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The Republic of Zimbabwe, formerly known as the Republic of Zimbabwe
Rhodesia
(Before 1980), abbreviated as Zimbabwe, was
Africa
Southeast landlocked country, land area of 390,000 square kilometers, the country is divided into 10 provinces, the capital
Harare
,
The population is 15.18 million
,
[13]
There are mainly Shona (84.5%) and
The Ndebele
(14.9%).
[1]
A centralized state began to form around 1100 AD. In the 13th century, the Kalunga established the kingdom of Monomotapa, which reached its height in the early 15th century. It became a colony of the British South Africa Company in 1890 and was named Southern Rhodesia in 1895. In 1923, the British government took over the territory and granted it Dominion status. In 1953, the United Kingdom merged Southern Rhodesia, Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) and Nyasaland (now Malawi) into the Central African Federation. The Union was dissolved at the end of 1963. In 1964, the Southern Rhodesian White Right wing was formed
Ian Smith
It was headed by a government and declared independence in November 1965. In the 1960s, the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZANU) and the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) were founded to wage armed struggle against white racist rule. In 1979, the Zimbabwean factions convened the London Constitutional Convention under the auspices of the United Kingdom. Parliamentary elections were held at the end of February 1980, and Mugabe's ZANu-PF won. It gained independence on 18 April and became the Republic of Zimbabwe.
Zimbabwe is one of Africa's most industrially developed countries,
Manufacturing industry
Agriculture, mining as the three pillars of the economy, Zimbabwe to produce high-quality
Crocodile skin
It is known as the "land of crocodiles". The country is rich in natural resources and has a good industrial and agricultural foundation.
Zimbabwe 2022
Gross domestic product
25 billion dollars (nominal),
Economic growth rate
(actual) 3.4%,
Gross domestic product per capita
$1,634.
[1]
[12]
- Chinese name
- The Republic of Zimbabwe [1]
- Foreign name
- The Republic of Zimbabwe
- Abbreviated form
- Zimbabwe
- continent
- Africa
- capital
- Harare
- National Day
- April 18, 1980
- National song
- Sacred Zimbabwean soil
- Country code
- ZWE
- Official language
- English Shona and Ndebele [1]
- currency
- U.S. dollar , South African rand , Euro Wait for 9 currencies [1]
- Time zone
- UTC+2
- Political system
- A semi-presidential republic
- National leader
- Emmerson Mnangagwa (President)
- Population number
- 15.18 million [13]
- Population density
- 38.4 persons/km2 [9] (2020)
- Major nationality
- Shona , People from Ndebele
- Major religion
- Christianity , Islam , Primitive religion
- Land area
- 390000 km² [1]
- Water area ratio
- 1%
- Total GDP
- $25 billion [1] [12] (2022)
- Per capita GDP
- $1,634 [12] (2022)
- International telephone area code
- 263
- International domain name abbreviation
- .zw
- Road access
- Drive on the left
- Leading institution
- University of Zimbabwe
- Original name
- Rhodesia
catalogue
- 1Historical evolution
- 2Geographical environment
- ▪Regional location
- ▪Climatic characteristics
- 3Natural resources
- 4Administrative division
- ▪Administrative division
- ▪Major city
- 5National symbol
- ▪Country name
- ▪flag
- ▪National emblem
- 6Population nationality
- ▪population
- ▪nation
- 7political
- ▪constitution
- ▪congress
- ▪judiciary
- ▪government
- ▪Political party
- ▪dignitaries
- 8economy
- ▪summarize
- ▪industry
- ▪Farming and animal husbandry
- ▪tourism
- ▪finance
The Zimbabwe Bird is reunited with its pillar base
The kingdom reached its peak in the early 15th century.
In 1895, it was named Southern Rhodesia.
In 1923, the British government took over the territory and granted it "dominion" status.
In 1953, the United Kingdom merged Southern Rhodesia, Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) and Nyasaland (now Malawi) into the Central African Federation.
At the end of 1963, the Central African Federation was dissolved.
In 1964, the white right wing of Southern Rhodesia formed a government headed by Ian Smith and declared independence in November 1965.
Zimbabwe President Robert Mugabe
In 1979, the Zimbabwean factions convened the London Constitutional Convention under the auspices of the United Kingdom.
Parliamentary elections were held at the end of February 1980,
Robert Gabriel Mugabe
The ruling NLD won. It gained independence on 18 April and became the Republic of Zimbabwe.
[1]
In early November 2017, Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe fired Vice President Emmerson Mnangagwa, who was considered his successor and had the support of the military.
On 15 November 2017, the Zimbabwean military arrested Ignatius Chombo, the country's finance minister, after he tried to root out "criminal elements" around President Robert Mugabe, saying they were causing social and economic damage. Chombo is a leading member of the "G40" faction in the ruling ZANU-PF party, led by Mugabe's wife Grace, which has been vying to succeed the 93-year-old president.
On November 15, 2017, according to the
New York Times
Zimbabwe's President Robert Mugabe has been detained by the military in what the military says is a coup.
On 15 November 2017, the BBC reported that the army had taken over the headquarters of Zimbabwe's State Television (ZBC).
[2]
On 19 November 2017, Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe was sacked as leader of the ruling ZANU-PF party and former Vice President Emmerson Mnangagwa was appointed as its new leader.
On 21 November 2017, Zimbabwe's parliament announced that Mugabe had resigned as president.
[3]
On 22 November 2017, Emmerson Mnangagwa was elected as the new president.
[4]
On November 24, 2017,
Emmerson Mnangagwa
Emmerson Mnangagwa was inaugurated as president of Zimbabwe.
[1]
On 30 July 2018, incumbent President Emmerson Mnangagwa won the presidential election.
[5]
Zimbabwe is located in southeast Africa, a landlocked plateau country. North and northwest
The Zambezi River
Delimit, with
Zambia
It is contiguous (the border is 700 km long), east and northeast
Mozambique
Border (border length 1300 km), west with
Botswana
Adjacent (border length 640 km) to the south
The Limpopo River
with
S.Africa
Is the boundary (the boundary is 250 km long). It covers an area of about 391,000 square kilometers.
[11]
Zimbabwe is located north of the Tropic of Capricorn, but has a subtropical climate due to its high average altitude. The whole year is roughly divided into three seasons: the cool season from April to August, the hot season from September to November, and the rainy season from November to March. The annual average temperature is about 22℃, the highest temperature in October, the highest temperature can reach 35℃; July has the lowest temperature, with the lowest temperature slightly below 10 ° C.
[11]
Zimbabwe is rich in mineral resources, including nearly 80 kinds of gold, platinum group metals, nickel, chromium, diamonds, asbestos and granite, and about 40 kinds have been proved. Eight kinds of minerals, including diamonds, platinum group metals, chromium, gold, nickel, copper, iron ore and coal, are Zimbabwe's dominant resources. Zimbabwe has high quality diamond deposit resources, diamond and platinum reserves rank second in the world. Zimbabwe has eight of the nine "rare earth" mines. Its famous GreatDyke area, 550 km long and 4 km wide, is rich in minerals. Zimbabwe has a strong mining and processing capacity for gold, diamonds and chromium. The general objectives and development guidelines of the Zimbabwe Mining Plan are as follows: make full use of mineral resources to achieve social and economic development; To attract more international capital to invest in mineral development and further processing; Restrict the export of raw ore, etc. In 2020, Zimbabwe's mining growth rate is -4.7%. The Zimbabwean government has proposed that mining could generate $12 billion a year by 2023.
