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Serbia

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Republic of Serbia ( Serbian Cyrillic alphabet : The budbudi - I - I - I - I - I - Q, Serbian Latin alphabet : Republika Srbija, English : Republic of Serbia), abbreviated as "Serbia", is located in Europe The southeast, Balkan Peninsula middle Landlocked state . Serbia has a total land area of 88,500 square kilometers (10,900 square kilometers in Kosovo). with Montenegro , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Hungary , Romania , Bulgaria , North Macedonia and Albania Bordering the second longest river in Europe Danube A fifth of it flows through its territory. There are 30 states with 198 districts and the capital is Belgrade . [1] Serbia Population 8.41 million (including 1.77 million in Kosovo) [23] [25] . [20]
From the 9th century onwards, he migrated Balkan Peninsula The part of Slavs And started to build states like Serbia. After World War I, Serbia joined Kingdom of Yugoslavia . After World War II, Serbia became Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia One of the six republics. In 1991, the former Yugoslavia began to disintegrate. In 1992, Serbia and Montenegro were formed Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . On 4 February 2003, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia changed its name to Serbia and Montenegro . On 3 June 2006, Montenegro declared its independence. On June 5 of the same year, the Republic of Serbia declared that it had succeeded Serbia and Montenegro as the subject of international law.
Serbia has actively implemented economic reforms, promoted privatization, and improved the investment environment, and achieved economic growth. GDP in 2022:60.37 billion euros, GDP per capita: 8,917 euros, GDP growth rate: 2.3%. [20]
Chinese name
Republic of Serbia [1]
Foreign name
Serbian Cyrillic letters: lz, budbudi, m, R, C
Serbian Latin alphabet: Republika Srbija
English: Republic of Serbia [1]
Abbreviated form
Serbia
continent
Europe
capital
Belgrade [1]
Major city
Novi Sad , Niish , Kragujevac Etc. [1]
National Day
February 15th
National song
God, Give me justice! [1]
Country code
SRB
Official language
Serbian [1]
currency
Serbian dinar [1]
Time zone
UTC+1 [1]
Political system
Parliamentary republic
National leader
Aleksandar Vucic (President) , Milos Vucevic (Prime Minister)
Population number
8.41 million [20] [23] [25] (including 1.77 million in Kosovo)
Population density
99.9 persons/km2 [10] (2020)
Major nationality
Serbian , Albanian [1]
Major religion
Orthodox Church [1]
Land area
88500 km² (88,400 sq km (10,900 sq km in Kosovo))
Total GDP
60.37 billion euros [1] [20] (2022)
Per capita GDP
€8,917 [1] [20] (2022)
International telephone area code
381
International domain name abbreviation
.rs (Temporarily reserved.yu)
Road access
Drive on the right
Kunishi
coralline
Leading institution
University of Belgrade Etc.

catalogue

  1. 1Historical evolution
  2. ▪Ancient period
  3. ▪Modern period
  4. ▪After World War II
  5. ▪Modern period
  6. 2Geographical environment
  7. ▪Regional location
  8. ▪landform
  9. ▪Climatic characteristics
  10. ▪Drainage distribution
  11. ▪Time zone
  12. 3Natural resources
  13. 4Administrative division
  14. ▪regionalization
  15. ▪capital
  1. 5National symbol
  2. ▪flag
  3. ▪National emblem
  4. ▪National anthem
  5. 6Population nationality
  6. ▪population
  7. ▪nation
  8. 7political
  9. ▪regime
  10. ▪constitution
  11. ▪congress
  12. ▪government
  13. ▪Political party
  14. ▪dignitaries
  15. ▪judiciary
  16. 8economy
  1. ▪summarize
  2. ▪agriculture
  3. ▪industry
  4. ▪electricity
  5. ▪Service industry
  6. ▪tourism
  7. ▪foreign trade
  8. ▪bank
  9. 9culture
  10. ▪Language
  11. ▪media
  12. ▪religion
  13. ▪custom
  14. 10Military affairs
  15. 11traffic
  16. ▪highroad
  1. ▪railway
  2. ▪Air freight
  3. ▪Water transport
  4. 12society
  5. ▪education
  6. ▪Science and technology
  7. ▪medium
  8. ▪Medical treatment
  9. ▪Physical education
  10. 13diplomacy
  11. ▪Foreign policy
  12. ▪External relations
  13. 14travel

Historical evolution

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EDITOR

Ancient period

There were villages in Serbia 6,000 years ago, perhaps the largest in Europe at that time.
In the 6th and 7th centuries, Yugoslavs A branch of Serbian Establish oneself in Balkan Peninsula Sava Middle and lower reaches south The Adriatic Sea Along the coast. in The Byzantine Empire Under the influence of the residents converted Orthodox Church .
The first state to take the name "Serbia" was founded in the middle of the 10th century by Tsaslav Kalonimilovich (Serbian: aslav). In the 12th century The Nemanya Dynasty The rise of the Serbian state culminated in the reign of Tsar Stefan Duchamp in the mid-14th century.
Rise in Asia Minor Peninsula Islamic feudal military empire in the northwest Ottoman Empire By the end of the 15th century, the Ottoman Empire had completely conquered Serbia, beginning five centuries of Asian-Islamic feudal military rule, after conquering the Balkans and defeating the Serbs in the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 (the outcome of which is still disputed today).

