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The Republic of Azerbaijan (Azerbaijani: Azbaycan Respublikas), short for Azerbaijan (Azerbaijani: Azublikas), is located in the southeast of the Transcaucasia region at the junction of the Eurasian continent, at 44° to 52° E and 38° to 42° N, covering an area of 86,600 square kilometers. The whole country of Azerbaijan is divided into one autonomous republic with 66 districts and 78 cities, the capital of which is
Baku
.
As of May 1, 2023, Azerbaijan has a population of 10.143,500.
[1]
[18]
11th to 13th century AD
Azerbaijani nationality
Basically formed.
[1]
11th to 14th century
Turkish people
,
Mongols
Invasion. 16th to 18th century ownership
Iran
. In the 19th century
Russian Empire
Annex. Established in 1917
Soviet power
. Established in 1920
Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic
He joined in 1922
Transcaucasian Soviet Socialist Federal Republic
. 1936 became
Soviet republics
One of them. It was renamed on 6 February 1991
Republic of Azerbaijan
It became independent on 18 October of the same year.
The oil and gas industry is Azerbaijan
Pillar industry
. In 2022, the gross domestic product will be about $80 billion, an increase of 4.6% year-on-year.
- Chinese name
- Republic of Azerbaijan [1]
- Foreign name
-
The Republic of Azerbaijan
(English)
Az is a rbaycan Respublikas (Azerbaijani) - Abbreviated form
- Azerbaijan
- continent
- Asia
- capital
- Baku [1]
- National Day
- The 28th of May [2]
- National song
- " Azerbaijani March "
- Country code
- AZE
- Official language
- Azerbaijani [1]
- currency
- Azerbaijani manat [1]
- Time zone
- UTC+4
- Political system
- Presidential republic
- National leader
- Ilham Heydar Ogre Aliyev [1] (President) , Ali Assadov (Prime Minister)
- Population number
- 10,143,500 (as at 1 May 2023)
- Population density
- 122.7 people/km2 [3] [14] (2020)
- Major nationality
- Azerbaijanis [1]
- Major religion
- Islam [1] (Shia)
- Land area
- 86600 km²
- Water area ratio
- 1.6%
- Total GDP
- About $80 billion (2022)
- Per capita GDP
- $4,721 (2018, International exchange rates)
- International telephone area code
- 994
- International domain name abbreviation
- .az
- Road access
- Drive on the right
- State structure form
- Unitary system
- Leading institution
- Baku State University Etc.
catalogue
- 1Historical evolution
- 2Geographical environment
- ▪Regional location
- ▪landform
- ▪Climatic characteristics
- 3Natural resources
- 4Administrative division
- ▪Administrative division
- ▪Major city
- 5National symbol
- ▪Country name
- ▪flag
- ▪National emblem
- ▪National anthem
- 6Population nationality
- ▪population
- ▪nation
- 7political
- ▪regime
- ▪constitution
- ▪Political party
- ▪dignitaries
- ▪congress
- ▪government
- ▪judiciary
- 8economy
- ▪industry
- ▪agriculture
- ▪Tertiary industry
- ▪Finance and finance
- ▪foreign trade
- ▪Foreign capital
- 9culture
Paleolithic age
In the later period, there are signs of human settlement in Azerbaijan, and there are several cave remains. It was settled by the Scythians in the 9th century BC and later by ancient Iran
Kingdom of Media
Control. From the 6th century BC onwards,
Persian Empire
Ruled the region.
From 642 AD, it was controlled by the Arab Empire.
From the 9th century to the 16th century, there were feudal states such as Hilvan. Between the 11th and 13th centuries, the Azerbaijani nation was formed.
From the 13th to the 16th centuries, it was repeatedly invaded and divided by the Turks, Mongols and Persians.
In the mid-18th century, it split into a dozen small feudal states.
In the 1830s, Northern Azerbaijan (now the Republic of Azerbaijan) was incorporated
Tsarist Russia
.
On May 28, 1918, the Azerbaijani bourgeoisie proclaimed the establishment of the Azerbaijani Democratic Republic.
He was admitted on 12 March 1922
Transcaucasian Soviet Socialist Federal Republic
(The Federal Republic joined the Soviet Union on December 30 of the same year).
On December 5, 1936, it became a republic directly under the Soviet Union.
On February 6, 1991, the country changed its name to the "Republic of Azerbaijan" and became independent on October 18.
[4]
The leaders of Russia, Azerbaijan and Armenia signed a statement on November 9, 2020, declaring
Nagorno-Karabakh
subregion
Moscow time
A complete ceasefire will be in effect from 00:00 on the 10th (Beijing time at 5:00 on the 10th). According to the statement, Azerbaijan and Armenia will exchange prisoners of war, other detainees and the remains of the victims, and Russia will deploy peacekeeping troops in the Nagorno-Karabakh region.
[1]
Under the ceasefire agreement, Armenia will
Kelbajar district
,
Agdam District
,
Lachinskiy Rayon
Give it to Azerbaijan.
[5]
On November 16, 2020, President Ilham Aliyev and the First Lady of Azerbaijan personally visited the country by car
Armenia
Reclaim the Nagorno-Karabakh region.
[5]
On December 1, 2020, the Russian Defense Ministry announced that the Lachin region of Nagorno-Karabakh was officially handed over to Azerbaijan on the same day, while the Lachin Corridor was controlled by Russian peacekeepers.
[6]
On May 23, 2022, Azerbaijan and Armenia respectively established a committee on the demarcation of the border between the two countries to start the demarcation of the border between the two countries.
[17]
On December 26, 2023, the Azerbaijani Foreign Ministry declared two diplomatic staff members of the French Embassy in Azerbaijan as persona non grata and asked them to leave the country within 48 hours.