Since the Government of Zimbabwe does not have detailed exploration information, the published data vary widely. Based on the data provided by the Ministry of Mines of Zimbabwe and other sources, the situation of Zimbabwe's major mineral resources is roughly estimated as follows:
Zimbabwe officially mined and exported rough diamonds in 2008, and production has grown rapidly. In 2008, the production of rough diamonds was only 600,000 carats, but increased to 16.9 million carats in 2013, ranking first in the world that year, accounting for 13% of the global total. However, due to the low quality, the average price is only 33 US dollars/carat, lower than the world average price of 93 US dollars/carat, and the total sales account for only 4.6% of the world. In addition, due to the gradual reduction of surface impact ore resources that are easy to mine, it is necessary to transfer to underground mining, and the output is declining year by year. In March 2016, President Robert Mugabe announced that the government would take over all diamond mines in the country, revoking mining rights for private companies. In 2016, Zimbabwe produced 1.746 million carats of diamonds, down 45.7% from the previous year. In 2018, production was 2.802 million carats, an increase of 11.7% year-on-year. In 2019, the production was 4.102 million carats, an increase of 46.4%. In 2020, production was 2.119 million carats, down 48.3% year on year.
[Platinum group metals] Ore volume of 2.8 billion tons, the average grade of 4 grams/ton, reserves ranked second in the world. Due to the collapse of the Bimha platinum mine of Zimplats, Zimbabwe's largest platinum miner, in July 2014, platinum production for the year was 440,000 ounces, down 4.5 percent from 460,000 ounces in 2013. Platinum production rose slightly in 2015 to 443,000 ounces. Affected by weak platinum prices in the international market, platinum revenue was $381 million, down 23% year-on-year. Platinum production rose slightly in 2016 to 533,000 ounces, up 23.3% from the previous year. Platinum production in 2017 was 503,000 ounces, down 5.6% from the previous year. Platinum production in 2018 was 456,000 ounces, down 9.3% from the previous year. Production in 2019 was 547,000 ounces, an increase of 19.9% over the previous year. Production in 2020 was 489,000 ounces, down 10.6% from the previous year. There are three major platinum mining companies in Zimbabwe: Zimplats, controlled by South African company Implats; Mimosa, based in the Zvishavne area; and Anglo American Platinum's Unki Platinum mine.
【 Chromium ore 】 Estimated resource reserves are: ore amount of 3.26 billion tons, Cr2O3 content of 40%-50%, iron chromium ratio 1:2 ~ 1:3, ferrochrome reserves of 930 million tons, ranking second in the world. The annual mining capacity of chromium mine is 1.5 million tons, and the actual mining capacity is 267,000 tons in 2015, down 34.6% year-on-year. In 2016, the Zimbabwean government restricted the export of raw ore, and 112,000 tons were actually mined, down 58.1% year-on-year. In 2017, due to rising international prices and increased investment by major mining companies, ferrochrome production increased significantly, reaching 1.674 million tons. Production dropped significantly in 2018, to 350,000 tons. In 2019, the output was 420,000 tons, an increase of 20%. 2020 output of 310,000 tons, down 26.2% year-on-year.
[Gold] Estimated gold reserves of 130 million tons. Zimbabwe's record annual gold production reached 27.5 tons, and gold output in 2015 was 20.02 tons, up 30.1% from the previous year. However, due to the weak gold price in the international market, the revenue of $737 million, an increase of 20%, the revenue growth is not as fast as the production growth. Gold output in 2016 was 22.7 tons, up 13.4% from the previous year. Gold output in 2017 was 26.5 tons, up 16.7% from the previous year. Gold output in 2018 was 33.2 tons, up 25.3% from the previous year. Gold output in 2019 was 27.7 tons, down 16.6% from the previous year. Gold output in 2020 was 29.4 tons, up 6% from the previous year. The gold industry also faces rising production costs and a lack of access to long-term inputs.
[Nickel ore] Estimated nickel metal reserves are 761,000 tons. In 2014, it produced 16,600 tons and earned $202 million. In 2015, nickel mine production was 16,100 tons, down 3.2% from the previous year, and revenue was $142 million, down 30% from the previous year. Production in 2016 was 17,700 tons, up 9.3% year on year. Production in 2017 was 16,600 tons, down 6.2% from the previous year. Production in 2018 was 17,800 tons, an increase of 7.2% year-on-year. Production in 2019 was 16,900 tons, down 5.1% year on year. Production in 2020 is 16,300 tons, down 3.6% year-on-year.
[Iron ore] The amount of ore is expected to be more than 38 billion tons, with an average grade of 40%-50%, because the only steel plant stopped production in 2008, there is basically no mining at present.
Coal mine reserves are expected to be greater than 30 billion tons, of which coking coal reserves are greater than 1 billion tons. In 2015, coal production was 4.32 million tons, down 32% year-on-year, and revenue was $78 million, down 19% year-on-year. The output in 2016 was 2.702 million tons, down 37.5% year on year. In 2017, the output was 2.928 million tons, an increase of 8.36%. In 2018, the output was 3.042 million tons, an increase of 3.9% year-on-year. In 2019, the output was 3.826 million tons, an increase of 25.8%. Production in 2020 is 3 million tons, down 21.6% year on year.
The estimated resource reserves are 5.2 million tons of copper metal reserves, 2.83 billion tons of ore, with an average grade of 1.18%. Copper production in 2015 was 8,262 tons, basically the same as the previous year, and revenue was 39.9 million US dollars, a decrease of 10%. In 2016, it produced 8,940 tons, an increase of 8.2%. In 2017, the output was 9,336 tons, an increase of 4.43%. Production in 2018 was 9,077 tons, a decrease of 2.8% year-on-year. Production in 2019 was 9,012 tonnes, down 0.7% year-on-year. Production in 2020 will be 6,400 tons, a 29% decrease from the previous year.
In recent years, Zimbabwe has discovered a large amount of coal bed methane resources, although it has not been explored in detail, but it is roughly estimated that it should be at least hundreds of millions of cubic meters.
[11]
In February 2004, the administrative divisions of the country were adjusted from 8 to 10 provinces, and the names of the provinces are: Manicaland, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland Central, and Mashonaland West (West), Masvingo, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands, Harare and Bulawaya.
[1]
Street view of Harare
Other major economic centers include Bulawayo City (Bulawayo), Mutare City (Mutare), Gweru city (Gweru), Kwekwe City (Kwekwe) and other major industries include agriculture, mining, tourism and so on.
[11]
Zimbabwe was formerly known as Zimbabwe until 1980
Southern Rhodesia
The name Rhodesia comes from the settlement of the area for the British
Cecil Rhodes
(Cecil Rhodes). capital
Harare
Originally known as Salisbury, it was a trading town founded by Rhodes in 1890.
Zimbabwe in
Bantu language
Meaning "stone city", more than 200 "stone city" remains have been found in the territory, of which "Great Zimbabwe Site Zimbabwe" is the most famous.
