered, although for the plot, to ruin and dishonor; The evil is very hateful, when the difficulties and hardships are encountered, and a cruel method, a sort of personal hatred, in order to relieve the anger of the time. ... Heaven is not based on if there is, Ye He died of the prophecy, its letter also husband! [16]
  • Cixi after the love flattery good luxury, have seen the recent printing of the "Qing Palace five years" record... Fist bandits chaos, allied forces into the capital, for Cixi after a big punishment, to return to Beijing, do not think of hard work, still love in jewelry, treasure is not treasure, not to die? [17]
  • After Longyu there is no blame for the fall of the state, but Cixi when the state for decades, heaven and people feud, special fake Longyu to relieve its anger. Cixi's final examination, less than to see the disaster of abdication, Cixi is also fortunate! [18]
The imperial eunuch of the Qing Dynasty Trustworthy and enlightened Once recalled: "Cixi's character is strong, intelligent, people dare not commit crimes." [138]
Modern political figures Huang Jun "The fall of the Qing Dynasty should take Queen Nala as the first achievement." Its cruel cool 妬, luxury and small, all the evil virtues are ready, only enough to help it. Though he dared not do it, he killed Cian first and then destroyed Guangxu, courage Good fortune All of them are too Zhao." [159]
Modern scholar Liu Xuezhao once put forward that "being good at governance but ignorant of the general trend of the world" was the fundamental reason why Cixi brought a series of disasters to China. [151]
Modern scholar Fangdeadjacency I think Cixi's biggest weakness as a political figure is that she does not understand the general trend. [151]
Modern scholar Kong Xiangji "Fifty years is a long historical period. During this period, many countries on earth developed in science and technology, prospered in economy, and improved in politics, while China was dominated by such a woman full of power desire, lifeless and sluggish in development, in order to gain personal gain, she could carry out conspiracy, reverse action, ignoring the interests of the nation, and finally led to the collapse of the Qing Dynasty three years later. Moreover, the harm caused by Cixi has left a heavy burden on our nation: the legacy of her passion for power and her advocation of autocracy cannot be said to have been completely eradicated even today." [154]
Modern scholar Wang Kaixi "After the succession of the Tongzhi Emperor, Cixi's ruling from behind the curtain was intended to better safeguard imperial power. She ruled the Qing Dynasty for more than forty years, and indeed handled the relationship between the Nara family and the Aisin Gioro family well. Although Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao and others strongly criticized the Empress Dowager Cixi, they never said that she wanted to usurp imperial power. Moreover, the struggle between the Empress Dowager Cixi and Prince Gong Yi Xin and others was really a struggle between the uncles and their wives within the royal family, not a struggle between the Nara family and the imperial power. Therefore, Cixi Curtain essentially wanted to maintain the imperial power of the Qing Dynasty. But after the Empress Dowager Cixi gradually mastered the power of the court, it further stimulated her desire to pursue power; At the same time, her political assertiveness made it impossible for others to intervene. Later, the objective fact is that she had a negative impact on the imperial power of the Qing Dynasty, which is the result of historical development." [173]
Modern scholar Li Xizhu "In Chinese history, Empress Dowager Cixi was associated with the Western Han Dynasty Queen Lu And Tang dynasty Empress Wu Zetian A three-way political power woman. They are the iconic figures of the Empress Dowager's advent system, and they are the anomalies of female politics in a male-dominated world." He specifically analyzed: "On the one hand, the Empress Dowager Cixi ruled by political experience and finesse, and she had the traditional political experience and superb political finesse. ... On the other hand, Empress Dowager Cixi lacked the political wisdom of modern politicians, and she paid more attention to the imperial rule of the Qing Dynasty than to the future and fate of modern China. ... It can be seen that Empress Dowager Cixi's rule mainly relied on political experience and political skills, controlled power by personal prestige and influence, and manipulated the state power behind the scenes. This political model clearly shows the characteristics of conservatism and lack of foresight, can maintain stability but difficult to open up new. Its essence is a kind of implicit autocracy, which is bound to become a stumbling block to democratic politics and thus run counter to the trend of political modernization." [150]

Foreign country

Emperor Xuantong's English teacher Johnston "The world's evaluation of the Empress Dowager Cixi is completely divided into two extremes, some people think that she has a superb political art, so that a huge court can continue to function without a son, and some people think that the Empress Dowager Cixi is mainly responsible for the collapse of the Qing Dynasty. It is interesting that almost all Chinese people hold the latter view, while as far as I know, Western society's view of Cixi is mostly the first... " [149] In... Dusk in the Forbidden City He also wrote about England Queen Victoria "Cixi is much better than I am, I am just a person who is neither great nor small." [9]
In addition, according to the records of some Chinese works (or translations), there are also some outsiders' views on Cixi, which are included as follows:
  • In Letters from China, the wife of the United States Ambassador to China, Conger, said: "The Empress Dowager Cixi's first meeting with seven ladies from the diplomatic corps was made possible by the efforts and prodding of the Foreign Secretary. After the turmoil of 1900, when the court returned to Beijing, the attitude of the Empress Dowager changed greatly, and she initiated many invitations to meet with them, and of course everyone accepted to lunch. In private meetings, this great woman would show her wit and feminine charm, with the brilliance and attractiveness of a hostess. She would take the guests by the hand and ask in the most attentive tone whether we were tired of the journey to the palace; She would complain about the cold weather in summer; Whenever the food was not to our taste, she was anxious; She would tell us in the kindest way how lucky she was to meet us. Her ability to charm all of her guests, even if they had been prejudiced before, shows her sophistication as a hostess by taking care of each of them." [27]
  • The American author Eliza Ruhama Sidmore describes Cixi in China, an Empire of Longevity: "The few who have seen Cixi describe her as a tall, handsome woman. Her eyes had an aura and a distinct Tartar character. There was nobility and arrogance in her movements and gestures, and in her conversation, in her words, an immovable authority and absolute majesty." [28]
  • In his book Cixi and Guangxu In the description: "Cixi height is slightly short, but wearing shoes soles have six inches high square heels, I do not know whether it is high heels Cixi dressed in a gorgeous dress, not only beautiful, but also appears to her extra slender and solemn, it seems that the bone is a empress dowager." Her figure was well-proportioned and impeccable, and her every move showed the air of an outstanding woman and ruler. Her face is more active than beautiful. Her complexion is slightly olive. The thick eyelashes accentuated her dark eyes." [28]
  • Arthur H. Smith in China in Turmoil says: "As a Manchu woman, want to master the knowledge of those military events, there is a slim chance, but she is completely different from the Eastern Empress who only understands needlework, always calm when dealing with major events, China's door has never been opened in the face of hostile forces, which is unique in the history of China's semi-dictatorial rule, to find a reason, I think it can only be said that the ruler himself possessed a unique quality and talent." [29]
  • Blackwood's Magazine commented: "The most interesting celebrity in China over the past three decades has undoubtedly been the lady we call the Queen Mother. The Empress Dowager was at the forefront of every movement of a reformist character during her reign from behind a curtain, and the character of her reign can only be judged from the character of that period. Diplomacy failed because wills and feelings lacked a clear center to follow. Its levers can't find a fulcrum. So success in China will always depend on military force. Is it really impossible to deal with such a woman as the Queen Mother?" [30]
  • Lady Susan Townley, wife of Walter Townley, the British Minister to Beijing, said in My China Notes: Does anyone know if Cixi will be laid to rest in the luxurious tomb she has painstakingly built? And who knows if some new dynasty might loot its treasures and decorate its own mausoleums? Cixi is getting old! According to the immutable laws of nature, her body will deteriorate, her iron will become weak, her vision will become blurred, and who after her will be able to resist the tide of foreign invasion and quell the flood of internal chaos? [105]
  • American woman painter Katherine Carr In successive portraits of Cixi in the palace in the 29th year (1903) and the 30th year (1904) of Guangxu, she recorded Cixi's appearance as: "The Empress Dowager has a well-proportioned figure, slender and graceful hands, and is well maintained." The face is straight, the ears are well defined. Black hair like paint, neatly and smoothly combed into a very chic hairstyle. Broad forehead, curved eyebrows, bright eyes, eyes are very penetrating. The nose bridge is high and straight, which is what the Chinese call the "noble person" nose shape. The upper lip line is firm and decisive, the large and beautiful mouth is very dynamic, the smile shows white teeth, and the lower jaw is relatively wide and without any exaggeration. All of this is fascinating. If I had not known that she was nearly 69 years old, I would have thought that she was a middle-aged woman of about 40 years old who was good at maintenance. As a woman without her husband is not allowed to use cosmetics, so the queen mother's face is completely natural and healthy luster, which can be seen that the usual maintenance is quite careful. With the color matching of clothing and accessories is very harmonious, it is more radiant and bright. At the same time, the Queen Mother is also a keen observer and insightful person, so she has an extraordinary bearing and a strong personality charm." [142] She concluded: "Beautiful, kind, intelligent and charismatic, this is the Empress Dowager in my eyes." [143]
  • Arthur H. Smith, an American missionary who lived in China for more than 50 years from the end of the 19th century, spoke highly of Cixi in China in Turmoil: "As a Manchu woman... She is completely different from the East Empress Dowager who only knows needlework... China's door has never been opened to hostile forces... I think it can only be said that the ruler himself possessed a unique quality and talent." [151]