Modern period

Serbia gained a high degree of autonomy in the revolutions of 1804 and 1815. In 1878, Serbia gained full independence with the help of Russia, and in 1882, it was established as a kingdom, comprising only the central part of present-day Serbia. In the early 1910s The First Balkan War and The Second Balkan War In the process, Serbia expanded southward, annexing the territory of Kosovo and today Republic of Macedonia Other areas, but the north Vojvodina The region was under the control of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and was not part of Serbia.
On June 28, 1914, Serbian nationalists Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo He was shot seven times in the street with a Browning M1900 automatic pistol Sarajevo visiting Austro-hungarian Empire Crown prince Archduke Franz Ferdinand And his wife Sophie. On July 28, the Austro-Hungarian Empire declared war on Serbia, resulting in World War I The outbreak of... Serbia had successfully resisted three Austro-Hungarian attacks by the end of 1914, and in 1915, Allied countries (including Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria) jointly launched an offensive against Serbia and occupied the entire territory.
In 1918, after the defeat of the Central Powers, Serbia was restored, and in December of that year, Serbia, its neighbors, and the United States Montenegro The former Austro-Hungarian states of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, and Vojvodina together formed the Serbs, Croat and Slovenians The kingdom Kingdom of Yugoslavia The predecessor of...
World War II Yugoslavia was destroyed on three sides Greece All the neighboring countries are Axis powers Member. In April 1941, the Axis Powers invaded Yugoslavia and partitioned it, with Vojvodina largely annexed by Hungary and Kosovo incorporated Albania The rest of Serbia was occupied by German forces. At this time, the Yugoslav National Liberation Army Tito Under his leadership began a revolt against the German occupation.

After World War II

Yugoslavia
In 1945, Red Army enter Yugoslavia Tito became the supreme leader of the country with his help and established a communist state Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia In 1948, the Soviet Union broke with the Soviet Union. Tito and the Egyptian president in 1961 Gamal Nasser Prime Minister of India Nehru co-founded Non-aligned movement . The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, under Tito's leadership, implemented Socialist market economy It emphasizes the unity of all ethnic groups and the unity of the country. Yugoslavia became the richer of the communist states in Eastern Europe during this period.
After Tito's death in 1980, ethnic tensions intensified, culminating in the breakup of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s. Four of Yugoslavia's six member republics declared independence. After 1992, Serbia and Montenegro were reconstituted Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia). In 1999, the Republic of Serbia was in Kosovo War smut North Atlantic Treaty Organization The bombing, the war with the international community to take over Kosovo It's over.

Modern period

In 2003, the Parliament of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia adopted the Charter of Serbia and Montenegro, which changed the name of the country to Serbia and Montenegro To form a loose national community. In addition to state powers such as a common president, a unified army, and foreign affairs, the two republics have different laws, customs, currencies, and even border guards. [2]
On 21 May 2006, Montenegro voted for formal independence through a referendum, on 3 June the Montenegrin parliament formally declared independence, and on 5 June the Serbian Parliament declared independence and became the legal successor state of the Federation of Serbia and Montenegro, thus dissolving the Federation. On 28 October, Serbia held a referendum on whether to accept a new draft constitution. The results showed that the draft was adopted.
On 21 January 2007, the Republic of Serbia held its first post-independence parliamentary elections. Serbian Radical Party Won 81 of the 250 seats in parliament, 64 for the Democratic Party, Democratic Party of Serbia - New Serbia Party Coalition 47 seats, Serbian Celebrity Party 19 seats, Socialist Party of Serbia 16 seats, 15 seats led by the Liberal Democratic Party of Serbia, and eight seats shared by five ethnic parties and election coalitions.
In addition, the southern Republic of Serbia Kosovo District since 1999 Kosovo War Since then, it has been removed from the de facto jurisdiction of the Republic of Serbia and has become a United Nations official Protected area , due to United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo Temporary governance. The parties began negotiations on the Kosovo issue on 20 February 2006. Kosovo declared its independence on 17 February 2008. [3]
On December 19, 2018, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank Announced in Beijing that its board had approved a new group of six prospective members, including Serbia. [4]
In May 2022, Serbia was listed as a candidate for membership by the European Union. [11]
September 2023 local time Serbia signed the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia (TAC) on the sidelines of the 43rd ASEAN Summit and other meetings held in Jakarta, Indonesia. [22]

Geographical environment

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EDITOR

Regional location

Geographical location of Serbia
Serbia is located in the central Balkan Peninsula of Europe, with an area of 88,500 square kilometers (Kosovo area of 10,900 square kilometers). [1] Serbia is bordered by eight countries with a total border length of 2,457 km. Central and northern Hungary A common border of 151 km; Northeast and Romania Connected, with a common border of 476 km; It borders Bulgaria on the east, with a common border of 318 km; The southeast and south are joined by Albania and Albania respectively Macedonia Be adjacent to; Northwest and Croatia The common border is 241 km; West and Bosnia and Herzegovina A common border of 312 km; The west has a 211-kilometer-long common border with Montenegro. Serbia's location on the Balkan Peninsula forms a natural bridge and crossroads between Western, Central and Eastern Europe, as well as the Near and Middle East. Serbia, formerly a coastal state in the Balkans, became one with the dissolution of Yugoslavia in the 1990s and the independence of Montenegro in 2006 Landlocked state . [3]

landform

Topographic map of Serbia
Most of Serbia is hilly, with hills and mountains in the centre and south. And the north is plain. [3] To the east and west are the Stara Mountains and The Dinara Mountains The continuation of; upstate The plain of Vojvodina It is a part of the middle Danube plain with dense river network and fertile soil. The south is mountainous and hilly, consisting of the Kosovo Basin and the Metosiya Basin. The highest point in Serbia is Albania The Jalavica Mountain on the border with Kosovo is 2,656 meters above sea level. [3]

