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Libya

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State of Libya
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The State of Libya (Arabic: The country of Libya), referred to as "Libya", is North Africa A country located in Mediterranean South Bank, with Egypt , Sudan , Chad , The Niger , Algeria with Tunisia It's adjacent. With an area of 1.76 million square kilometers, it is the capital Tripoli With an area of 1.76 million square kilometers, Population 7.2 million (2023) [29] , mainly Arab , followed by The Berbers The country is divided into 22 provinces and 3 regions. [1]
In the third century BC, Libyans In revolt The Carthage Empire The struggle to rule had established unity Kingdom of Numidia . [1] In the 7th century, Arab defeat The Byzantines , conquer The Berbers Have brought Arab culture and Islam . [1] In the 16th century, Ottoman Empire Storm and capture Tripolitania (now western Libya) and Cyrenaica , took control of the coastal areas. [1] In 1912, Libya was in Italian-turkish War Later become Italian colonies . [1] In early 1943, France and Britain occupied northern and southern Libya respectively. World War II Later, by The United Nations Exercise jurisdiction over the entire territory of Libya. On December 24, 1951, Libya declared its independence federalism The United Kingdom of Libya, later renamed Kingdom of Libya . [1] September 1, 1969, to Gaddafi Led by the "Free Officers Organization" launched a coup and overthrew The Idriss Dynasty , be established Libyan Arab Republic . In March 1977, the country was renamed the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. In April 1986, the country was renamed Greater Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya . In 2011, the Gaddafi regime was overthrown. In May 2013, the name was changed to the State of Libya. [1] After the overthrow of the Gaddafi government, Libya fell into a long-term state of division and instability, national strength decline, governance failure, and obsolete infrastructure. [24]
Libya is still in transition, political instability, frequent violence. 2022 in Libya Gross domestic product 38.8 billion dollars, Gross domestic product per capita $5,465, GDP growth rate -5.5%. [1]
Chinese name
State of Libya [1]
Foreign name
State of Libya [1] (English)
The upgrade device consists of ‎‎ and axle axle (in Arabic)
Abbreviated form
Libya
continent
Africa
capital
Tripoli [1]
Major city
Benghazi , Sirte , Ajdabiya , Tobruk Etc. [1]
National Day
December 24, 1951 [1]
National song
Libya, Libya, Libya
Country code
LBY
Official language
Arabic [1]
currency
The Libyan dinar [1]
Time zone
UTC+2
Political system
Presidential republic
National leader
Manfi [20] (Chairman of the Libyan Presidential Council)
Population number
7.2 million [29] (2023)
Population density
3.9 persons/km2 [9] (2020)
Major nationality
Arab , The Berbers [1]
Major religion
Islam [1] (Sunni)
Land area
1760000 km² [1]
Total GDP
$44.1 billion [29] (2023)
Per capita GDP
$6,125 [29] (2023)
International telephone area code
218
International domain name abbreviation
.ly
Road access
Drive on the right
Largest city
Tripoli
alias
Desert kingdom
The national flower
Pomegranate flower

catalogue

  1. 1Historical evolution
  2. ▪Ancient times
  3. ▪Modern times
  4. ▪Greater Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
  5. ▪War in Libya
  6. ▪Post-gaddafi era
  7. 2Geographical environment
  8. ▪Regional location
  9. ▪landform
  10. ▪Climatic characteristics
  11. ▪Drainage distribution
  12. ▪Time zone
  13. 3Natural resources
  14. 4Administrative division
  15. ▪regionalization
  16. ▪Major city
  17. 5National symbol
  1. ▪Country name
  2. ▪flag
  3. ▪National emblem
  4. ▪National anthem
  5. 6Population nationality
  6. 7political
  7. ▪Political situation
  8. ▪constitution
  9. ▪congress
  10. ▪government
  11. ▪judiciary
  12. ▪Political party
  13. ▪dignitaries
  14. 8economy
  15. ▪summarize
  16. ▪industry
  17. ▪agriculture
  18. ▪Finance and finance
  1. ▪foreign trade
  2. ▪Foreign capital
  3. ▪Foreign aid
  4. 9culture
  5. ▪Language
  6. ▪religion
  7. ▪diet
  8. ▪Festivals
  9. ▪custom
  10. 10Military affairs
  11. ▪Before the Libyan War
  12. ▪After the Libyan war
  13. 11traffic
  14. ▪highroad
  15. ▪railway
  16. ▪Air freight
  17. ▪Water transport
  18. ▪conduit
  1. 12society
  2. ▪medium
  3. ▪education
  4. ▪Medical treatment
  5. ▪communication
  6. ▪electricity
  7. 13diplomacy
  8. ▪Foreign policy
  9. ▪External relations
  10. ▪UN sanctions against Libya
  11. 14travel
  12. ▪Main attraction
  13. ▪World heritage site
  14. ▪Visa processing

Historical evolution

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Ancient times

In the third century BC, Libyans were rebelling The Carthage Empire The struggle to rule had established unity Kingdom of Numidia .
In the 7th century, Arab defeat The Byzantines Conquered the local Berber people, brought Arab culture And Islam.
In the 16th century, Ottoman Empire Capture Tripolitania and Cyrenaica , took control of the coastal areas.

Modern times

Subject article: Libyan war against Italy , The Idriss Dynasty
In 1912, Libya was in Italian-turkish War Later become Italian colonies .
In early 1943, France and Britain occupied northern and southern Libya respectively. World War II After that, the United Nations will exercise jurisdiction over the entire territory of Libya.
On December 24, 1951, Libya declared its independence federalism The United Kingdom, Idris the First To be king.
Italian colonizers in Libya, Libya is located in the North African battlefield is an important turning point in World War II

Greater Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

Subject article: September Revolution , Greater Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
September 1, 1969, to Gaddafi Led by the "Free Officers Organization" launched September Revolution , overturn The Idriss Dynasty The Libyan Arab Republic was established.
In March 1977, the country was renamed the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. In April 1986, the country was renamed Greater Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya . Gaddafi's Libya was the most developed country in the north of Africa and would aid other African countries. [12]
When Gaddafi came to power, the Libyan government held 143 tons of gold reserves, Gaddafi wanted to create a pan-African currency to rival the current global dollar system. Libya's huge oil production, too America Reasons for military intervention in Libya's internal affairs. [2]
There is a long history of bad blood between the United States and the Gadhafi regime. In June 1970, Libya announced the return of the United States military base near the Libyan capital Tripoli. In 1980, the United States declared Libya a "state of emergency." State sponsors of terrorism And closed its embassy in Libya. In 1981, U.S. Navy planes shot down two Libyan planes and the two countries broke off diplomatic relations. In 1986, he was president of the United States Regan He ordered the suspension of economic and trade relations with Libya and the freezing of Libyan assets in the United States. Since then, there have been a series of military conflicts between the United States and Libya, Regan Ordered air strikes on Libya. December 1988, United States Pan American Airways A Boeing 747 exploded, killing 259 passengers on board and 11 people on the ground Lockerbie air disaster The United States blamed two Libyan intelligence officers (who have never confessed).
The United States government is beating Saddam After that, in the so-called "post-war reconstruction" deeper and deeper, so as to adopt a policy of conciliation to Gaddafi. And Gaddafi, in the case of deterrence and inducement, also chose to back down.
In 1999, Libya agreed to hand over two suspects to the United Nations for trial.
In the early 21st century, the United States has begun to move away from Iraq Get away, and there is Egypt The coup is such a good opportunity that the United States will take the opportunity to push Gaddafi to step down.
On September 12, 2003, United Nations Security Council By a vote of 13 in favor, with two abstentions, Resolution 1506 lifted 11 years of U.N. sanctions imposed on Libya for the 1988 Lockerbie bombing and the 1989 United Airlines disaster.
Former Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi and his son Mutassim attend the 40th anniversary of the September revolution

War in Libya

Subject article: War in Libya , UN Security Council Resolution 1970 , Battle of Sirte
From February 16, 2011, there were protests in many cities in Libya, demanding the resignation of the Gaddafi government, and the protests spread to the whole country and evolved into armed conflicts; On March 17, the United Nations decided to establish a presence in Libya No-fly zone Western countries led by France and the United States launched a campaign against Libya. Odyssey Dawn Military action; On August 21st the rebels entered Tripoli; Two days later, the capture of Gaddafi's symbol of power Bab al-Azizia The Gaddafi regime officially collapsed and the opposition became the ruling authority in Libya. [3]
The green flag of the Libyan Jamahiriya was lowered to mark the end of Gaddafi's 42-year rule
On October 20, the ruling regime said it had fully captured Gaddafi's last remaining strongholds Sirte Gaddafi and his son Mutassim He was taken prisoner and died. [3] [28] The ruling authorities armed the two bodies to Misrata A meat freezer was displayed to the public for four days before being buried in secret. After Gaddafi's death, Libya fell apart. [2]
January 9, 2013 Libyan National Congress Formally approved the decision to cease the use of the name "Greater Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya" and to change the name to "the State of Libya".