Anecdotal allusion

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A surname

  • A surname
Xianfeng two years (1852) May ninth into the palace, living Palace of Storage and Beauty Lai King Xuan And reign under the same emperor in this lifetime. [3] [138]
Xianfeng eleven years (1861) to Guangxu ten years (1884), first emigrated Hall of mental Cultivation In the west Auricular chamber The safe room, with the rear Changchun Palace Sometimes he lived in Yanxi Hall, the west wing of the Rear Hall of the Yangxin Hall. [3] [138]
Guangxu ten years (1884) to Guangxu twenty years (1894), then lived in the Chu Xiu Palace, and the Chu Xiu palace and Yikun Palace Get through. [3]
From the 20th year of Guangxu (1894) to the 26th year of Guangxu (1900) on August 14, lived Palace of Peace and Longevity Hall of Happy Longevity Take West warm Pavilion as dormitory. [3]
  • garden
Xianfeng two years (1852) to Xianfeng ten years (1860), with Xianfeng emperor lived in Old Summer Palace The palace is Heaven and earth are a family of spring. (Destroyed by British and French forces). [3]
Xianfeng Ten years (1860) to Xianfeng eleven years (1861), lived Summer resort The hall of smoke wave to cool West warm Pavilion. [3]
Guangxu fourteen years (1888), every summer lived in the Summer Palace, winter instead of living in the Chu Xiu Palace or West Garden Occasionally winter in the Summer Palace. [3]
Guangxu fourteen years (1888) to Guangxu twenty-six years (1900), living in the west Yuan Yi Luang Hall (Gengzi returned to Luang renamed Haiyan Hall, the Republic of China period renamed Jurentang Does not exist today). [3]
Guangxu 28 years (1902) to Guangxu 34 years (1908), lived in the Xiyuan Hall of the Goddess of the Sun (now Hall of Cherishing benevolence ). [3]
  • folk
Beijing West Fourth District Picai hutong (said to be the birthplace of Cixi) [162]
Huailai County The rooster crows in the city East room of the North Room of the main Court (during the Boxer Tour)
Baoding The Cixi Palace (Built in 1903 by Yuan Shikai, Governor of Zhili, for Cixi and Guangxu) [161]

Related title

In the second year of Xianfeng (1852), Cixi participated in the eight Banners draft in February and sealed the LAN A high-ranking official ; On February 26, the fourth year of Xianfeng (1854), Jin Yi wives . On March 24, 1856, in the sixth year of Xianfeng, Jin was Yi princess . On the second day of the first month of the seventh year of Xianfeng (1857), Jin Yi Imperial concubine . Xianfeng eleven year (1861) July, Tongzhi emperor ascended the throne, was respected Empress dowager Called the Virgin Queen Mother. Tongzhi first year (1862) April 25, respect Title of honor Empress Dowager Cixi. [138] The changes in Cixi's logo and the reasons for the changes are as follows:
  • Tongzhi eleven years (1872) October, because Tongzhi emperor wedding, plus "end you" two words. [138]
  • Tongzhi twelve years (1873) in February, due to Tongzhi emperor, withdraw the curtain to return to government, plus "Kang Yi" two words. [138]
  • Guangxu two years (1876) July, because of the Guangxu Emperor Cheng Tong And coincides with their own lent "Ciqing" (birthday), plus "Zhaoyu Zhuang Cheng" four words. [138]
  • Guangxu fifteen years (1889) February, because of the Guangxu emperor, plus "Shou Gong" two words. In March of the same year, due to the big wedding of Guangxu Emperor, the word "Qinxian" was added. [138]
  • Guangxu twenty years (1894) in August, because of their sixty-day "longevity", plus "Chongxi" two words. [138]
Through this accumulation, Cixi's complete logo is: Cixi end you Kang Yi Zhao Yu Zhuang Chengshou Gong Qin Chong Xi Empress Dowager. [138]
On October 21, 1908, in the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu, Emperor Guangxu died and Emperor Xuantong ascended the throne The Empress Dowager . [138]
On the 22nd of the first month of the first year of Xuantong (1909), on the basis of retaining all the insignia before his death, the two words "Xiao Qin" were added before and the seven words "with Tianxing Shengxian Empress" were added after, and the posthumous title of Cixi was finally determined to be: Xiao Qin Cixi End You Kang Yi Yu Zhuang Chengshou Gong Qin Xian with Tianxing Shengxian Empress. [177] Hereafter referred to as "Xiao Qinxian Empress". Twenty-three characters long posthumous character, more than the Qing Dynasty founding empress Queen Xiao Ci Gao 与咸丰帝的正宫 Empress Hyo Deok-hyun Empress Xiao Zhenxian was the most famous empress in the Qing Dynasty and all Chinese dynasties, and also surpassed the posthumous title of all emperors in the Manchu Dynasty after entering the customs. [11] [138]

No rich family

While ruling from behind a curtain, Empress Dowager Cixi did not give much attention to her mother's family, except for the customary title of Lord Chengen. Therefore, the Qing Palace eunuch Trustworthy and enlightened In... Memories of the old eunuch "Cixi was not rich in her family," it was recorded. At the same time, Cixi actively married female descendants of her own family to important branches of the royal family. Such as the eldest brother Zhaoxiang's only daughter, the second brother GUI Xiang's three daughters, the third brother Foyou's only daughter, etc., were all married to the higher royal family as a wife, which mainly refers to the marriage to the near sect branch, and later married his niece to the Guangxu Emperor, that is Empress Longyu . This was in effect the hope that future emperors would select as many of their own female descendants as possible. Even if they do not have the throne, they can ensure the prosperity of these descendants. [138]