Climatic characteristics

Serbia belongs to Temperate continental climate . Serbia is known as the crossroads of Europe, connecting Europe with Asia, the Middle East and Africa through the land route. The winter is cold, the summer is hot, and the annual precipitation is 550 ~ 750 mm. [3]

Drainage distribution

Danube River here with tributaries Sava , Tissa After confluence, it turns to the southeast to form the border with Romania; Another branch The Great Morava River The South Current runs through. [3]

Time zone

Serbia is in the Western European time zone, compared to Greenwich It is one hour earlier and 7 hours later than Beijing time. [3]

Natural resources

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EDITOR
Serbia The mineral resources are coal, iron, zinc, copper, etc., the forest coverage rate is 31.12%, and the hydraulic resources are rich. [3] [21]

Administrative division

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EDITOR

regionalization

Serbia has a total of 30 states with 198 districts. [1] It has 2 autonomous provinces ( Autonomous Province of Vojvodina and Autonomous Province of Kosovo ). The capital city of Belgrade is a political, economic, cultural and scientific research center of the country, and is the largest city in the former Yugoslavia and second only to Belgrade Istanbul , Athens and Bucharest The fourth largest city in Southeast Europe. Other famous cities in Sierra include Novi Sad , Niish , Kragujevac Let's wait. [3]

capital

Belgrade (English: Belgrade; In the heart of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Danube River Sava The junction, north of the Danube middle reaches of the plain that is the Vojvodina plain, south of the old mountain range extension of the Sumadia Hills, located in the Danube River and the Balkan Peninsula of land and water traffic arteries, is an important point of contact between Europe and the Near East, there is a very important strategic significance, known as Key to the Balkans . It has an area of 200 square kilometers. Population 1.68 million (2023) [25] . [1] Most of the residents are Serbs, the rest are Serbs Croat and Montenegrin . The beautiful Sava River runs through the city and divides Belgrade into two parts, the quaint old town on one side and the modern new town on the other. The terrain is high in the south and low in the north Temperate continental climate The minimum temperature in winter can reach -25℃, the maximum temperature in summer is 40℃, the average annual precipitation is 688 mm and the inter-annual change is large. [3]

National symbol

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EDITOR

flag

Flag of Serbia It is rectangular, the ratio of length to width is 3:2, and the flag is top-down, successively composed of three parallel and equal stripes of red, blue and white. Red, blue and white are the traditional colors of Slavs, the favorite colors of Slavs. The national emblem is on the center left of the flag. On 11 November 2010, changes were made to the emblem on the flag.

National emblem

Coat of arms of Serbia It was opened in 2004. It comes in two sizes. The greater coat of arms was originally the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Serbia, and also the coat of arms of the Oblyanovich Dynasty, and the lesser coat of arms covered with a cloak and crown. The small national emblem is a red shield with a golden crown above it, which is the past Kingdom of Serbia The symbol of... There is self in the shield The Byzantine Empire The two-headed eagle is a symbol of the southern European Slavic nation handed down in the period. On the eagle's chest is a small red coat of arms divided into four areas by a white cross, one similar to each area Cyrillic alphabet The firearm in the C represents the sound of the S, symbolizing the national motto "Only unity saves the Serbs".

National anthem

Just God "Boz e pravde" is the national anthem of the Republic of Serbia, composed in 1872 by Davorin Jenko and lyrics by Jovan d 'or Branevic Republika Srpska The national anthem. Because at that time Serbia was a monarchy The lyrics are used to glorify Kings.

Population nationality

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EDITOR

population

Serbia has a total population of 8.41 million (including 1.77 million in Kosovo). [19] Official language Serbian . The main religion is Orthodox Church . [1] [18]

nation

Serbia is a multi-ethnic country with 83.3% of the population (excluding Kosovo Region) are Serbs, the rest are Hungarians, Bosniaks, Roma and Slovaks. [5]

political

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EDITOR

regime

Serbia for Parliamentary republic State, practice Separation of powers The legislative, judicial and executive powers are independent of each other and check and balance each other. [6] The political situation is generally stable. On December 17, 2023, Serbia held early parliamentary and local elections. A new parliament will be formed within 30 days after the official results of the election are announced, and a new government will be formed within 90 days thereafter. [1] [18] [25]

constitution

On 8 November 2006, the Parliament of the Republic of Serbia held an extraordinary session to formally enact a new constitution to replace the current Constitution of Serbia enacted in 1990, which entered into force on the date of promulgation. The Constitution states that Serbia is a state composed of Serbs and all citizens living within its borders Parliamentary democracy . The preamble of the new Constitution clearly states that Kosovo enjoys a high degree of autonomy and is an integral part of Serbian territory. In addition to the preamble, the new Constitution is divided into 10 parts and 206 articles. [6]

congress

Subject article: Parliament of Serbia
The highest organ of state power, with a unicameral system. Members are elected by direct election for a four-year term. The current National Assembly was established in February 2024 with a total of 250 seats. Among them, the "Serbia cannot Stop" coalition led by the Kadima Party has 129 seats, the "anti-violence" coalition has 65 seats, the Socialist Alliance has 18 seats, the "National Democratic Alternative Alliance" and the "Voice of the People" have 13 seats, and the minority parties have the remaining 12 seats. Speaker of the House, Ana Burnabich. [28]

