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Venezuela

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Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
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Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish: Republica Bolivariana de Venezuela) Venezuela Is located in South America The northern part of the country has an area of 916,400 square kilometers. Face north Caribbean Sea , Nishiyo Colombia Adjacent, south and Brazil Junction, east and Guyana Border, capital Caracas . Venezuela is rich in natural resources, mineral resources are mainly oil, natural gas, iron ore, bauxite, gold, coal, nickel, diamond and so on. In 2019, the total population of Venezuela was 32.22 million. [1]
Venezuela was once home to the Arawak and Caribbean-born Indians. It became a Spanish colony in 1567. Independence was declared on 5 July 1811. From 1819 to 1829, Colombia, Panama and Ecuador formed the Republic of Greater Colombia. The Federal Republic of Venezuela was established in 1830. It was renamed the United States of Venezuela in 1864. In 1953 it became the Republic of Venezuela. In 1999, it was renamed the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. In 1958, constitutional government was introduced and civilian power was established. Since then, the Democratic Action Party and the Christian Socialist Party have alternated in power. December 1998 Presidential candidate of the Patriotic Center Chavez The victory in the general election broke a political pattern in which the two traditional parties had alternated in power for a long time. [1]
In recent years, Venezuelan officials have stopped publishing and updating most macroeconomic data. [4] 2020, Venezuela Total GDP 47.26 billion dollars, Per capita GDP $1,691. [1]
Chinese name
Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
Foreign name
Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
Abbreviated form
Venezuela
continent
South America
capital
Caracas
Major city
Maracaibo , Valencia , La Guaira Etc.
National Day
July 5th
National song
Glory to the Brave People
Country code
VEN
Official language
Spanish
currency
Sovereign bolivar [3]
Time zone
UTC-4
Political system
Presidential republic
National leader
Nicolas Maduro Moros (President)
Population number
About 28.3 million [1] (2022, World Bank data)
Population density
32.2 persons/km2 (2020)
Major nationality
An Indo-European , The white race , black people , Indian
Major religion
Catholicism
Land area
916400 km² [1] (2020)
Water area ratio
0.32%
Total GDP
$47.26 billion (2020, international exchange rates)
Per capita GDP
$1,691 (2020, international exchange rates)
International telephone area code
58
International domain name abbreviation
.ve
Road access
Drive on the right
Gini coefficient
0.39
Leading institution
Central University of Venezuela

catalogue

  1. 1Historical evolution
  2. 2Geographical environment
  3. ▪Regional location
  4. ▪landform
  5. ▪Climatic characteristics
  6. 3Natural resources
  7. 4Administrative division
  8. ▪Main division
  9. ▪Major city
  10. 5National symbol
  11. ▪Country name
  12. ▪flag
  13. ▪National emblem
  14. ▪National anthem
  15. ▪aphorism
  1. ▪National tree
  2. ▪National bird
  3. ▪The national flower
  4. 6Population nationality
  5. 7political
  6. ▪regime
  7. ▪constitution
  8. ▪congress
  9. ▪Constituent assembly
  10. ▪government
  11. ▪judiciary
  12. ▪Political party
  13. ▪dignitaries
  14. 8economy
  15. ▪General situation
  16. ▪industry
  1. ▪agriculture
  2. ▪Service industry
  3. ▪tourism
  4. ▪foreign trade
  5. ▪External debt situation
  6. 9culture
  7. ▪Important festival
  8. ▪Folk custom
  9. ▪taboo
  10. ▪custom
  11. ▪diet
  12. ▪Beauty contest
  13. 10Military affairs
  14. 11traffic
  15. ▪highroad
  16. ▪railway
  1. ▪Water transport
  2. ▪Air freight
  3. ▪conduit
  4. 12society
  5. ▪education
  6. ▪Press and publication
  7. ▪Physical education
  8. ▪Public security
  9. ▪People's livelihood
  10. ▪epidemic prevention and control
  11. 13diplomacy
  12. ▪Foreign policy
  13. ▪External relations
  14. 14travel

Historical evolution

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Venezuela Indian Arawa and Caribe settlements, 1498, Columbus In search of a new continent, he discovered Venezuela. In 1499, the Spanish explorer Alonso de Ojeda called the country Venezuela, which means "Little Venice." It became a Spanish colony in 1567.
There was an early independence movement in Venezuela against Spanish rule. In 1806, Francisco de Miranda launched a revolt in Caracas, but it ended in failure. After Napoleon's brother was crowned King of Spain in 1810, the people of Caracas deposed the governor of Venezuela. Independence was declared on 5 July 1811, after the Liberator in South America Simon Bolivar Under the leadership of the Spanish Government in June 1821, it was completely free from Spanish colonial rule. Same in 1819 Colombia , Ecuador and Panama Make up Gran Colombia . It was withdrawn in 1829.
The Federal Republic of Venezuela was established in 1830. It was renamed the United States of Venezuela in 1864. In 1953, it was renamed the Republic of Venezuela. In 1958, constitutional government was introduced and civilian power was established. Under the Constitution that came into force in December 1999, the name of the country was changed to "Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela". [4]
He was elected on 28 October 2015 United Nations Human Rights Council Member, serving from 2016 to 2018. [5]
Presidents of Venezuela Maduro On 11 June 2016, it was announced that a referendum to impeach him, initiated by a coalition of opposition parties, would be held as early as 2017. Maduro said the referendum would be held as early as next year if the opposition coalition was able to complete procedures in accordance with all legal provisions, and would not be held if the required procedures could not be completed.
On April 27, 2019, the Venezuelan government announced that it had completed its withdrawal Organization of American States All prescribed procedures. [7]
In January 2022, Venezuela lost its right to vote in the UN General Assembly due to non-payment of its UN dues. [12]

Geographical environment

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Regional location

Venezuela borders the Caribbean Sea to the north Atlantic , Higashiro Guyana As neighbors, as south Brazil Bordering, west and Colombia Border, and off the coast of Venezuela Aruba , The Netherlands Antilles both Netherlands Overseas Self-Governing Territories) and Trinidad and Tobago And other island states. [4]

landform

Venezuela satellite map
The terrain of Venezuela can be divided into three regions:
The northwestern and northern mountains, mainly Andes Mountains Northeast branch of The Merida Mountains It is the largest mountain range in the territory, with year-round snow on the top, glaciers, and frequent earthquakes. Bolivar peak At 5,007 meters above sea level, it is the highest point in the country. To the northwest of the Merida Mountains lies the largest lake in Latin America Lake Maracaibo The lake has an area of 14,344 square kilometers and is connected to the North Caribbean Sea The southern tip reaches a maximum depth of 250 meters; The water is light in the south and salty in the north. The swampy lowlands surrounding the lake are world famous oil producing areas.
Middle part The Orinoco Plain The western half of the plain is a grassland, and the eastern half of the plain is The Orinoco River The mouth formed the delta swamp.
southeast The Guiana Plateau 500 ~ 800 meters above sea level. The biggest drop in the world Angel Falls (Drop 979 m), located Caroni In the middle of the tributary. [4]

Climatic characteristics

The territory is basically a genus except mountainous areas Savanna climate . The temperature varies with the amount of precipitation and the height of the ground. The mountains are mild, the lowlands hot. The average annual temperature is 26-28 degrees Celsius. The average annual precipitation increases from 500 mm to about 3000 mm from the north coast to the south. The most precipitation in the upper basin of the Orinoco River, the average annual precipitation of more than 3000 mm. The driest areas are on the north coast, at La Guaira and Maracay The average annual precipitation in the city is only more than 550 mm, and the whole country is the rainy season from June to November, and the dry season from December to May of the following year.