Contact with foreign goods

  • Cixi's First Photo Shoot and "Photo Diplomacy"
In the 29th year of Guangxu (1903), he was Minister of the Qing Government in France Yu Geng Ren full return, Cixi let Yu Geng's daughter Deling Rong Ling with his side, and ordered his son Xun age to take photos for himself. According to Xun Ling recalled that he did not dare to take pictures for Cixi, and later on, under the suggestion of Rong Ling, the first of the two sisters were taken by Xun Ling, and then the photos were taken to Cixi "review", the latter was quite satisfied, so that the special order suffering from high myopia Xun Ling could wear glasses to complete the shooting, and spread the word that he might not appear because of the punishment caused by poor photography. According to the researchers' statistics, Xun Ling took no less than 62 photos of at least 15 scenes for Cixi, and developed more than 700 photos in a series (786 photos in the "Account of the Holy Face" of the Qing Palace). Most of the filming locations that can be verified are in Xiyuan and the Summer Palace. These photos are roughly divided into artificial scenery photos and outdoor scenery photos. Although each set of scenes looks similar, the costumes, decorations and furnishings are different. As far as clothing is concerned, Cixi's dress has different patterns such as Tuanshou character, twig lotus, butterfly flower and longevity butterfly. As far as decoration is concerned, there are two heads, ears, necklaces, finger protectors, Buddha beads, east beads, etc.; As far as gestures are concerned, there are full body, half body, sitting style, holding fans, wearing flowers to the mirror, dressing as Avalokitesvara, etc., and even a picture of Cixi with her eyes closed (the "remedy" is to draw pupils on her closed eyelids). [172]
In addition to keeping these photos for her own enjoyment, Cixi also gave them to foreigners, carrying out a unique "photo diplomacy." Since the signing of the Treaty of Xinchou, Cixi tried to invite the wives of ministers to the Summer Palace to meet her, and sometimes took photos, and gave the photos one by one, just like a "peaceful grandmother" gesture. For example, on the Double Ninth Festival of the 29th year of Guangxu (1903), Cixi was at the Summer Palace Hall of Happy Longevity Met with the wife of Edwin Hurd Conger, the United States Minister to China. For a time, the image of the Eastern Empress Dowager frequently appeared in books and publications in European and American countries. [172]
  • Ci Xi and the car
The car of Cixi [169]
In 1902, in the twenty-eighth year of Guangxu, Yuan Shikai imported a convertible made by Tulia Company from the United States at a cost of twelve thousand silver CARS To Cixi. Cixi gladly accepted it and invited many people to watch the "novelty", and whenever she had time, Cixi took pleasure in driving around the palace in a car driven by Sun Fuling, a native of Daxing County in Beijing. A few days later, Li Lianying told Cixi that the driver was a slave who sat in front of the empress all day, which was inappropriate, so she ordered Sun Fuling to drive on his knees. But kneeling to drive can not step on the brakes, it is easy to be in danger, and can not tell Cixi this is not possible, so Sun Fuling is very difficult. One day, when Cixi was riding in a car, she found that the car was driving very slowly, so she thought that Sun Fuling was not driving well, so she asked why she was driving so slowly, and Sun Fuling had to deceive Cixi: the car was faulty and could not drive fast. After that, Cixi gradually lost interest in cars, and this "Durier" car was left idle at the Summer Palace The Garden of Peace Preserved to this day. [167-168]
  • Cixi and the phonograph
The 30th year of Guangxu (1904) was Cixi's 70th birthday, Liang Cheng As the third minister of the Qing Dynasty, he was sent to the United States, Peru, Cuba and other countries, and was given a phonograph by American officials, and presented to Cixi as a congratulatory gift for his 70th birthday. This was the world's first cabinet phonograph produced by the American Victory Phonograph Company, a very rare sample that was soon phased out by new and improved varieties. The phonograph was later preserved in China as a cultural relic. [160]

Eating habit

It is said that there was no fixed place for Cixi's daily meals, except that every time she ate, she had to put three large tables and cover them with white cloth. The eunuch stood in the courtyard, carrying many boxes of food. The boxes were yellow, and two large bowls and four small bowls could be placed in the middle. Bowls are yellow bottom, which has a green dragon or Shou character pattern, the whole meal has about 150, put a long row, large bowl, small dish staggered arrangement. Plus, there are two end tables for fruit plates, both of them Candied lotus seed Dried fresh fruits, such as melon seeds and walnuts, which are picked up by hand after a meal and put into the mouth to eat. When drinking tea, honeysuckle flowers are placed in tea utensils. In terms of dishes, the most used are pig, sheep, chicken, duck and wild vegetables, as far as meatballs are concerned, there are also red and white colors, in addition Shark's fin in clear soup Steamed chicken and duck, pot roast chicken and duck. In addition waffle , Fragrant pork Cabbage stewed meat, carrot stewed meat, cherry roast meat, scallion stewed meat slices, bamboo shoots fried shredded meat three categories. [104]
Cixi liked to eat barbecue, sauce and wheat, and cakes Kang cake , steamed cake, pretzel , cookies and mince pies. The main forms of food are dragon, butterfly and flower. In addition, there are rice porridge, millet porridge, mung bean cake, peanut cake (with sweet soup), which are often necessary for meals. Rice, special Yutian County Rice, as well as rouge, green japonica and other famous colors. Regular meals have to prepare porridge, up to more than 50 kinds of rice, sorghum, glycine Wheat is everywhere. So each meal costs a hundred taels of silver. The imperial kitchen provides meals, small dishes are packed with dishes, such as enzyme watermelon peel, but also serious preparation, its MSG is absolutely, I heard that there is a special brewing method. Cixi often gave large pears cut into pieces and stained with honey to the Kings and ministers. She had a cough in her old age and used it as a nutrition product. [104]
Cixi used water all the way to Jade Spring Mountain The drawing is unusually clear and cold. [104]

Health status

The most serious illness in Cixi's life occurred from the first half of the sixth year of Guangxu (1880) to the beginning of the seventh year of Guangxu (1881) dysentery It lasted for almost a year. This time the illness was so serious that the palace even made preparations for her. After experiencing this serious illness, Cixi also began to pay attention to his physical recuperation problems. Records in the late Qing Dynasty say that Cixi needed to take it regularly Human milk This habit may have begun to develop after this serious illness. [138]
In addition to this serious illness, Cixi's body was relatively healthy the rest of the time, and her medical records occasionally showed signs of satiety and lack of night-spirit, which were all daily minor ailments. In 1902, in the 28th year of Guangxu's reign, Cixi developed a new problem called "eye skin Zhi movement", which was thought to be a facial nerve spasm . This disease was not serious at the beginning, only an occasional phenomenon, in the thirty years of Guangxu (1904) to frequent, but not life-threatening. By the autumn of the 34th year of Guangxu (1908), the 74-year-old Cixi was still without serious illness, only intermittent "liver and stomach stagnation heat". In October, Cixi became ill with Guangxu, and her symptoms were "cold fever, cough, thirst, dry tongue, body and limb fatigue, and chest pain", which began in mid-October and lasted until the second half of the 22nd day. According to medical experts, this is probably old age bronchopneumonia Leading to respiratory and circulatory failure. [138]