government

The highest executive body of power. The current government is in a technical term and consists of: First Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs Ivica DA Macci, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance Sini? a MALI, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defence Milos Vucevic, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Culture Maja GOJKOVI (female); Minister of Economy Slobodan CVETKOVI (female); Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Jelena TANASKOVI (female); Irena VUJOVI, Minister of Environmental Protection; Goran Vesic, Minister of Construction, Transport and Infrastructure; Dubravka d 'Edovi, Minister of Mines and Energy; Tomislav MOMIROVI, Minister of Internal and External Trade; Maja POPOVI, Minister of Justice; Aleksandar MARTINOVI, Minister of State Administration and Local Self-government; Tomislav Zigmanov, Minister of Human Rights, Minority Rights and Social Dialogue; Bratislav GA, Minister of Internal Affairs; Tanja MI, Minister of European Integration; Education Minister Slavica Dyuki-Dejanovic, Health Minister Danica GRUJI, female, Nikola SELAKOVI, Minister of Labour, Employment, Veterans and Social Affairs; Darija KISI, female, Minister of Family and Population Affairs; Zoran Gajiji, Minister of Sports; Milan KRKOBABI, Minister of Rural Affairs; Jelena BEGOVI, Minister of Science, Technological Development and Innovation; Husein Memic, Minister of Tourism and Youth; Mihailo JOVANOVI, Minister of Information and Telecommunications; Marko BLAGOJEVI, Minister of Public investment; No matter the ministers Novica TON, Djorge Miliacevi, Edin d 'Erlek. The new prime minister was named Milos Vucevic. [28]

Political party

Implement a multi-party system. The main political parties are:
Political party
Establishment time
chairman
Serbian Forward Party (Srpska Napredna Stranka)
October 2008
Milos Vucevic
Socialist Party of Serbia (Socijalistika Partija Srbije)
In July 1990
Ivica Dacic
Democratic Party (Demokratska Stranka)
February 1990
Zoran LUTOVAC
Serbian Radical Party (Srpska Radikalna Stranka)
February 1991
Vojislav is a Bohemian ELJ.
Freedom and Justice Party (Stranka Slobode i Pravde)
In April 2019
Dragan d 'Ilas
Reference material [28]

dignitaries

Aleksandar Vucic: The President. Born in 1970. Graduated from the Law School of Belgrade University. From September 2012 to May 2023, he was the Chairman of the Kadima Party. He was Minister of Information in the Government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1998 to 2000. He served as First Deputy Prime Minister from 2012 to 2014. He became Prime Minister on 27 April 2014. He was elected president in April 2017 and took office at the end of May. He won re-election in April 2022 and was sworn in on May 31.
Ana Burnabich: Speaker. Female, born 1975. Mba, University of Hull, UK. He was appointed Minister of State Administration and Local Autonomy in August 2016. He became Prime minister in June 2017 and was re-elected in October 2022. He was elected President of the National Assembly in March 2024. [26] [28]
Milos Vucevic : The Prime Minister. He was born in Novi Sad in 1974 and served as mayor of Novi Sad. Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defence since October 2022, President of Kadima Party of Serbia since May 2023. He took office on 2 May 2024 premier [27] .
布尔纳比奇当选新议长 布尔纳比奇当选新议长
Brnabich waves as he receives congratulations after being elected as the new Speaker of Parliament on March 20, 2024

judiciary

It has the Supreme Court, the Procuratorate of the Republic, the Constitutional Court, local courts and procuratorates. The Supreme Court and the courts at all levels exercise judicial power. The President of the Supreme Court and the Prosecutor General are elected by the Parliament. The President of the Supreme Court, Jasmina VASOVI (female), assumed office in April 2021 for a five-year term. The Prosecutor General of the Republic, Zagorka DOLOVAC (female), took office in January 2010 and was reappointed in May 2023 for a six-year term. The President of the Constitutional Court, Sne Z ana Markovipi (female), took office in January 2020 and was reappointed in January 2023 for a three-year term. [28]

economy

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EDITOR

summarize

The economy of Serbia is mainly based on various services, which account for about 63% of the GDP. Serbia's economic fundamentals were relatively good, but the economic damage was considerable due to the United Nations economic sanctions of 1992-1995 and the severe destruction of infrastructure during the war. In the 21st century, the economy began to improve, with per capita GDP rising from $1,160 in 2000 to $7,054 in 2008. Moreover, as Serbia prepares to join the European Union, its economy will grow more rapidly. The main economic problems are high unemployment (14%) and a large trade deficit ($100 million). As the only European country to have signed a free trade agreement with both the EU and Russia, Serbia is hoping for more economic stimulus and higher economic growth in the coming years. Serbia has seen a growing trend of foreign direct investment, including many blue-chip companies. United States steel Corporation Philip Morris, Microsoft, Fiat, Lukoil , Coca-Cola Company , Gazprom of Russia , Lafarge , Siemens , Carlsberg ...) . On the country side, most of the cash investments in the period 2000-2007 came from Austria Of companies ($2.2 billion), followed by those from Greece ($1.6 billion), Norse ($1.6 billion), Germany ($1.4 billion). There will be more investment in Serbia in the future. [7]
In recent years, Serbia has actively implemented economic reforms, promoted privatization, improved the investment environment, and achieved economic growth. Key economic data for 2022 are as follows:
Gross domestic product
60.37 billion euros.
Gross domestic product per capita
8,917 euros.
GDP growth rate
2.3%.
Currency name
DINAR
Exchange rate
1 dollar ≈112 dinars, 1 euro ≈117 dinars.
Inflation rate
15%
Unemployment rate
9.4%.
(Source: National Statistical Office of Serbia) [1] [15] [18]