Flag of Zimbabwe
Emblem of Zimbabwe
The population is 15.3 million. The main groups are Shona (84.5%) and Ndebele (14.9%).
[1]
[12]
The main ethnic groups in Zimbabwe are: Shona (79%); Ndebele, 17%; Europeans, Asians and mixed-race people make up 4%.
[11]
After independence, the political situation was stable for a long time. From 2000 to 2002, the Zimbabwean government implemented the "rapid land reform plan", expropriating white land for the resettlement of landless or less black farmers, which led to intensified social contradictions, economic decline, political and economic crisis, and sharp confrontation between the ruling and opposition parties. Western countries imposed economic sanctions on Zimbabwe, imposed a series of "precise sanctions" such as the entry ban on Zimbabwean senior officials, supported the opposition, and demanded that President Mugabe step down.
On 29 March 2008, Zimbabwe held a three-in-one presidential, parliamentary and local government election. In the House of Representatives election, ZANu-PF for the first time lost to the MDC Tsvangirai, lost the majority of seats, in the presidential election, the MDC Tsvangirai candidate Tsvangirai won 47.9% of the vote, ZANu-PF candidate Mugabe won 43.2%. The results of the election were not announced in time and were disputed. The second round of the presidential election was held on 27 June 2008, with Tsvangirai withdrawing before the election and Mugabe winning 85.5% of the vote, which was not recognized by the opposition and Western countries. On 15 September, under the mediation of South African President Thabo Mbeki, ZANU-PF, MDC Tsvangirai and MDC Mutambara signed the Comprehensive Political Agreement to form a coalition government. On February 13, 2009, a coalition government was formed. Mugabe remained as president, Tsvangirai as prime minister, MDC President Arthur Mutambara and MDC Vice President Joseph Kupe as deputy prime ministers. Since its establishment, the coalition government of Zimbabwe has operated normally and the domestic situation is basically stable. On July 31, 2013, Zimbabwe held a three-in-one election for president, parliament and local government. Mugabe won 61% of the vote to Morgan Tsvangirai's 34%, and his Zanu-PF party won more than two-thirds of the seats in the House of Representatives. On 22 August, President Mugabe was sworn in.
In November 2017, Zimbabwe's political situation suddenly changed, Mugabe resigned as president under pressure from all parties, and Mnangagwa became president. On 30 July 2018, the presidential, parliamentary and local government elections were held in Zimbabwe, and Mnangagwa was elected president with 50.8% of the vote. President Mnangagwa was sworn in on 26 August. The NLD won more than two-thirds of the seats in the lower house. On August 23, 2023, Zimbabwe held the "three-in-one" election of president, parliament and local government, and Mnangagwa was re-elected president with 52.6% of the vote. Mnangagwa was sworn in on September 4.
[13]
The first constitution was drawn up in December 1979 under the auspices of the United Kingdom at a constitutional convention held at Lancaster House in London by the main parties of Zimbabwe, which came into force at the time of independence and has since been amended several times. The Constitution stipulates that Zimbabwe adopts the presidential cabinet system. In 2005, the National Assembly passed Constitutional Amendment No. 17, which created a new Senate and established a bicameral parliament. In 2007, the Parliament passed the 18th Constitutional Amendment, which stipulated that the presidential term was changed from six years to five years, the same as the term of parliament. The presidential, parliamentary and local government elections will be held simultaneously, and the number of parliamentary seats and the method of election will be adjusted. In accordance with the power-sharing agreement signed by the two parties and three parties on September 15, 2008, the Parliament passed the Constitutional Amendment No. 19 in February 2009, establishing the framework structure of the coalition government, and will complete the drafting of the new constitution within two years of the formation of the coalition government. In March 2013, Zimbabwe's new constitution was successfully approved by a national referendum and signed into force by President Robert Mugabe in May. The new constitution limits the power of the president, stipulating that the president can serve no more than two terms (effective after ten years), and that major decisions such as the dissolution of parliament must be approved by a two-thirds majority of parliament.
The current parliament was elected in August 2023 and took office on September 7. The House of Representatives has 280 seats and the Senate has 80 seats. Speaker of the House Jacob Mudenda (NLD), since September 2013, reelected in September 2018 and September 2023. The President of the Senate, Mabel Chinomona (ZANU-PF, female), took office in September 2018 and was re-elected in September 2023.
The head of the judiciary is the Chief Justice, who is also the head of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court and is appointed by the President. The current Chief Justice, Luke Malaba, took office in March 2017. The judicial system consists of the following courts: Constitutional Court, Supreme Court, High Court, Labour Court, administrative court, local court, customary law court, etc. Attorney General Virginia Mabhiza (female), assumed office in November 2023.
[13]
Under the presidential Cabinet system, the President appoints members of the Cabinet. A new cabinet will be formed in September 2023, with the following main members: President Emmerson Mnangagwa, Vice Presidents Constantino Chiwenga and Kembo Mohadi, Mthuli Ncube, Minister of Finance, Economic Development and Investment Promotion; Oppah Muchinguri-Kashiri, Minister of Defence; July Moyo, Minister of Public Service, Labour and Social Welfare; Frederick Shava, Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Trade; Paul Mavima, Minister of Skills Assessment and Development; Mangaliso Ndlovu, Minister of Commerce and Industry; Kazembe Kazembe, Minister of Interior and Cultural Heritage; Amon Murwira, Minister of Higher Education, Innovation and Scientific and Technological Development; Torerayi Moyo, Minister of Basic Education; Anxious Masuka, Minister of Land, Agriculture, Fisheries, Water Resources and Rural Development; Winston Chitando, Minister of Mines and Mining Development; Edgar Moyo, Minister of Energy and Power Development; Felix Mhona, Minister of Transport and Infrastructure Development; Jenfan Muswere, Minister of Information, Publicity and Broadcasting Services; Tatenda Mavetera, Minister of Information, Communications and Postal Services; Sithembiso Nyoni, Minister of Environment, Climate and Wildlife Conservation; Tino Machakaire, Minister of Youth Empowerment, Development and Vocational Training; Barbara Rwodzi, Minister of Tourism and Hospitality; Kirsty Coventry, Minister of Sport, Recreation and Arts; Ziyambi Ziyambi, Minister of Justice and Parliamentary Affairs; Monica Mutsvangwa, Minister of Women's Affairs, Community and Small and Medium Enterprise Development; Soda Zhemu, Minister of State for Housing and Social Welfare Facilities; Douglas Mombeshora, Minister of Health and Child Welfare; Daniel Garwe, Minister of Local Government and Public Works; Veterans Minister Christopher Mutsvangawa and Minister of Provincial Affairs Lovemore Matuke, President and Cabinet Office.