Execute a journalist

Shen Jing [31]
Guangxu twenty-ninth year (1903), journalist Shen Jing After learning from the powerful that China and Russia would sign a secret treaty, he decided to find out the contents of the secret treaty, and finally from the minister of State Affairs Wang Wenshao The son got a draft of the treaty. Shen then sent it to Xinxi Daily in Tianjin, which immediately published it in its original form. After the publication of the contents of the treasonous secret treaty, public opinion was in an uproar and the public was quite indignant. The Qing government had to renounce the secret treaty. [31]
Instead of evading the Qing government, Shen Jin decided to assassinate Cixi and informed his friends of his plan Khanh Khoan And Wu Shizhao. As a result, the two men informed Cixi and Shen Jin was arrested on 19 July. The furious Cixi ordered the journalists to be taken out with extreme cruelty Shen Jing Make a decisive decision. Later, fearing that the execution would affect the "celebration" of his birthday, Cixi issued a decree: "That is, the hanging stick." On the eighth day of June (31 July), Shen Jin was brutally executed, becoming the first journalist in Chinese history to die in the line of duty. [31]

Interpersonal relationship

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EDITOR
Empress Dowager Cixi was born in Kazan Yehenala's (also known as Yehnara's). On the basis of genealogy The records of its family into the flag of the ancestor named Kazan Lived in the Suwan place, was incorporated into the flag after Blue ensign Manchuria. Because Suwan belongs to the territory of Yehe, it is also called Yehenala. There are no Kazan people in the lineage of Yehenala, so the Kazan line and the Yehenala line of Yehenala are separated. Win the battle against Rahan Yehenara) is not of the same family. Kazan was awarded the posthumous title of "Minzhuang" after his death. His descendants succeeded him as first Baron and two princes collar It is one of the families of Manchuria inlaid with blue flags. Kazan's great-great-grandson Ka Ying A had two sons, the first of whom was named Zarang A, who succeeded Luo Ying A in the title and command; Second name Giranga (also known as Jilang Ah), as a family son, Shi to A member of the Ministry of Household Affairs . Jilang Ah was Cixi's great-grandfather. [138]
Cixi Family Relationship Table (Part)
relation
appellation
intro
great-grandfather
Yehenala Kiranga
(? - around 1815), the word Ai Tang, official to The Ministry of Criminal Justice , Military aircraft Zhang Jing .
grandfather
Yehenara Kyung Shwe
(1780-1856), the official to the Ministry of punishment doctor .
father
Yehenala Huizheng
(1805-1853), he went to Guangtai Road, Ningchi, Anhui Province. Tongzhi first year (1862) was posthumously awarded the third class Chengen Gong, posthumous title "Duan Ke". Cixi was probably his second daughter.
mother
Foca's
(? -1870), wife of the wife of Hui. Family background Xianghuang Banner Manchuria is the city of Naturalization Vice president Huixian The daughter of...
hubby
Aisin Gioro Yi 詝
Ninth Emperor of the Qing Dynasty (1850-1861). Posthumous title Xie Tian Yi transport in pendant Mo MAO de zhen Wu Sheng Xiao Yuan gong end benevolence wide sensitive Zhuang Jian emperor, temple name Wen Zong.
Eldest sister
-
Premature death, or unknown information.
sis
Yehenara Wanzhen
(1841-1896), in the fifth year of Xianfeng (1853) to participate in the draft, was proposed to marry Prince Peshuol Yifu Be its Be married and promoted ; She was also the mother of the Guangxu Emperor.
-
Married to Prince Yikuang and Shuo Qing Qing House of the birth of the younger brother Yi Xun.
Elder brother
Yehenala Zhaoxiang
(? -1881)
Younger brother
Yehenara Kwai Siong
(1844-1913), also known as Buddha.
midbrother
Yehenara Foiu
(? -1894) is said to be the youngest son of the concubine, born in the early years of Xianfeng.
Biological child
Aisin Gioro Jae-soon
Tongzhi Emperor. Tenth Emperor of the Qing Dynasty (1861-1875). Posthumous title following the day of the opening of the treasure big Dinggong Shengzhi Chengxiao Xin Min wide Yi emperor, temple name Mu Zong.
Adopted son
Aisin Gioro Zaitian
The Emperor Guangxu. The 11th emperor of the Qing Dynasty (reigned 1875-1908). Posthumous title with the day Chongyun large and medium-sized to the scriptures latitude Wu Xiao wise end of wide qin Jing emperor, temple name De Zong.
Adopted daughter
Rong Shou Gu Lun princess
Prince Gong Yi Xin's eldest daughter.
Princess Rong 'an Gulen
Xianfeng Emperor's only daughter, born to The Imperial Concubine Zhuang Jing Tatala's.
( Table reference [7] [11] [121] [138] )

Major work

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EDITOR
Cixi (probably for Miao Jiahui) painted the axis of "Fish and Algae", the Palace Museum collection [101]
Cixi's early cultural literacy was not high, but after middle age, she gradually dabbled in literature and history, painting, and calligraphy Trial poem ". She often rewarded her ministers with the so-called "imperial pen" painting and calligraphy to show her grace. Among the paintings handed down are" Wealth chart "" Fish-algal map ", etc. And in the modern Chinese domestic calligraphy and painting exhibition, there are Cixi's calligraphy and painting works on display, and some media praised its "painting stunning", "is actually a painting master" or "has extraordinary artistic talent, especially in flowers". However, researchers believe that the many paintings with the seal of "treasure of Empress Dowager Cixi's pen", as well as the large characters such as "fu", "longevity", "dragon" and "tiger" or couplets, are not the original works of Cixi, but by close associates Miu Jiahui Writing or writing on behalf of others Write an article A counterfeit. However, his cultural education and comprehensive quality compared with other imperial concubines in the Qing Dynasty, is still outstanding. [101] [152]

Character dispute

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EDITOR

Name

In folklore or television, the Empress Dowager Cixi is commonly referred to as LAN 'er or Yulan. Perhaps because Cixi's first title after entering the palace was "LAN GUI Ren", many novel notes mistakenly think that "LAN Er" is her baby name, but it is not. According to a descendant of the Cixi family Yehenara Genzheng Said that Cixi's milk name is actually called "Xing 'er Gu", "Gu" is the Manchu people's usual name for minor women, and "Xing 'er" the name is because there are several white apricot trees in the courtyard of the home at that time, thus, Cixi's grandfather gave her a big name "Xing Zhen", the nickname "Xing 'er", which takes the meaning of "loyalty". [19] As for the Xianfeng emperor initially awarded the girl Xingzhen orchid, probably because Xianfeng liked magnolia most, so he gave her such a title to express his love for her. [5] Some eunuchs called Cixi "Lian 'er" by her nickname. [20]

Place of Birth

There are six theories about Cixi's birthplace:
In the previous six, Beijing said it was a traditional saying, Shanxi Changzhi said it was a local folklore, and Cixi was originally the daughter of Wang Zengchang, a local Han, and was successively replaced by Song Siyuan, a local rich man Lu 'an Governor hui levy maintenance; The other four propositions are put forward according to the place of patronage. Some scholars believe that according to the Qing Dynasty archives, Daoguang eleven years (1831) Huizheng is becoming eight pen style, Daoguang twenty-nine years (1849) was put out Kwai Tuy Road During this period has been living in Beijing, no outside office, also never when Lu 'an governor, so only Beijing said established. [21-22]