agriculture

The land is fertile, the rain is abundant, and the agricultural production conditions are good. Agricultural land is 5.06 million hectares, mainly concentrated in the northern Vojvodina plain and the central region, of which 3.29 million hectares of arable land, 240,000 hectares of orchards, 56,000 hectares of vineyards, 621,000 hectares of grasslands and 845,000 hectares of pastures. [1]

industry

The main industrial sectors are metallurgy, automobile manufacturing, textile, instrument processing and so on. [15]
Chemical industry
The chemical industry is one of the leading sectors in Serbian industry and plays a very important role in Serbia's economy and foreign trade. In 2004, the chemical industry accounted for 14-15% of the total industrial output (including rubber and plastics), 3.57% of GDP, and 50,000 employees. In 1990, chemical exports amounted to $600 million, accounting for 11 per cent of total exports. [7]
Inorganic chemical industry
Serbia's large-scale investment in inorganic chemical production began in the 1960s, the production of products such as sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, phosphate fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer.
In 1985, Serbia had four sulfuric acid plants and two phosphoric acid plants with an annual output of 1.5 million tons of sulfuric acid and 475,000 tons of phosphoric acid, but almost all of the plants were closed and only one sulfuric acid production line was still in production. Serbia began to produce ammonia and nitric acid in 1962, as of the end of the 1990s, a total of three ammonia production lines, annual output of 600,000 tons, three nitric acid production lines, a total annual output of 725,000 tons, due to NATO bombing damage and backward technology and other reasons, as of 2014 only one annual capacity of 300,000 tons of ammonia production line is still in operation. [7]
Organic chemical industry
The petrochemical industry began to develop in Serbia in the 1970s. During the period 1975-1985, several high-volume base petrochemicals and derivatives were put into production, for example, the PETROHEMIJA company in Pancevo region produced 200,000 tons of ethylene, 85,000 tons of propylene, 45,000 tons of C4 and 100,000 tons of vinyl chloride per year.
Textile industry
The textile industry in Serbia was developed after the production of viscose and synthetic chemical fibers. In 1958, VISKOZA, one of the largest viscose fiber factories in Europe, was built and put into operation in Loznica, Serbia. In the period 1960-1980, several more synthetic fiber plants were built. In the 1980s, the annual output of artificial fibers reached 45,000 tons, and the annual output of synthetic fibers was 12,000-15,000 tons. At that time the VISKOZA plant was one of the largest exporters of viscose fibers in Europe.
Production of drugs
Serbia's major pharmaceutical companies were founded in the 1950s and 1960s to produce medicines, pharmaceutical raw materials and medical supplies. In the 1990s, the pharmaceutical industry experienced the breakup of the Federal Federation of Yugoslavia and the United Nations economic sanctions, overcoming the difficulties of importing raw materials, and is trying to find export markets.
Production of agricultural chemicals
Serbia began producing fertilizers and pesticides in the 1960s. In the early 1990s, total fertiliser production was 3.5m tonnes. But now the plants that produce phosphate and potash are completely shut down, and only nitrogen fertilizer is still being produced. The main manufacturer of fertilizer is the HIP-AZOTARA company in Prahovo region, with an annual capacity of 400,000 tons of calcium ammonium nitrate (27% nitrogen), 100,000 tons of urea, and 200,000 tons of additives, but the output is not as high as it should be. AZOTARA in the Subotica region and AGROHEM in the Novi Sad region produce blends. In the early 1990s Serbia was a large net exporter of fertilisers and a net importer. In 2004, 490,000 tons of fertilizers were imported, valued at US $89 million.
Coating production
The coatings industry in Serbia has experienced a good period of development. Due to the current economic situation and the reduction of living standards, domestic consumption has declined, which has caused a great impact on production and the competitiveness of exports has declined.
Production of rubber products
Serbia's rubber industry was at its peak in the 1980s, when 20,000 people were employed, accounting for 55-60% of the Yugoslav rubber industry. Annual exports amounted to $200 million. After the breakup of Yugoslavia, the rubber industry declined sharply. In recent years the rubber industry has entered the ranks of privatization. In 2003, the United States GALAXY TIRE & WHEEL company acquired PUMA-GUMA Company, and the French Michelin company became the largest share of TIGER MH company, producing tires. In 2004, exports of rubber products reached an all-time high of 186.6 million euros. TIGHR MH exports close to €80 million in tyres and inner tubes.
Other chemical products
Other chemical products produced in Serbia include detergents (70,000 tons per year), soaps (3,000 tons per year), tape, explosives, antifreeze, plastic products, etc.