Post-gaddafi era

In March 2011, the United States and its Allies launched air strikes against Libyan government forces to help rebels topple Muammar Gaddafi's regime, and Libya subsequently fell into a prolonged civil strife. [21]
Since 2014, there have been two camps in Libya, the eastern region led by retired general Haftar, and the western region is an anti-Haftar "Libya Dawn" camp formed by a number of militia groups. [26] Recognized by the United Nations Libyan Government of National Unity With forces backing it controlling parts of the west, Libyan National Congress Allied with the "National Army", it mainly controlled the eastern and central regions. [21] Both camps receive support and assistance from different countries. The western government's main supporters were Türkiye , Qatar , Sudan The countries that support the "national Army" in the east are mainly The United Arab Emirates , Egypt , Saudi Arabia . [26] The contradiction between these armed forces intensified, and Libya fell into long-term turmoil, which seriously hindered Libya's economic and social development, affected its oil production, and caused economic contraction. [24]
On December 19, 2018, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank in Peking Announced that its Governing Council had approved a new group of six prospective members, including Libya. [4]
On September 10, 2023, Hurricane Daniel It landed on the Mediterranean coast of eastern Libya and triggered flood , causing the eastern city Derna , Bayda And Shehat suffered heavy casualties. The city of Derna, 1,300 kilometers east of the Libyan capital Tripoli, was the hardest hit, with nearly a quarter of the city's coastal area destroyed by flooding and the densely populated city center severely damaged, with almost all buildings toppled by the floods. [22] Flooding caused by the cyclone has killed more than 5,500 people in eastern Libya, injured more than 7,000 and left some 10,000 missing. [23] International Organization for Migration Figures show that more than 40,000 people in northeastern Libya have been displaced by the disaster. According to Libyan authorities, 150 people in the disaster area have been poisoned by drinking contaminated water. In addition, landmines and other munitions left over from years of conflict have been washed out of the water, posing unpredictable security risks to the local population. [24] According to data released by relevant Libyan departments, more than 70% of the infrastructure in the affected areas of eastern Libya has been damaged, 11 Bridges have collapsed and 50% of roads have been damaged. [24] The "worst natural disaster in Libya since the last century" caused heavy casualties and property damage, adding to the woes of the chronically unstable country. [24]
A view of the devastated area in Derna, Libya, September 2023 [24]

Geographical environment

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Regional location

Libya is located in northern Africa at 9°-25° E and 18°-33° N. Libya has an area of 1,759,540 square kilometers and is 1,196.81 kilometers east-west (from Ghat to Al Kufrah in the east) and 922.25 kilometers north-south (from Zawiyah to Ghan in the south). It borders Egypt and Sudan to the east, Tunisia and Algeria to the west, Niger and Chad to the south, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north, with a coastline of more than 1,900 kilometers. [5] [18]
Subdivisions of Libya

landform

More than 95% of the entire territory of Libya is desert and semi-desert, the coastal and northeastern inland areas are plains below 200 meters above sea level, and other areas are basically covered with sand and gravel, for the north-sloping plateau and inland basin. The highest elevation is 2267 m (at Bikku Bitti), the plateau is dotted with mountains ranging from 500 m to 1,500 m above sea level, and the lowest elevation is -47 m (at Sabkhat Ghuzayyi). Kotaka Hoa Italy Facing each other across the sea, there is no perennial river or large lake in the territory, but the groundwater resources are rich, and the well spring is widely distributed, becoming the main water source. [18]

Climatic characteristics

The northern coast of Libya has a subtropical Mediterranean climate with warm and rainy winters and hot and dry summers. In summer, it is often affected by the dry hot air from the southern Sahara Desert, and the temperature can be as high as 50℃ or more. The average annual precipitation is 100-600 mm. The inland area has a tropical desert climate with dry heat and little rain. Seasonal and diurnal temperature differences are large, the average temperature in winter is 15℃, the average temperature in summer is 35℃; The average annual precipitation is less than 100 mm; middle Sabha It's one of the driest places in the world. [18]
Hurricane Daniel It made landfall on the Mediterranean coast of eastern Libya on September 10, 2023 and caused flooding, causing eastern cities Derna , Bayda And Shehat suffered heavy casualties. [21] Daniel landed on the eastern coast of Libya, and many parts of Libya saw 150 to 240 mm of rainfall per day, which is equivalent to Libya's annual rainfall. Even since the beginning of meteorological records, Libya has never recorded more than 100 millimeters of rain in 24 hours. Daniel dropped 400 millimeters of rain in 24 hours on Libya's northeastern coast, compared with 1.5 millimeters for the entire month of September. The United Nations said the city of Bayda, nearly 100 kilometers from the city of Derna, set a new record of 414.1 millimeters of rainfall a day. [25]
A true color composite image of the Fengyun 3D star, showing a hurricane hitting Libya [21]

Drainage distribution

There are no permanent rivers or lakes in Libya. wellspring It is widely distributed and is the main water source. [18]

Time zone

At 12:00 GMT, it is 1400 hours in Libya, that is, 20 hours in Beijing time. [5]

Natural resources

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Mainly oil, Libya's oil reserves of 43 billion barrels, followed by natural gas, proved reserves of 1.54 trillion cubic meters, ranking fourth in Africa. At present, affected by the blockade of oil ports in the eastern region, Libya's oil production has dropped from 1.3 million barrels per day before the war to about 200,000 barrels per day. Other resources are gypsum, iron (reserves of 2-3 billion tons), potassium, manganese, phosphate, copper, tin, sulfur iodine, bauxite and so on.
Coastal aquatic products are mainly tuna, sardines, sponges and so on. The total forest area of the country is 2200 square kilometers. [18]

Administrative division

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regionalization

In 1990, Libya was reorganized into seven governorates (Sharala, Bayan Olu, Five Points, Bayan Olu). Gulf of Sirte Tripoli, Green Hill, West Hill), under the 42 districts. In 1998, Libya was divided into 26 provinces. In 2002, the number was increased to 28 provinces and two territories. [1]
Main cities: Tripoli , Benghazi , Misrata , Zawiyah , Sabha , Bayda , Ajdabiya , Derna , Tobruk , Al Marj , Zlitan . [5]

Major city

The capital city of TRIPOLI, located on the northwest coast, is the country's largest city with a population of 1.17 million (2022); It is the political, cultural and commercial center of Libya, and one of the important ports of Libya, and the annual volume of imported goods accounts for 60% of the total imports of the country, up to 5 million tons. Other major cities are:
Tripoli
The city of Benghazi. Libya's second largest city, located on the northeast coast, about 1,000 kilometers from the city of Tripoli, with a population of more than 1 million; It is an important commercial city and port in Libya, and the annual volume of imported goods accounts for 30% of the country's imported goods. Benghazi was the capital of the Libyan kingdom and the birthplace of the Libyan revolution in February 2011. In 2013, the National Oil Company (NOC), Libyan Airlines, the Libyan Insurance Company and the Libyan National Investment Company moved from Tripoli to Benghazi.
The city of Surt. A rising coastal city, about 600 km from Tripoli. The main institutions of the Libyan government are located here.
The city of Misurata. Located 240 km east of Tripoli and home to Libya's only steel complex, the city prospered with the construction of steel mills and ancillary facilities. It has a population of over 400,000.
The city of Rasalunuf. Located 300 kilometers west of Benghazi city, is an important oil export port, built Libya's largest refinery, with a designed capacity of 220,000 barrels of crude oil per day; It has also built the largest joint chemical enterprise in Africa, with a design capacity of 160,000 tons of polyethylene per year.
The city of Burayqah. It is an important chemical industry city with petrochemical plants such as ammonia water plant, urea plant, methanol plant and vinyl plant.
The city of Sebha. A city of southern Libya, located in the southwestern desert region, 740 kilometers south of Tripoli. It has a population of over 100,000. [18]

National symbol

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Country name

Under Gaddafi, the country was called Greater Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (The Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya), in 2011, Gaddafi's regime was overthrown and the country was tentatively named Libya. January 9, 2013 Libyan National Congress The decision to stop using the name "Greater Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya" was officially approved, with reports saying lawmakers approved "State of Libya" as the current name of the country, which will remain in use until a new constitution is in place. "This decision was taken so that the government can revise all official documents, which still use the former name of the country," a parliamentary leadership source said. The country derives its name from Greek language It means "the place where the white people live".

flag

Subject article: Flag of Libya
Flag of Libya
The flag of Libya is red, black and green. The black band in the middle represents Cyrenaica Area, twice as wide as the red and green strips. The crescent moon and five-pointed star in the center of the black band are the traditional symbols of most Arab Muslim countries, and this design is derived from the black-ground five-pointed crescent flag of the Senusi Muslim sect. The red band represents Fezzan The region also symbolizes the blood of the people; And the green band represents Tripolitania Area sum Islam It is also a symbol of prosperity.