It's called Lafayette

In some historical novels, films and operas, the Empress Dowager Cixi is called" Karl Lagerfeld ". In fact, the title of "Old Buddha" was not dedicated to Cixi, and the special name of the emperors of the Qing Dynasty was called "Old Buddha". The reason why the emperors of the Qing Dynasty use the title "Lafayette" is because the ancestors of the Manchu people and the leaders of the Nuzhen people were first called "Manzhu". "Manzhu" is the pronunciation of the Buddha "Manshu", meaning "Buddha" and "auspicious". Later, some prominent families, hereditary leaders, named "full column". After the founding of the Manchu Dynasty, "Manchu" was translated into Chinese as "Buddha", and it was taken as the emperor's special name. [8]
Later generations have various theories about when Cixi got the title of "Old Buddha" :
1. Worship Buddha sitting meditation said . " Qing Dynasty wild history grand view "Xiao Qin after the administration of leisure, have done Avalokitesvara Makeup, inside the supervisor Li Lianying for good wealth, Li sister for the dragon girl, with the Western method according to a great phase, hanging in the temple. The palace is called Lafayette." That is to say, because Cixi once dressed as Guanyin took a large photo, hanging in the palace, so that the palace up and down to call her "Old Buddha". This saying was later used by researchers of Qing history as a true saying. [170]
2. Someone plus said , also known as Li Lianying The first name "Lafayette" said . This is also a popular saying among the people. There are two versions of it: one said that because there was a drought in Beijing one year, Cixi and court officials prayed to the Tathagata Buddha for rain, and the rain came in only three days, Li Lianying took the opportunity to compliment her like the Buddha's spirit, since then, the title of "Old Buddha" spread like wildfire, spread inside and outside the court. The other is that in the early years of Guangxu, Cixi wanted to listen to the government twice, but worried that her prestige could not be convinced, Li Lianying saw in the heart, and made a Buddha statue in accordance with her appearance behind the Daxiongbao Hall of Wanshou Temple, pretending that there were two Buddhas showing the light of the good omen. After Cixi went there, she found that the main Hall of the Wanshou Temple was still the original one The third Buddha He angrily said, "It is clearly the original third Buddha, where do the two Buddhas show light?" Li Lianying busy asked her to the rear hall to watch. After Cixi slowly turned to the third Buddha, she saw Avalokitesvara sitting in the center of the hall. At this time, Li Lianying shouted: "Lafayette arrived." Others immediately fell on their knees and shouted: "Welcome to Lafayette!" Cixi pretended not to understand: "Which old Buddha do you welcome?" Li Lianying and others replied: "It is to greet the Queen Mother, you old Buddha!" What he said made Cixi overjoyed. Since then, the name of the old Buddha has spread from the Longevity Temple to the capital, the whole country, Cixi is called "Empress Dowager Old Buddha." [8] As a result, she once again ruled from behind the curtain and felt at ease. [170]
3. Say along Mongolian custom . Literati in the late Qing and early Republic Wang Wusheng In the Secret History of Shuan said: "The palace called Lao Buddha, along the Mongolian custom also." [170]
4. "Said the insignia . Modern and contemporary writers Chae Dongfan In... The Romance of Cixi In the book, it is said that on Cixi's 60th birthday, "she added her own logo, and ordered the undertakors to call her the old Buddha, or call her the ancestor." [170]
5. The Queen's insignia said . Wang Haoyuan in" Secret history of the Qing Palace "Said," Lafayette three words, is the Manchu respect after the emperor's logo." [170]
Although the above accounts differ on how Cixi received the title of "Old Buddha", they all agree that she became "Old Buddha" during the reign of Guangxu. But according to the contemporary compilation published by the Qing Palace" Peace bureau Archives "records, Cixi as early as the second year of Tongzhi (1863) in March, that is, at the beginning of the two palace curtains, together with Ci 'an was called" Buddha." And then began to appear "East Buddha" (Ci 'an), "West Buddha" (Cixi) and collectively called "two palace Buddha" titles. From the second half of the twelfth year of Tongzhi (1873), when the Empress Dowager of the two palaces withdrew the curtain and returned to power for the first time, to the early years of Guangxu, there appeared the titles of "Old Buddha" and "East Buddha" which were exclusive to Cixi. After the death of Ci 'an, the records of Cixi are basically called "Old Buddha". It can be seen that the change of Cixi from being called "the Buddha" to being called "the Old Buddha" alone reflects the historical process from her entering the political arena to her increasing prestige and consolidating her status. [170]

Sex scandal

As early as the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, there were rumors Undersea And Li Lianying had an affair with Cixi, neither of whom was a true eunuch. It is also said that Cixi and Ander Hai had a son. A former queen's officer Deling In... External history of Cixi Imperial Garden These rumors were denied, but the chief military aircraft of the Guangxu Dynasty Rich and powerful It is described as a young lover of Cixi and describes the love story between them. [181]
In addition, he had come to Beijing in the twenty-four year of Guangxu (1898) Edmund Backhouse He co-wrote "China Under the Empress Dowager" and "Annals and Memoirs of the Court of Peking." In the book, Backhouse boasted that Cixi had sex with a number of British men, including himself. Later sinologists found that the records in Backhouse's book were all his personal fantasies. But in the Western world, the rumor about Cixi is still widespread. [151]

Kill your daughter-in-law

Emperor Tongzhi and Empress Xiaozhe Alut's Harmonious relations, but not in Cixi. It is said that during the Tongzhi Emperor's illness, Xiao Zhe went to the dry Qing Palace to see illness and complained of pain, saying that he could not afford to abuse Cixi. Tongzhi Emperor comforted her and said: "Your patience, the day will come." Unexpectedly, Cixi knew, so she went against the rage, "take out the back hair, and pain to help it, passed the inner court to prepare a staff." This caused Tongzhi Emperor's condition to deteriorate. After the death of Emperor Tongzhi, Cixi did not make an heir for him. Zaitian took the throne and Xiaozhe lived in the palace as a widowed wife after him. His position was very awkward. Once, Xiao Zhe after the father Chong Qi When she visited the palace and heard about it, Cixi said, "The Empress is so sad that she can follow. Daehang Emperor Go." So soon after Chongqi left the palace, Xiao Zhe swallowed gold and died (some say she died by taking opium cream or other poisons) [154] . Although the specific circumstances of Xiaozhe's death recorded by various sources are different, it is the same that after Tongzhi Emperor's death, Cixi did not give him an heir, which made the empress miserable and finally martyred the emperor [156] . However, there are many different opinions about the cause of death of Xiaozhe, such as that Xiaozhe's death is caused by his pessimism about the future, or by his family Chastity woman The influence of the tradition of martyrdom death, or after a long period of illness due to the death of Tongzhi Emperor "too much damage" aggravated his illness [157] . Just like the imperial history at that time Pandonyan Said: "In the hundred days after the collapse of Mu Zong, the road rumors, or said sadness caused illness, or cloud sterile ð « ... " [158] In short, various studies generally believe that the death of Xiaozhe is related to Cixi. [154]