[23]
Landscapes of Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan
Scenery of Azerbaijan
Scenery of Azerbaijan
Scenery of Azerbaijan
Baku
Baku
The Maiden Tower of Baku
Old King's Palace
The Hilwanshah Palace
Scenery of Azerbaijan
Scenery of Azerbaijan
Scenery of Azerbaijan
Scenery of Azerbaijan
Scenery of Azerbaijan
Scenery of Azerbaijan
Scenery of Azerbaijan
Scenery of Azerbaijan
Scenery of Azerbaijan
Scenery of Azerbaijan
Scenery of Azerbaijan
Scenery of Azerbaijan
Map of Azerbaijan
50% of the territory of Azerbaijan is mountainous and 40% is lowland. It is bounded by the Greater Caucasus Mountains to the northeast, the Lesser Caucasus Mountains to the southwest, and the Taresh Mountains to the southeast. Lowlands and valley plains are mainly distributed in the central part. The main river is the Kura River.
[7]
The climate of Azerbaijan is diverse, with dry weather in the central and eastern parts of the country and abundant rainfall in the southeast. The capital, Baku, is close to the Caspian Sea and has warm winters, with an average temperature of 4 ° C in January and 27.3 ° C in July. The northern and western mountains have lower temperatures, with an average temperature of 12℃ in summer and -9℃ in winter. Most of the territory receives about 500 mm of annual rainfall, but a few areas, such as the high elevations of the Caucasus Mountains, and the southeastern Lenkolan Plain, can receive about 1000 mm of annual rainfall. In most areas, summer is the dry season with little rain. The late autumn to the next spring is the rainy season, with snow in some areas. The Apsheron Peninsula is windy all year round, and legend has it that the name of the capital, Baku, means "Windy city".
[2]
Azerbaijan is rich in oil and gas resources, mainly distributed in
The Apsheron Peninsula
And Caspian Sea continental shelf. The proven reserves of oil belonging to the Caspian Sea region of Azerbaijan are 2 billion tons and the geological reserves are about 4 billion tons. The oil is characterized by shallow burial and few impurities. Proven reserves of natural gas are 2.55 trillion cubic meters, and prospective reserves are 6 trillion cubic meters. In addition, there are iron, molybdenum, copper, gold and other metal deposits, as well as rich non-metallic and mineral water resources.
Azerbaijan is rich in animal resources. The East Caucasus ibex, Asia Minor argoid sheep, Caucasian chamois and roe deer and other precious animals live in the Caucasus mountain area.
Azerbaijan has about 4,000 species of plants, many of which can be used in medicine. The main tree species are oak, beech, carpinus, and various shrubs, while the southern slopes of Taresh, bordering Iran, contain valuable trees such as boxus, althea, and yew, known as the "permanent tree".
[2]
On October 2, 2021, the President of Azerbaijan
Aliyev
Said that the country has proven
Natural gas
Its reserves amount to 2.6 trillion cubic meters, enough for its own use and export for at least 100 years.
[15]
Districts of Azerbaijan
Note: The table shows the administrative divisions of Azerbaijan.
|
Absheron District
|
Amdam District
|
Acostafa District
|
|||
|
Villasouar
|
Jalibalad district
|
||||
|
Fizuli District
|
Goramboy District
|
Qazi Mohammed
|
|||
|
Kasi
|
|||||
|
Hatchmas District
|
|||||
|
Zhanja
|
Stepanakert
|
||||
|
Naftalan
|
Sumgate
|
Yeflach
|
Kelbajar
|
||
|
Mingechaur
[4]
|
Distribution map
Baku is a famous windy city, the four seasons are windy, especially in autumn, summer drought and little rain, precipitation concentrated in autumn and winter.
Baku is an ancient city with a long history and a famous city on the ancient Silk Road. Baku is famous for its oil production. Driven by the petroleum industry, Baku's petroleum machinery, light industry, food industry, instrument manufacturing, chemical industry, electronics and other industries have achieved great development.
Second largest city
Ganjia City
It is located in western Azerbaijan, about 60 kilometers from the Georgian border. It has a permanent population of over 300,000.
Third largest city
The city of Sumgate
30 kilometers northwest of Baku. It is the main industrial base of Azerbaijan, and the industry is mainly chemical industry. It has a population of about 300,000.
Other cities have a permanent population of less than 100,000.
Azerbaijan Republic, The Republic of Azerbaijan, А з е р б а й д ж а н с seem а second Р e с п б л и seem а), hereinafter referred to as Azerbaijan.
[8]
Flag of Azerbaijan
Rectangular in shape, the ratio of length to width is 2:1. From top to bottom, the flag is composed of three parallel and equal rectangles of light blue, red and green. The red part has a crescent moon and a white star in the center. Opened on 25 January 1991. Blue is the traditional color of the Turkic people, red symbolizes short life, green symbolizes Islam, the stars and moon show that Islam is the main faith in the country, and the octet star is a unique pattern in the Caucasus region, symbolizing eight different ethnic groups.
[1]
Coat of arms of Azerbaijan
National Anthem of the Republic of Azerbaijan
The gist of the song:
Azerbaijan! Azerbaijan!
O great river, your boy is a hero!
Our lives are ready to be dedicated to you,
Our blood is ready to flow for you.
The tricolour flag flies honorably!
The tricolour flag flies honorably!
Sacrificed millions of people,
You became the battleground.
Every soldier who dies is a hero.
You are thriving day by day.
My life is forever dedicated to you,
I love you a thousand and one times deep in my heart.
To keep you safe,
To be admired for your flag,
All the young people volunteered.
Great rivers and mountains! Great rivers and mountains!
Azerbaijan! Azerbaijan!
Azerbaijan! Azerbaijan!
[9]
According to the data of the State Statistical Committee of Azerbaijan, as of January 1, 2018, the total population of Azerbaijan is 9.96 million.