Natural resources

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Venezuela is rich in natural resources, mineral resources are mainly oil, natural gas, iron ore, bauxite, gold, coal, nickel, diamond and so on. Proven oil reserves of 302.8 billion barrels, ranking first in the world; Proved natural gas reserves of 5.67 trillion cubic meters, ranking eighth in the world; Bauxite resources are about 3.48 billion tons, with proven reserves of 1.33 billion tons, ranking third in the world. Iron ore resources are 14.68 billion tons, and proven ore resources are 3.63 billion tons. Predicted gold reserves of 792 tons, ranking fourth in the world; Titanium reserves of 39 million tons; Diamond resources of 41 million carats; The amount of phosphorus block rock resources is 250 million tons. Proved coal reserves of 730 million tons; 490,000 tons of nickel ore. Water and forest resources are also abundant, and the forest coverage rate is 56%. [4]

Administrative division

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Main division

Subdivisions of Venezuela
The country is divided into 21 cantons, 2 border regions (Amazon and Amakuro Delta Krai), 1 capital region and 1 Federal Territory (consisting of 311 islands).
The capital cities of 21 states are Caracas (Caracas), Maracaibo (Maracaibo), Valencia (Valencia), Barcelona (Barcelona), La Guaira (La Guaira), Puerto La Cruz (Puerto La Cruz), Kumana (Cumana), Merida, Coro (Coro), Barquisimeto (Barquisimeto), The city of SAN Cristobal (San Cristobal), La Mercedes, El Tigre (El Tigre), Mathurin (Maturin), Tucupita (Tucupita), Ciudad Bolivar (Ciudad Bolivar), Puerto Ayacucho (Puerto Ayacucho) and San Fernando Atabapo. [4]

Major city

Caracas
The capital, a coastal port, is also the largest city in the country. The population is 3.22 million and the average annual temperature is 21℃. [1]
Maracaibo
The country's second largest city, is the world's famous oil production center and oil, coffee export port. Crude oil output accounts for half of the country, petrochemical, cement, wood processing, food and other industrial sectors. There are international airports. Originally a coffee export port in the Merida Mountains, it was vigorously developed in 1918 with the development of oil in Lake Maracaibo. The old town retains the architecture of the colonial period, and the city style is simple and elegant. The new town looks like a modern city with wide streets and well-developed businesses. [4]
Valencia
An important industrial city in the Valencia Valley at the southern foot of the West Central Coast Range, less than 500 meters above sea level. The city was founded in 1555. There are automobile assembly, chemical, cement, paper, wood processing and other industrial sectors, and the neighboring city of Maracay together form an industrial sister city. Cotton, sugar cane and other cash crops are widely grown around, and it is the richest agricultural area in the country. The old city retains the Spanish colonial architecture, there are old cathedrals, historical museums and so on. The bullring here is the largest bullring in Latin America and often holds grand bullfighting events. [4]
Merida
Bolivar Square
Located in the west, it is the capital of Merida State. The city is built on cliffs, known as the "roof of Venezuela". A striking city in the Andes, it is a center of religion and education. There are small and exquisite Spanish art museums, famous Bolivar Square The University of the Andes, founded in 1785, ancient Spanish churches and monasteries, etc. The nearby peaks are a ski and mountaineering resort, and the village of Alero was built after the Andean countryside of the 1930s. [4]

National symbol

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Country name

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela; Spanish: La Republica Bolivariana de Venezuela for short. The country's name, Venezuela, comes from an Italian word meaning "Little Venice," a reference to Italian explorers Amerigo Vespucci (also named after the Americas) (Amerigo Vespucci) at the beginning of the Lake Maracaibo saw the American Indian (Amerindian) living on the water village, reminiscent of the European water capital Venice, so named. The Bolivar, in Venezuela's official full name, was added in 1999, when the country rewrote its constitution to honor what it sees as its founding hero Simon Bolivar . [8]

flag

Flag of Venezuela
Flag of Venezuela Introduced in 1811, the flag is rectangular in shape, with a 3:2 ratio of length to width. From top to bottom, the flag is connected by three parallel and equal horizontal rectangles of yellow, blue and red. There are eight white five-pointed stars in the center of the flag, arranged in an arc; The national emblem is painted on the upper left corner. Yellow, blue, and red are the colors of the national flag of the former Republic of Colombia, with yellow representing abundant resources, blue representing the sky and sea, and red representing the blood of the soldiers who died in the war of independence. The seven five-pointed stars represent the seven provinces of the Venezuelan Federation in 1811. Government agencies use the national flag with the national emblem, and the people use the national flag without the national emblem. At the time president Chavez On March 7, 2006, the National Assembly of Venezuela passed amendments to the national flag and emblem, and decided to increase the seven stars on the flag to eight. The new star represents the province of Guyana, which broke away from Spanish rule in 1817 and was incorporated into Venezuela.

National emblem

Coat of arms of Venezuela
Coat of arms of Venezuela It was first opened on 18 April 1836. The central design is the coat of arms, the upper left corner is red, painted with 20 wheat plants tied together, representing the unity of the 20 states. The yellow ground in the upper right corner is painted with swords, sabres, three spears and two national flags, tied with the laurel, a symbol of victory. Below, on the blue ground, is a white horse running to the left (this was modified by the late Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez in 2006, but not recognized by the opposition). The three together are the colors of the national flag. Coat of arms by laurel and palm branches. Above the shield there are two abundant horns, from which vegetables, fruits and flowers flow. The three colors of the flag are the name of the country and "April 19, 1810, Independence" and "February 20, 1859, Union." [4]

National anthem

" The glory of the brave people Gloria al Bravo Pueblo
The word Vicente Salias
Juan Jose Landaeta
Lyrics:
Glory to the people, who cast off their chains, respected the law, their virtue, and made their name known. Glory to the people, who cast off their chains, respected the law, their virtue, and made their name known. "Open the chains! Open the chains!" God speaks loudly, God speaks loudly. The poor in the hut demanded freedom, and the sacred name frightened the tyrant, and the complacent fellow trembled at it. The sacred name broke the tyrant's guts, and the complacent fellow trembled at it, and the complacent fellow trembled at it.

aphorism

As we see it is the future (Spanish: Como vaya viniendo vamos viendo)

National tree

A tree with hard wood and yellow flowers that grows in arid regions.

National bird

Tupiyar bird, yellow, with black markings on the back, domesticated.

The national flower

May orchid .

Population nationality

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About 28.3 million (2022, World Bank data). Indo-european people made up 58 percent, white people 29 percent, black people 11 percent, and Native Americans 2 percent. The official language is Spanish. Most of the inhabitants are Catholic. [1]

political

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regime

Venezuela is Capitalist country To implement the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie. The regime is Presidential republic The President is independent of Parliament and is elected directly or indirectly by citizens on a regular basis; The president is answerable only to the people, not to parliament; cabinet The ministers are appointed by and accountable to the President; The President reports regularly to the Parliament on the work of the government; The president has veto power over bills passed by parliament, but does not have the power to dissolve parliament. [4]
Venezuela has a presidential system. The President is the Head of State, Head of Government and Commander in Chief of the Armed forces for a term of six years. [1]

constitution

The current constitution of Venezuela was enacted in December 1999. In February 2009, Venezuela amended the Constitution through a referendum to remove the limit on the number of consecutive terms that elected officials, including the president, can run for. [1]

congress

The National Assembly of Venezuela (the National Assembly) is the highest legislative body of the country, unicameral. The main functions of the National Congress are to enact laws, amend the Constitution, supervise the government and public administration in accordance with the law, declare amnesty and approve the state budget. The deputies to the National Congress shall be directly elected by national election for a term of five years; The Chairman holds office for one year and may be re-elected. The first National Congress was established in August 2000. In January 2020, the National Congress held a leadership change election, Guaido and Parra were announced as the new president. On December 6, 2020, the National Assembly held a general election, the ruling party coalition won the election, and the new National Assembly took office on January 5, 2021, with a term of office until 2026. Jorge Rodriguez Serve as chairman. [1]