The death of Guangxu

The cause of Emperor Guangxu's death is widely believed to be different, but one widely held view is that Cixi ordered the eunuchs to poison him. In addition, there are different views on Yuan Shikai's murder, Li Lianying's poisoning, and Guangxu Emperor's terminal illness. In 2008, after the research team on the Cause of Death of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty identified a strand of hair left by Emperor Guangxu, it was confirmed in the Research Report on Death of Emperor Qingzaitian that he died arsenic Poisoned. [174-175]
About modern times On the rise The poisoning of Cixi Guangxu Emperor said that most of them formed and became popular in the Republic of China and even after the founding of New China. Such as the minister of the interior Zengchong's son chagu old age recalled: "The west after knowing that the disease will not afford, and just catch up with Guangxu more or less like a little disease, then called Li Lianying to Guangxu sent medicine to, called him to look at Guangxu eat and go back, Guangxu medicine that afternoon died." In December 1936, the 25th Year of the Republic of China, Escape from menstruation Magazine editor Jian You-wen In Shanghai, Qu Yongqiu, a Western medicine doctor who had diagnosed Emperor Guangxu, wrote an article on the Secret Record of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Emperor Guangxu, saying that three days before his death, Emperor Guangxu "rolled around in bed", "shouted to me that he had stomach pain", and "his face was black and his tongue was burnt yellow", "which had little to do with his previous illness". This is considered to be strong evidence that Guangxu Emperor was "poisoned to death". For these views, some scholars have expressed their disagreement. They collected the Hanlin in the south study of the late Qing Dynasty from the National Library of Ancient Books Wu Shijian to Shao Zhang A secret letter to start, that Guangxu thirty-four years (1908) September two palaces at the same time after serious illness, care for each other, Cixi had because of Guangxu Emperor is very sad, do not want to eat, Guangxu Emperor also strongly support the sick body to the temple of Luan for Cixi, the relationship is not consistent, by Puyi into the following big, regent state is also Cixi and Guangxu Emperor established decision, The claim that Cixi "murdered" Guangxu Emperor lacks factual basis. [176]

Misappropriation of military expenditure

Modern historians believe that Cixi embezzled funds from the navy for construction The Summer Palace As a result, the Qing Court lacked the funds to upgrade its armaments. Such as The North Ocean Navy From the fifteenth year of Guangxu (1889) to the sixteenth year of Guangxu (1890), the budget was 1.3 million taels, which could only maintain daily expenses, and there was no money to update the ship's weapons. The Lushun Naval Base built in 1890, the sixteenth year of Guangxu, cost three million taels. Navy yamen It was a newly established central-level westernization agency of the Qing Dynasty, although it was named the navy, but the purpose of the establishment was to decentralize the power of the Prime Minister's Yamen. Guangxu Emperor's biological father, navy Yamen minister Yifu After receiving the new construction of the Summer Palace, money was transferred from the Navy's funds (because the completion of the Summer Palace project helped Cixi to distance herself from the Forbidden City and the independent power of the Guangxu Emperor). danist Chen Yue It is believed that the "navy" funds appropriated by the Summer Palace project have nothing to do with the military expenditure of the Beiyang Navy, but come from the funds of the Navy Yamen. During the same period, the military expenditure of the Beiyang Navy was not subject to any encroachments, and the military expenditure of the Navy and the Beiyang Navy should not be confused. [179-180]
Another sum of naval funds moved to the Summer Palace, known as the "Navy big money", is Yi d «½ and some governors and governors along the river and sea provinces, let them raise funds to serve the Summer Palace project, but for the Summer Palace and financing can not be pushed to the table, so came up with the name of the Navy, and later collected a total of 2.6 million, that is, "Navy big. However, when the funds from various places were subscribed successively, they were not allocated to the Summer Palace project, but all were deposited in foreign banks and foreign enterprises in Tianjin, and the interest earned was used to subsidize the Summer Palace, while the principal was claimed to be used for the future construction of the navy. After the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War, Cixi issued orders to put forward the "Navy money" principal in full for the purchase of arms, but because of reasons such as expiration, had to put forward 1.588 million tares in advance. Chen Yue pointed out that the Summer Palace project is actually in the name of the navy, but not directly embezzled the Navy's funds, so if judging from this money alone, whether Cixi used the Navy's military expenditure to build the Summer Palace is very questionable. However, because of the construction of the Summer Palace for Cixi, it did greatly affect the combat effectiveness of the Beiyang Navy, and even related to the outcome of the war. In the naval battle, the speed of the ships of the Beiyang naval Division was mostly only half of the designed speed, which became an important reason for the defeat. The problem was caused by the poor quality of the coal used in Beiyang. In Kaiping coal Mine, the coal produced by the fifth working face is called "five slot coal", the best quality, "rare in other countries", but the general office Zhang Yi Only the worst eight tanks of coal were supplied to the North Ocean Navy. Five slots of coal were sold to foreign countries to make money, and tens of thousands of silver were "donated" to Cixi to build the Summer Palace. Cixi was therefore pleased to note that "this man is very good at doing things." [179-180]
According to the existing archives and documents, the cost of the Summer Palace project is about 8145,148 taels, which comes from the Navy's office of 7375,148 taels and the Prime Minister's Office of 770,000 taels. In addition to the "Navy money" interest silver 321,183 yuan originally raised for the Summer Palace project, the amount of naval yamen funds belonging to the nature of "misappropriation" is about 7053965 yuan, and the amount of "misappropriation" of coastal defense funds will not exceed 668,265 yuan. The Summer Palace project is not directly related to the timely development of the Beiyang Navy, "but under the circumstances that the Qing government prefers to spend huge sums of money on the construction of the Summer Palace and the pursuit of comfort and enjoyment, it is not surprising that the Beiyang Navy is difficult to achieve timely development." [187]

memorialize

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EDITOR
Subject article: Dingdong Mausoleum
Dingdong Mausoleum is the tomb of Empress Xiao Zhenxian (Ci 'an) and Empress Xiao Qinxian (Ci Xi) of Emperor Wenzong of Qing Dynasty. Because it is located on the east side of Xianfeng Dingling Mausoleum, it is called Dingdong Mausoleum. Ci 'an Mausoleum is located in Puxiang Yu, Cixi Mausoleum is located in Putuo Yu, to show the difference, Ci 'an Mausoleum is also called Puxiang Yu Ding Dong Mausoleum, Cixi Mausoleum is also called Putuo Yu Ding Dong Mausoleum. [153]
The construction of Dingdong Mausoleum began in the fifth year of Tongzhi (1866) and was completed in the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu (1908), which lasted forty-two years. The two tombs are side by side, with the same regulations. On the basis of Xiao Dong Mausoleum, the two mausoleums have added Shinto Pavilion and Xiamai stele, which are of excellent quality and can be called superior in the imperial mausoleum. In the seventh year of Guangxu (1881), Ci 'an died in March and was buried in September. In the 21st year of Guangxu (1895), Cixi rebuilt the Eastern Mausoleum of Ding at Putuo Yu on the grounds of disrepair. The Hall of Long Grace, the East and West side Halls, the Square City, and the Ming Building were all demolished and rebuilt, and the remaining buildings were overhauled, which lasted 13 years and was completed only a few days before Cixi's death. The restored Cixi Mausoleum is even more magnificent. [153]
Cixi was buried in the underground palace on the 4th of October in the first year of Xuantong (1909). In the 17th year of the Republic of China (1928), a shocking event occurred Sun Dian-ying East Tomb theft case The treasures of Cixi's mausoleum were looted, such as Emerald watermelon And a pearl as big as an egg in Cixi's mouth at the end of her life. [6] In 1979 and 1983, cultural relics workers cleaned the underground palace and the inner coffin. Today the above ground buildings and underground palace of Cixi Mausoleum are open to the public. [153]
( Atlas main source [153] )