electricity

The electricity industry in Serbia is managed by the Serbian State Electricity Company (EPS), which is the largest state-owned enterprise in Serbia and employs 44,184 people. The output value of the electricity industry (including water and electricity supply) was 3% of GDP in 2004. The Serbian Electric Power Company was founded in 1965 as the United Electric Power Company of Serbia and was changed to the Public utility of the Serbian Electric Power Industry in 1991. In the past two years, the Serbian government has begun to restructure and privatize the state electricity company. In July 2005, with the approval of the Government, the power transmission business of the Serbian electric power industry public enterprise was separated and the Serbian Grid public Enterprise was established to operate. The State Electricity Company of Serbia is composed of 11 economic entities, including power generation, electricity distribution, electricity trading, coal production and transportation, urban heating and so on.
Many of Serbia's power plants were damaged during NATO bombing in the 1990s, and after several years of gradual repair, output has returned to pre-bombing levels. Most of Serbia's power plants were built from the 1960s to the 1980s, with power generation equipment mainly from Eastern European countries, such as the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Romania, Russia and the former Yugoslavia, and equipment from Western countries, such as Germany, France, Russia and the United States. Switzerland The United States, Japan, the United Kingdom, Austria and Italy also account for a certain proportion of equipment, the origin of power generation equipment is diversified, the equipment is aging, and the technology is backward. Serbia has attracted foreign companies to invest in the power sector on a BOT basis. In 2007 EPS will be partially privatised.
Serbia exchanges electricity with neighboring countries every year, and the input of electricity is slightly more than the output of electricity, the countries that import more electricity to Serbia are Romania and Bulgaria, and the countries that export more electricity to Serbia are Macedonia and Montenegro. [7]

Service industry

It mainly includes hotels, restaurants, cafes and bars. In 2021, there will be 1,116 hotels. [18]

tourism

Tourism is well developed. In 2022, it received 1.77 million foreign tourists, mainly from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Russia, Germany, North Macedonia and Montenegro, and 2.1 million domestic tourists. The main tourist areas include baths, ski resorts and national parks. [18]

foreign trade

Since 2003, Serbia's foreign trade and economic activities have become increasingly active and its foreign trade has steadily increased. The main export products are: automobiles, electrical and electronic products, cereals, vegetables and fruits. The main imported products are: automobiles, petroleum and its finished products, natural gas, electrical and electronic products, etc. The top five exporters are: Italy, Germany, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Russia and Romania, and the top five importers are: Germany, Russia, Italy, China and Hungary. [7] In 2016, the value of exports was 21.95 billion US dollars, and the value of imports was 16.99 billion US dollars. [1]
In 2022, the main export products are: copper ore and concentrate, aircraft and auto parts, electrical and mechanical products, electricity, tires, washing and cleaning preparations, etc., the main import products are: petroleum and its finished products, natural gas, electricity, pharmaceuticals, urea, etc. The top five exporters are: Germany, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Italy, Hungary, Romania, and the top five importers are: China, Germany, Russia, Italy, Hungary. [1] [15] [19]

bank

The central bank of Serbia is the National Bank of Serbia. According to the laws of Serbia, the National Bank is an independent financial institution, responsible to the national Parliament, mainly responsible for monetary policy, foreign exchange and reserve management, maintaining the stability of domestic market prices and foreign exchange markets, and supervision of domestic banks.
On August 27, 2019, Serbia completed the approval process and officially became the 73rd non-regional member of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. [8]

culture

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Language

The official language is Serbian, and English is widely spoken, with 40% of the population speaking English. In addition, there are more people who can speak German and Russian. [5]

media

In 2020, there are 340 newspapers in the country, the main ones are Politik, Voir Noir, Express, Today and Courier, which are published in Serbian. Periodicals include Newsweek, Time and so on. Beta News Agency and FoNet News Agency are the main private news agencies. The main TV stations are: Serbian National TV, PINK TV, N1 TV and so on. The main radio stations are: Serbian National Radio, Radio Belgrade, Radio B92 and so on. [1] [16]

religion

Saint Savoy Cathedral
Most of the country's residents believe in the Eastern Orthodox Church, a small number of people believe in Roman Catholicism or Islam, and some people do not believe in religion. [5]

custom

Serbs are enthusiastic, generous, like to make friends, and dress neatly and appropriately on social occasions. When meeting guests on social occasions, shake hands with the guests who have been introduced and give their names. When friends and relatives meet each other, it is customary to give hugs and kiss each other on the cheek.
Serbs like to give flowers, gifts such as roses, lilies and so on. Chrysanthemums are "cemetery flowers".
Serbian people meet and greet more particular, to be in the surname before Mr., Mrs., miss and title and other honorific titles. He is called by his first name only among family members and close friends.
Dating in Serbia, generally must be agreed in advance, rashly visit is impolite behavior, visit each other to hand over business cards. To visit the home, the general habit of sending gifts or flowers. Important holiday habits of mutual gifts, gifts are generally wine, flowers and classic series of office stationery, etc., submit gifts, to remove the wrapping paper, display and introduce the content of the gift.
Serbs like to invite familiar guests or friends to the suburbs or tourist resorts for sightseeing, leisure activities, to promote exchanges and enhance mutual feelings. During this period, a banquet must be held, whether in the formal or informal banquet, the host will warmly invite the guests to taste the locally brewed strong fruit wine, and toast each other.
Serbian people's eating habits are dominated by Serbian national characteristics of Western food, but also very fond of Chinese food.