Constituent assembly

On May 1, 2017, Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro announced that in order to resolve the differences between the ruling and opposition parties, build a platform for dialogue, and promote national development, in accordance with the relevant provisions of articles 340 to 350 of the Constitution, it was decided to convene a constituent assembly. The main contents of the new constitution are to establish a new participatory democracy and a "post-oil" economic system, which will be submitted to a national referendum after completion. On July 30, the election of deputies to the Constituent Assembly was held, and the ruling party won all the seats. On 4 August, the Constituent Assembly was established. After its establishment, the Constituent Assembly passed laws such as the Law on Anti-Hatred, Promoting Peaceful Coexistence and Inclusion, and the Law on Anti-Economic War. In December 2020, the ruling party announced that the Constituent Assembly had completed its mission and ended its operation. [1]

government

The President is the head of government, and the Vice President and cabinet ministers are appointed by the President. The current government was formed in January 2019 and has been reshuffled several times. Current cabinet members are: Vice President Delcy Rodriguez (DelcyRODRIGUEZ, female), Minister of the Presidency of the People's Power Jorge Marquez (JorgeMARQUEZ), the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People's Power, Ivan Hill Pinto, the Minister of Interior and Justice of the People's Power, Remigio CEBALLOS, the Minister of Defense of the People's Power Vladimir Padrino Lopez (Vladimir Padrine Olopez), Minister of Information and Communications of the People's Power Freddy Nianez, Minister of Economy, Finance and Foreign Trade of the People's Power DelcyRODRIGUEZ (female), Jose RIVAS, Minister of Industry and Production of the People's Power, Minister of Agriculture and Land Verma Alfred Castro Soteldo Domestic trade minister dary (WilmarAlfredoCASTROSoteldo), people's regime, alba les (Dheliz ALVAREZ), people's regime, urban agriculture minister Qiao Ana CARRILLO, (Jhoanna CARRILLO, female). JuanCarlos Losloyo, Minister of Fisheries and Fisheries of the People's Power, Minister of Food of the People's Power Carlos Leal Teyeria (CarlosLealTELLERIA), Minister of Tourism of the People's Power Ali Padron Paredes (AliPadronPAREDES), the Minister of Petroleum of the People's Power, PedroRafael Trechea, and the Minister of Ecological Mining Development of the People's power, William SERANTES, the Minister of Planning of the People's Power Ricardo Jose Menendez (RicardoJoseMENENDEZ), Minister of Health of the People's Power, Magali Gutierrez (female), Minister of Indian Affairs of the People's Power Clara Bidar (ClaraVIDAL, female), DivaGUZMAN, Minister of Women and Gender Equality of the People's Power, RodolfoMARCO, Minister of Water Conservation of the People's Power, MervinMALDONADO, Minister of Youth and Sports Affairs of the People's Power, Milelise Contreras, Minister of Prison Services of the People's Power, female, Minister of Labour and Social Security of the People's Power Francisco Torrealba FranciscoTORREALBA, Minister of Culture of the People's Power Ernesto Villegas ErnestoVILLEGAS, Minister of Education for the People's Power Jelitzer St. Elia (YelitzeSANTAELLA, female), Minister of Higher Education of the People's Power SandraOBLITAS (female), Minister of Science and Technology of the People's Power Gabriela Jimenez Ramirez (GabrielaJIMENEZRamirez, female), Minister of Ecology, People's Power Josue Alejandro Lorca Vega (JosueAlejandroLORCAVega), Minister of Housing for the People's Power Idmalo Biarol Arismendi (IIdemaroVILLARROELArismendi), the regime of the people's commune and the socialist sports minister Jorge Arreaza JorgeARREAZA, Minister of Transport, People's Power Ramon Velasquez RamonVELASQUEZ, Minister of Public Works, People's Power Raul Alfonso Paredes RaulAlfonzoPAREDES, Minister of Power of the People Nestor Reverol NestorREVEROL, Minister of Border Affairs, People's Power Herado Izquierdo (GerardoIZQUIERDO). [1]

judiciary

Venezuela
The Supreme Court of Venezuela is the highest judicial body in the country, composed of the president, two vice presidents and 32 justices, under the constitutional, political and administrative, electoral, civil trial, social trial and criminal trial six courts. Judges are recommended by the Judicial Selection Committee and appointed by the National Congress for a term of 12 years, with no possibility of re-election. The term of office of the President is 2 years and may be re-elected once. Current Supreme Court President Caryslia Rodriguez (female). The judicial system also includes the General Prosecutor's Office, the General Auditor's Office, the Civil Protection Office, the Criminal Investigation Agency and the Auxiliary judicial Agency. State attorney general Tarek William Szabo (TarekWilliamSAAB). Elvis comptroller general, eduardo's said lobo, amoroso (ElvisEduardoHidroboAmoroso), Tribune Alfredo Ruiz (AlfredoRuiz). [1]

Political party

The main political parties are:
(1) United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PartidoSocialistaUnidodeVenezuela PSUV) : the ruling party. It was established in January 2008. There are now more than 8 million official party members. From November 2009 to April 2010, the Party held its first special Congress to finalize three documents: the Party Constitution, the Declaration of Principles and the Basic Program. The party stands for opposing capitalism and imperialism, pursuing socialism, humanism and internationalism, defending the fruits of the Bolivarian Revolution, safeguarding the interests of the working class and the people, and is committed to building "socialism in the 21st century" that is fair, free and humane. In March 2022, the Party held its fifth congress, proposed "resist, revive, revolution: a new period of transition to socialism", implemented the "1X10 good government" contact mechanism with the masses (each party member contacts 10 people), and President Maduro was re-elected as the party president.
(2) Justice First Party (PrimeroJusticia) : Opposition party. Founded in 2000, it became a national political party in 2003, advocating a humanitarian centrist approach. Former Miranda state governor Henrique Capriles is its founder and party leader. Party President Maria MARTINEZ.
(3) A new Era party (UnNuevoTiempo) : Opposition party. It was founded in 1999 and became a national political party in 2006. Member of the Socialist International. The National Consultative Committee is the highest organ of power in the Party. Founder and party president ManuelROSALES.
(4) Democratic Action Party (PartidodeAccionDemocratica) : Opposition party. It was established in September 1941. Member of the Socialist International. The National Congress is the highest organ of power of the Party. Party President Isabelle Carmona and General Secretary Henri Ramos Allup.
(5) Party of the People's Will (Partido devoluntade popular) : Opposition party. Established in 2009. Member of the Socialist International. It advocates respect for people's political and civil rights and promotes the establishment of a free, progressive, democratic and inclusive society. General National Coordinator Leopoldo Lopez. In January 2019, Guaido, a member of the party and then president of the National Assembly, declared himself "interim president". In December 2022, Guaido was dismissed as "interim president".
(6) Christian Socialist Party (PartidoSocialcristiano) : Opposition party. It was established in January 1946. Member of the CDU International and the Inter-American CDU. Party President Roberto ENRIQUEZ and General Secretary JuanCarlosALVARADO.
(7) Progressive party (AvanzadaProgresista) : Opposition party. It was established in June 2012. It was made up of dissidents from the United Socialist Party and the PatriaParaTodos. He advocated taking power through democratic election, fully implementing the dollarization of the economy, and improving relations with the United States and other Western countries. Its founder, HenriFALCON, and its president, Eduardo SEMTEI.
(8) The Movement for Socialism (MovimientoalSocialismo) : Founded in January 1971. Member of the Socialist International. It is composed of a part of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Venezuela, which advocates the reform of Marxist theory and the construction of socialism with Venezuelan characteristics of democracy, pluralism, sovereignty and people's autonomy. In 2001, the party split into anti-government and pro-government factions. Party President Segundo MELENDEZ, General Secretary FelipeMUJICA. [1]

dignitaries

Maduro
Nicolas Maduro Moros : The President. He was born in November 1962 and graduated from high school. In his youth, he was a leader of the student movement and a union leader in the Caracas Metro. He has been the national leader of the "Bolivarian Revolutionary Movement 200", the coordinator of the "Bolivarian Party of Working Forces" and the director of the mobilization department of the "Fifth Republic Movement". In 2008, he co-founded the ruling United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV) and is currently the vice president of PSUV. He was elected to the House of Representatives in 1998 and served as President of the National Convention from 2005 to 2006. He was appointed Foreign Minister in August 2006. In October 2012, he was appointed Vice President and Foreign Minister. In January 2013, he ceased to serve as foreign minister. On 14 April, he was elected president after defeating the opposition coalition candidate Capriles in a rerun of the presidential election, and took office on 19 April for a term until April 2019. On July 26, 2014, he was elected Chairman of the United Socialist Party, and was re-elected twice in July 2018 and May 2022. He was re-elected in the general election in May 2018 and was sworn in in January 2019 to serve until January 2025.
Hugo Chavez Frias : Former President. He was born in July 1954. He graduated from the Military Academy of Venezuela with a master's degree in military science and art of the Army Engineering, and later studied political science at the Simon Bolivar University, where he was awarded the "Star of Carabobo" and the "Army Cross". In 1982, the Bolivarian Revolutionary Movement 200 was founded by former soldiers and members of the middle and lower classes of society. In 1992, he led the "February 4th" military coup attempt and was released after two years in prison. In January 1998, the Fifth Republic Movement was founded, advocating a radical reform of the country's political system and the establishment of a genuine democracy with the participation of the people. In December, he ran in the general election as a candidate of the "Patriotic Center" campaign alliance and won. After taking office, he promoted the establishment of a constitutional assembly through a referendum to amend the constitution and carry out major reforms to the national political system. Under the new constitution, Cha was re-elected president in July 2000. He was re-elected president in December 2006 and October 2012. On March 5, 2013, Chavez died in Caracas. [1]