National emblem

Subject article: Emblem of Libya
Since the Libyan civil war in 2011, the Libyan government has not yet designed a new national emblem. Since 2013, Libyan embassies and passports have used the star and moon emblem as the national emblem.
On March 16, 2021, the new Libyan Government of National Unity officially took office. [13] According to the Libyan government network information, the government adopted include the patterns of the crescent moon and the stars, and surrounded by Arabic: ح ك organisation م ة an ل organisation ح د ة an ل organisation ط ن ي ة - د organisation ل ة ل ي ب ي an "national unity government - the" new national emblem. [14]

National anthem

Libya, Libya, Libya
Chinese lyrics:
My country! My country!
In my stubborn struggle,
With my unremitting efforts,
To crush enemies and doom,
Got to get over it, got to get over it because we paid the price,
Libya! Libya! Libya!
My country is the legacy of my ancestors,
May Allah cut off the hands that hurt you.
We will always be your soldiers,
You don't care who fails as long as you survive.
We solemnly swear to you,
We will not let you be bullied again.
We are free, we have freed our country,
Libya! Libya! Libya!

Population nationality

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7.1 million (2022), mostly Arabs, followed by Berbers. Arabic is the national language. The vast majority of the inhabitants follow Islam. [1]

political

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Political situation

In February 2011, the situation in Libya continued to turmoil, and after the popular demonstrations were suppressed by the authorities, it quickly evolved into Libyan civil war . Opposition forces set up in eastern city of Benghazi Libyan National Transitional Council "In opposition to the Gaddafi regime. The United Nations Security Council adopted resolutions 1970 and 1973, imposing sanctions on Libya and authorizing the establishment of a "war zone" in Libya. No-fly zone ". North Atlantic Treaty Organization Military action against Libya followed. On August 20, the "National Transitional Council" captured Tripoli. On October 20, Gaddafi was captured and killed.
The transitional Government of Libya was established on 22 November 2011, and elections for the National Assembly (Constituent Assembly) were successfully organized in July 2012. Mohammed Yousef Margref Mohammed Yousuf Magarief was the first Speaker of the National Assembly (interim Head of State). The NTC transferred power peacefully to the National Assembly. In October, the National Assembly was elected Ali Zeidan Ali Zidan became prime minister of the interim government, which was sworn in in November. In May 2013, the National Assembly passed a law on Political segregation, which barred those who had held senior positions in the Gaddafi regime from taking up important positions in the new regime, and Maghref announced his resignation. In June, the National Assembly was elected Nuri ABU Sahmin Nouri Abusahmin is the new speaker. In March 2014, Zeidan was dismissed by the National Assembly as Prime Minister and became Minister of defense in the interim government Abdullah Sani Abdullah Thinni is acting prime minister. In June, Libya held elections for the National Congress (a new constituent assembly), the final election results were announced in July, and the National Congress was held in the eastern city of Libya in August Tobruk Hold the first meeting.
Since May 2014, the political and military struggles of various factions in Libya have become increasingly fierce, and the situation has deteriorated sharply. The international community, especially the United Nations, has gradually stepped up its mediation efforts and hosted several meetings International Conference on Libya . In December 2015, the Libyan parties signed the Libyan Political Agreement in Morocco, establishing the Prime Minister's Council and forming it Libyan Government of National Unity . In early 2016, the Council of Prime Ministers twice submitted the draft list of the National unity government to the National Assembly, but both were rejected. The Government of national unity was never recognized by the National Assembly. In 2017, Ghassan Salameh served as the UN Secretary-General's Special Representative for Libya, proposing a roadmap for the settlement of the Libyan issue. In May 2018, France proposed the convening of an international conference on Libya, after which all factions in Libya issued the Paris Declaration and reached a preliminary consensus on holding general elections within the year. From late August to mid-September, large-scale armed conflicts broke out again in Tripoli, the capital of Libya. The parties to the conflict reached a ceasefire agreement on 26 September, mediated by the United Nations. In mid-November 2018, the International Conference on Libya initiated by the Italian government was held in Palermo, the capital of Sicily. Special Representative Salmai proposed a three-step plan to advance Libya's political transition, namely, the national dialogue, constitutional referendum, and presidential and parliamentary elections in the first half of 2019.
In April 2019, the eastern Libyan National Army attacked the capital Tripoli controlled by the Government of National Unity in the name of counter-terrorism, and the two sides continued to fight fiercely around the capital. In November, Prime Minister Sarraj of the National Unity Government visited Turkey and signed two cooperation documents on security cooperation and maritime demarcation with Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan. On January 5th, 2020, Türkiye The announcement of the deployment of troops to Libya at the request of the Government of national unity triggered strong opposition from regional countries and many European countries. On January 6, the eastern National Army announced the capture of the coastal city of Sirte and continued to advance westward, confronting the Government of National Unity in the suburbs of the capital Tripoli. On January 19, the Berlin Summit on the Libyan issue held and issued a communique, calling for a lasting ceasefire in Libya, the resumption of the political process, strict implementation of the arms embargo against Libya, and opposition to external interference in Libya. On February 12, the Security Council adopted Resolution 2510, endorsing the communique of the Berlin Summit. On April 27, Haftar, commander of the National Army, announced that the "Libyan Political Agreement" signed at the end of 2015 was invalid, and the National Army would take over the country's power according to the mandate of the Libyan people, which was opposed by the United States, Russia, France, Turkey and the European Union. Since then, the National unity Government, with the support of Turkey, has gradually recovered strategic areas in the west, regained control of the capital Tripoli and continued to pursue east, refusing to negotiate with the national Army. The National Army retreated east to confront the Government of National Unity on the Sirte-Jufra line in central Libya. The international community has actively mediated and urged the various factions to resume negotiations. The United Nations has urged the two sides of the conflict in Libya to hold negotiations on the "5+5" joint military commission. On October 23, the United Nations brokered a ceasefire agreement between the two sides in the conflict. In November, the UN-led Political Dialogue Forum held its first meeting in Tunis to push for consensus on political arrangements and announced that general elections would be held on December 24, 2021.
On February 5, 2021, the Political Dialogue Forum elected a new Presidential Council and Prime Minister of the transitional Government, with Mohamed Yunus Manfi, former ambassador to Greece, elected chairman of the Presidential Council and Abdelhamid Debaiba, leader of the Future Movement political party, elected Prime Minister of the transitional Government. On March 10, Libya's new transitional government, the Government of National Unity, was established through a vote of confidence in the National Congress, taking over from the Government of National unity until the national election day on December 24, 2021. On June 23, Germany and the United Nations hosted the second Berlin Conference on Libya and issued a communique, stressing support for the Libyan transitional Government and relevant parties to actively promote the holding of general elections on schedule, and urging foreign armed personnel and mercenaries to withdraw from Libya as soon as possible. On November 12, France, Germany, Italy and the United Nations co-hosted the Paris Summit on Libya, calling for support for the political transition process in Libya and the holding of elections on schedule. Due to the sharp contradictions among the various factions in Libya, the general election could not be held as scheduled. In February 2022, the Eastern National Congress elected former Interior Minister Bashaga as Prime Minister to form a new transitional government, and the current national unity Government Prime Minister Debaiba refused to hand over power. In May, Bashaja tried to enter the capital Tripoli to take over the government, and serious clashes broke out between his forces and those under Debaiba, and Bashaja was forced to withdraw from the capital and retire to the central city of Sirte to perform his duties. In August, armed clashes broke out again in the capital between forces supporting the eastern and western governments.
In January 2023, under the mediation of the United Nations and Egypt, the National Congress and the Supreme Council of the State held consultations in Cairo on the holding of national elections and the formulation of the draft constitution, announcing that 95% of the draft Constitution had been agreed on, and submitting the disputed provisions to a referendum for decision. In February, the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General for Libya, Al-Bathily, proposed a new plan to set up a "high-level Steering committee for elections" to promote the holding of general elections in 2023, and the Security Council issued a presidential statement to support this. In April, the National Assembly and the Supreme Council of the State established a "6+6" joint election committee to consult on the electoral law and other issues in order to promote the implementation of the electoral roadmap. In May, the National Congress replaced Prime Minister Bashaga of the eastern government and appointed Hamad as the new prime minister. In June, Libyan factions held consultations on the draft constitution in Morocco. In September, Hurricane Daniel hit eastern Libya and caused floods, causing heavy casualties and property losses. In October, the National Assembly deliberated and passed the presidential and parliamentary election law, but the Supreme Council of the State objected and announced its withdrawal from the "6+6" election joint committee. In March 2024, under the auspices of the Arab League, the Presidential Council, the National Assembly and the Supreme Council of the State held tripartite talks. In April, the UN Secretary-General's Special Representative for Libya resigned. [29]

constitution

A provisional constitution was enacted in December 1969. In 1973, Gaddafi launched a "cultural revolution" and announced the suspension of all existing laws.
In August 2011, the National Transitional Council (NTC) issued a Constitutional Declaration to play an interim constitutional role in the political transition phase. The Constitutional Declaration stipulates that Libya will establish a multi-party democratic state with the rule of law and guarantee the equal enjoyment of fundamental freedoms and human rights by all its people. Islam is the state religion, the Sharia is the main basis for state legislation, and the state protects the freedom of religious belief of non-Muslims. Because the situation in Libya continues to be volatile, the contradictions between all parties are acute, the constitutional process is at a standstill, and the draft of the new constitution has not yet been completed. [1]