Military affairs

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Serbian army in June 2006 Serbia and Montenegro After the dissolution, it was formed on the basis of accepting the former army of Serbia and Montenegro. Army Day falls on April 23. The President is the Supreme Commander of the armed forces, and the Ministry of Defense is the military leadership of the armed forces. The General Staff Headquarters is the military command organ of the armed forces. The Chief of staff is General Milan MOJSILOVI. The 2022 defense budget is about 132 billion dinars, or 1.12 billion euros. [1] [18]
The military service system, which combines contract and compulsory military service, is implemented in Serbia. Citizens over the age of 18 are obliged to serve, and conscripts can serve for a period of six months. Compulsory military service will be abolished in 2010. The service term of the contract soldier is 3 years, after which the contract can be renewed as appropriate. All citizens who have served in the military are placed in the reserve. [6]
Serbia inherits all the "political heritage" of Serbia and Montenegro, including international rights and obligations and a seat at the United Nations. But the secession of Montenegro has turned Serbia into a purely landlocked country, with tourism, exports affected, and the impact on the navy particularly "deadly".
At its peak, Serbia's navy had 80 warships; Montenegro's independence would not have reduced Serbia's fleet much, but it would have deprived Serbia of all its seaports and naval bases.
The Montenegrin government's military adviser, General Martinovic, said he had invited Serbian naval commanders to stay in Montenegro to help create a new fleet, but because Montenegro mainly planned to build a fleet consisting of patrol and training ships Coast guard The admirals were not interested. Montenegro plans to auction off a naval base in its territory to develop it into a tourist attraction, while Serbia's navy becomes a "river army". [9] We'll have to practice patrol on the Danube. [1] [9] [15]

traffic

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highroad

The total length of Serbia's road network is 45013 km, of which 1155 km are highways. There are 5,525 kilometers of standard highways, 13,670 kilometers of inter-regional general roads, and 24,540 kilometers of local general roads. There are 498 kilometers of fully closed expressways and 246.5 kilometers of semi-closed expressways in operation. At present, there are 2.08 million passenger cars, 241,000 trucks, 170,000 trailers, 39,500 motorcycles, 10,441 buses and 4,585 construction vehicles in Serbia.
According to the latest data released by the Serbian National Bureau of Statistics, in 2019, 56.04 million passengers were transported, an increase of 0.4%, and 15.85 million tons of cargo were transported, an increase of 21.5%. [13]

railway

Serbia has a total railway length of 3,809 km. Among them, 3,533 km of monorail railway and 276 km of double-track railway. There are 1,254 km of electrified railways and 2,555 km of non-electrified railways. About 380 kilometers of mainline railways are under construction or planned to be rebuilt. In 2019, Serbian railways carried 4.19 million passengers, down 17.2% from the previous year, and 11.5 million tons of freight, down 6.5% from the previous year.
Serbia's railway operation level is relatively low, supporting communications equipment is relatively backward, trains below 60 km/h accounted for 52.2%, trains between 61 and 80 km/h accounted for 17.9%, trains between 81 and 100 km/h accounted for 26.7%, trains between 101 and 120 km/h accounted for only 3.2%. According to the Serbian National Railway Company estimates that the modernization of Serbian railways will require 9-10 billion euros and will take more than 10 years. Without foreign investment, the Serbian government cannot afford to carry out a comprehensive renovation and upgrading of railway facilities and transport equipment.
Serbia has no high-speed railway in operation, and the Hungary-Serbia railway is the only high-speed railway under construction, with a total length of 350 km, of which 184 km is in Serbia. After the completion of the project, it will not only improve the construction of the transport network of Serbia and Hungary, but also connect the northwest European countries to the north and extend to the Greek port to the sea in the south, becoming a backbone railway line through the Central and Eastern Europe. [13]

Air freight

Air Serbia has a total of 20 aircraft, 1,540 seats and a total route length of 47,037 km. There are 6 airports, the main airport being Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport. [17] [21] Belgrade Nikola Tesla International Airport has an annual passenger capacity of about 6 million passengers, a cargo throughput of more than 20,000 tons, and more than 34,000 aircraft movements a year. [13]

Water transport

Serbia's waterway transport is more developed, the main waters include the Danube River (Dunav), Sava river (Sava), Tisa river (Tisa), Tamis river (Tamis) and Drina river (Drina), can transport about 1680 kilometers of waterways, the annual cargo of about 15 million tons (mainly raw materials and building materials). The most important international waterway transport channel in Serbia is the Danube River, known as the Pan-European water transport Corridor No. 7, which has a transport mileage of about 400 kilometers in Serbia, and there are five large river ports along the route. [13]

society

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education

The education system in Serbia basically follows that of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The basic principles established by the relevant laws and regulations throughout the country are: everyone has the right to education under equal conditions; All ethnic minorities have the right to receive education in their own language according to law, and members of ethnic minorities have the right to establish educational organizations according to law, which in principle raise their own funds, but may also receive state subsidies. Basic education is compulsory and free, creating conditions for the development of young people's individuality and their needs for the modernization of the country; According to the needs of contemporary society and the latest achievements in the development of science and technology and production, the teaching content is constantly updated to improve the quality and efficiency of teaching. [5]
Eight years of education is compulsory in Serbia. The main universities are the University of Belgrade, the University of Novi Sad, the University of Nis, the University of Kragujevac and the University of Pristina. [13] [19]

Science and technology

The information and communication industry is a major area of technological development in Serbia. In 2020, Serbia's ICT industry exports amounted to 1.37 billion euros, an increase of 4.4% over the previous year. [13]

medium

There are 340 newspapers in the country, the main ones being Politik, Even-News, Express, Today and Courier, which are published in Serbian. Periodicals include Newsweek, Time and so on. Beta News Agency and FoNet News Agency are the main private news agencies. The main TV stations are: Serbian National TV, PINK TV, N1 TV and so on. The main radio stations are: Serbian National Radio, Radio Belgrade, Radio B92 and so on. [19]