economy

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General situation

Venezuelan currency
Venezuela has superior natural endowments and rich energy resources, with proven reserves of 300 billion barrels of oil (including heavy oil), ranking first in the world. The main industrial sectors are petroleum, iron ore, construction, steelmaking, aluminum smelting, electricity, automobile assembly, food processing, textiles and so on. Petroleum industry is the lifeblood of Venezuela's national economy. China has 80 million hectares of land suitable for agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and aquaculture, including 30.7 million hectares of arable land and 13.79 million hectares of natural and artificial grazing grassland. Agricultural development is slow. In recent years, the decline in international oil prices and sanctions have had a severe impact on the Venezuelan economy. [1]
In recent years, Venezuelan officials have stopped publishing and updating most macroeconomic data. [4] In 2020, the total GDP of Venezuela is 47.26 billion US dollars, and the per capita GDP (US $) is 1,691 US dollars. [1]

industry

Venezuela's light industry is relatively developed, and since the 1970s, it has focused on the development of steel, petrochemical, aluminum smelting and other industries. Venezuela is rich in oil reserves and is one of the world's major oil exporters. The Venezuelan economy is highly dependent on oil, and the oil industry is the pillar industry of the national economy. Venezuela has nationalized the oil industry, and the exploration, development, production and sales of oil are uniformly responsible for the national oil company. Pdvsa, which belongs to the Ministry of Petroleum and Minerals, is the largest state-owned enterprise in Venezuela and ranks 41st among the world's top 500 companies, with operating revenue of $120.979 billion and profit of $12.933 billion in 2013. Pdvsa invested nearly $25 billion in oil production in 2013, with a target of 3.5 million barrels per day. [4]

agriculture

Venezuela's agricultural output accounts for a very low proportion of GDP, as of 2014, the country has about 30 million hectares of arable land, of which about 3 million hectares are planted, 17.13 million hectares are pastured, and 3.1 million hectares are covered by forests. The number of people employed in agriculture accounts for about 13% of the country's total labor force. The main agricultural products are rice, cocoa, coffee, sugar cane, corn, beans, potatoes and so on. The cultivation of coffee and cocoa has a long history, and before the rise of the oil industry, coffee and cocoa once played an important role in the national economy. Venezuelan coffee and cocoa are of good quality and pure taste, and still sell well in the international market. But Venezuela is not self-sufficient in agricultural products, and Venezuela's national food company needs to import a large amount of food every year to meet the domestic market. [4]

Service industry

In 2012, commercial output accounted for 9.92% of GDP; The output value of communication industry accounted for 6.65% of GDP; The financial and insurance industry accounts for 5.52% of GDP.

tourism

In 2011, it received 581,900 foreign tourists. Visitors mainly come from Europe, America and Latin America. There are 2,461 tourist reception facilities, 77,372 guest rooms and 483 star-rated hotels, including 23 five-star hotels, 28 four-star hotels and 127 three-star hotels. Famous tourist attractions are Angel Falls and Margarita Island Let's wait.

foreign trade

In September 1990, Venezuela joined the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and now has trade relations with more than 100 countries and regions in the world. It mainly exports crude oil, petrochemical products, aluminum ingot, steel, iron ore, metal products, etc., and imports mechanical and electrical equipment, chemical and hardware products, auto parts, building materials and agricultural products. [1]

External debt situation

Venezuela's outstanding external debt at the end of September 2013 was $110.485 billion. Among them, long-term external debt accounted for 78.19% and short-term external debt accounted for 21.81%; Public debt accounted for 86.87%, private debt accounted for 13.13%; In terms of financing sources, bonds and promisees accounted for 35.70% of the total foreign debt, loans accounted for 31.61%, commercial credit accounted for 12.52%, cash and deposits accounted for 0.10%, and other financing methods accounted for 20.07%. [4]

culture

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Important festival

Independence Day: July 5 [1]

Folk custom

Venezuela
The earliest inhabitants of Venezuela were the Indians, who were divided into tribes according to language and customs and dispersed in different areas. Their production, life and other Venezuelans There is a big difference. The tribe of the Indians is the basic unit of consanguineous society, and the head of the tribe is the chief. The most popular religions are fetishism and pornography. The more stable tribes are built in the village, with thousands of large people and hundreds of small people, and some tribes have hundreds of people living in a large straw hut. Marriage customs vary. Some tribes are polygamous, where the wives are legally equal and each tilling the land. Some tribes are divided into several matrilineal kinship groups, holding a coming-of-age ceremony for girls only, and giving the bride price to the girl's mother or uncle at marriage. The most distinctive holiday in Venezuela is the Black religious festival. Black people living in the West celebrated St. Benedict's Day. Saint Benedict is a black saint, so he is also called the "Holy Negro Sacrifice". From October 1 to December 25 each year, the faithful carry the icon around the villages. It begins with a procession and ends with a village festival, which is open to all classes of people. In the countryside, there is a "bull and candle" ritual, in which a man wearing a bull mask runs back and forth through the village, with lights attached to the ears of the mask. The parade ends on grey Wednesday with the "Burial of the Sardine" festival. During the ceremony, there are "demons" that scare the crowd and interrupt the ceremony. [4]
As people around the world begin their New Year celebrations, Venezuelans, in accordance with their own customs, pray for peace, prosperity and good luck in the New Year. On the eve of the New Year, many Venezuelans also like to put large denomination bills in their wallets or right shoes, indicating that they are in control of wealth. [4]
In Venezuela, many elderly people believe that if they want to get rich in the New Year, they should toast and clink glasses and drop a gold ring into the glass after the New Year's bell. In Venezuela, bubbly wines, such as champagne, are the preferred drinks for New Year because bubbles symbolize good luck. Some Venezuelans also believe that if they eat 12 grapes in a row as the New Year's bell rings, or secretly write three wishes on a piece of paper in advance and burn them after the New Year's bell rings, their dreams will come true. [4]

taboo

Venezuela's urban architectural planning is Spanish style, the new district of the city is mostly tall buildings, there are luxurious residences, there are slums. There are many kinds of houses in the countryside, some are beautiful two-story buildings, some are bungalows made of brick and cement, and some are huts. Venezuelans dress casually. On formal occasions, both men and women wear suits and leather shoes. Indian They rarely wear suits.
The etiquette of the residents is similar to that of other European and American countries. When friends meet, they shake hands and greet each other. Between close friends, hug and kiss on the cheek when meeting. The same goes for parting. Venezuelans attach great importance to the address when meeting, believing that a proper address, showing respect for others, is a basic etiquette requirement. The common titles are Mr. And Mrs. And Miss.
In diplomatic Settings, any woman in Venezuela can be called "ma 'am." Venezuelans take their titles seriously, usually adding administrative or academic titles to their titles. When invited to a Venezuelan home, it is best to give the hostess some gifts in advance and send a thank-you note afterwards. When it comes to sending gifts to friends, men like friends to send a good pen or other office supplies. For women, giving them a bouquet of orchids is the best greeting gift, because orchids are the national flower of Venezuela, which symbolizes simple and warm friendship. Venezuelan customs are Western and taboos are the same or similar to those in Latin American countries such as Mexico. [4]