congress

Subject article: Libyan National Congress , Libyan National Congress
Under the Gaddafi regime Libyan General People's Congress It is the highest authority of the state.
After the overthrow of the Gaddafi regime, in July 2012, Libya held elections for the National Assembly, a total of 200 deputies were elected, and Mohammed Yousef Maghref was the first speaker. In May 2013, Speaker Maghref resigned and Nuri ABU Sahmin became the new Speaker. In June 2014, Libya held elections for a National Congress to replace the one whose term had expired. In August, the National Assembly held its first session in the eastern city of Tobruk and elected Ajileh Saleh Issa Khavider as its new speaker (who remains in office today). However, the General National Congress refused to suspend its operations, and announced in Tripoli that same month that it would resume operations, with ABU Sahmin as its speaker. In December 2015, the Libyan Political Agreement was signed in Morocco. According to the agreement, the General National Congress became the highest legislative body of Libya, and the National Congress was renamed the Supreme National Council, which became the highest advisory and consultative body of Libya. In August 2023, Mohamed Takara was elected President of the Supreme Council of the State. [1] [29]

government

In December 2015, the Libyan parties signed the Libyan Political Agreement in Morocco, setting up the Prime Minister's Council to exercise the functions of the head of state, who is responsible for the formation of the national unity government, Faiz Mustafa Sarraj as the chairman of the Prime Minister's Council and Prime Minister of the National unity Government. In February 2021, the Political Dialogue Forum elected Abdelhamid Debaiba as the Prime Minister of the transitional Government, and in March, the new transitional Government of National Unity was established by a vote of confidence of the National Congress.
In February 2022, the Eastern National Congress elected former Interior Minister Bashaga as Prime Minister to form a new transitional government, but Prime Minister Debaiba of the National unity Government refused to hand over power, and there was once again a situation of "two governments". In May, the National Congress replaced Prime Minister Bashaga of the eastern government and appointed Hamad as the new prime minister. [1]

judiciary

The Libyan Transitional Constitutional Declaration provides that judicial power is independent and exercised by different courts, which make decisions in accordance with the law. The judges would be independent and would not be subordinate to other governing bodies except for their allegiance to the law and their moral conscience. [18]

Political party

Subject article: National Union of forces , The Justice and Construction Party , National Front Party
On September 1, 1969, Gaddafi led the" Free officer The organization overthrew the Idris dynasty and established the Libyan Arab Republic (renamed the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya on March 2, 1977, and changed its name to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya in April 1986) Greater Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya [1] He became chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed forces, and was promoted to Colonel. Gaddafi remained in power for 42 years. Under Gaddafi, forming a political party was considered "treason". In 2011, the Libyan civil war, Gaddafi regime was overthrown.
On 7 July 2012, Libya held its first multi-party National Assembly elections, with the main parties being:
(1) Union of National Forces Founded in February 2012, it is the first declared political party organization in Libya and is a secular liberal party. The party seeks to build a democratic civil state, promoting respect for women's rights and other democratic changes. The party was in the early 21st century Libyan National Congress The largest party, front Libyan National Transitional Council Chairman of the Executive Board Mahmoud Jibril It's the chairman of the party.
(2) Justice and Party building , is an Islamist political party in Libya, led by Muslim Brotherhood Members on March 3, 2012 Tripoli Creation is established. The party was the second largest party in parliament in the early 2000s.
(3) National Front Party, Is a Libya liberalism , secularism and progressivism The party was founded in May 2012. the party's predecessor was the National Front for the Salvation of Libya (NFSL), a resistance group formed in 1981 against Gaddafi's rule. The party is mainly active in the eastern part of Libya and was the third largest party in the National Assembly in the early 2000s.
In addition to that, there are Fatherland Union and National Centrist Party And other political party organizations.

dignitaries

Chairman of the Libyan Presidential Council : Manfi [20]

economy

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EDITOR

summarize

Libya has long had a mono-state economy, relying on vast oil resources, and was once as rich as Africa. Since 1992, international sanctions have been imposed over the Lockerbie bombing and the economy has declined. After the United Nations suspended sanctions against Libya in 1999, Libya's oil income increased significantly with the rise of international oil prices, and the Libyan economy had a good momentum of development. In 2003, Libya embarked on economic reforms, attempting to establish a stock market and accelerating the privatization of some state-owned enterprises and banks. Before the civil war broke out in 2011, Libya produced about 1.6 million barrels a day. The unrest has severely affected Libya's oil production.
After the end of the civil war, Libyan oil production briefly returned to pre-war levels. After May 2014, the situation in Libya was once again unstable, and the daily oil production fluctuated greatly. In 2018, Libyan oil production stabilized at about 950,000 barrels per day. After the outbreak of armed conflict in April 2019, oil production fluctuated again. In January 2020, the National Army announced the closure of central and eastern oil fields and oil ports, and the daily production of crude oil in Libya fell sharply to less than 100,000 barrels. In September 2020, the National Army announced the resumption of oil production and exports. In 2021, Libya's crude oil production reached 410 million barrels, an increase of 310%. From April to July 2022, Libya's main oil field oil port was closed several times due to the blockade of oil field facilities by armed factions. In July, Prime Minister Debaiba appointed former central bank governor Khadalla to succeed Sanalla as chairman of the National Oil Company, and oil production and exports gradually resumed, currently reaching 1.2 million barrels of crude oil per day. In January 2024, people in the Fezzan region of southern Libya blocked the local Shalara oil field to protest due to the lack of local energy supply and aging service facilities.
Key economic data for 2023 are as follows:
Gross Domestic Product: $44.1 billion.
Gross Domestic Product per capita: $6,125.
GDP growth rate: 9.6%.
Currency name: Dinar.
Exchange rate: 1 US dollar ≈4.86 dinar. [29]
In 2011 alone, Libya's population fell by more than 300,000 and its gross domestic product fell from $75.38 billion to $48.17 billion, according to the World Bank. By 2022, its GDP has still not recovered to 2010 levels. [24]
Libyan currency

industry

Oil is the backbone of Libya's economy and accounts for most of its export earnings. After the discovery of oil in the 1950s, the petroleum exploitation and refining industry developed rapidly. The oil is mainly exported to Italy, Germany, Spain, France and other countries. Others include petrochemicals, building materials, electricity, mining, textiles, food processing and so on. Libyan crude oil is of good quality, low sulfur content and high wax production, which is widely favored by crude oil importers [19] . Large revenues from the energy sector and a relatively small population once gave Libya one of the highest GDP per capita in Africa. In 2012, oil exports earned $51.6 billion in foreign exchange, with daily crude oil production of about 1.45 million barrels and daily exports of 1.28 million barrels, mainly exported to Italy, Germany, Spain, France and other countries, according to the International Monetary Fund statistics, oil and gas industry accounted for more than 70% of Libya's export revenue. Libya's oil industry has suffered a slump in output, exports and revenues since 2013 due to civil conflict. In July 2013, oil production dropped from 1.6 million barrels per day before the war to less than 200,000 barrels per day due to repeated attacks on oil fields by armed militias. In addition, the drop in oil prices has been devastating to Libya's oil revenues.
The International Monetary Fund's Middle East and North Africa Regional Economic Outlook, published in October 2014, said lower oil prices in 2014 put pressure on government budgets. According to the International Monetary Fund's May 2015 Regional Economic Outlook: The Middle East and North Africa report, Libya's oil export revenue has been significantly lost, exceeding 20% of GDP. Libyan oil production in 2015 was less than 300,000 b/d, down from 1.6 million b/d before Gaddafi's fall. Under the combined control of rival armed factions and two other rebel governments that emerged in 2014, Libya's oil fields and ports have been shut down.
The Southern Libyan Oil Guard controls the six major oil fields of Al Wafa, Gulf, Al-Khamsa, El-feel, El-Sharara and Senawang, as well as a large number of oil Wells and pipelines. Two of the fields, El-Sharara and Senawang, have been shut down.
Oil revenues are the main source of revenue for Libya's finances. The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries has agreed to pardon Libya's production cuts in an effort to help the war-torn country recover its economy. The IMF analysis showed that Libya began to significantly increase oil production in late 2016, boosting growth expectations for 2017. The Central Bank of Libya in Tripoli said in January 2018 that Libya's oil revenues in 2017 amounted to $14 billion, up from $4.8 billion in 2016. According to the International Monetary Fund's May 2019 Regional Economic Outlook: Middle East and North Africa report, Libyan oil production increased to 810,000 barrels per day in 2017 from 390,000 barrels per day the previous year.
According to the Central Bank of Libya, oil and gas revenues will account for 92.8% of total fiscal revenues in 2019. In addition to oil, Libyan industries include petrochemicals, aluminum, steel, building materials, electricity, mining, textiles, food processing, handicrafts and cement. [18]

agriculture

Agriculture accounts for about 2.6% of GDP. Agriculture accounts for 17% of the country's total population. Arable land accounts for 1.03 percent of the country's total area, and irrigated land is less than 1 percent. Libyan agriculture is very backward, the main crops are wheat, barley, corn, peanuts, citrus, olives, tobacco, dates, vegetables and so on. Animal husbandry occupies an important position. The country has about 8.5 million hectares of grazing land. Libya lacks food self-sufficiency and imports nearly half of its food and livestock products. In 2013, the agricultural output value was 1.418 billion US dollars, accounting for 2% of GDP, and 80% of the food is imported. Animal husbandry plays an important role in agriculture. There are 8.5 million hectares of grazing land in the country. About 11.6 million livestock are raised, mainly cattle, sheep and camels, of which 1.07 million cattle, 10.38 million sheep and 230,000 camels. In 2017, grain output was 178,200 tons, a decrease of 20 percent. Libya imports nearly half of its food and livestock products. [18]
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations According to the data, about 1.43 million people in Libya will face food insecurity in 2021, accounting for 21.2% of the population. [24]