Artistic image

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EDITOR

literature

drama

A given year
The title of the play
Actor or actress
Stage photo
1980
The outer history of the Qing Palace
Chen Qi [117]
2010
Deling and Cixi
Wang Mingquan [182]
2015
Fayuan Temple in Beijing
Xi Meijuan [120]
2016
Pattern mine
Yang Qi [239]
2019
Deling and Cixi
Lu Yan [118] [239] ; Jiang Shan (Mainland reproduction) [137]
Atlas part Source: [117-118] [137] [182] [239]

Movie and television play

  • movie
A given year
The title of the play
ACTORS
1940
Empress Cixi
Tan Lanqing [144]
1948
Secret history of the Qing Palace
Tang Ruoqing [100]
1950
The Legend of Martial Training
Wang Hanlun [23]
1952
Guangxu Emperor night festival Zhen Fei
Sister Lin [192]
1955
Song Jingshi
Lu Shan [34]
1962
Jia Wu Fengyun
White rose [60]
1963
Beijing 55 days
Flora Robson [98]
1964
The Queen Mother and the Royal Concubine
Mei Lee [35]
1972
Eight-nation allied forces
Li Lihua [145]
1975
The country is beautiful
Lu Yan [37] 36 -
1976
Yingtai wept blood
1981
My land, my people
Li Lifeng [146]
1982
Lament of the Qing Dynasty
Sun Yanqin [122]
1983
Emperor take care
Liu Huiling [237]
Burn the Old Summer Palace
Liu Xiaoqing [38 and 39]
Govern from behind a curtain
1984
Tan Sitong
Wang Yumei [123]
The Queen Mother and the Royal Concubine
Hu Jin [204]
1986
Sun Yat-sen and the founding hero
A surname [195]
1987
The Queen of two houses
Fang Shu [40]
The last emperor
Lu Yan [41]
1989
A demon queen
Liu Xiaoqing [42]
Tomb of the Night thief Zhenfei
Zhu Lin [124]
The first gun King
Wang Yumei [125]
Around the world for 80 days
Liang Shunyan [205]
1990
The man who married the palace
Siqin Gao Wa [43]
Secret history of Eunuchs
Meng Jin [44]
1991
Grand eunuch Li Lianying
Liu Xiaoqing [45]
1995
Fake emperor
Feng Bo-bo [47]
Cixi lived in secret
Qiu Shuzhen [48]
1996
Empress Dowager Lucky
Siqin Gao Wa [116]
2005
Dingjun Mountain
Lv Zhong [49]
2006
Huizhou Hongling
Che Yongli [236]
2009
Royal tattoo
Wang Qian [97]
2012
The Sino-Japanese Naval Battle of 1894
Lv Liping [50]
Cloud Brocade
Lv Zhong [126]
2014
The Battle of Zhenhai
Wu Qianqian [127]
2019
The sweet Goggles are here
Qin LAN [202]
  • teleplay
A given year
The title of the play
ACTORS
1975
Dream of the Qing Palace
Zhang Bingyu [196]
1976
Ten Assassins
Manchurian pear
Destiny of Rebirth
Chen Shali [203]
1981
Double print legend
Chen Shali
1982
Imperial Concubine Yi
Jiang Baoying [128]
Senior general
Liang Shunyan [193]
1983
The young Lady Cixi
Liu Xuehua [51]
1986
A biography of Cixi
Huynm
Four curious cases in the late Qing Dynasty
Liang Shunyan [238]
1988
pyrrhine
The last emperor
Zhu Lin [52]
Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
Han Ma Li [53]
1990
Yang Naiwu and little cabbage
Wang frequency [223]
The blood of the 13th Qing Dynasty stained the Forbidden City
Granular snow [235]
Last generation romance
Zhang Bingyu [197 ]
1991
pyrrhine
A surname [234]
1992
The North Ocean Navy
Yuan Mei [233]
The Manchu Dynasty's 13 emperors fought for the dangerous city
Ouyang Peishan [232]
The last emperor's grandson
Zhang Bingyu [129]
1993
A joke about Cixi
Cong Shan [54]
Battle of Magan
Xie Fang [231]
1994
A record of Qi numbers in the Qing Palace
Liang Xiaobing [230]
1995
Cixi goes west
Deng Jie [229]
Governor Zhang Zhidong
Xie Fang [58]
1996
Hu Xueyan
Jo Kyu A [206]
Zombie Leader II
Chen Jingyun [228]
Royal orphan
Wang Yumei [198]
1997
Sunset Forbidden City
Siqin Gao Wa [57]
Mihanako
Xie Fang [58]
Prince Song Shijie
Guo Shaoyun [226]
The Secret of Cixi
Siqin Gao Wa [130]
1998
Hundred Days' Movement
Zheng Zhenyao [59]
Happy dragon
Chen Shali [225]
The first and Second Land Battles
Song Chunli
Zuo Zongtang
Xi Meijuan [194]
The scent of laurel
Zhang Bingyu [196]
1999
The royal family
Zhang Kaili [224]
Money King
Siqin Gao Wa [61]
Prince Song Shijie II
Guo Shaoyun [227]
2000
Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
Gai Lili [223]
Blue demon
Li Mingqi [62]
Imperial sword
Zhang Yongqi [63]
zoetrope
Li Bin [99]
2001
Sun Yat-sen
Xi Meijuan [222]
The Grand Mansion Gate
Jo Kyu A [65]
Dashilan
Lv Liping [66]
2002
King of medicine in Qing Dynasty
Xi Meijuan [67]
The ugliest in the world
gazelle [68]
Thirteen cases
Lv Liping [69]
ermine
Pang Min [114]
Lian Hualuo
Wen Zhengrong [115]
Die in peace
Yang Jing [199]
2003
Move towards republicanism
Lv Zhong [64]
Tai long stamp
Han Zaifen [221]
Healer Hilele
Song Xiaoying [70]
Liu Mingchuan, the first governor of Taiwan
Siqin Gao Wa [71-72]
Unsalted women
goldfinger
Fan Yanhua [73]
2004
A hundred years of vicissitudes
Siqin Gao Wa [74]
Lingnan Medicine Man
Ma Li [75]
The cook is an official
Li Mingqi [78]
2005
A curtain of dark dreams
Tao Hong [76]
Be a slave all one's life
Yuan Li [77]
Big Brother Po Chun
Zheng Zhenyao [220]
A rich family with golden branches
gazelle [79]
2006
Qiao family compound
Lv Zhong [80-81]
Princess Deling
Neither dragon nor phoenix
Deng Jie [82]
The imperial harem of the Qing Dynasty is a pearl
Zhao Ke [219]
The cabbage case