custom

When dealing with Venezuelans for the first time, it is best to first observe whether they are of European descent or native Indians, and then to deal with them according to their different customs and habits. Venezuelans like to talk to people very close, some face to face can almost touch each other's nose, talk may pinch each other's shoulders, touch each other's neckline, acquaintances often hold each other's hands to talk. Foreign guests should not be surprised at this, because this is the custom of local residents to show closeness.
Venezuelans are very particular about social occasions dress neatly, in formal occasions, even if the weather is relatively hot, men and women must wear a suit, tie, put on shoes. For men's suits, it is best to have three suits, the color is dark, wear a white shirt, the bottom of the shirt is tucked into the pants, and tie the cufflinks and collar buttons. Women's suits can be selected according to their own conditions, should be suitable for fitting, can be matched with a variety of shirts or underwear, tie or no tie can be, but pants or skirt should pay attention to the color of the shirt harmony.
Venezuelans usually only invite close friends to their homes. When invited to a Venezuelan home, it is best to send some flowers or candy to the host or hostess in advance, take it with you, and send a letter of thanks afterwards. Venezuelans invite guests to dinner mainly Western food, but draw on local traditional cooking methods and seasonings. The main food for guests is rice, corn pancakes, beans, beef, pork, fish, shrimp, seafood, poultry, poultry eggs, vegetables, fruits and so on. Drinks include coffee; Tea, milk, Coca-Cola, beer, liquor and all kinds of fruit wine, etc. Venezuelans treat dinner is the custom of mutual toast, according to local custom, wait for the host to toast after the guests can toast. [4]

diet

Aliaka
"Aliaka" is the most typical Christmas food, just like the dumplings that people in northern China eat during the New Year. Aliaka is made with corn flour and pork, beef, chicken and nuts. On the first day, boil the crushed corn for about 25 minutes and soak it in cool water. The next day, mix it with cooked corn flour, add chicken stock, butter, salt, etc., then evenly and set aside. Then, the pork, beef and chicken are cooked and cut into cubes, the onion, garlic, capers and other ingredients with oil in water first cook for 15 minutes, then put into the diced meat cook for 40 minutes out, with green pepper, carrot shreds as embellished, oil olives, raisins, etc., stuffing even if ready. The meat filling is wrapped in a flat rectangular tortilla, 5 to 7 cm long, wrapped in washed and roasted banana leaves, tied with string, boiled for an hour, removed from the refrigerator for a day, and ready to eat.
Ham praline bread
Another Christmas food is Ham praline bread . It has been in Venezuela for nearly 100 years. In 1905, in a small bakery located between Gradias and Solis streets in Caracas, the French owner Gustavo first baked this delicious bread, which is very popular with consumers. At that time, the boss hired people to drive donkeys to sell them everywhere, and later set up chain distribution stores in various places. To make this bread, ingredients such as unsalted butter, milk and eggs are added to the flour, and the ham is cut into slices olive Raisins, walnuts, almonds, etc., rolled in bread and placed in an oven at 230 degrees. The bread is golden brown after baking and cut into segments for serving. No matter in the capital or in mainland cities, the shelves of shopping malls before Christmas are always packed with this popular ham and praline bread.
Flavor food
Food in Venezuela is quite cheap. In addition to local specialties, food from all over the world can also be found, especially Spanish and Italian food. Arabic and Chinese food are available in big cities. Foodies should be there Caracas For fine dining, budget travelers can look for restaurants that offer menudeldia, a main course and a soup. There are many coffee shops in Venezuela. If you prefer half coffee and half milk, go to cafemarron. If you like milk more, ask for cafeconleche.

Beauty contest

Beauty pageant nation
Venezuela is Miss Universe , Miss World The largest manufacturing country.
Venezuela is a country that fanatically worships beautiful women. Every year in early September, the annual Miss Venezuela pageant is the most important event in the country. At that time, the streets were empty, the cars were not running, there were no taxis, and everyone sat in front of the TV to watch the TV station broadcast the choice of beautiful women.
Venezuela is the largest producer of Miss Universe, Miss World, and the two Miss Universe winners in 2008 and 2009 were from Venezuela (2008) Dayana Mendoza And Stefan Fernandez in 2009). Because 60% of the people in Venezuela are mixed Spanish and Indian.

Military affairs

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EDITOR
Venezuelan soldiers
The president is the supreme commander of the armed forces. The National Security and Defense Council is the President's top advisory body on national security and defense strategy and policy, and is composed of the Vice President, the Minister of Defense, the Minister of Interior, and the Minister of Finance, as well as the Director General of the Armed Forces, the Joint Chief of Staff, and others. The Supreme Military Command is the highest leadership body of the armed forces, the highest military advisory body to the President and the National Security and Defense Council, composed of the Minister of Defense, the Director of the Armed Forces, the Joint Chief of staff and the four service commanders, led by the Minister of Defense. The Venezuelan army practices compulsory military service. According to the Military Service Law, all healthy citizens aged 18 to 50 must register for military service in accordance with the law. The Army, Navy, Air Force and National Guard all serve 24 months. The Venezuelan Armed Forces are composed of the four regular armed forces, namely the army, navy, Air Force and National Guard, as well as reserve forces such as the National Bolivarian Militia.
VladimirPADRINOLopez, Minister of Defense of the People's Power; The Commander of the Armed Forces Strategic Operations Command, DomingoAntonioHERNANDEZLarez, the Chief of staff of the Armed Forces Strategic Operations Command, JoseGREGORIOMoreno, The commander of the army, JoseAntonioMurgaBaptista, the commander of the Navy, Nell Jesus Villamizar Sanchez, Air force commander, San Diego, alejandro, due to the party, terry, Iraq (SantiagoAlejandroINFANTEItriago), the national guard commander elio estrada (ElioEstrada), JavierMarcanoTabata, commander of the Bolivarian National Militia. [1]

traffic

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EDITOR

highroad

Venezuela has a total road length of 96,000 kilometers, of which 53,000 kilometers of paved roads and 2,500 kilometers of expressways. The national road network is developed, but the capacity of some sections is insufficient, there are many broken roads, and the accessibility of the vast southern region is poor. It is easier to reach Colombia by land from Venezuela, but difficult to reach Brazil and Guyana by land. There are a total of 6 million motor vehicles in the country, and the total traffic volume of automobiles accounts for the vast majority. [4]

railway

Venezuela has built 41 kilometers of passenger railways, with a total length of 1,354 kilometers. In recent years, due to insufficient investment and lack of necessary maintenance, railway service conditions are deteriorating, and it is difficult to guarantee normal operation. The country's railways are not connected to each other, and there are no railways to other countries. The capital Caracas has three metro lines with a total length of 42.4 kilometers, and the maximum passenger flow of the subway can reach nearly 300 million passengers/year. [4]

Water transport

Venezuela's water transport routes are about 7,100 kilometers, and the total length of inland routes is more than 1,000 kilometers. The country has 9 international ports, 34 oil and iron ore ports and 5 fishing ports. The main ports are La Guaira, Cabello, Maracaibo and Ordaz, and the Simon Bolivar deepwater Port. There are 60 ships of over 1,000 tons in China, with a total tonnage of 630,000 tons. [4]

Air freight

There are 61 commercial airports in Venezuela, including 11 international airports. The main international airport is Simon Bolivar Airport, located 30 kilometers north of Caracas, serving 36 airlines, with 2 passenger terminals, 2 cargo buildings, 56 tarmac, can take off and land 747 models, is the largest and busiest airport in Venezuela, concentrating 90% of the country's international flights, the annual passenger volume can reach 9 million passengers. Most of Venezuela's airports were built two decades ago, with outdated runways and equipment, and inadequate fire-fighting and navigation facilities. International airlines such as Air Canada and Lufthansa have announced the suspension of their business in Venezuela due to a shortage of foreign exchange, which has delayed the transfer of ticket revenue from foreign airlines and continued sharp depreciation of the local currency. The main airlines operating in Venezuela at the beginning of 2019 are Air France, American Airlines, Turkish Airlines and Panama Airlines. In March 2019, American Airlines (AA) announced the suspension of direct flights between the United States and Venezuela. In May 2019, the US Department of Transportation announced a ban on direct flights between the US and Venezuela. There are no direct flights between China and Venezuela, and domestic passengers can transfer via cities such as Paris, Panama and Istanbul. Since March 2020, when COVID-19 cases were confirmed in Venezuela, the government has declared a national quarantine and all domestic and international commercial flights have been suspended. At present, with the continuous improvement of epidemic prevention and control measures, international air routes have been opened with Panama, Mexico, the Dominican Republic, Turkey, Cuba, Bolivia and other countries. [4]

conduit

As of 2014, Venezuela has about 6,370 km of crude oil transportation pipelines, 480 km of refined oil transportation pipelines, 4,010 km of natural gas pipelines, 992 km of heavy oil pipelines, and 141 km of other pipelines (oil/water).