Finance and finance

In 2022, Libya's foreign exchange reserves are estimated at $79.4 billion.
The Libyan currency is dinar (Dinar, short for "Liddy"). Established in 1956, the Central Bank of Libya is both the national central bank and the largest commercial bank. There were two central banks in Libya before, the Western Central Bank in Tripoli was recognized by the international community and managed Libya's oil revenues. The Eastern Central Bank, located in the eastern city of Bayda, is not recognized by the international community and is known as the "parallel Central Bank." The main local commercial banks in Libya are: New Republic Bank, Sahara Bank, Wahada Bank, National Commercial Bank, Agricultural Bank, City Bank, Commercial Development Bank, etc.
According to the World Bank, as of 2017, the distribution density of commercial bank branches in Libya was 11.8 commercial bank branches per 100,000 people and the distribution density of ATMs was 3.8 per 100,000 people. As of 2019, 24 foreign banks have established representative offices in Libya, including HSBC, Societe Generale and Dubai National Bank.
The Libyan Stock Exchange Market (LSE) was established by Resolution No. 134 of 2006 of the General Council of the former Government and Commercial Law No. 21 of the year 1369 (Gregorian calendar 2001). It was founded on June 3, 2006, and completed commercial registration on July 1, 2007, with an initial registered capital of 20 million lidi. [18]

foreign trade

The main export product is oil (more than 80% of production is exported). It mainly imports grain, food, machinery, building materials, transportation equipment, electrical appliances, chemical and light industrial products, and weapons and equipment. The main trade objects are Italy, Turkey, Germany, Egypt, China and so on.
The import and export situation in 2022 is as follows (unit: USD 100 million) :
Export value 23.4
Imports 28.7
Difference 5.3
Since Libya is a single economy dominated by the oil industry, 90% of its goods are imported, except for oil and oil derivatives and some agricultural products. Geopolitical crises and conflicts have severely affected the trading environment in Libya. According to the statistics of the Central Bank of Libya, the total volume of Libya's imports and exports in 2014 was 67.06 billion profit, of which, exports were 24.511 billion profit (of which, oil exports were 22.9514 billion profit), imports were 42.495 billion profit, trade deficit was 17.984 billion profit, oil accounted for 93.6% of Libya's total exports. World Bank data show that in 2015 and 2016, Libya's foreign trade fell sharply, in 2017, the import and export volume of goods recovered to 27.3 billion US dollars, an increase of 63% over 2016, exports increased by 1.6 times, achieving a trade surplus. Total imports and exports of goods accounted for 53.5% of GDP. In 2018, Libya's trade in goods and services accounted for 118.4% of its GDP, and trade in goods accounted for 69.8% of GDP.
In 2017, Libya's main export destinations were Italy (19% of total exports), Spain (12.5%), France (11%), Egypt (8.6%), Germany (8.6%), China (8.3%), the United States (4.9%), the United Kingdom (4.6%) and the Netherlands (4.5%). The main trading partners for imports are: China (13.5% of total imports), Turkey (11.3%), Italy (6.9%), South Korea (5.9%), France (6.4%) and Spain (4.8%). The main export products are: crude oil, refined oil, natural gas, chemicals, etc. The main imported products are: machinery, semi-finished products, food, transportation equipment and consumer goods. [18]

Foreign capital

In 1997, Law No. 5 on the Encouragement of Foreign Capital Investment was adopted to encourage foreign investment. The law regulates the conditions for the establishment of foreign investment projects, the exemptions for foreign investment projects, the rights and preferences enjoyed by foreign investors, the areas in which foreign investment is allowed, and the protection and guarantee of foreign investment. It is implemented by the Foreign Investment Promotion Bureau under the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Investment. Libya has since made several changes to the law.
According to the 2020 World Investment Report released by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), in 2019, Libya attracted no statistics of foreign investment, outbound direct investment of 345 million US dollars; By the end of 2019, Libya's cumulative foreign investment was estimated at $18.462 billion and its stock of outward direct investment was $20.943 billion. Due to Libya's advantages in oil resources, foreign investment is mainly concentrated in the oil field. ENI, a well-known multinational in the oil industry, BP EXXON, SHELL, OMV, REPSOL and others have invested in the Libyan oil sector. Due to the weak industrial foundation, industrial chain defects and low efficiency in the non-oil field of Libya, the investment environment is poor, and the overall scale of attracting foreign investment in the non-oil field is not large.
The main sectors of foreign investment are services (42%), tourism (25%) and real estate (22%). After the war, Libya was rebuilt, and cement factories, steel mills, and brick factories were put into production. The top 10 sources of foreign investment in the non-oil sector are the UK, US, Malta, UAE, Kuwait, Mauritius, Tunisia, Jordan, Panama and Italy. [18]

Foreign aid

According to the World Bank, as of 2018, Libya received a net official development assistance (ODA) of $303 million, with per capita ODA falling to $45.4 from $65.6 in 2017, with net ODA accounting for 0.57% of its gross national income (GNI). As of 2018, Libya received $40,2.42 million in net bilateral assistance from Development Assistance Committee (DAC) member states, followed by Germany ($172 million), Italy ($60.37 million), the United States ($44.64 million), the United Kingdom ($18.6 million), and Switzerland ($5.21 million). [18]

culture

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EDITOR

Language

Arabic As the official language, some Libyans also speak English and Italian Let's wait.

religion

Islam It's the state religion. Sunni Muslims account for 96.6%, Christians for 2.7%, and Buddhists for 0.3%. [18]
masjid

diet

Libyan cooking is fused Arabia and Mediterranean The style of cooking is heavily influenced by Italy. Pasta is usually on the menu, especially macaroni. A famous local dish is Couscous, which is steamed by mixing semolina, meat and potatoes. Meat is mainly mutton and beef. Sherba is a good Libyan soup. Bazin is a local flatbread made from a mixture of barley, salt and water.
Local rich in dates, oranges, watermelons, apricots, figs and olives and other fruits, every year imports a large number of apples, bananas, etc., the market fruit and vegetable supply is sufficient.
Under Islamic law, alcohol and all alcoholic beverages are banned in Libya. Bottled mineral water and soft drinks are generally consumed. It is recommended not to drink local tap water or shallow groundwater directly, which has a salty taste.
Libyan tea, a strong tea with mint leaves and sometimes peanuts, is loved by locals. American and English coffee are more common. Milk products such as sterilized milk and fresh milk and eggs are widely available. Most of the food and drink in supermarkets and shops comes from Europe and Arab countries.
Restaurants and coffee shops in many places are frequented by foreigners. Foreign style meals can be served in some restaurants and large hotels.
Pomegranate flower legend

Festivals

Libya is a typical Arab country. Its main festivals are as follows: The New Year of the Islamic calendar falls on January 1; Ashura is celebrated on January 10 of the Islamic calendar; March 12 is the birthday of Muhammad, the founder of Islam; The ninth month of the Islamic calendar is Ramadan; Eid al-Fitr is celebrated from October 1 to 3 in the Islamic calendar; Eid al-Adha is celebrated from December 9 to 11 in the Islamic calendar; February 17 in the Gregorian calendar is Revolutionary Day; September 16 is Martyrs' Day in the Gregorian calendar; October 23 in the Gregorian calendar is Liberation Day; December 24 is the Libyan Independence Day; Every Friday and Saturday are closed. [18]

custom

The Libyan people are simple, deeply influenced by Islam, taboo to talk with women alone, in addition to general contraband, wine, pork and other prohibited entry. Social class consciousness is not strong, regardless of class when meeting to shake hands. Correspondence with official agencies must be in Arabic. Arrange meetings in Libya as early as possible and arrive on time. Libyans are flexible with their time and are not bound by schedules. Libyan cuisine is a blend of Arab and Mediterranean cooking styles and is heavily influenced by Italian cuisine. However, the current social security situation is unstable, and a small number of young people drink alcohol and take drugs. [18]

Military affairs

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EDITOR

Before the Libyan War

After independence, the Royal Libyan Army was formed, and the navy and air force were established in 1962 and 1963. After the "September 1" Revolution, the military service system combining conscripts and volunteers was implemented, and the service period was two years. In February 1983, the "Revolutionary General Mobilization Plan" was adopted to conduct military training for all men and women of appropriate age. In August 1988, Gaddafi Announce the cancellation The Regular Army It was reorganized into the "Jamahiriya Guard" and established in the provinces "defense districts" (local forces) headed by provincial defense committees. In September 1989, the Provisional National General Defense Committee (General Headquarters) was established. Gaddafi remained supreme commander of the armed forces until his regime was overthrown.
According to the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, the total strength of the three armed forces in 2010 was 76,000. The paramilitary "People's Armed forces" numbered 40,000. Of these, 50,000 are in the army, 8,000 are in the Navy, and 18,000 are in the air Force.
On 20 March 2011, the Multinational Force launched an operation code-named" Odyssey Dawn "The military action, heavy damage to the Libyan air defense system and armored forces, in the Libyan establishment of" No-fly zone ". NATO, which took over command of military operations in 2011, had flown 14,281 sorties by July 8, of which 5,388 were strike missions. On 22 August 2011, the Ministry of Defense was captured by the National Transitional Council, and on 20 October 2011, the Libyan military center of Sirte was captured.
On 25 December 2011, the Minister of Defense of the Transitional Government of Libya, Al-Juwali, said that the transitional government would form the armed forces and that thousands of former Libyan opposition soldiers would be integrated into the Libyan armed forces from January 2012. It will be a test of the regime's ability to take over from the current leadership of the armed forces.
( Atlas reference [15-17] )