[1]
About 53.2% of the population is urban. The capital city of Baku has a permanent population of about 3 million. The second largest city Zhanjia City has a permanent population of more than 300,000 people; The third largest city, Sumgate, has a population of about 300,000; Other cities have a permanent population of less than 100,000. The number of Chinese in Azerbaijan is small, mainly concentrated in the Baku region.
As of May 1, 2023, Azerbaijan has a population of 10.143,500.
Azerbaijan is a multi-ethnic country with a total of 43 ethnic groups, of which 91.6% are Azerbaijani, 2.0% are Rezgen, 1.3% are Russian, 1.3% are Armenian and 1.3% are Talesh.
[4]
Azerbaijan has a presidential system, and the year 2000 was a parliamentary election year in Azerbaijan, and the political struggle surrounding the parliamentary election was significantly intensified. The ruling party headed by President Aliyev, the New Azerbaijan Party, with its deep social roots, proper campaign strategy and outstanding political achievements, won the parliamentary elections held on November 5, 2000 by a clear margin and once again became a party with more than half of the seats in parliament. President Aliyev has further consolidated his position in power by reshuffling his cabinet, granting amnesty, and engaging in dialogue with opposition parties. The opposition has held several large-scale protest demonstrations, but because of different views, the influence has declined.
In 2001, the political situation in Azerbaijan was basically stable. President Aliyev continued to take measures to rectify the order, promote institutional reform, further strengthen the president's power, and continue to top the social approval rating. The opposition's social influence has declined further. The grand celebration of the 10th anniversary of the country's independence on October 18 and the second national congress of the ruling New Azerbaijan Party on November 21 are major events in the political life of Afghanistan. In the new Albanian party, President Aliyev was re-elected as the chairman of the party, and his son Aliyev Jr. was elected as the first deputy chairman of the party.
In 2002, Azerbaijan was politically stable. The government remains committed to economic and administrative reform, adjusting the economic structure, attracting foreign investment, and improving people's livelihood. President Aliyev is in a strong position and has taken further steps to strengthen the position of his "New Azerbaijan Party" in power, divide and weaken the opposition, and prepare for the presidential elections in October 2003. The opposition is beset with internal contradictions, and its social influence has further declined.
The social and political situation in Afghanistan was generally stable in 2012. The authorities have steadily promoted political and economic reform, fully implemented the social security system, strengthened legislation, repeatedly raised residents' salaries and pensions, and increased support for vulnerable groups. We will vigorously promote the construction of schools, theaters, stadiums, hospitals, airports, urban roads and other infrastructure to increase people's employment.
The current constitution of Azerbaijan was adopted by referendum on November 12, 1995. The Constitution provides for the establishment of a democratic, rule-of-law, civilized secular state; Implement a presidential system in which the President is the head of state, the chief executive and the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, elected directly by the people for a term of seven years; The legislative, executive and judicial powers are separated. On 24 August 2002, a referendum was held to amend some articles of the Constitution, including changing the number of votes for the President from two-thirds to a majority. If the president is unable to perform his duties and is confirmed by the Constitutional Court of Azerbaijan, the President steps down early and the election of a new president is completed within three months. The prime minister acts as president until a new president is elected. The general election will be a single majority system instead of a combination of the previous majority and proportional system, and political party lists will be abolished. On March 18, 2009, a referendum was held to supplement and amend some articles of the Constitution, removing the limit of two consecutive terms for the president.
On September 28, 2016, the Constitution was amended in a referendum to extend the presidential term from five years to seven years, create the posts of first Vice President and vice president, empower the president to dissolve parliament, remove the age limit for presidential candidates, and lower the age threshold for parliamentary candidates. On February 21, 2017, President Ilham Aliyev signed a decree appointing First Lady Mehliban Aliyeva as First Vice President of Azerbaijan.
[18]
Practice in Azerbaijan
Multi-party system
There are currently 41 legal political parties registered with the Ministry of Justice of Afghanistan. The main political parties are:
(1)
New Azerbaijan Party
(P. "P.") : Established on November 21, 1992. It has 81 district-level organizations and nearly 6,622 grass-roots organizations. As of January 2009, it has a total of 470,600 members, making it the largest political party in Albania. Internally, we advocate the establishment of democracy, rule of law, secular state and the development of market economy. We advocate a pragmatic and balanced foreign policy. In the 2005 general election, it won a majority again and remained the ruling party. The current president, Speaker of Parliament, Prime Minister and most cabinet members and local officials are members of the party. The first and second National congresses were held in December 1999 and November 2001, respectively. The third National Congress was held in March 2005, and the current President Ilham Aliyev was elected chairman of the party. The fourth National Congress was held in August 2008, and the chairman of the Nomination Party, Ilham Aliyev, ran for president again. In October of the same year, Ilham Aliyev was re-elected president.
(2)
Azerbaijan People's Front Party
(П а р т и second "Н а р о д н ы й ф р о н т А з е р б а й д ж а н а"), established in March 1989, with more than 40000 members. It was the ruling party from May 1992 to June 1993 and is now one of the largest opposition parties in Afghanistan. The basic political orientation is freedom, human rights, democracy, private ownership, market economy and rule of law. Externally, we advocate Europe as the direction of development and support joining the EU. Has 1 seat in the current parliament. The chairman of the party is Ali Klimli (" I ").
(3)
Musavat party
(" Manya ") : Founded in 1911, the activities were banned during the period of the Azerbaijani Soviet Socialist Republic, and officially resumed in December 1992. It has more than 40,000 members. One of the largest opposition parties in Afghanistan. Advocates equality for all, rule of law, separation of powers, the practice of market economy, and democratic solutions to various social problems. It has five seats in the current parliament. The 7th Congress was held in May 2006, and Issa Gambar was re-elected as the Chairman of the Party.