society

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EDITOR

education

Venezuela has compulsory education for children between the ages of 6 and 15 and has been declared a country without illiteracy by UNESCO. There are 48 universities in the country, including 23 public universities, 25 private universities, and 103 technical colleges. Famous universities include the Central University of Venezuela, Simon Bolivar University, Andres Bello Catholic Private University. The government stipulates that all schools in the country must register with the Ministry of Education and teach according to a uniform curriculum. In 2009, the Education Law was revised to include "21st century socialism" in the teaching syllabus of primary and secondary schools. In 2012, there were 1.22 million students in preschool classes, 93 percent in nine-year basic education, 75.1 percent in secondary education, and 2.63 million registered college students. [1]

Press and publication

There are more than 100 newspapers and magazines in Venezuela, including 75 daily newspapers. The main newspapers, all privately owned: The National, founded in 1943, is more influential in intellectual circles, circulation of 175,000; The Universo, founded in 1909 by the Nunez family, is a non-partisan newspaper with a circulation of 140,000. The Latest Izvestia newspaper, founded in 1941, focuses on social news and has a circulation of about 350,000. The main magazines are "Setar" and "Bohemian", which are comprehensive magazines. The above papers are published in Spanish.
The Orinoco Post (published in 2010) and 4F (published in 2014) are the official newspapers of the ruling United Socialist Party.
The Venezuelan News Agency was established in May 1977. It was later renamed the Bolivarian News Agency.
In 2009, the National Communications Commission was established, with 391 radio and television stations registered with the Commission, except for the national radio station and national television station, the rest are private and commercial in nature. [1]

Physical education

Baseball is one of the most popular sports in Venezuela, and many people go there Major League Baseball It is the second largest source of overseas players in Major League Baseball (after Dominican Republic , more than Puerto Rico ). Venezuela also has a professional baseball league. In 2006, he won the Caribbean Championship with six wins and zero losses. Compared to other Latin American countries, football is less popular in Venezuela, being the weakest country in the Latin American Confederation, and has never been played The World Cup finals But its progress is rapid, its star players Juan Arango Played for Borussia Moenchengladbach in the Bundesliga. The year 2007 America's Cup of Nations Held in Venezuela. [4]

Public security

The streets of Venezuela are widely acknowledged to be Latin America One of the most unsafe places, its danger level exceeds Mexico . In an effort to stem a sharp rise in street violence, more than 3,200 members of Venezuela's National Guard have taken to the streets to patrol the capital, Caracas, and the neighbouring states of Vargas and Miranda, helping the poorly trained and discredited police.
Latin American security experts believe that there are many reasons for the surge in violent crime in Venezuela: First, the economy of most Latin American countries is developing rapidly, while Venezuela's economy is shrinking due to the deterioration of the investment environment, skilled workers and foreign enterprises have left, the domestic unemployment rate is more than 8%, and the gap between rich and poor is widening. Although the Chavez government has expanded public spending to combat poverty, it has led to inflation of 30% a year, and domestic resentment and discontent are high. Second, there are 15 million illegal guns in Venezuela, one weapon for every two people. Nearly 80 percent of violent crimes in the country are reported to be gun-related. In addition, police salaries in Venezuela are very low, and some officers engage in illegal activities after hours to increase their income.
President Chavez acknowledged that violent crime was a serious problem for the government, and he asked government agencies to take all measures to make the streets safer throughout the country. With kidnapping and extortion cases on the rise, Venezuela changed the law in 2009 to increase the penalties for kidnapping criminals, and the judicial system also allowed authorities to freeze the bank accounts of victims' families to prevent them from being extorted by kidnappers. The government has created a national police force and opened a new security university where officers will be trained, with instructors from Cuba and Nicaragua. At the same time, the court banned local media from publishing gory footage of the killings.
On March 17, 2014, the Venezuelan government dispatched hundreds of security forces into the opposition-controlled demonstration site to clear the ground in order to extinguish the fire of the demonstration for more than a month. By the end of the day, the number of people killed in the protests in Venezuela reached 29. Government forces moved into Altamira Square on the 17th, the main site of anti-government protesters in eastern Caracas, and after a brief encounter, government forces quickly took control of the square. Since then, members of Venezuela's National Security Guard have been patrolling the area, and workers have been cleaning streets and removing barricades. There are also 150 members of the militia guard patrolling the neighborhood on motorcycles. [4]

People's livelihood

Venezuela's GDP per capita was $14,523 in 2013. In 2013, the poverty-stricken population accounted for 19.6 percent of the total population, down 1.4 percentage points year-on-year. The extreme poverty rate was 5.5 per cent, down 0.5 percentage points year-on-year. In 2011, the average life expectancy was 74.3 years, the birth rate was 2.45%, the mortality rate was 5.14‰, and the infant mortality rate was 14.78‰. By the end of 2013, China had 12.82 million Internet users, 31.72 million mobile phone users, 7.76 million fixed-line phone users and 2.1 million cable TV users. (Source: National Bureau of Statistics of Venezuela, National Communications Commission of Venezuela)

epidemic prevention and control

On March 16, 2020, Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro delivered a televised speech announcing the implementation of a nationwide "social isolation" from 5 am on the 17th, calling on all people to stay at home as much as possible to control the spread of the novel coronavirus epidemic in the country. [2]

diplomacy

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EDITOR

Foreign policy

We pursue a foreign policy of anti-imperialism, anti-colonialism, anti-hegemony and independence. It advocates the establishment of a multi-polar world with mutual respect and no hegemony, and opposes neoliberalism and free trade. Advocate South-South cooperation. We will actively promote regional integration in Latin America and focus on cooperation with Latin American and Caribbean countries. We attach importance to developing relations with Russia, Iran and other countries. We firmly oppose external interference in internal affairs.
Venezuela maintains diplomatic relations with more than 160 countries and is a member of such international and regional organizations as the Non-Aligned Movement, the Group of 77, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, the World Trade Organization, the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, the Latin American Economic System, the Latin American Development Bank, the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas, the Union of South American Nations, and the PetroCaribe Plan. SELa , Petrocaribe project It is based in Caracas. [1]