After the Libyan war

After the overthrow of Gaddafi's regime in Libya in 2011, Libya has been "divided by warlords" and armed organizations, mainly forming pro-Islamic and pro-secular armed forces. The main armed groups are as follows:
First, Libyan government forces. The Libyan government has yet to form an effective military force, is training new recruits to secure the streets of Tripoli, and is severely short of experienced soldiers and weapons.
Libyan Revolutionary Operations Bureau. The group, which was recognized by the government as responsible for defending the capital, was implicated in the kidnapping of the interim prime minister in October 2013 Zeidan Deprived of the right to defend, it has a branch in Benghazi.
The National Directorate of Security (Libya's regular police force) is responsible for investigating crimes and traffic violations and protecting public property. In the eastern city Derna , southern cities Sabha Was attacked by Islamist militants.
Four, Thunder Special Forces. Libya's elite forces, made up of paratroopers and commandos, oppose Islamist militants and took part in Operation Dignity, led by Haftar, in May 2014.
5. Anti-criminal organizations. The Interior ministry, which is mainly responsible for fighting drug crimes, is accused of involvement in the kidnapping of former Prime Minister Zeidan.
6. Oil Installation Guard. Established in 2012, it is responsible for protecting Libya's key oil facilities. The guard's leader, Ibrahim Jaharan, has used the guard to occupy key oil ports and demand a higher share of the country's oil sales for the east.
Libyan National Army. Retired general Khalifa Bekassim Haftar The leadership, said to have 6,000 men and mostly secular soldiers, has been in the public eye since February 2014 and launched Operation Dignity on May 16 in the name of counter-terrorism, with heavy clashes with pro-Islamist forces in and around Benghazi.
Viii. Libyan Shield. The force, a militia based in Benghazi and affiliated with the Defense Ministry that was attacked by Haftar in May 2014, has four brigades across the country.
Zintan Revolutionary Military Committee. Formed in 2011, it brings together 23 militias from the Zintan and Nafusa mountains in western Libya. It is said to be the strongest armed force in Libya, pro-secular, and has been in control since the autumn of 2011 Tripoli International Airport It clashed with other armed forces from time to time. In July 2014, the Misrata militia for control of Tripoli International Airport, and the Zintan militia in and around the airport broke out fierce military clashes, resulting in a large number of casualties, airport facilities, civilian aircraft damage, the airport was forced to close.
10. Kaokahe Brigade. The group, whose personnel have been trained in the Zintan region and have bases in Zintan and Tripoli, declared its support for Operation Dignity.
Thunder Force: This organization, which is closely linked to the Kaokahe Brigade, has declared its support for Operation Dignity.
Xii. Misrata Brigade. Founded in 2011, it captured a large amount of equipment from Gaddafi's forces during the "2.17" revolution and is the main rival of the Zintan militia. The United Nations International Commission of Inquiry has accused him of war crimes. The group was based in Tripoli until November 2013, when it opened fire on protesters protesting deteriorating security in the capital, killing 42 people, before withdrawing Misrata . The group's top brass supported religious forces in the National Assembly.
Xiii, 2.17 Revolutionary Brigade. It's based in Benghazi and has about a dozen battalions, thousands of men, suspected of involvement in the attack that killed U.S. Ambassador Chris Stevens.
Xiv. Ansar Brigade. The base is located in eastern Libya. In September 2012, the U.S. consulate in Benghazi was attacked, Ambassador John Christopher Stevens Wait for four people to die. The United States has designated the Ansar Brigade as the mastermind of the attack and put it on its list of terrorist organizations. The Ansar Brigade was a major target of Haftar's "Operation Dignity."

traffic

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EDITOR

highroad

Land transportation in Libya is mainly by road. The highway network covers the major cities of the country with a total length of 100,024 km, of which 57,214 km are paved roads and 42,810 km are agricultural roads. The main line is a coastal road that runs through Libya from east to west, connecting Egypt to the east and Tunisia to the west. The main highway is the second ring road of the capital Tripoli, with a total length of about 35 km. [18]

railway

There are no railways in Libya, and the construction of railways has been halted due to the war. The Libyan authorities have plans to restart construction of the metro. The Libyan metro project as early as the 1980s by the Hungarian company paper research and planning, in 2008, the Libyan Railway People's Committee planning Tripoli three subway lines: A, B, C, line B from Tripoli airport, respectively to the university and the Mediterranean coast, a total length of 25-27 kilometers, to China Overseas invitation. Line B is only one part of the Libyan urban public transport system, which includes the surface and underground systems in Tripoli and Benghazi, the Tripoli A, B, C lines, and the Benghazi bus system. The entire system requires an investment of 30 billion euros. [18]

Air freight

Libya has three airlines, namely two state-owned enterprises. Libyan Arab Airlines , Pan-african airlines Company) and a private enterprise (Breg Air). The main business of Pan-African airlines is international routes, which can connect to major cities in Europe, Arab countries and African countries. The main civilian airports are located in Tripoli, Benghazi, Misurata, Sebha, Tubruk, Sirte and Brega. It is convenient to travel between major cities in the country. Many foreign airlines have offices in Tripoli and Benghazi, such as Emirates, Qatar Airways, British Airways, Air France, KLM, Alitalia, Swiss Air, Lufthansa, etc. In 2017, Libyan airlines carried 1,186,400 passengers. [18]

Water transport

Facing the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Libya has a 1,900km coastline, with the main seaports of Tripoli, Benghazi, Misurata and Misurata Homs With access to major ports in Tunisia, Malta, Egypt, Dubai and Europe. During the Libyan civil war, many international routes were suspended from Misrata and other ports. [18]

conduit

Libyan oil fields are connected to the Mediterranean by a network of pipelines. Libyan National Oil Company It has seven oil pipelines, six oil reserve bases, and is also planning to expand oil reserve and refining bases.

society

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EDITOR
Before the unrest in February 2011, there were 17 general hospitals and 88 health centres across the country, with an average of 4.8 beds and 2 doctors per 1,000 people. Nationwide, 122,000 people are covered by social insurance.

medium

There are mainly "Libya Herald", "Tripoli Post", "Weekly" and "English".
The main one is the official Libyan News Agency, which publishes daily press releases in Arabic, English and French. It has offices in Paris, London, Rome and Beirut. [18]

education

Libya has nine years of compulsory education, primary school entry age is 6 years, junior high school and senior high school are three years each. 89.2% of the population over the age of 15 had received education, with an average of 10 years of schooling for women and 8 years for men.
Before the unrest in 2011, the total number of teachers in schools at all levels in China was 303,100, and the number of students was 1.455,500. There are 73 primary teachers' colleges with 11,400 students. At present, about 1.78 million people are enrolled in basic education, of which about 317,000 are enrolled in high school. There are 20 institutions of higher learning in the country, mainly Tripoli University, Benghazi University and so on.

Medical treatment

Medical care is free for all Libyans, and hospitals are mainly concentrated in Tripoli and Benghazi. Before the outbreak of the crisis in 2011, government spending on health accounted for 6.4 per cent of its total expenditure, while private spending accounted for 36 per cent. Medical care in Libya is mediocre, and many medical workers from Eastern Europe have left the country in recent years because of wages.
With the introduction of private investment hospital policy, private hospitals with higher service quality and higher charges have emerged. According to the statistics of the World Health Organization, the total expenditure on health care in Libya accounted for 5% of GDP in 2014, and the per capita expenditure on health care was 806.23 US dollars in terms of purchasing power parity. According to the World Bank, life expectancy in Libya was 72 years in 2017. [18]

communication

Libya has one of the highest penetration rates of mobile telecommunications services in the African region and its mobile phone market is close to saturation. According to the World Bank, there were 6.02 million mobile phones in Libya in 2017, with a mobile phone penetration rate of 94.4%. Broadband penetration is relatively low, but rising fast. According to the World Bank, in 2017, Libya had 318,000 fixed broadband users, with 5 people per 100 people using fixed broadband, and the broadband penetration rate increased by 85.8% over the previous year. The number of fixed telephones was 1.576 million, and the penetration rate of fixed telephones was 24.7 percent, an increase of 13.3 percent over the previous year. There are 1,326,194 Internet users, accounting for 20.3% of the total population. The main local telecommunications providers include: Libya National Telephone Company (fixed line), Libya Mada Mobile Company, Libya Na Mobile Company and Libya Communication Technology Company (Internet).
Libyana (Libyan Mobile Phone Company), LTT(Libyan Communications Technology Company), and Hatif are the seven new companies operating under the Libyan Post, Telecommunications and Information Company (LPTIC) Libya (Libyan fixed-line telephone operator), Al-Madar (one of the two major mobile phone providers in Libya), Al-Jeel, Al-Jadeed and Bareed Libya (Libyan Post Office). [18]

electricity

Libya has a large power gap, mainly using natural gas, light oil and heavy oil power generation, accounting for 41%, 33% and 26% of the total power generation, respectively. Libya generates 35 billion KWH of electricity, all for domestic consumption. Libya is a serious waste of electricity, transmission and transformation equipment, aging lines, peak power tripping, power rationing occurs, sometimes as long as 7 hours. 1 million KWH of electricity was exported in 2013 and 88 million KWH of electricity was imported in 2014. In 2014, the installed capacity was 8.9 million kilowatts. 99.2% of total installed capacity comes from fossil fuels. According to the World Bank, Libya consumed 1,857 KWH of electricity per capita in 2014. In 2017, 70.15% of the urban population had access to electricity. [18]

diplomacy

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EDITOR

Foreign policy

Libya adheres to the characteristics of an Arab, African, Islamic and developing country, emphasizing the principles of independence, equality and mutual benefit, and non-interference in each other's internal affairs. [6]