(4)
National Independence Party of Azerbaijan
(П а р т и second н а ц и о н а л ь н о й н е з а kind guide и с и м о с т и А з е р б а й д ж а н а) : founded in 1991, has 19000 members. Originally pro-government, he joined the opposition after the 1998 presidential election. Advocates the establishment of democracy, the rule of law and civilized markets, calls for the acceleration of market economic reform, and advocates the Western developed countries as the focus of diplomacy. The current Chairman is Ayaz Rustamov.
In addition, there were civic unity parties,
Communist Party of Azerbaijan
(
Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan Gagiev
[20]
), the Fatherland Mother Party, the Social Happiness Party, the Jurdash Party, etc.
Pres.
Ilham Heydar Ogre Aliyev
He was first elected in October 2003. He was re-elected four times, in October 2008, October 2013, April 2018, and February 2024, to serve until 2031.
[28]
On February 8, 2024, according to the preliminary vote count results released by the Central Election Commission of Azerbaijan, Aliyev won the presidential election held on February 7 by an absolute majority. On February 14, 2024, Aliyev took the oath of office in the capital Baku.
[24 to 25]
President of the National Assembly
Oktai Sabir and Ogre Assadov
. He was born on January 3, 1955, in the Jafad region of western Azerbaijan. He graduated from the Institute of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering in 1976. 1979-1981 Chief Engineer of the General Bureau of Professional Design and Construction. From 1981 to 1983, he was the chief technologist of the Sanitary Technology Equipment Trust. 1983-1989 Director of the first Bureau of the Sanitary Technical Equipment Trust. 1989-1996 Director of the Production Association of the Sanitary Technical Equipment Trust. From 1996 to 2004, he was President of the Apsheron Regional Water Corporation. He was elected to the National Assembly in 2000. In 2004, he was appointed president of Aqua Water Corporation. He was elected President of the third National Assembly on 2 December 2005. Married with two children.
premier
Ali Assadov
. Former Assistant to the President of Azerbaijan for Economic Affairs, he was appointed Prime Minister of Azerbaijan on October 8, 2019.
[10]
The country's highest legislature, called the National Assembly. It has a unicameral system, consisting of 125 members who serve five-year terms. Its main functions are to formulate, ratify and abrogate legal treaties, decide on administrative divisions, approve the state budget and supervise its implementation, petition the Constitutional Court to remove the president in accordance with impeachment procedures, and determine referendums. The current (sixth) National Assembly was elected in February 2020, with Sahiba Gafarova (S. For the first time in history, the opposition was elected vice president of the National Assembly and led the National Assembly committee, taking an important step toward improving the political system, establishing healthy political relations and forming a new layout of the political system.
[18]
Government agencies of Azerbaijan
On February 16, 2024 local time, the re-elected President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev signed a resolution approving the list of the government of Azerbaijan. Asadov, Baylamov and Gassanov continue to serve as Prime Minister, Foreign Minister and defense Minister of Azerbaijan respectively. In addition, most of the heads of the ministries of the former government also remain in their posts.
[27]
Judicial power in Azerbaijan is exercised independently by the courts in accordance with the law. The court system consists of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, the Economic Court, and the general and special courts at all levels. The Constitutional Court is composed of nine judges appointed by Parliament on the nomination of the President. The current President of the Constitutional Court is Farhad Abdullayev, who took office in June 2003 and was re-elected in June 2013. The Supreme Court of Azerbaijan is the highest judicial body in the country, consisting of 38 judges appointed by the Parliament on the nomination of the President. The current President of the Supreme Court is Ramiz Rzaev, who took office in April 2005. The supreme procuratorial organ is the General Prosecutor's Office of the Republic, who is appointed and removed by the President with the consent of the Parliament. The current Prosecutor General, Kamran Aliyev, was appointed by the President on 1 May 2020.
[18]
Oil and gas industry is a pillar industry of Afghanistan. In 2020, due to the double impact of the epidemic and oil price fluctuations, the overall economic situation of Afghanistan has declined. Since 2021, with the gradual recovery of foreign exchanges and cooperation and the steady recovery of energy prices, the Afghan economy has recovered. In 2023, Afghanistan's GDP will reach US $72.3 billion, an increase of 1.1% year-on-year. Foreign trade volume was about 51 billion US dollars, down 3.8% year-on-year.
[28]
main
Industrial sector
There are petroleum processing, petrochemical, machinery manufacturing, non-ferrous metallurgy, light industry, food and so on. The total industrial output in the January-September period of 2012 was 25.802 billion manats (about 32.87 billion US dollars), down 3.5% year-on-year.
|
A given year
|
Oil (tons)
|
Natural gas (billion cubic meters)
|
Electricity (billion kW/h)
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
2000
|
1408.62
|
56.427
|
186.63
|
|
2001
|
1490.55
|
55.337
|
189.91
|
|
2002
|
1533
|
51.505
|
185.33
|
|
2007
|
4165.83
|
114.11
|
214
|
|
2008
|
4450
|
163
|
202
|
|
2009
|
5000
|
263
|
222
|
The total agricultural output value in January-September 2012 was 4.088 billion manats (about 5.21 billion US dollars), an increase of 6.3% year-on-year.
In 2012, the added value of the service industry in Afghanistan was 15.878.9 billion manats (about 20.2 billion US dollars), accounting for 29.4% of the total GDP, an increase of 7.6% year-on-year. Among them, The output value of the transportation industry is 29.415 manats (+5%), the communication industry is 927.2 million manats (+15.9%), the tourism and catering industry is 910.3 million manats (+18.8%), the business and maintenance industry is 3,631.13 million manats (+9.6%), and the social and other services industry is 7,468.6 million manats (+5). 4%).