External relations

Relations with China
On June 28, 1974, the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Venezuela formally established diplomatic relations. In September of the same year, China opened an embassy in Venezuela. In November, the Commission opened an embassy in China. The Commission also has consulates General in Hong Kong, Shanghai and Guangzhou.
Bilateral economic and trade cooperation is fruitful, and mutually beneficial cooperation in energy, agriculture, infrastructure, high-tech and other fields is progressing smoothly. Venezuela has become an important trading partner and investment target of China in Latin America.
In 2022, bilateral trade in goods reached 3.842 billion U.S. dollars, up 20.6 percent year on year. Among them, China's export value was US $3.09 billion, up 37.6% year on year, and China's import value was US $833 million, down 16.5% year on year. In 2023, bilateral trade in goods will reach 4.183 billion US dollars, up 11.1% year on year. Among them, China's exports reached 3.451 billion US dollars, up 17.8% year on year, and China's imports reached 731 million US dollars, down 12.2% year on year.
China mainly exports electrical appliances, computers, electronic products, machinery and equipment, and mainly imports crude oil, organic chemicals, iron ore and concentrates.
In May 2001, the two countries established the China-Venezuela High-Level Mixed Committee to coordinate and plan bilateral cooperation in the fields of politics, economy, trade and people-to-people exchanges. The 17th meeting of the High Committee was held in Beijing in September 2023.
In December 2004, the Commission recognized China's full market economy status. [21]
In August 2006, China and Venezuela signed the Memorandum of Understanding on the Implementation Plan for Chinese Tourism Groups to Travel to Venezuela. In January 2007, China officially launched the business of Chinese tourism groups to Venezuela. In September 2023, the tourism authorities of China and Venezuela signed the Tourism Cooperation Plan for 2023-2028.
In 2011, the Chinese People's Liberation Army marching Guard attended the celebration ceremony of the 200th anniversary of Venezuela's independence. [4]
On the afternoon of April 11, 2020, a team of eight Chinese medical experts successfully completed their mission to assist Venezuela in fighting the epidemic and left for home. In recognition of the team's outstanding contributions to the prevention and control of the epidemic in Venezuela, the Venezuelan government awarded the "Francisco de Miranda" second-class Medal to all members of the team at the airport on the same day.
China began to accept Venezuelan students in 1961, and by 2018, a total of 359 Venezuelan students had received Venezuelan scholarships. From 2021 to 2022, 473 Venezuelan students will study in China, including 83 scholarship students. In December 2016, the first Confucius Institute jointly established by Changzhou University and Bolivarian University of Venezuela was inaugurated. In September 2023, the education authorities of the two countries signed the Implementation Plan for Educational Exchanges in 2023-2028.
September 2023 The two heads of state announced the elevation of China-Venezuela relations to an all-weather strategic partnership. [18]
Relations with the United States
Diplomatic relations between Venezuela and the United States were established on 30 June 1835. After President Hugo Chavez came to power, the United States criticized Venezuela's government for human rights abuses, accusing it of supporting Colombia's anti-government guerrillas and having links to the drug cartels. In response, the United States imposed sanctions on the Venezuelan state oil company. President Chavez refuted relevant US accusations, opposed US interference in Venezuela's internal affairs under the pretext of human rights and anti-drug, and explicitly opposed the US political, economic and trade system. In 2010, Venezuela refused to accept the nomination of the new US ambassador to Venezuela. Venezuela and the US have close economic and trade ties. The US is Venezuela's largest export market and Venezuela is the fourth largest oil supplier to the US.
September 24, 2017, President of the United States Donald Trump Signed the latest travel ban, adding Venezuela to the new ban list. [6]
On January 23, 2019, Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro announced that Venezuela officially severed diplomatic relations with the United States. [9]
Relations with European countries
The EU is Venezuela's second largest trading partner and source of investment. The Commission attaches importance to the development of relations with EU countries in order to attract capital, technology and increase exports. Venezuela has signed a number of economic, trade and scientific and technological cooperation agreements with EU member states.
In 2010, Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko, Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin and Portuguese Prime Minister Vladimir Putin visited the Commission, and President Hugo Chavez visited Russia, Belarus, Ukraine and Portugal. In June 2012, President of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko visited the Commission. [4]
Relations with Latin American and Caribbean countries
Venezuela attaches great importance to its relations with Latin American countries, actively participates in regional affairs, vigorously promotes the Latin American integration strategy such as the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas, and maintains close relations with Cuba, Bolivia, Ecuador and other countries.
In July 2010, Venezuela severed diplomatic relations with Colombia. The two countries resumed diplomatic relations in August.
In 2010, President Chavez visited Uruguay, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Cuba, Brazil, the Dominican Republic and Argentina, and President Mujica of Uruguay, President Correa of Ecuador and President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva of Brazil visited Venezuela. The heads of state of Cuba, Bolivia, Argentina and Ecuador attended the 9th summit of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas in Venezuela. In December 2011, Venezuela successfully hosted the first summit of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States. In July 2012, President Chavez went to Brazil to attend the special summit of MerCOsur. On 31 July, Venezuela officially joined MerCOsur.
Relations with Asia, Africa and the Pacific
Attaching importance to the development prospects of the Asia-Pacific and African regions, the Commission has gradually strengthened economic and trade cooperation with the above regions, and regards the development of relations with Asia-Pacific and African countries as an important goal of diplomatic diversification.
In 2010, President Chavez visited Iran, Syria and Libya, and Syrian President Assad visited Venezuela. In January and June 2012, Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad visited Venezuela twice. The Commission supports the agreement between Iran, Turkey and Brazil on the peaceful use of nuclear energy in Iran and opposes international sanctions against Iran.
Relations with Colombia
On February 23, 2019, Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro announced the severing of diplomatic relations with Colombia. [10]
On July 28, 2022, representatives of Venezuela and Colombia announced that the two countries will restore diplomatic relations at the ambassadorial level on August 7, the inauguration day of Colombian President-elect Gustavo Petro, and cooperate to improve border security. In a joint statement, the two sides said they "are willing to push forward a working agenda starting from August 7 to gradually move forward the normalization of bilateral relations through the appointment of ambassadors, diplomatic and consular officials." [14]
On August 29, 2022, Benedetti, the Colombian ambassador to Venezuela appointed by President Petro, presented his credentials to President Nicolas Maduro, marking the resumption of diplomatic relations between the two countries after three years of severing diplomatic relations. [15]
On September 26, 2022 local time, The land border between Colombia and Venezuela has been fully reopened to motor vehicles. [16]
Relations with Guatemala
On January 16, 2020, Guatemala announced the severing of diplomatic relations with Venezuela. [11]
Relations with Russia
On July 4, 2022 local time, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov met with his Venezuelan counterpart Alvaro Faria in Moscow, during which the two sides discussed bilateral relations, cooperation prospects and coordination and cooperation in international affairs. After the meeting, the two sides decided to promote cooperation in the fields of energy, medicine and military technology. [13]
Relations with Brazil
On January 1, 2023 local time, Brazil and Venezuela officially resumed diplomatic relations at ambassadorial level. Diplomatic relations between the two countries have been severed since 2022. [17]
Relations with Paraguay
In January 2019, after Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro was sworn in for a second presidential term, Paraguayan President Rafael Benitez announced the severing of diplomatic relations with Venezuela and closed the Brazilian embassy in Venezuela to show support for Guaido, who was then the self-declared "interim president" of Venezuela.
On November 15, 2023, the governments of Venezuela and Paraguay announced the restoration of diplomatic relations between the two countries. [19]
Relations with Turkey
On February 24, 2024, local time, Venezuelan Foreign Minister Christopher Hill and Turkish Foreign Minister Fidan issued a joint statement in Caracas, the capital of Venezuela, announcing the commitment of the two governments to promote bilateral trade to 3 billion US dollars. [20]