External relations

Relations with the United States
The United States and Libya established diplomatic relations in 1951 and upgraded them to ambassadorial status in 1954. Relations between Libya and the United States have been strained since Gaddafi came to power in September 1969. After Ronald Reagan was elected president in 1980, the U.S. government accused Libya of supporting international terrorism, and relations between the two countries deteriorated rapidly. In 1991, the United States and Britain accused two Libyan intelligence agents of planning the 1988 attack Lockerbie air disaster The incident prompted the United Nations Security Council to impose sanctions on Libya. In August 2003, Libya made major concessions to the United States and the United Kingdom on the Lockerbie issue, offering to pay $2.7 billion in compensation and take responsibility for the actions of Libyan officials. In 2004, Libya and the United States resumed diplomatic relations at the charge d 'affaires level, and the United States announced the complete lifting of economic sanctions against Libya. In 2006, the United States restored full diplomatic relations with Libya and removed Libya from its list of state sponsors of terrorism. In January 2008, Libyan Foreign Minister Shalgam visited the United States. In September, US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice visited Libya, marking the normalization of relations between the two countries. After unrest erupted in Libya in February 2011, the U.S. publicly called for Gadhafi to step down. In March, the United States and a multinational force launched military strikes against Libya. On March 31, the United States handed over command of military operations in Libya to NATO. On July 15, the United States announced that it recognized the "National Transitional Council" as the legitimate governing authority of Libya. October 18, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton Visit Tripoli. On October 20, Gaddafi was killed. On December 17, the United States Secretary of Defense Panetta Visit Tripoli. In July and September 2012, U.S. Deputy Secretary of State William Burns visited Tripoli. In March 2013, Libyan Prime Minister Ali Zeidan visited the United States and the United Nations. After the Libyan Prime Minister's Council announced the formal formation of a government of national unity in January 2016, the United States supported it. At the foreign ministers' meeting on Libya on May 16, US Secretary of State John Kerry announced his support for the Libyan government in its fight against the Islamic State. On August 1, the United States launched air strikes against Islamic State targets in Libya, saying the strikes were carried out at the request of the UN-backed Libyan Government of National Accord. On August 24, the United States, along with the governments of France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom, issued a joint statement supporting the Libyan Prime Minister's Committee for the third submission of the list of the Libyan Government of National Unity and calling for the election of members of the government of national unity as soon as possible. On September 4, 2018, the U.S. Embassy in Libya was hit by a shell on September 4. [18]
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Gadhafi's son Mutassim visited the United States in 2009
Relations with the European Union
Before the unrest in Libya, the European Union was Libya's largest trading partner and a major seller of oil. In 2007, the EU and Libya signed a framework agreement for the full restoration of relations with Libya and declared a comprehensive partnership with Libya. After the unrest in Libya in February 2011, the European Union decided to impose sanctions on the Libyan government on February 28. On 12 April, European Union foreign ministers issued a statement calling on the Libyan government to cease fire and for Gaddafi to step down. On May 22, EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Catherine Ashton visited Benghazi and announced the official operation of the EU office in Benghazi. On 29 August, the European Commission opened a humanitarian office in Tripoli. On October 10, the Council of the European Union issued a meeting statement, recognizing the "Transitional Committee" as the sole legitimate representative and legitimate interim government of the Libyan state and people, and supporting the "Transitional Committee" to return to the United Nations on behalf of Libya. In November 2012, the European Union welcomed the new Libyan government. In January 2016, after the Libyan Prime Minister's Council announced the formal formation of a government of national unity, the EU expressed its support. In March, the EU stated its support for the list of governments of national unity submitted by the Libyan Prime Minister's Council and its readiness to work closely with the Libyan Government of National Unity. The European Commission said it would help train the Libyan navy and coast guard at the request of the Libyan government. In April, some ambassadors of EU member states to Libya returned to Tripoli, expressed support for the exercise of power by the Government of National Unity, and called on the Libyan National Congress to hold a vote as soon as possible to formally authorize the government of national unity. The fall of the Gaddafi regime in 2011, Libya into a state of division, the situation is chaotic, many migrants into the EU countries, bringing great pressure on it, in July 2018, the EU proposed to set up a reception center in Libya, resettlement of illegal immigrants to Europe, but the program was rejected by the Libyan National unity Government Prime Minister Faiz Sarraj. [18]
Sarkozy visits Libya
Relations with Arab countries
During the reign of Gaddafi, because Gaddafi himself has long promoted "personal diplomacy", often regarded himself as "African leader", and his foreign policy is highly personal, Libya has a lot of bad relations with regional and other Arab countries. After the unrest in Libya in February 2011, Arab League He suspended Libya's seat in the Arab League. In August, the Arab League officially recognized the Libyan Transitional Committee as the sole legitimate representative of the Libyan people and restored Libya's seat in the League. Since the establishment of the new Libyan regime, the restoration and development of relations with Arab countries has been a diplomatic priority, actively resolving the historical grievances between the former regime and some Arab countries, and carrying out friendly cooperation with neighboring countries and other Arab countries. [18]
Relations with African countries
Libya is African Union ( African Union ) Member states. During the regime of Muammar Gaddafi, Libya actively participated in African affairs. In August 1997, Libya initiated the establishment of the Sahelo-Saharan Union of States. In September 1999, Ka proposed the idea of establishing an "African Union". July 2000, card push Organization of African Unity ( non-uniform The 36th Summit adopted the Draft Constitution of the African Union. The African Union was formally established in July 2001. Ka also proposed the establishment of an African Union unity government and then the establishment of a "United States of Africa" and other ideas, stressing that Africa should be united on major issues, including the reform of the United Nations, and "speak with one voice."
After the unrest in Libya in February 2011, the AU actively engaged in political mediation, set up a high-level AD hoc committee, put forward a "road map" and a "Recommendation on a Framework Agreement" on the issue of political interests, and urged the UN Security Council to convene a meeting on the Libyan issue. On 21 September, the African Union announced its recognition of the National Transitional Council. On October 20, the AU said Libya could resume its activities within the AU and its various bodies. [6]
On February 13, 2024, local time, Algerian President Tebon announced that the country will start to establish a free trade zone with five neighboring countries including Libya in 2024. [27]
Relations with China
The People's Republic of China and Libya established diplomatic relations in 1978. Former Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi visited China in 1982, Jiang Zemin The Chairman visited Libya in 2002.
In February 2011, China withdrew 35,860 of its citizens from Libya amid the dramatic unrest in the country. Since the establishment of Libya's National Transitional Council (NTC), China has gradually begun to engage with it. In June, Jibril, Chairman of the Executive Board of the NTC, visited China. In July, Chen Xiaodong, Director-General of the Department of Asian and African Affairs of the Chinese Foreign Ministry, visited Benghazi, Libya. On September 1, Vice Foreign Minister Zhai Jun, as a representative of the Chinese government, attended the International Conference of "Friends of Libya" held in Paris as an observer, during which he met with Chairman of the Executive Board of the Libyan Transitional Council (NTC) Ali Jibril. On September 12, the Chinese government announced that it recognized the NTC as the representative of the Libyan ruling authority and the Libyan people. On September 21, Chinese Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi attended the UN High-Level meeting on Libya in New York, during which he met with Chairman of the Libyan Transitional Council Mustafa Jalil. In January 2012, Assistant Foreign Minister Zhang Ming met with Libyan Foreign Minister Bin Khayal on the sidelines of the African Union Ministerial Meeting in Ethiopia. In April, Director-General of the Department of Asian and African Affairs of the Foreign Ministry Chen Xiaodong visited Libya. In May, Libyan Foreign Minister Bin Khayal led a delegation to attend the fifth Ministerial Meeting of the China-Arab States Cooperation Forum in Tunis. In June, Foreign Minister Ben Khayal visited China.
In March 2014, China's Special Envoy on the Middle East Issue Wu Sike attended the ministerial Conference on International Assistance to Libya held in Rome, capital of Italy. In September 2015, Foreign Minister Al-Dayiri of the Libyan Interim Government came to China as a government representative to attend the commemoration of the 70th anniversary of the victory of the Chinese People's War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the World Anti-Fascist War. In December, Foreign Minister Dayiri attended the Johannesburg Summit of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation. In the same month, Chinese Special Envoy on the Middle East Issue Gong Xiaosheng attended the ministerial meeting on the Libyan issue held in Rome, capital of Italy. In May 2016, Foreign Minister Al-Dayiri attended the 7th Ministerial Meeting of the China-Arab States Cooperation Forum held in Qatar. In July, Libyan Planning Minister Tahir came to China to attend the Coordinators' Meeting on the Implementation of the Outcomes of the Johannesburg Summit of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation. In November 2017, Moglibi, Deputy Foreign Minister of the Libyan Government of National Unity, attended the 12th Senior Officials' Meeting of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) in China. In May 2018, Chinese representatives attended the International Conference on Libya held in Paris, France. In July, Foreign Minister of the Libyan Government of National Unity Khialeh attended the 8th Ministerial Meeting of the China-Arab States Cooperation Forum in China. State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi met with him and the two governments signed the Memorandum of Understanding on jointly building the Belt and Road. In September, Foreign Minister Khiale came to China to attend the Beijing Summit of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC). State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi met with him.
In February 2019, Yang Jiechi, member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and Director of the Office of the Foreign Affairs Commission of the CPC Central Committee, met with Prime Minister of the Libyan Government of National Unity Ali al-Sarraj on the sidelines of the 55th Munich Security Conference. In June, State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi met with Minister of National Unity Khialeh of the Libyan Government when he attended the Coordinators' Meeting on the Implementation of the Outcomes of the FOCAC Beijing Summit in China. In November, Li's Undersecretary for Political Affairs Rutfi visited China and held political consultations between the two foreign ministries. In January 2020, Member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and Director of the Office of the Foreign Affairs Commission of the CPC Central Committee Yang Jiechi attended the Berlin Summit on the Libyan issue. In July, State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi attended the UN Security Council High-level open video conference on Libya. In June 2021, Chinese Ambassador to Germany Wu Ken attended the second Berlin Conference on Libya. In September, State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi had a phone conversation with Chairman of the Libyan Presidential Council Abdelaziz Manfi on the sidelines of the 76th session of the United Nations General Assembly. In November, Chinese representatives attended the Paris Summit on Libya in Paris, France. In August 2022, Under Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of the Government of National Unity of Liberia Kety attended a video conference of coordinators for the implementation of the outcomes of the Eighth Ministerial Conference of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation. In December, Manfi attended the first China-Arab Summit held in Saudi Arabia.
After the unrest in Libya in early 2011, all projects under construction in China were suspended. Affected by the domestic situation in Libya, the bilateral trade volume fell by 57.7% year on year. In December 2018, Libya was approved by the Board of Governors of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank as a prospective member of the bank. In 2023, the bilateral trade volume between China and Libya reached 6.1 billion US dollars, up 16.09% year on year, of which China's export volume was 3.9 billion US dollars, up 68.17% year on year, and China's import volume was 2.201 billion US dollars, down 25.06% year on year.
After the turmoil in Libya, China provided humanitarian aid to Libya, and provided cash and material assistance to Egypt, Tunisia and other countries to resettle refugees on the border between Libya and the two countries. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, the Chinese government, provinces, municipalities and non-governmental organizations have donated testing kits, masks, protective suits, eye masks, medical gloves and other anti-epidemic supplies to Libya, and shared experience with Libya through a video conference of health experts. In September 2023, after the eastern part of Libya was hit by a hurricane, the Chinese government provided 30 million RMB yuan in humanitarian aid and the Red Cross Society of China provided 200,000 USD in cash assistance to the Libyan Red Crescent Society.
In July 2014, the security situation in Libya deteriorated. With the assistance of Chinese embassies and consulates in Libya, Tunisia, Turkey, Greece, Malta and other countries, more than 1,800 Chinese personnel were safely evacuated from Libya. The Chinese embassy in Libya also withdrew from the country and is now staying in Tunisia. [30]
Relations with Cuba
He was President of Cuba on December 28, 2009 Raul Castro In Havana, the capital of Cuba, he received the visiting Libyan National Security Adviser Dr. Mutassim Gaddafi. The President of Cuba welcomed Dr. Mutassim Qadhafi and appreciated the constant consultations between the two countries. They discussed cooperation in the fields of health, tourism and investment, as well as the implementation of the agreements signed by the 11th session of the Joint Committee between the two countries. [11]
In September 2011, Libya's ruling authorities took over the UN seat of Gaddafi's government, but several leftist governments in Latin America, including Cuba , Ecuador , Nicaragua with Venezuela Other countries objected. [10]
Relations with Qatar
On June 5, 2017, the Libyan government announced an agreement with Qatar End of friendship. [7]
Relations with Turkey
January 4, 2020, control of eastern Libya and other areas Libyan National Congress Voted to cut diplomatic ties with Turkey and refuse to recognize the government that controls western Libya Libyan Government of National Unity Memorandum of Understanding with Turkey on "maritime jurisdiction" in the Mediterranean. [8]