[14]
Implement a multi-party system. The main political parties are:
|
Political party
|
For short
|
introduce
|
|---|---|---|
|
Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front
(Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front)
|
China Democratic League
|
Zimbabwe has been in power since independence. Founded on 8 August 1963, it merged with the Zimbabwe African People's Union in 1987 and is still known as ZANU-PF, with an estimated 3.64 million party members (as of September 2021). The purpose of the Party is "to establish and maintain a socialist society based on our history, culture and social reality and to create the conditions for economic independence, prosperity and the equal distribution of national wealth". In December 2017, the party held a national congress, Mnangagwa became the party chairman and first secretary. In the same month, Chiwenga and Mohadi were appointed Vice Chairman and Second Secretary. In October 2022, the party held the seventh National People's Congress, and Mnangagwa was re-elected as party chairman and First secretary.
|
|
Movement for Democratic Change
(Movement for Democratic Change)
|
Democratic Revolutionary Movement
|
Was the largest opposition party. It was established in Harare in September 1999 with the support of most urban residents and some whites. Since 2001, his candidates have been elected mayors of Masvingo, Bulawayo and Harare. In the presidential elections held in March 2002, its candidate received 42 per cent of the vote. In late 2005, the MDC was embroiled in internal disputes over whether to participate in the Senate elections, and in early 2006 it split into "candidates" and "boycotts". Both factions call themselves MDC orthodoxy and elect their own bodies separately. The chairman of the Boycott is Morgan Tsvangirai. Arthur Mutambara was the chairman of the group. In January 2011, the party held a national convention and elected Newby, former secretary general of the party and Minister of Industry and Commerce in the coalition government, as its new chairman. Since then, the "Mu school" has changed its name to "Button school". From 31 October to 1 November 2014, the fourth National Congress of the MDC was held, and Tsvangirai was re-elected as party president. In February 2018, Tsvangirai died, and Chamisa, the former vice chairman of Tsvangirai, joined forces with Muzuri and other party leaders to complete the integration of the party's forces. In March of the same year, Chamisa was appointed chairman of the Tsi Faction. However, Kupe, another former deputy chairman of the Tsi faction, did not recognize Chamisa's leadership and continued to use the TSI party emblem. Before the July 2018 general election, Chamisa led six other small parties, including the Tsi Faction and the Nu Faction, to form the MDC Alliance and became its presidential candidate. In the presidential election, Chamisa came second with 44.3% of the vote. An extraordinary party congress was held in January 2021 and Douglas Mwonzora was elected as the new MDC president.
|
|
Citizens Coalition for Change
|
Kon Keng Lien
|
The largest opposition party. On January 24, 2022, former MDC leader Chamisa announced the formation of the MDC, and on March 26, in the parliamentary and local government by-elections, the MDC won 19 parliamentary seats and 75 local government seats controlled by the former MDC. Chamisa came second in the August 2023 general election with 44% of the vote. In January 2024, Chamisa announced his resignation from the party.
|
|
Reference materials:
[14]
|
||
Emmerson Mnangagwa: President, Chairman and First Secretary of the ZANU-PF. He was born in September 1942. In his early years, he participated in the Zimbabwean national independence struggle. After independence in 1980, he served as Minister of National Security, Minister of Justice, Law and Parliamentary Affairs, Acting Minister of Finance, Speaker of the House of Representatives, Minister of Rural Housing and Social Harmony, Minister of Defense, and Minister of Justice. Since December 2014, he has been Vice President and Minister of Justice, Vice Chairman and Second Secretary of the NLD. From October to November 2017, he was sacked as Minister of Justice, vice president, Vice president and second secretary of the NLD, and expelled from the Party. After the sudden change of political situation in Zimbabwe, he resumed the position of vice chairman and second secretary of the NLD on November 19. He took over as president on November 24. He was re-elected President in August 2018 and again in August 2023.
Constantino Chiwenga: Vice President, Vice President and Second Secretary of the RCD. He was born in July 1956. He joined the NLD in 1973. He received military training in Zambia and Tanzania. In 1978, he was appointed deputy political commissar of the NLD Supreme Military Command. Since 1981, he has successively served as brigade commander of the Army, Director of the Logistics Bureau of the Army Command, Chief of staff of the Army, and Commander of the Army. In 2004, he became commander of the Defense Forces and was promoted to general. In December 2017, he retired from active duty and became Vice President and Minister of Defense and Veterans, Vice Chairman and Second Secretary of the NLD. He was re-elected Vice President in September 2023.
[14]
Rich in natural resources, good industrial and agricultural foundation, food self-sufficiency in normal years, has been the world's third largest exporter of tobacco. Since 2000, due to the implementation of the "rapid land reform program" under Western sanctions, the economy has shrunk significantly. There are shortages of foreign currency, fuel and necessities, inflation is soaring and people are pouring into neighbouring countries. After March 2008, the economic situation deteriorated further, and by the end of the year, the economy basically collapsed, and the key departments such as finance, finance and taxation basically stopped functioning, and the social public management functions such as water and electricity, communications, health care and education were almost paralyzed. After the formation of the coalition government in February 2009, the economic situation improved. Since 2016, economic difficulties have intensified and there has been a serious shortage of liquidity. After the formation of the Mnangagwa government in December 2017, it made efforts to build a "new economic order", but chronic problems such as weak production and investment, trade deficit, tight liquidity, high debt and inflation still exist.
Key economic indicators for 2022 are as follows: (Data from London Quarterly Economic Review)
|
Gross Domestic product (nominal)
|
$25 billion
|
|
Economic growth rate (real)
|
3.4%
|
|
Gross domestic product per capita
|
$1,634
|
|
Exchange rate
|
1 US dollar ≈374.7 Zimbabwean dollar
|
|
Inflation rate
|
103.7%
|
|
Total external debt
|
$14.2 billion
|
|
Reference materials:
[13]
|
|
The main industrial categories are metal and metal processing, food processing, petrochemical, beverages and cigarettes, textiles and clothing, paper and printing. About 15% of the workforce is employed in industry, and about 4.5% is employed in mining. After the establishment of the new government of Zimbabwe, it held a mining investment conference, promoted the reform of state-owned enterprises, listed mining and manufacturing industries as priority development areas, established a gold processing center, introduced ore mining measures, and increased the added value of mineral exports.
[13]
Mining is one of the pillars of Zimbabwe's economy, with mining output accounting for about 8.85% of GDP in 2015. After the formation of a coalition government in 2009, the mining industry grew rapidly, but the growth rate has declined significantly in recent years, mainly due to the decline in international metal prices, the rise in domestic mining production costs, and the lack of long-term capital investment. According to data from Zimbabwe's Ministry of Finance, mining output fell by 4.7% in 2020 due to the impact of the novel coronavirus pandemic. Among its main mineral products, the output of nickel is 16,300 tons, coal is 3 million tons, ferrochrome is 310,000 tons, and diamonds are 2.119 million carats.
Gold is Zimbabwe's top source of foreign exchange earnings. In 2020, Zimbabwe produced 29.4 tonnes of gold, up 6% from the previous year. In May 2021, Zimbabwe's Ministry of Finance issued incentives for gold mining, allowing gold miners to export excess gold directly and retain 80% of their foreign exchange quota, as long as they meet a certain monthly delivery volume. Zimbabwe is the world's second largest producer of platinum after neighbouring South Africa, producing 13.86 tonnes in 2020. There are three major platinum mining companies in Zimbabwe: Zimplats, controlled by South African company Implats; Mimosa, based in the Zvishavne area; and Anglo American Platinum's Unki Platinum mine.