travel

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EDITOR
Tourism is an important part of the Venezuelan economy, with the main tourist areas being Angel Falls and Isla Margarita. The main tourist attractions are Maracaibo, Valencia, Lake Maracaibo, Angel Falls, Marine Park, Canaima National Park, Merida Tropical snow Mountains, etc. Among them, Lake Maracaibo is the largest lake in Latin America; Angel Falls is the world's largest waterfall, a famous tourist attraction; Canaima National Park is Venezuela's most protected natural area. This is a beautiful country, it is passionate, Angel falls pouring down, Merida snow mountains like pearls, but more charming are those beautiful girls.
Lake Maracaibo
Lake Maracaibo is the largest lake in South America, located in the center of the Maracaibo lowland along the northwestern coast of Venezuela, and connected to the Gulf of Venezuela by a channel 35 kilometers long and 3 ~ 12 kilometers wide at the hubei end. Lake Maracaibo is a tectonic lake in the northern section of the Andes, with a narrow mouth and a wide interior, 190 kilometers long from north to south, 115 kilometers wide from east to west, a shoreline of about 1,000 kilometers long, an area of 13,400 square kilometers, shallow north to south, up to 34 meters deep, and a volume of 280 million cubic meters.
Lake Maracaibo is famous for its beautiful natural scenery and rich oil resources. Lake Maracaibo is the world's most productive and oldest oil lake, which has been exploited for more than 90 years. Lake Maracaibo is known as the richest lake in the world, as far as the eye can see, the lake is lined with derricks, and the entire lake has more than 7,000 oil Wells with an annual output of more than 70 million tons of crude oil. The fishing resources of Lake Maracaibo are also very rich, rich in fish and shrimp, and many places around the lake have also started aquaculture.
Angel Falls
Angel Falls is also known as Churen Meru Falls It is a waterfall on the Rio Churun River, a tributary of the Caroni River on the Guyana plateau in Bolivar State, Venezuela. With a drop of 979 meters and a base width of 150 meters, Angel Falls is the highest waterfall in the world and one of the 12 largest waterfalls in the world. The waterfall should be seen from the air as it covers a dense forest. Angel Falls is the largest waterfall in the world, the Chuun River water from the flat plateau of Auyan-tepui mountain (Auyan-Tepui) straight down the steep wall, almost without touching the cliff, the drop of 979.6 meters, about Niagara Falls 18 times the height.
The waterfall falls in two stages, falling 807 meters to a ledge and then 172 meters to a large pool 152 meters wide at the foot of the mountain. Close to see the waterfall potential like lightning rainbow, overlook its soft beauty like the moon cage gauze. Whenever morning and evening, clouds filled the top of the cliff, I saw the waterfall cascading down from the cliff, like a heroic silver dragon falling from the sky, issuing a rumbling thunder. Angel waterfall flying down, splashed all over the valley beads flying jade scattered, if under the sun, there is a beautiful rainbow hanging on the soft mist, like someone out of the color, in the fun of this strange roaring dragon, coupled with the waterfall on both sides of the rattan tangled towering ancient wood and rocky mountain rocks, make it more magnificent.
Ocean Park
Ocean Park: Nature reserve, one of the world's famous Marine parks. It is located in the southern Caribbean Sea, about 120 km off the northern coast of the mainland. It is made up of more than 300 small islands and surrounding seas formed by undersea mountains. There are plenty of fish and shrimp, and flocks of water birds. More than 700 people live on the main island.
Canaima National Park
Canaima National Park Founded in 1962, it is located in the eastern plateau of Bolivar State, covering an area of 30,000 square kilometers, with great fluctuations from 450 meters to 2,810 meters above sea level. 65% of Kanaima National Park is covered by SLATE Mountains, which are biogeological entities of great geological value. Sheer cliffs and waterfalls up to 1,000 meters high make up the unique landscape of Canaima National Park. Canaima National Park is home to a vast expanse of savanna. On locally wet marshes, the soil is relatively fertile and trees grow. Forests are found only in wet depressions and valleys below the mountain table.
Canaima National Park is also rich in orchid species. The Venezuelan government registered more than 500 orchid species in 1993. Although the number of animals in Canaima Park is not too large, the diversity is outstanding. There are approximately 118 species of mammals, 550 species of birds, 72 species of reptiles and 55 species of amphibians. It is... cougar , leopard Such a sanctuary for precious animals. The geological rock formations of Naima National Park have been continuously eroded by sunlight and rain over time, forming the famous Table Mountain . From a distance, it stands in the thick flat, endless tropical rain forest, very spectacular. Between Table Mountain is a wide valley, the valley is very flat, grow thick tropical rainforest. The river flows down Table Mountain, forming numerous waterfalls. Frog Waterfall, small frog waterfall, wide waterfall and so on are famous scenic spots. Canaima National Park's rock formations, waterfalls, rapids, lakes and streams are named after their mythological descriptions.
Merida tropical snow Mountains
Merida tropical snow Mountains
Merida tropical snow Mountains Located in the south of Venezuela's Lake Maracaibo, it is like a pearl in the sea of green trees, inlaid in the mountains and valleys. There are white-washed streams running, sugar cane and coffee fields beside the streams, and endless tropical rain forests. In Merida, there are five high peaks, all the year round are covered with snow, the white snow cap is like a white eagle falling on the top of the mountain, people call these five peaks five eagles. Among the five peaks, Yuzhu Peak is 5,000 meters high and is the highest point in the country. In honor of Bolivar, Jade Pillar Peak was named Bolivar Peak.
Here is the highest and longest cable car in the world, which is a good choice when visiting by cable car. At the same time, you can see the vegetation of tropical, subtropical, temperate and boreal regions, with dots of white plants, 86 species of plants unique in the world, unknown purple and yellow flowers and boreal coniferous forests. To the top of the mountain, the mountain has completely no vitality of the green, grass, it seems that under such climate conditions, even plants are difficult to live, only white snow can withstand the loneliness here.
Caracas
Caracas, located in the northern valley of Venezuela near the Caribbean Sea, is the capital of Venezuela, the largest city in the country, and the political, economic and cultural center. The city is surrounded by mountains on three sides, is a typical highland climate on the west coast of South America, its climate is springlike all year round, only a few degrees higher than Bogota temperature, pleasant to live in.
In Caracas, people can enjoy the sunny spring, but also can enjoy the taste of tropical beaches, many tourists called "the unique capital of the American continent." Bolivar Square is the most famous square in Caracas, with a bronze statue of Simon Bolivar and the Congress building in the center of the square, flanked by the presidential Palace and the Cabinet building. The eastern part of the city is a cultural district with the Central University of Venezuela, art galleries, libraries, museums, etc. In the north of the city, there is Avila National Park, which is well known for its lush forests and beautiful scenery.
Caracas street parks are everywhere, adding a lot of color to the city. The park is lined with trees, trees, lawns and fountains constitute a scene, and fountains are scattered on the green lawn.
Macarabo
Located on the shores of Lake Maracaibo in northwestern Venezuela, Maracaibo is the country's second largest city after the capital Caracas and the capital of the state of Zulia. The city is one of the world's famous oil industry centers and oil export ports, and is also a world famous oil export port.
Maracaibo also has the reputation of "Little Venice", because once an expedition team found that the scenery along the coast of Maracaibo Lake and the water residences of indigenous people resembled Venice in Italy, so it was called "Little Venice". The culture of Maracaibo is unique, influenced by the local Spanish bagpipes, desert climate, traditions and customs, reflected in the local architecture. The architecture of Maracaibo is unique, and the ancient buildings of the 17th and 18th centuries can be seen everywhere, and the modern buildings complement each other.
Lake Maracaibo is the largest lake in South America, and the most popular tourist destination in Maracaibo, the richest lake in the world, looking out, the lake is lined with derricks, the entire lake has more than 7,000 oil Wells, an annual output of more than 70 million tons of crude oil.
Chironi Beach
Cheroni Beach is located in north-central Venezuela Aragua State It is located next to the village of Choroni, hence the name. It's only a two-hour drive from Maracay, the capital of the state, past dense forests and Henri Pittier National Park. The water in Chironi is cool and clear, the sun shines on the beach, and the palm leaves rustle with the breeze, smiling to welcome visitors from all directions; The water sports facilities here are complete, whether you want to relax and enjoy the quiet or want to enjoy the fun, you are sure to meet your requirements.
The town of Chironi, near the beach, was founded in 1616 and still retains much of its colonial architecture. Old, quiet and beautiful, it is also one of the most famous towns along the Venezuelan coast, where the people are simple and hospitable. It is famous for its high-quality cocoa, and in the early colonial period, the Spanish colonialists sold many slaves from Africa, forming a unique combination of Caribbean music, Spanish music and African music.
Palace of viewing Flowers
The Palace of Flowers is the presidential palace of Venezuela, located in the old city center of the capital Caracas. It was originally a private residence built by President Joaquin Crespo for his wife Misia Jacinta. In 1911, General Cipriano Castro was the first president to occupy the palace.
The palace houses the president's office and living areas and several major halls, the most famous of which are the Ayacucho Hall, Boyaca Hall, Joaquin Crespo Hall and the Sun of Peru Hall. Ayakuchoin Battle of Ayacucho It is named after the place where the president meets foreign leaders, and where the president addresses the nation, and a portrait of Simon Burliville hangs in the hall.
Named in honor of Simon Bolivar's victory in the 1819 war, the Boyaca Hall was built in the 1960s and is one of the largest halls in the Palazzo de Belvedado, mainly used for banquets; the Joaquin Crespo Hall, formerly known as the Hall of the Mirrors, is where the president officially receives Cabinet secretaries, members of the country's business community, and where the president appoints new ministers and ambassadors. There was a long table in the middle of the hall, and two fine murals on the wall behind the president's chair. In addition, the hall also has four huge white crystal mirrors, which is where the "Hall of Mirrors" comes from.
The Peruvian Sun Hall is named in honor of the sun painting presented by the Peruvian government. The hall is painted with pictures symbolizing day and night and the four seasons. The hall is one of the most representative halls of the Palace, and it is also where the president receives credentials from foreign envoys and signs contracts with foreign countries. The overall adoption of the flower palace Neoclassical architecture The style, solemn, surrounded by flowers and trees, is one of the most important buildings in Venezuela. [1]
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