UN sanctions against Libya

After the unrest in Libya in February 2011, the United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution 1970 on February 26, which imposed an arms embargo on Libya, restricted the travel of senior Libyan officials, froze the overseas assets of relevant personnel, and referred the situation in Libya to the International Criminal Court. On March 17, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 1973, which decided to establish a "no-fly zone" over Libya, requiring relevant countries to take all necessary measures to protect Libyan civilians, and imposing stricter arms embargo and asset freeze sanctions on Libya. After the end of the Libyan civil war, the United Nations Security Council passed resolution 2009 on September 16, lifting some of the sanctions against Libya and deciding to establish the United Nations Support Mission in Libya. On October 27, 2016, the Security Council adopted Resolution 2016, which decided to terminate the mandate of Resolution 1973 on the protection of civilians and the establishment of a "no-fly zone" after October 31. In order to prevent the spread of weapons and prevent the proliferation of weapons in Libya from threatening the security and stability of neighboring countries, the Security Council adopted resolutions 2017 and 2040 on 31 October 2011 and 12 March 2012, respectively. On 14 March 2013, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 2095, which eased the embargo on non-lethal military equipment intended for humanitarian or protective use. On 27 August 2014, the Security Council adopted Resolution 2174, which further strengthened sanctions against organizations and individuals undermining the political transition process in Libya. On March 5, 2015, the Security Council adopted Resolution 2208, extending the ban on the illicit export of crude oil from Libya until the end of March. On 27 March, the Security Council adopted resolutions 2213 and 2214, urging all Member States to provide support to Libya in its fight against terrorism and deciding to consider including relevant individuals and groups on the sanctions list. In June 2016, the Security Council adopted Resolution 2292, authorizing member states to enforce an arms embargo on the high seas off the Libyan coast, which has been extended until June 2024. On February 11, 2020, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 2509, calling on member states to fully comply with the arms embargo against Libya. In October 2023, the Security Council adopted a resolution to extend the mandate of the Libya Sanctions Committee Panel of Experts until November 15, 2024. In addition, the Security Council has adopted a number of resolutions on the situation in Libya and the freezing of assets. The United Nations has not yet lifted its arms embargo on Libya. [29]

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Main attraction

Popular Libyan attractions include: visits to ancient Roman ruins, Leptis Site, Sabrata Ancient city, etc. Some of the most attractive sights in the Sahara Desert can be seen on foot or by helicopter. The Akakus Mountains can be seen on cliffs and in caves Tadarte Akakus Rock paintings, beautiful murals reflecting ancient brilliant civilizations that have been hidden by the world's largest deserts and rocks for thousands of years, the earliest of which have existed for more than 12,000 years, show the evolution of life from 12,000 BC to the first century AD.
Tadarte Akakus petroglyphs

World heritage site

As of 2008, there were five in Libya World heritage site , as follows:
利比亚历史古迹 利比亚历史古迹
Historic site
-
name
type
1
Archaeological site of Sabratha
Cultural heritage
2
Archaeological site of Leptis Grande
Cultural heritage
3
Planney archaeological site
Cultural heritage
4
The ancient town of Gudamis
Cultural heritage
5
Tadarte Arkakus rock painting site
Cultural heritage

Visa processing

To obtain a Libyan visa, you must first obtain a visa return number from the Libyan Ministry of Internal Affairs. The specific information required for visa processing is as follows:
1. Original passport (required to be valid for more than 6 months, it needs to be translated into Arabic by the translation company designated by the Libyan Embassy in China)
2, 2 photos,
3. Fill in 2 Libyan visa application forms (get the form at the Libyan Embassy in China, photocopying is invalid)
4, unit qualification certificate, dispatch certificate or leave certificate
5. The visa return number from Libya needs to be found in the Libyan embassy
Direct flights between Libya and China were launched on November 2, 2010. 2 flights per week. It takes off from Tripoli Airport in Libya on Tuesday and Thursday mornings and returns from Beijing International Airport in China on Wednesday and Friday mornings. The route is operated by A330 wide-body long-range aircraft, Libya Pan-african airlines Company operation.
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