[11]
As of September 30, 2012, the national strategic foreign exchange reserve of Afghanistan was 45 billion US dollars (the foreign exchange reserve of Afghanistan consists of the foreign exchange reserve of the central bank, the foreign exchange reserve of the National Petroleum Fund and the foreign exchange reserve of the Ministry of Finance).
There are 47 banks in Albania, including 2 state-owned banks and 45 private banks, 24 banks have foreign capital participation, of which 6 banks have more than 50% foreign capital. Main Bank: The National Bank of Azerbaijan, established in 1992, is responsible for currency issuance, control of gold and foreign exchange reserves and supervision of all other banking activities. Azerbaijan International Bank is a state-owned commercial bank, established in 1990, with assets accounting for 40 percent of the country's banking system, dozens of branches at home and abroad, and the Ministry of Finance is its main shareholder.
From January to September 2012, Afghanistan's total foreign trade was 29.118 billion US dollars, down 6.1% year-on-year, of which the import value was 6.016 billion US dollars, up 0.6% year-on-year, and the export value was 23.102 billion US dollars, down 7.9% year-on-year. In 2011, Afghanistan's total foreign trade was 36.3 billion US dollars, of which imports were 9.7 billion US dollars and exports 26.6 billion US dollars. Historical import and export situation (unit: USD 100 million) :
|
A given year
|
Gross amount
|
Amount of imports
|
Value of exports
|
balance
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2000
|
29.169
|
11.720
|
17.449
|
5.729
|
|
2001
|
37.45
|
14.31
|
23.14
|
8.83
|
|
2002
|
38.33
|
16.65
|
21.68
|
5.03
|
|
2007
|
117.67
|
57.09
|
60.58
|
3.49
|
|
2008
|
549.20
|
71.64
|
477.56
|
405.92
|
|
2009
|
185
|
55
|
125
|
70
|
The main export products are petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, fruits and vegetables, ferrous metals and products, chemical products, tobacco and alcohol. The main imported products are machinery and equipment, food, transportation and accessories, ferrous metals and products, wood, medicine, furniture and daily necessities. The main import and export trading partners are Italy, France, the United States, Russia and Ukraine.
[12]
In 2011, foreign investment in Afghanistan reached US $2.516 billion, mainly in the following areas: The United Kingdom (US $992 million, 45.2% of total foreign investment), the United States (US $318 million, 14.4%), Japan (US $228 million, 9.1%), Norway (US $128 million, 5.1%), Turkey (US $103 million, 4.1%), the Czech Republic (US $93 million, 3.7%), and the United States. France ($37 million, 1.5%), South Korea ($32 million, 1.3%), and Saudi Arabia ($0.25 million, 0.1%).
The official language is Azerbaijani. Russian and English are commonly used in government departments, and Azerbaijani is commonly used by ordinary people, so it is difficult to communicate in Russian and English.
[18]
The inhabitants of Azerbaijan mainly practice Islam (Shi 'a), but do not emphasize sectarian differences. Ethnic minorities in Russia, Armenia, Georgia and other countries are Christian.
[18]
Modern weddings in Azerbaijan
The Azerbaijani diet is mainly based on cattle, mutton, poultry and fish, and likes to eat barbecue food, dairy products, sweets and melons and fruits. Local people eat a simple diet, but like to hold parties and banquets on festivals and private anniversaries; When entertaining guests, do not persuade wine, smoking pay attention to the occasion.
Local weddings are mostly secular weddings, held in hotels or at home, there is no strict religious ceremony, guests sing and dance, very lively, guests will give gifts to the newlyweds to congratulate. Funerals are carried out in accordance with Muslim customs, and the bereaved families in the city usually set up tents and banquets along the streets to entertain relatives and friends who come to mourn.
Before visiting the local authorities, it is generally necessary to make an appointment in writing in advance and go after receiving the reply. It is also necessary to make an appointment by phone before meeting with local businesses, groups or individuals.
[4]
Azerbaijan has a five-day work week, but some government offices are open on Saturdays. Every year, the Ministry of Social Security and Labor of Azerbaijan announces the schedule of holidays and non-working days for the year. The statutory public holidays are: New Year's Day (1 January), International Women's Day (8 March), Nauruz Day (21 March), Anti-fascist Victory Day (May 9), Republic Day (May 28), National Salvation Day (June 15), Armed Forces Day (June 26), Independence Day (October 18), Constitution Day (November 12), National Revival Day (November 17) and Global Azerbaijani Solidarity Day (December 31). In addition, Muslim holidays such as "Eid al-Adha" and "Eid al-Fitr" (Ramazan) are also legal holidays, because the dates of the holidays in the Gregorian calendar are not fixed according to the Islamic calendar. The three statutory holidays for the New Year and the Festival of Nauruz, plus the weekend holidays before and after the festival, the actual duration of the holiday is at least seven days.
[18]
On October 9, 1991, Azerbaijan announced the establishment of armed forces, divided into land, sea and air forces. On November 25 of the same year, the Supreme Soviet of Azerbaijan adopted the Law on the Armed Forces of the Republic and established the Ministry of Defense. The Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Republic is the President. The current Defense Minister is General Zakir Hasanov. Azerbaijan implements compulsory military service, mainly conscripts citizens between 18 and 35 years of age, and the service period is 18 months. The Afghan military has a strength of more than 60,000 (58,000 in the army, 2,200 in the navy, and 8,660 in the air Force). In 2022, Afghanistan's defense budget is 4.49 billion manats (about 2.6 billion U.S. dollars).
[18]
Azerbaijan has the largest port on the Caspian Sea and the largest airport in the Transcaucasian region, with convenient road, rail, water and pipeline transport infrastructure.