Zimbabwe has a good manufacturing base. After the establishment of the coalition government in Zimbabwe in 2009, the manufacturing industry began to recover after a decline of nearly 10 years, but it was affected by various constraints, and the development was slow and volatile. In 2016, the Zimbabwean government introduced the SI64 Act to restrict the import of some goods to provide space for the development of local manufacturing. According to the survey of the Manufacturing Alliance of Zimbabwe, the capacity utilization rate of Zimbabwe's manufacturing industry has increased to 47.4%. The capacity utilization rate of major industries has been greatly improved, including the pharmaceutical industry increased to 60%, beverage industry 52.4%, metal product manufacturing 37.5%, non-metal product manufacturing 57.5%, printing and packaging 52.9%, transportation equipment manufacturing 45%, wood furniture manufacturing 57.8%, other manufacturing products 43%. In 2020, according to the report of Zimbabwe's Ministry of Finance, the manufacturing industry will shrink by about 9.6% due to factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
Zimbabwe's manufacturing industry is mainly located in the capital Harare and the second largest city Bulawayo, with other important manufacturing cities and districts being GWERU, KWEWE, RED CLIFF, MUTARE, KADOMA and MASVINGO.
[11]
Zimbabwe was once known as the "bread basket" of Southern Africa, with agriculture as its mainstay industry, accounting for about 10% of GDP.
It mainly produces corn, tobacco, cotton, flowers, etc., and its animal husbandry is based on cattle. The arable land area is 33.28 million hectares, and the agricultural population accounts for 67% of the country's population.
[13]
As the world's third largest exporter of tobacco, tobacco is one of the main pillars of Zimbabwe's economy. According to the report of Zimbabwe's Ministry of Finance, 184,000 tons of tobacco were sold in Zimbabwe in 2020, with an average price of $2.50 / kg, up 23% from 2019, and the total sales amount was $459 million, down 12.8% from the previous year. According to the statistics of the Ministry of Agriculture, the number of registered tobacco farmers in 2020 increased from 139,000 in 2019 to 144,000, an increase of 3.6%, and the planting area increased from 67,000 hectares to 98,000 hectares. Orders,
4.5% of Zimbabwe's workforce is employed in tourism and another 4% in related industries. There are more than 70 star hotels in the country. The most famous scenic spot is Victoria Falls, and there are 26 national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. In August 2013, Zimbabwe and Zambia jointly hosted the 20th General Assembly of the United Nations Tourism Organization.
[13]
The Tourism Ministry of Zimbabwe has developed the National Tourism Growth and Market Strategy (Vision 2030), which aims to achieve 5 million visitors and an industry output value of $5 billion by 2030, accounting for 15% of GDP. In 2020, due to the impact of the new coronavirus pneumonia, tourism revenue plummeted, the government plans to effectively stimulate the recovery of tourism in 2021, and in April, the city of Victoria Falls announced the realization of herd immunity.
[11]
According to the Reserve Bank ofZimbabwe, the central bank ofZimbabwe is the Reserve Bank ofZimbabwe, the total amount of bank deposits in Zimbabwe at the end of 2020 is 47.05 billion Zimbabwean dollars, which consists of 29.17 billion Zimbabwean dollars (62%) and 217 million US dollars (38%).
The Zimbabwe Stock Exchange (ZSE) was established in 1896 and subsequently closed several times for various reasons until the opening of the Bulawayo Stock Market in 1946 and the Harare Stock Market in 1951, marking the official formation of the Zimbabwe Stock Market. The Zimbabwe Stock Exchange Act was enacted in 1973 and repealed in 2004 with the enactment of the Securities Act. On December 31, 2020, a total of 65 companies were listed on the exchange, with a market capitalization of about $230 million.
[11]
It mainly exports tobacco, gold and ferroalloys, and mainly imports machinery, industrial manufactured products and chemical products. It has trade relations with about 27 countries or regions.
|
A given year
|
2020
|
2021
|
2022
|
|
Import and export
|
9651
|
13085
|
13154
|
|
exit
|
4918
|
6072
|
6585
|
|
entrance
|
4733
|
7013
|
6569
|
|
Source: Quarterly Review of the London Economy
[13]
|
|||
In 2020, Zimbabwe attracted foreign investment flows of US $194 million, down from US $280 million in 2019, and the stock of foreign investment in Zimbabwe stood at US $5.607 billion at the end of 2020.
[11]
According to the Government of Zimbabwe Budget Report 2021, development partners provided $579.8 million in aid in January-September 2020, of which $448.4 million was bilateral and $131.4 million was multilateral. From January to September 2020, the top five bilateral aid were: US $236 million, UK $72,439 million, EU $61,183,500, Switzerland $39.486 million, and Japan $25.9698 million. The top three multilateral aid sources were $78.5684 million from the Global Fund, $19.5779 million from the African Development Bank and $14.4599 million from the World Bank. Development aid funds are mainly used for health, agriculture, humanitarian aid and other fields.
[11]
The official languages are English, Shona and Ndebele.
[1]
58% of Zimbabweans follow Christianity, 40% follow primitive religions, 1% follow Islam, 0.1% follow Hinduism and 0.8% follow other religions.
[11]
Zimbabweans are gentle, kind and friendly. In the countryside, quite a few black people follow the local primitive religion. The primitive religion believed that after death, the soul left the body, and people could only communicate with their ancestors through shamans or chiefs, who then used shamans to cure the sick or give various instructions or warnings. Most of the tribes in Zimbabwe still maintain the tradition of totem worship, and the tribes worship different totems as a symbol of their own. There are many totem objects, including birds, animals, livestock and so on.
[Marriage custom] Rural Zimbabwe is a traditional society of village communities based on blood ties, and the Chief and the Head are the leaders of rural villages. The Shona chieftains and chieftains are followed by brothers, and then by the eldest son. The Ndebele chieftain and chief of the society are in order of death from father to son. The chieftains and leaders ruled over their territories and people, and had certain divine and secular powers, and had greater influence in rural areas. With more interaction with the outside world, urban Zimbabweans are embracing the "new style" of monogamous families, and traditional rural customs are gradually changing. However, in rural areas, the marriage relationship and property inheritance still carry a more obvious primitive social legacy.
A shaman of the Shona people near the ancient city of Great Zimbabwe
[Gift custom] Zimbabweans have the habit of meeting and giving gifts. There are many kinds of gifts, such as local specialties, cattle, sheep and Zimbabwean stone carvings and copper engravings. Due to the profound influence of Zimbabwe's agricultural tradition, Zimbabweans attach great importance to the role of cattle, sheep and other livestock in their lives, and regard them as the supreme gift for weddings, funerals, birthdays and gifts for foreign guests. After receiving the gift, guests should express their thanks and then exchange the gift. Never refuse a gift because Zimbabweans consider it a sign of great disrespect. Zimbabweans like culture, art, singing and dancing, and stone carving is famous in the world. When encountering festive festivals, women will wear national costumes, singing and dancing, and the atmosphere is very active.
The staple diet of Zimbabweans is called Saha, which is beef, chicken, pork and vegetables as it is white corn gruel. Tribes or individuals abstain from the totemic foods they worship.
[11]
Official holidays in Zimbabwe include: New Year's Day (January 1); National Youth Day, February 21; Independence Day, April 18; Good Friday; Easter Monday; Workers' Day (May 1); Africa Day, 25 May; Heroes' Day, August 12; Defence Forces Day (13 August); Unity Day, December 22; Christmas Day (December 25); Boxing Day (December 26); Every Saturday and Sunday are closed.