Pan Hong [218]
Connect the whole world
Kanghua County (Youth) [84]
Cheng Kewei (middle-aged) [84] [217]
Drunken man Zhang SAN
Fang Xiaoli [190]
2007
Ship management cloud
Han Zaifen [85]
Gengzi Fengyun
Chen Shali [86]
Embroider Niang orchid
Pan Hong [87]
The final grid
Hong Xin [88]
Luogu lane
Song Xiaoying [89]
Xun Huisheng
Anita Law [216]
Master martial arts student
Lyugge [135]
2006
True and false prince
Han Ying [136]
2008
Daliong vein
Arya [213]
The strong men are on the march
Xie Fang [90]
Taiwan 1895
Pan Hong [212]
The Dongling Bandit
Xu Qiaomin [131]
2009
Hundred-year virtual cloud
Siqin Gao Wa [211]
2010
Pleiades of the firmament
Kan Qingzi (Youth) [210]
Yuko Tanaka (middle-aged) [91]
teahouse
Lv Zhong [209]
The hearts and minds of heaven and earth
Li Xinling [24]
2011
Gun siege
Lv Zhong [92]
The curious case of the cabbage
Jiang Shan [83]
2012
The setting sun of red walls and green tiles
Zhu Ziwen [214]
Bounty hunter
Pan Hong [93]
Grand eunuch
Granular snow [55]
Flowers of Women
Jian Pei 'en [207]
2013
Thirteen Ge Ge New biography
Zhu Yuanyuan [56]
The legend of the healer
Wang Shuqin [94]
The legend of the Last Emperor
GUI Yalei [113]
Tra Son
Keng Ngai [132]
Unique hero
Liu Jia [133]
The men of the Ironclad
Wu Mian [147]
2014
There is a sea in the east.
Lv Liping [134]
2016
The last imperial physician
Rowland [215]
Dragon locomotive
Wang Ji [191]
2017
The full moon was in bloom that year
Xi Meijuan [95]
Dragon War
Fan Zhibo [96]
2019
The Hollokons
Wang Liyun [148]
2020
Xuanwumen
Siqin Gao Wa [119]
2023
Ding Baozhen
Ma Rui [178]
《走向共和》中的慈禧（吕中饰）
Cixi (Lu Zhong) in Toward the Republic
《走向共和》中的慈禧（吕中饰）
Cixi (Lu Zhong) in Toward the Republic
《垂帘听政》中的慈禧（刘晓庆饰）
Ci Xi (Liu Xiaoqing) in "Government Under the Curtain"
《火烧圆明园》中的慈禧（刘晓庆饰）
Ci Xi (Liu Xiaoqing) in Burning the Old Summer Palace
《苍穹之昴》中的慈禧（田中裕子饰）
Cixi (Yuko Tanaka) in "The Pleiades of the Sky"
《苍穹之昴》中的慈禧（田中裕子饰）
Cixi (Yuko Tanaka) in "The Pleiades of the Sky"
《倾国倾城》中的慈禧（卢燕饰）
Ci Xi (Lu Yan) in The Fall of the Nation
《末代皇帝》中的慈禧（卢燕饰）
Cixi (Lu Yan) in The Last Emperor
《大清药王》中的慈禧（奚美娟饰）
Ci Xi (Xi Meijuan) in Emperor Medicine of the Qing Dynasty
《那年花开月正圆》中的慈禧（奚美娟饰）
Ci Xi (Xi Meijuan) in "That Year's Full Moon"
《日落紫禁城》中的慈禧（斯琴高娃饰）
Ci Xi (Siqin Gaowa) in Sunset Over the Forbidden City
《沧海百年》中的慈禧（左，斯琴高娃饰）
Cixi (left, played by Siqin Gaowa) in "A Hundred Years of Sea"
《慈禧秘密生活》中的慈禧（邱淑贞饰）
Cixi (Qiu Shuzhen) in The Secret Life of Cixi
《一生为奴》中的慈禧（袁立饰）
Cixi (Yuan Li) in A Lifetime as a Slave
《绣娘兰馨》中的慈禧（潘虹饰）
Cixi (Pan Hong) in Embroider Niang Orchid Xin
《满清十三皇朝》中的慈禧（米雪饰）
Cixi (Mi Xue) in The Thirteen Emperors of the Qing Dynasty
《大太监》中的慈禧（米雪饰）
Cixi (Michelle) in The Grand Eunuch
《宋景诗》中的慈禧（路珊饰）
Ci Xi (Lu Shan) in Song Jing Poem
《少女慈禧》中的慈禧（刘雪华饰）
Cixi (Liu Xuehua) in The Young Lady Cixi
《庚子风云》中的慈禧（陈莎莉饰）
Cixi (Sally Chen) in The Boxer Festival
《大龙邮票》中的慈禧（韩再芬饰）
Cixi (Han Zaifen) in The Big Dragon Stamp
《太平天国》中的慈禧（盖丽丽饰）
Cixi (Gai Lili) in Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
《两宫皇太后》中的慈禧（方舒饰）
Cixi (Fang Shu) in The Empress Dowager of Two Palaces
《一帘幽梦》中的慈禧（陶虹饰）
Cixi (Tao Hong) in A Dream Behind a Curtain
《戏说慈禧》中的慈禧（丛珊饰）
Cixi (Cong Shan) in A Play About Cixi
《慈禧西行》中的慈禧（邓婕饰）
Cixi (Deng Jie) in "Cixi Goes West"
《末代皇帝传奇》中的慈禧（归亚蕾饰）
Ci Xi (GUI Yalei) in The Legend of the Last Emperor
《神医喜来乐》中的慈禧（宋晓英饰）
Ci Xi (Song Xiaoying) in The Divine Doctor's Joy
《一八九四·甲午大海战》中的慈禧（吕丽萍饰）
Cixi (Lu Liping is acted the role of) in "1894 · The Sino-Japanese Sea Battle"
《大宅门》中的慈禧（赵奎娥饰）
Ci Xi (Cho Kyu-ah) in The Grand Mansion Gate
《厨子当官》中的慈禧（李明启饰）
Ci Xi (Li Mingqi) in The Cook as an Official
《神医喜来乐传奇》中的慈禧（王书勤饰）
Ci Xi (Wang Shuqin) in The Legend of the Divine Doctor's Joy
《大太监》中的慈禧（米雪饰）
Cixi (Michelle) in The Grand Eunuch
《十三格格新传》中的慈禧（朱媛媛饰）
Cixi (Zhu Yuanyuan) in The New Biography of Thirteen Ge Ge
《十三格格》中的慈禧（吕丽萍饰）
Cixi (Lu Liping) in Thirteen Ge Ge
《独有英雄》中的慈禧（刘佳饰）
Cixi (Liu Jia) in Only Heroes
《云之锦》中的慈禧（吕中饰）
Ci Xi (Lu Zhong) in The Brocade of Clouds
《镇海保卫战》中的慈禧（邬倩倩饰）
Ci Xi (Wu Qianqian) in the Battle of Zhenhai
《东方有大海》中的慈禧（吕丽萍饰）
Ci Xi (Lu Liping) in The Sea in the East
《茶颂》中的慈禧（景宜饰）
Ci Xi (Jing Yi) in "Ode to Tea"
《东陵大盗》中的慈禧（徐巧敏饰）
Ci Xi (Xu Qiaomin) in The Thief of the Eastern Tomb
《真假王爷》中的慈禧（韩影饰）
Cixi in The True and False Prince (played by Han Ying)
《大武生》中的慈禧（柳格格饰）
Cixi (Liu Gege) in Master Wu Sheng

ANIMATIONS

A given year
ANIMATIONS
Voice actor
Stage photo
1991
" Cixi took the train " [201]
-
1997
" Chinese little masters! " [208]
-
2007
" Chef Fukuki "
Yuan Wenjun [200]

Historical data index

broadcast
EDITOR
" Clear record Xianfeng, Tongzhi, Guangxu Dynasty
" Draft of Qing Dynasty history Volume 214: The Legend of the Empress [7]
Hit the road
Growth task Introduction to editing Editing rule Edit by oneselfnew
I have a question.
Content questioning Online customer service Official post bar feedback
Complaint and suggestion
Report bad information The article was not appealed Complaint infringement information Blocked query and unblocked

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