[4]
In 2019, the total length of railways in Azerbaijan was 2,929.4 km. Of these, 2,099.7 km are in use, 815 km are double-track, 1,650 km are equipped with automatic signalling systems, and about 1,300 km of electrified railway is long. Nearly 900 kilometers of railways are not in normal use, accounting for about one-third of the country's total railway length. Railway transport in Azerbaijan is mainly in the direction of Georgia, and the freight volume from Baku to Georgia accounts for about 70% of the total railway freight transport in the country. Azerbaijani Railway has regular services to major cities of the country as well as to countries such as Russia, Ukraine and Georgia.
On October 30, 2017, the Baku-Tbilisi-Kars railway was officially opened, the main purpose of the route is to increase the freight volume from 6.5 million tons to 17 million tons per year, and continue to increase.
In February 2020, Azerbaijan and Turkey signed a memorandum of understanding on the construction of the Kars-Nakhchivan railway, and preliminary feasibility studies are currently being carried out.
In March 2018, Azerbaijani Economy Minister Shahin Mustafayev led a delegation to China to participate in the promotion of the Trans-Caspian Transport Corridor jointly organized by the diplomatic missions of Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan and Turkey in China. The total length of the trans-Caspian transport corridor is about 6,500 km, and the entire rail transport takes 12-14 days. In order to tap the transport potential of the corridor, the Coordination Committee for the Development of the Trans-Caspian Transport Corridor was established on 20 February 2014. Railway and port authorities and maritime freight companies of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Georgia, Turkey and China are actively participating in the construction of the coordination committee. On January 11, 2017, the Federation of Legal Persons of the International Union of Trans-Caspian Transport Corridors was officially registered in Astana, the capital of Kazakhstan. The main responsibilities of the Alliance are to attract the flow of cross-border transport and foreign trade goods for the trans-Caspian transport corridor, remove related barriers, establish a uniform and competitive tax policy along the entire line, organize container rail transport and logistics services, develop uniform train operation technology across the line, improve the competitiveness of the entire line, and create an integrated information service system. The initiators of the alliance include Azerbaijan Railways General Corporation, Kazakhstan Railways General Corporation, Georgia Railways General Corporation, Kazakhstan Aktau Port Management Center, Georgia Batumi Port Management Center, etc.
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In 2019, the total length of roads in Azerbaijan was 60,000 kilometers. Of this, 29,000 km is hardened pavement. The total length of roads in the outskirts of Afghanistan is 19,000 kilometers, of which the national trunk (M) and regional trunk (R) are 4,645 kilometers, and the local highway (Y) is 14,357 kilometers. The total length of roads in Baku is 1,525 km. In recent years, Azerbaijan has made great efforts to speed up the construction of roads, and in 2019, the number of paved roads in Azerbaijan reached a new high of 1,300 kilometers. There are two main transport routes in Azerbaijan: (1) The main highway running through Azerbaijan's north and south, with a total length of about 521 kilometers, is an important transit transport channel connecting Russia and Iran. (2) The main east-west highway that runs through Azerbaijan and connects with the Georgian border, with a total length of about 503 km. The trunk line is an important part of the TRACECA international transport Corridor.
In May 2020, the first toll road in Azerbaijan was put into use. The highway runs 157 kilometers from Azerbaijan to the Russian border. By the end of 2020, trial charging will be carried out on 100 kilometers of road sections, and the charging work will be gradually expanded to the remaining 57 kilometers in 2021 to realize the full road section charging. The initial toll has been set at 2-4 cents per kilometer, depending on the size of the vehicle. There is a free road running alongside the road, but it is not as wide or as fast as a toll road.
On March 16, 2021, President Aliyev, his wife, First Vice President Mehriban Aliyeva, and his eldest daughter Leyla Aliyeva visited the reconstruction areas after the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War - Fazuli District, Khojavand District and the city of Shusha, attended the Fazuli - Gardrudt Road, Gardrud-Jebrayl - Shukubeli (Jebrayl District). The groundbreaking ceremony of the highway on the left bank of the Arras River. The Figa Road is 13 km long, starting from the "Success Avenue" Fizuli-Shusha Road, which is connected with the Gajeshu Road, and has four lanes in both directions. The highway is 43 km long and has four lanes in both directions.
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Water transport in Azerbaijan
The port of Baku is the largest port on the Caspian Sea coast, which not only connects Caspian Sea water transport with domestic rail transport, but also connects Caspian Sea water transport with Russian inland waterway transport. There is Caspian ferry traffic between the port of Baku and the port of Turkmenbashi in Turkmenistan and the port of Aktau in Kazakhstan. In March 2016, President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev signed a presidential decree on the establishment of a free economic zone near the new port of Baku in Ariat village, Baku City. The first phase of work was completed in 2018, with a cargo handling capacity of 1,280 tons per day and night, an annual throughput of 10-11 million tons, and 50,000 TEUs.
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There are 6 airports in Azerbaijan. Heydar Aliyev International Airport is the largest airport in the country and was awarded a 5-star airport by Skytrax, an international air transport rating organization, in May 2017.
In 2019, Azerbaijan's airports handled a total of 5.56 million passengers. In July 2016, China Southern Airlines launched the Baku-Urumqi-Guangzhou route with two flights per week. In addition, Azerbaijan Airlines launched direct flights from Baku to Beijing in August 2013, with two flights per week. Based in Baku, Azerbaijan Airlines operates scheduled passenger and cargo flights from Baku to CIS countries, Europe, China and the Middle East, as well as within the country. Currently, the company flies to 51 cities.
After the end of the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War in 2020, the Azerbaijani government plans to build two new international airports in the post-war reconstruction areas, of which the international airport in Fizuli has begun construction and is scheduled to be completed and operational in the autumn of 2021.
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Azerbaijan is a landlocked country with no access to the sea (the Caspian Sea is a sea track lake surrounded by land), so Azerbaijani oil and gas are transported by pipeline. In 2013, 43.5 million tons of Azerbaijani oil were transported through pipelines.