[11]
The army was formed in 1980 by the former NLD, NLD guerrillas and the white regime army. Implement a voluntary military service. The highest military decision-making body is the National Defense Commission. President and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed forces. The Zimbabwean defence Force has two branches: the Army and the Air Force. The total military strength is 40,000, including 35,000 army and 5,000 air force. The current commander of the Defence Forces is General Philip Sibanda, the Commander of the Army is Lieutenant General Anselem Sanyatwe, and the commander of the Air Force is Lieutenant General Elson Moyo.
[13]
Railways in Zimbabwe are 4,300 km long. The main routes are Harare - Bulawayo - South Africa, Mutare - Beira, Chikuala - Maputo, Bulawayo - Wangi - Victoria Falls - Lusaka. These railway lines connect Zimbabwe with the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean, and connect it with Zambia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo in the north. After independence, Zimbabwe built an electrified railway line from Harare to Dabka, covering 300 km. The railway network connects the country's major cities and the border between east and west, north and south, and mainly carries the country's freight. After 2000, with the rapid decline of Zimbabwe's economy, Zimbabwe railway has also been hit hard, a large number of facilities and equipment are seriously aging, electrical facilities have long been unable to use, and transport capacity has declined significantly.
Zimbabwe Railways, which is mainly operated by the National Railways Corporation of Zimbabwe (NRZ), has seen actual freight transport on Zimbabwe railways drop from a peak of 20 million tonnes a year to 3 million tonnes in 2020 due to a lack of investment.
[11]
The total length of all types of roads in Zimbabwe is 88,000 km, and the total length of national roads is 19,000 km, of which 6,000 km were built after independence, about 8,500 km are asphalt (of which 5,000 km are two-lane roads), and the rest are gravel roads. Urban streets 5000 km. In addition, 6,000 kilometers of roads in village communities are maintained by local governments. All towns in the country are connected by car.
Zimbabwe is an important road transport hub in Southern Africa. Harare has roads to the northwest leading to Zambia, to the east to Malawi and the port of Beira, and to the south to South Africa. Bulawayo, the second largest city, offers access to Zambia to the north, Botswana to the west and South Africa to the southeast. Zimbabwe has direct road freight operations with South Africa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zambia, Burundi, Botswana and Malawi.
[11]
Zimbabwe has three international airports: Robert Mugabe International Airport, Bulawayo Nkomo International Airport and Victoria Falls National Airport. Robert Mugabe International Airport, located 15 km south of the capital Harare city centre, is the largest, with a 4,725-metre runway, the longest airport runway in Africa. In addition, the airport's international terminal can handle 2.5 million passengers a year; The domestic terminal can handle 500,000 passengers.
8 domestic airports: Hwangi Airport, Kariba Airport, Masungo Airport, Quilu Airport, Mutare Airport, Mushumbi Pools Airport, Bumi Hills Airport, Buffalo Range Airport.
ZIMBABWE has only one airline, AIR ZIMBABWE, which was established on 1 September 1967, but resumed operations in April 2013 after announcing an immediate and indefinite suspension of all flights in early March 2012 due to financial problems. Zimbabwe Airlines flies two international routes from Harare - Johannesburg, South Africa and Harare - Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and two domestic routes from Harare - Victoria Falls and Harare - Bulawayo. The National Cargo Carrier of Zimbabwe (AFFRETAIR) is a public-private partnership undertaking air cargo operations between Zimbabwe and Europe, Africa and the Middle East.
[11]
Zimbabwe is a landlocked country with no access to the sea. The cargo is mainly transported overland to Zimbabwe through the ports of Durban in South Africa and Beira in Mozambique.
[11]
After independence in 1980, the government's main policy goal was to make scientific and technological development the center of economic and social development, but like many developing countries, the Zimbabwean government did not have a clear policy and strategy to develop science and technology. Zimbabwe did not have a science and technology policy until 2002. In 2005, the government established the Ministry of Science and Technology to oversee national science and technology development. Since the release of the Science and Technology Policy, Zimbabwe has made some progress in scientific and technological development, especially in the areas of communication technology, biotechnology, space technology and indigenous knowledge systems. In 2012, the government issued the second science and Technology Policy.
[11]
Since independence in 1980, the Zimbabwean government has attached great importance to and vigorously developed education, and remarkable progress has been made. At independence in 1980, Zimbabwe had only one university, one comprehensive technical college, and three teachers' colleges. As of January 2015, Zimbabwe has 15 universities, 11 comprehensive technical colleges and 14 teachers' colleges. Among the universities, the most famous is the University of Zimbabwe, which was founded in 1953.
Zimbabwe is one of the most educated countries in Africa, with an adult literacy rate of 86.9% in 2015. According to the Zimbabwe Bureau of Statistics, there were 5,805 primary schools and 2,374 secondary schools in 2013; In 2013, there were 2.66 million primary school students and 950,000 middle school students. In December 2014, the number of students enrolled in the University of Zimbabwe was 75,000 and continues to grow.
Zimbabwe's Ministry of Basic Education is responsible for early childhood, primary and secondary education, and the Ministry of Higher Education is responsible for secondary and tertiary education and international educational cooperation. Zimbabwe basically inherited the British education system and academic system. The primary school lasts for 7 years, children can enter the school when they are 6 years old, and can move to high school after graduation; High school lasts for six years, and students take the general qualification exam (O Level) at the end of fourth grade and the advanced qualification exam (A Level) at the end of sixth grade, which is actually the high school graduation exam.
The duration of university studies is four years for general subjects and five years for medicine. Zimbabwe year is divided into three semesters, primary school, secondary school, college tuition per semester of about 50 US dollars, 100 US dollars, 600 US dollars.
[11]
The Zimbabwe Inter Africa NewsAgency (ZIANA) was established in October 1981 as the Official NewsAgency of Zimbabwe, formerly known as the All Africa NewsAgency under the auspices of the Press Association of South Africa.
The Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation (ZBC), established in 1933, is owned by the government and is divided into radio and television stations. The broadcast is divided into four stations. Radio 1 is an English language program covering regional, national and international events. Radio 2 broadcasts programmes in Shona and Ndebele on agriculture, health and education; 3 for the music station; Radio 4 broadcasts educational and music programmes. Zimbabwe Television was established in 1960 and has two channels, both colour programmes, which are broadcast from 15:00 to 23:00 every day. TV 1 broadcast news and variety shows for the whole country; TV 2, originally an education station, has been commercialized and renamed Joy TV.
There are four main groups and units in Zimbabwe's newspaper media: Zimbabwe Newspapers (1980) Ltd, founded in 1980, is the first mainstream media in Zimbabwe and is controlled by the government. Its newspapers include the Herald, Sunday Mail and Sunday News, among others; Associated Newspapers of Zimbabwe, established in 2009, operates The Daily News and The Standard. Sunday magazine) and The Zimbabwe Independent, a weekly economic newsletter; The Financial Gazetta, originally published in 1969 as the financial newspaper of the central bank of Zimbabwe; News day, launched in 2010.
[11]
Football is one of the most popular sports in Zimbabwe. Although football and
cricket
It's also very popular, but traditionally it's mainly popular with a minority
The white race
In the middle.