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Azerbaijan implements 11-year compulsory education, and the education system is divided into preschool education, general primary and secondary education, vocational and technical education, secondary specialized education and higher education. There are 4,433 full-time regular schools with 1.61 million students. 110 vocational and technical schools with 23,000 students; There are 59 secondary colleges with 56,000 students; There are 40 national institutions of higher learning and 12 private institutions of higher learning, with a total of 187,700 students. Famous universities include Baku Rasulzad University and Azerbaijan State Petroleum Institute; The main universities are the University of Slavic Languages and the National University of Economics.
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The most important scientific research institution in Azerbaijan is the Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, which is affiliated with more than 30 institutes of natural and human sciences and other research support institutions, and is a state institution.
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Most of the existing public hospitals in Azerbaijan have been privatized and become commercial fee-paying hospitals. Public outpatient clinics in residential areas were maintained. There is no compulsory health insurance system in Azerbaijan. Local residents can enjoy free treatment in public outpatient clinics, but must pay for drugs (more than 1,300 pharmacies in the country are private), more than two-thirds of drugs are imported, and the price is higher. Foreign citizens pay all their own medical expenses in Afghanistan. Azerbaijan does not have compulsory health insurance for foreigners, who decide on their own whether to purchase health insurance. If you are staying in Azerbaijan for a long period of time and plan to buy medical insurance, you must choose a reputable insurance company recognized by the state. Which medical expenses are covered by the insurance company depends on the type of insurance, and the specific conditions need to be negotiated with the insurance company.
The main infectious diseases in Azerbaijan are dysentery, lice, herpes, viral hepatitis, mumps, etc.
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There are more than 40 newspapers in Azerbaijan. The main newspapers and periodicals are: Baku Workers, the official newspaper of the presidential office, founded in 1906, published in Russian, with a circulation of about 3,000 copies; The official newspaper of the presidential office, The People, was founded in 1919 and published in Arabic with a circulation of about 5,000 copies; The official newspaper of the National Assembly, "Azerbaijan", founded in 1918, published in Arabic with a circulation of about 7,500 copies; The Musavat Party newspaper, Musavat, has a circulation of about 7,500. Except for the Baku Workers Newspaper, which is the official newspaper of the presidential Palace, the rest are independent media. At present, Azerbaijan's Internet media is relatively developed.
The State News Agency of Azerbaijan was established in March 1920 as the official news agency of Azerbaijan. Broadcasting news in Azerbaijani, English, Russian, French, German, Arabic and Chinese, covering politics, economy, science, education, culture, health, environment and other fields. Xinhua News Agency has signed a cooperation agreement with China's Xinhua News Agency and has a correspondent station in China.
Azerbaijan State Television (established in 1956), Azerbaijan Public Television (established in 2005) and other private television stations such as ANS (established in 1992), SPACE (established in 1997), ATV (established in 1999) and LIDER (established in 2000) broadcast most of their programs in the Azerbaijani language.
Azerbaijan Central Radio (established in 1926) broadcasts in 13 languages, including Arabic, Russian, English, French, German, Arabic and Persian.
The main online media in Azerbaijan are APA, Day, Trend, Turan, Azeri-Press, NewsAzerbaijan and Interfax, which are all independent media. The Association of Journalists of Azerbaijan is the main media association in Azerbaijan.
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One of the fastest growing industrial sectors in Azerbaijan. In 2013, the added value of the whole industry reached 1.009 billion manats (about 1.286 billion US dollars), an increase of 10.7% year-on-year, accounting for 1.7% of the total GDP.
Due to the aging of fixed telephone communication network facilities in Azerbaijan, fixed telephone is listed as a key development field supported by the state, after technological transformation, as of 2014, the digitalization rate of 95% in the country, 97% in Baku, the digitalization rate outside Baku has increased to 93%, and the call rate has also been reduced.
At the end of 2013, the national Internet penetration rate in Azerbaijan was 70%, of which 50 out of every 100 people had broadband Internet access, with a global Internet connection speed of 10GB/ second; 40 service operators. Much of the technology and equipment is also provided by China.
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In 2002, the per capita GDP of Afghanistan was 756.3 US dollars, and the average monthly salary of employees was about 64 US dollars. Urban per capita living space is 12 square meters, rural 13.3 square meters. Source of the above economic data: "Azerbaijan 2002 Macroeconomic statistical indicators" published by the Turan News Agency of Azerbaijan.
In 2009, the country's per capita GDP was 3,845 US dollars, down 29% year on year, but the country relied on the foreign exchange accumulated by exporting oil to increase domestic investment and expand domestic demand, ensuring that the monthly wage of employees increased by 8.6% from the previous year to 298 manats, an increase of 8.6% year on year. There are 8.28 hospital beds, 3.9 doctors, and 7.6 medical workers per 1,000 people. There are 65 cars, 139 telephones and 391 mobile phones per 1,000 people.
His average monthly salary from January to September 2012 was 500 US dollars. Personal money income increased by 12%. Inflation is 1.5%. From January to October 2012, 94,000 new jobs were created. The average monthly pension is $190.
The European Olympic Committees voted at their General Assembly in Rome on 8 December 2012 to create the European Games, the first of which was held in Baku, Azerbaijan, in 2015.
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Azerbaijan pursues an independent, pluralistic and balanced foreign policy, giving priority to developing relations with Russia, the United States, major European countries and neighboring countries such as Turkey, Iran and Georgia, and taking integration into Europe as its foreign strategic goal. It attaches importance to cooperation with the European Commission and the European Parliament, and actively participates in the EU's Eastern Partnership Program. We actively participate in the activities of international and regional organizations such as the United Nations, the Organization of Islamic Economic Cooperation, and the Non-Aligned Movement. We will strive to win the sympathy and support of the international community for Afghanistan's settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh issue. In 2012, he became a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council for 2012-2013, and successfully held the 2012 Eurovision Song Contest, the second Baku International People-to-people Forum, and the Summit of the Organization of Islamic Economic Cooperation. As of January 1, 2012, China has established diplomatic relations with 160 countries.
Relations with China
State Councilor and Minister of Foreign Affairs, 27 December 1991
Qian Qichen
Call the Foreign Minister of Azerbaijan to inform the Chinese government of the official recognition of the independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan. On April 2, 1992, the representative of the Chinese government (Chinese Ambassador to Russia) Wang Jing-qing and the Foreign Minister of Azerbaijan Sadhov signed the communique on the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries in Baku, and the two countries established diplomatic relations at the ambassadorial level from that day on. In August of the same year, China opened an embassy in Azerbaijan.
In 2012, China-Arab friendly and cooperative relations enjoyed steady and sound development and cooperation in various fields continued to expand. The main mutual visits include: Li Zhaoxing, Chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the National People's Congress (September); Du Qinglin, Secretary of the Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee and Vice Chairman of the CPPCC National Committee (November); Bai Lichen, vice Chairman of the CPPCC National Committee (December); Minister of Economic Development Mustafayev (May), Minister of Communications and Information Arisov (September to attend the Summer Davos Forum in Tianjin). In February 2013, First Deputy Speaker of the Albanian National Assembly Askrov visited China.
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China-arab economic and trade cooperation is developing smoothly. In 2023, China-Arab trade reached 1.72 billion U.S. dollars, up 25 percent year-on-year. Among them, China's exports were US $1.55 billion, up 47% year on year, while China's imports were US $170 million, down 30% year on year.
In 1999, the two sides held the first meeting of the China-Arab Intergovernmental Committee on Economic and Trade Cooperation. Nine meetings have been held to date.
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The two sides have enjoyed smooth cooperation in education, culture, science and technology, sports, tourism and media. The two sides jointly established two Confucius Institutes in Albania and the Republic of Albania.
Relations with Russia
Diplomatic relations were established on 4 April 1992. In 2013, the friendly and strategic partnership between the two countries developed steadily, and the two sides maintained good relations in energy, military technology, economy, trade, culture and other fields.
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Relations with the United States
The establishment of diplomatic relations on 28 February 1992. In 2013, the strategic partnership between the two countries continued to develop.
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Relations with Turkey
The establishment of diplomatic relations on 14 January 1992. Azerbaijan regards Turkey as an important strategic partner, and the two sides are Allies of each other and actively promote the Trans-Anatolia gas pipeline project.
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Relations with Iran
Diplomatic relations were established on 12 March 1992. In 2013, bilateral relations developed smoothly.
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Relations with Armenia
Nagorno-karabakh region
On November 16, 2021, armed clashes broke out between Azerbaijan and Armenia in the border region, with each side accusing the other of spearheading a military offensive.
In March 2022, an armed conflict broke out between Azerbaijan and Armenia in the Nagorno-Karabakh region.
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On October 6, Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev said that a peace treaty between Azerbaijan and Armenia could be signed by the end of 2022.
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On December 7, 2023, the Presidential Office of Azerbaijan and the Office of the Prime Minister of Armenia issued a joint statement stating that the two countries reaffirmed their intention to normalize relations and conclude a peace treaty based on the principles of respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity.
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Relations with Afghanistan
On February 15, 2024, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Afghan Interim Government announced that Azerbaijan will open its embassy in Afghanistan.
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diplomacy
Adhere to the basic principles of independence, diversity and balance in China's diplomacy. It attaches importance to the development of strategic cooperative partnership with Russia, actively develops cooperation with the United States and the European Union, and takes integration into Europe as its foreign strategic goal. Efforts have been made to develop bilateral relations with Turkey, Iran, Georgia and other neighboring countries. Active participation in CIS affairs. It has long been at loggerheads with neighbouring Armenia over a territorial dispute.
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Caviar is a rare ingredient made of sturgeon eggs in the Caspian Sea, nearly 90% of the world's caviar comes from the Caspian Sea, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Russia and Iran are bordering the Caspian Sea, of which, Iran produced wild caviar is the most famous, Iran produces more than 50% of Caspian caviar, Iran's caviar industry because of government supervision, The production technology is good and the quality is stable, so it is recognized as the best quality caviar in the world, and the completed caviar is packaged and sealed according to the grade, and directly sent to the storage managed by the state.
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The Maiden Tower of Baku
Lagodehi Nature Reserve
It is located in the extreme northwest of Azerbaijan, bordering Russia, and to its south is Zakatare. Features: The nature reserve area is large, the forest and flat land in the protection area are intertwined, forming a beautiful landscape. There are various precious animals and plants in the protection area, which is a tourist mecca.
It is located in the Republic of Azerbaijan, with Agdash to the south and Mingaychaur Reservoir to the west. Features: The protected area is large, densely forested, and the protected area is rich in wild animals and plants.
It is located in the Caspian Sea, east of Azerbaijan, and consists of several small islands, from the Alyat Sea in the north to Kurkosa in the south. Features: The islands are distributed in groups, the scenery is beautiful and charming, there are all kinds of coral reefs, and all kinds of birds gather on each island.
Sylvane Nature Reserve
It is located in the eastern part of Azerbaijan, bordering the Caspian Sea, and to the east are the Baku Islands, belonging to the Salyane region. Features: The nature reserve is low in terrain, rich in mineral resources, many wild animals and beautiful scenery.
Mugan plain
Located in southern Azerbaijan, the entire region is irrigated by river systems, with fertile soil, rich agricultural products, developed animal husbandry, and a few hills on the plain. Features: The scenery here is beautiful and charming, and the river Rye-Kur shows a huge "Ji" character, shining brightly in the spring sunrise.
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