Zimbabwe has won eight MEDALS at the Olympics, including one gold in field hockey at the 1980 Moscow Games. In the 2004 Athens Olympic Games, he won one medal in gold, silver and bronze. The 2008 Beijing Olympics won one gold and three silver MEDALS. Seven of the MEDALS in Athens and Beijing were won by white women
Kirsty Coventry
One person won in the swimming event.
[7]
There are public and private hospitals in Zimbabwe. There are 244 hospitals and 1,378 clinics with 21,000 beds, and the ratio of medical staff to patients is about 1:430. Free public health care for people over 60 years of age. According to the World Health Organization, Zimbabwe's recurrent health expenditure accounted for 10.3% of GDP in 2015, and the per capita recurrent health expenditure was US $182.3 in purchasing power parity terms. In 2017, the average life expectancy was 60.8 years.
According to the Zimbabwe Bureau of Statistics, as of 2015, there were about 30,000 medical and health workers in Zimbabwe, including 2,524 doctors and 11,000 nurses. The situation of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria in Zimbabwe has been relatively serious, with high incidence and low treatment rate. In recent years, with the help of China and other countries and multilateral institutions, the situation has improved significantly, with the new HIV/AIDS infection rate falling from 5.5 percent in 1993 to less than 1 percent in 2015, and the incidence of malaria dropping from 155 cases per 1,000 people in 2004 to 20 cases.
Since the Protocol between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Republic of Zimbabwe on Chinese Medical Teams to Work in Zimbabwe, signed by China and Zimbabwe in 1983, came into force, China has sent 18 groups of medical aid teams with a total of more than 230 people to Zimbabwe since 1985, and they have been engaged in medical assistance in Zimbabwe for a long time. The 18th medical team arrived in Zimbabwe in September 2020, with a total of 11 members, concentrated in the Parirenyatwa hospital in the capital, Harare.
[11]
Zimbabwe's main power stations are Hwange thermal power Station (920,000 kW), Kariba South Hydropower Station (1.05 million kW) and three thermal power stations in Harare, Bulawayo and Munyati (a total of 375,000 kW), in addition to some private small power stations to generate electricity.
[11]
Pursue a policy of non-alignment. We will pursue a good-neighborly and friendly policy and give priority to developing relations with African countries, especially Southern African countries. We will vigorously pursue the "look East" policy and strengthen relations with other developing countries, especially Asian countries. There are serious differences with Western countries on issues such as "democracy and human rights." Relations with the West have been strained by sanctions imposed by Britain, the United States and the European Union, but relations have eased since the formation of a new government in Zimbabwe. It actively participates in regional and international affairs and is a member of the Non-Aligned Movement, the Group of 77, the African Union and the Southern African Development Community. It has established diplomatic relations with more than 110 countries.
[1]
-
Relations with China
Bilateral political relations
The People's Republic of China and the Republic of Zimbabwe established diplomatic relations on 18 April 1980, the day of Zimbabwe's independence. Since the establishment of diplomatic ties, bilateral relations have developed smoothly. In April 2018, the two countries established a comprehensive strategic cooperative partnership.
Chinese visitors to Zimbabwe include: Foreign Minister Tang Jiaxuan (2000), Member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee Wei Jianxing (2002), Vice Chairman of the CPPCC National Committee Wan Guoquan (2003), State Councilor Chen Zhili (2004) and Chairman of the NPC Standing Committee Wu Bangguo (2004), Vice Chairman of the NPC Standing Committee, He Luli, President of the Chinese People's Association for Peace and Disarmament (2006); Wang Yunze, Vice Chairman of the Chinese People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries (2006); Jia Qinglin, Chairman of the CPPCC National Committee (2007); Wang Gang, Vice Chairman of the CPPCC National Committee (2010); Wang Qishan, Vice Premier of The State Council (2011); Zhou Tienong, Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (2011); Li Wuwei, Vice Chairman of the CPPCC National Committee (2011); Liu Yunshan, Member of the Political Bureau, Secretary of the Secretariat and Minister of the Propaganda Department of the CPC Central Committee (2011); Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi (2011); Vice Premier of The State Council Hui Liangyu (2012); Wang Yang, Vice Premier of The State Council (2013), Guo Jinlong, member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and Secretary of the CPC Beijing Municipal Committee (2014),
Zimbabwean visitors include President Mugabe (who visited China several times), President Mnangagwa (in April and September 2018), Vice President Mupoko (in August 2016), and President of the Senate Ma Zongwe (in September 2015). In April 2018, President Mnangagwa paid a state visit to China. In September 2018, President Mnangagwa came to China to attend the Beijing Summit of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation. In June 2019, Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Trade Moyo came to China to attend the Coordinators' Meeting on the Implementation of the Outcomes of the FOCAC Beijing Summit. In June 2020, President Emmerson Mnangagwa attended a special summit on China-Africa solidarity against COVID-19. In 2021, President Mnangagwa attended the International Cooperation Forum on Traditional Chinese Medicine and the Fight against COVID-19, the Communist Party of China and World Political Party Leaders Summit, the Second United Nations Global Conference on Sustainable Transportation, and the China International Trade Fair Global Summit on Trade in Services via online or recorded video. In April 2022, President Mnangagwa attended the International Forum on the 50th Anniversary of Artemisinin and the Community for Human Health by recording video. In May 2023, Foreign Minister Shawar paid an official visit to China. In July 2023, President Mnangagwa attended the first high-level meeting of the Global Action Forum for Shared Development by recording video.
Since the outbreak of COVID-19, President Emmerson Mnangagwa and other Zimbabwean leaders have expressed sympathy and support to China on many occasions. China has provided Zimbabwe with several batches of anti-epidemic supplies. From May 11 to 24, a medical team from the Chinese government visited Zimbabwe to assist and guide the local fight against COVID-19. Local governments and enterprises in China have made donations to Zimbabwe.
Bilateral economic and trade relations and economic and technological cooperation
The governments of China and Zimbabwe have signed agreements on economic and technological cooperation, trade and investment protection and agreements on avoidance of double taxation, and set up a joint committee on economic and trade. Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries, China has assisted Zimbabwe in the construction of the new Parliament building, the Harare National Stadium, hospitals, schools, DAMS, Wells, clothing factories and other projects. In Zimbabwe, China has undertaken projects such as the cement plant, the renovation of One Mobile Network telecommunications, the National Defense Academy, the renovation and expansion of Mugabe International Airport and Victoria Falls Airport, and the expansion of Kariba South Bank hydropower Station. In 2023, the bilateral trade volume between China and Zimbabwe reached 3.122 billion US dollars, up 29.9% year on year, of which China's export volume was 1.408 billion US dollars, up 27.4% year on year, and the import volume was 1.715 billion US dollars, up 32% year on year. China mainly imports tobacco from Zimbabwe and exports electromechanical and high-tech products to Zimbabwe.
Bilateral exchanges in culture, education, etc
China and Zimbabwe have signed cultural agreements, higher education cooperation agreements and aviation agreements. In March 2007, the Confucius Institute at the University of Zimbabwe was officially opened. Zimbabwe is an outbound tourist destination for Chinese citizens. In November 2004, Zimbabwe Airlines launched direct flights from Harare to Beijing, which are now suspended. Since July 1, 2018, Zimbabwe has granted visa on arrival to Chinese tourists. China has sent 21 medical teams to Zimbabwe with a total of over 200 personnel.
[15]
China helps COVID-19 vaccine
On the evening of December 18, 2021 local time (early morning of December 19, Beijing time), a special plane of Air Zimbabwe dispatched by the Zimbabwean government took off from Harare, the capital of Zimbabwe, to Beijing, China, to receive the fifth batch of COVID-19 vaccine provided by China to Zimbabwe. It is expected that the special plane will arrive at Beijing Capital International Airport on the evening of 19 Beijing time.
Zimbabwe received the first batch of COVID-19 vaccines from China on February 15, 2021, and quickly deployed vaccination efforts. Since then, Zimbabwe has received three more batches of COVID-19 vaccines from China. In addition, the Zimbabwean government has also purchased batches of COVID-19 vaccines from China.
[10]
-
Relations with the United States
The United States used to be one of Zimbabwe's major aid donors. Relations between the two countries have deteriorated since 2001. In August 2001, the US Senate passed the Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act, which contained a number of sanctions against Zimbabwe, and the Zimbabwean government criticized it. Since 2002, the United States has imposed entry bans and other sanctions on Zimbabwean leaders. In January 2005, the United States designated Zimbabwe as one of the six "outposts of tyranny" in the world. After Zimbabwe's general election in March 2008, the United States did not recognize the election results and demanded that President Robert Mugabe step down. In July 2008, the United States and the United Kingdom forced the UN Security Council to vote on a draft resolution to impose sanctions on Zimbabwe, but the relevant draft resolution was ultimately vetoed. After the formation of the Zimbabwean coalition government in February 2009, the United States eased its policy towards Zimbabwe and increased its humanitarian assistance to the country. Since 2013, the US Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs Brigitti and former US Representative to the United Nations Andrew Young have visited Zimbabwe, and the US has relaxed sanctions against Zimbabwe, but did not invite President Mugabe to attend the US-Africa summit in August 2014. In January 2017, President Obama announced the decision to extend the sanctions against Zimbabwe for another year. After the new Zimbabwean government took office, the US resumed high-level contacts with Zimbabwe. In 2018 and 2019, President Trump twice decided to extend sanctions against Zimbabwe for another year. In June 2019, President Mnangagwa attended the US-Africa Business Summit in Mozambique. In October, the United States increased the target of sanctions against Zimbabwe, and Zimbabwean Foreign Minister Moyo issued a statement warning the United States not to interfere in Zimbabwe's internal affairs. In September 2020, US Assistant Secretary of State Najib Razak had a phone conversation with Zimbabwean Foreign Minister Moyo. In March 2021, President Biden decided to extend the sanctions against Zimbabwe for one year. In May 2022, Zimbabwean Foreign Minister Changwa and Finance Minister Ncube led a high-level government delegation to the United States for consultation. In December, Foreign Minister Shawar attended the US-Africa Summit. In March 2024, US President Joe Biden signed an executive order to adjust sanctions against Zimbabwe, mainly including the termination of three executive orders and related sanctions against individuals and entities in Zimbabwe for "undermining the democratic process", and imposed sanctions on 11 individuals and three entities, including Zimbabwean President Emmerson Mnangagwa.
[14]
-
Relations with Britain
The relationship between Zimbabwe and Britain used to be very close. Britain is a major trading partner of Zimbabwe and has invested heavily in the country. In 2000, relations between the two countries deteriorated as the Zimbabwean government pursued rapid land reform, which offended British interests. After the 2002 election in Zimbabwe, the United Kingdom accused the ZANu League government of fraud and imposed sanctions on Zimbabwe, such as banning senior officials from entering the country, freezing their overseas assets and banning arms sales, which were extended and expanded repeatedly. In December 2003, the Commonwealth Summit decided to continue to suspend Zimbabwe's membership, and Zimbabwe immediately withdrew from the Commonwealth. After Zimbabwe's general election in March 2008, the UK publicly demanded that President Mugabe step down and joined forces with the US to force the UN Security Council to vote on a draft resolution imposing sanctions on Zimbabwe. After the establishment of the new Zimbabwean government, the British policy towards Zimbabwe has eased somewhat. Since 2014, the EU has significantly reduced its sanctions on Zimbabwe, and the UK has maintained its sanctions on Zimbabwe in line with the EU. After Mnangagwa took office as president, the British side sent three special envoys of the prime minister to Zimbabwe to promote the normalization of bilateral relations. In July 2019, Zimbabwean Foreign Minister Moyo visited the UK. After Brexit, the United Kingdom still maintains sanctions against Zimbabwe. From 30 October to 3 November 2021, President Mnangagwa went to the United Kingdom to attend the 26th United Nations Climate Change Conference, becoming the first Zimbabwean leader to visit the United Kingdom in 20 years. In May 2023, President Mnangagwa attended the coronation of Britain's King Charles III.
-
Relations with other countries
In January 2019, President Mnangagwa visited Russia, Belarus, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan. In October, President Mnangagwa went to Russia again to attend the first Russia-Africa Summit. In August, President Mnangagwa traveled to Japan to attend the Yokohama Summit of the Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD). On the issue of the Ukraine crisis, Zimbabwe has always supported Russia without fear of the pressure of the United States and the West, refusing to participate in sanctions against Russia. In February 2023, the President of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko visited Zimbabwe.
-
Relations with African countries
We attach importance to developing friendly and cooperative relations with African countries and actively participate in regional political affairs and economic cooperation. Treaty of friendship and defence agreement with Mozambique; Close relations with Angola, Namibia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, with mutual defense agreements; It maintains good-neighborly relations with neighboring countries such as South Africa, Zambia and Malawi, and attaches importance to economic and trade cooperation with South Africa. In August 2019, the 39th Southern African Development Community Summit decided to set October 25 as the "Anti-Sanctions Day", calling for the lifting of sanctions against Zimbabwe. For five consecutive years, SADC countries have called for the early lifting of sanctions against Zimbabwe on the "Anti-Sanctions Day".
[13]
Monuments in Zimbabwe
One of the main attractions of Zimbabwe, it is one of the most representative remains of huge stone buildings in Southern Africa. It was built in the 11th century by the Monomotaba Kingdom, which flourished in the 11th and 19th centuries. Zimbabwe means "home of stone" in the Shona language. The name of the country derives from this relic.
Sinoe cave
Is an ancient human cave site in Zimbabwe, is also an attraction for tourists an ancient cultural relics scenic spot, located in the mountains 120 kilometers northwest of the capital Harare, located in a rolling hills, was discovered in 1887 AD. The ruins are surrounded by trees and flowers. The site area consists of one open cave and one dark cave and a deep pool between the two holes.
|
name
|
type
|
location
|
|
|
1
|
Manapuls National Park, Sapi and Cevore Animal Reserve
|
Mashonaland West Province
Central Marshalland Province
|
|
|
2
|
Natural heritage
|
||
|
3
|
Cultural heritage
|
Bulawayo Province
|
|
|
4
|
The Matobo Mountains
|
Cultural heritage
|
|
|
5
|
Cultural heritage
|
Masgowin Province
|
[8]