Medical treatment

Serbian health insurance is taxed as social security benefits. Taxes on social insurance benefits account for 40.5 per cent of personal income, of which 20.25 per cent is paid by employees and owners respectively (5.5 per cent for health insurance, 14 per cent for pension and disability insurance and 0.75 per cent for unemployment insurance).
According to the latest statistics from the Serbian National Bureau of Statistics, as of the end of 2018, There are 19,937 physicians (27.32 per 10,000 people), 1,609 dentists (2.29 per 10,000 people), 1,738 pharmacists (2.44 per 10,000 people), and 85,347 nurses and midwives (123.45 per 10,000 people). According to the National Statistical Office of Serbia, the average life expectancy in Serbia is 73 years for men and 78 years for women. [13]

Physical education

Serbian footballer Stankovic
The Republic of Serbia featured outstanding tennis players, including the first men's singles Grand Slam winner and world No Novak Djokovic The first women's singles Grand Slam winner and former world No. 1 Ana Ivanovic, former women's world No Elena Jankovic , Janko Tipsarevic Men's doubles Grand Slam winner and former world No Nenad Zimonjic .
Football is the most popular team sport in Serbia, and the Serbian national football team is also a strong team in European football, including famous players English Premier League Ban Ba Manchester United the Nemanja Vidic He plays for a Serie A team Inter Milan the Dejan Stankovic and Fenerbahce the Krasic Chelsea's Branislav Ivanovich Let's wait. [5]

diplomacy

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Foreign policy

The Serbian government regards integration into the Euro-Atlantic integration process as a primary strategic objective of its foreign policy, and attaches importance to relations with the United States, Western Europe and Russia. Adhere to good-neighborly border building and actively participate in regional cooperation. Focus on economic diplomacy. [6]

External relations

Relations with China
On January 2, 1955, Yugoslavia established diplomatic relations with China. On June 14, 2006, Director General of the Department of European Affairs of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Kong Quan met with Ambassador of the Republic of Serbia to China Udovicki and informed the Serbian side that with immediate effect, the Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the People's Republic of China to Serbia and Montenegro would be appointed Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the People's Republic of China to the Republic of Serbia. The Embassy of the People's Republic of China in Serbia and Montenegro was renamed the Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Republic of Serbia. [6] In 2009, China and Serbia announced the establishment of a strategic partnership. In 2013, the heads of state of China and Serbia signed the Joint Statement on Deepening Strategic Partnership between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Serbia. In 2016, the two heads of state signed the Joint Statement on the Establishment of Comprehensive Strategic Partnership between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Serbia. The two foreign ministries enjoy sound cooperation and a consultation mechanism. [1]
In 2023, the bilateral trade volume between China and Serbia will reach 4.35 billion US dollars, up 23.7% year on year, with China's exports reaching 2.7 billion US dollars and imports reaching 1.65 billion US dollars. [29]
China and Senegal have carried out various forms of cooperation in the fight against COVID-19, supporting and helping each other in solidarity. The Chinese government, enterprises, localities and people from all sectors of society have provided medical supplies to Serbia, sent medical experts to Serbia, organized video exchanges between medical experts from the two countries and assisted Serbia in building a virus testing laboratory. China has exported and assisted COVID-19 vaccines to Serbia, and Chinese companies are conducting joint vaccine production cooperation with Serbia. [14]
In December 2023, the Central Bank of Serbia and the People's Bank of China signed a memorandum of cooperation on the establishment of RMB clearing arrangements in Serbia [24] .
Relations with the European Union
Since 2010, Serbia has been actively applying for membership European Union However, the EU side has set a number of preconditions for Serbia to join, the most critical point is that Serbia must first recognize Kosovo Or normalize relations with Kosovo. Serbia's unwillingness to compromise makes its prospects of joining the EU less likely. [6]
The question with Kosovo
Kosovo, located in the Balkans peninsula in southeastern Europe, unilaterally declared independence in 2008. Kosovo is also translated as "Kosov", "Kosov", the region was originally one of the two autonomous provinces of Serbia, called "Kosovo and Metohija" (Serbian: "Kosovo").
Since the end of the Kosovo War in 1999, Kosovo has been nominally a part of Serbia, but in practice a United Nations mandate under the temporary administration of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK). Between 1990 and 1999, ethnic Albanians in the region also referred to Kosovo as the "Republic of Kosovo", but at that time the country was only Albania Recognized by one country.
The issue of Kosovo remains unresolved, with ethnic Albanians insisting on independence but Serbia demanding guarantees of Serbia's territorial integrity. The parties began negotiations on the Kosovo issue on 20 February 2006. After two years of negotiations and negotiations, Kosovo declared independence from Serbia on February 17, 2008, and has been recognized by 101 countries. The Serbian government has declared that it will never give up Kosovo's sovereignty and is prepared to adopt a number of sanctions, but has pledged not to use force to prevent Kosovo's independence. On 22 July 2010, the International Court of Justice ruled that Kosovo's declaration of independence from Serbia did not violate international law. [6]
Russia
Serbian Prime Minister Anna Brnabic said sanctions against Russia were not in the country's national interest.
After the results of the referendum in eastern Ukraine were released, Vucic accepted an interview with the media and directly stated that Serbia will not recognize the results of the recent "referendum" action in the four regions of Eastern Ukraine "vote to join Russia", because Serbia complies with the UN Charter and UN resolutions. Vucic also said that they are fulfilling their obligation to protect territorial integrity, and that it is in the interest to defend national territory recognized by the international community, and that these are of "decisive significance." But he made no comment on Russia's actions, and Vucic maintained a policy of no sanctions against Russia [12] .

travel

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Serbia has a very good tourism foundation, there are a variety of scenic tourist attractions, a large number of cultural and historical sites, as well as hot springs, hunting grounds and other large and small tourist facilities. Serbia was a crossroads of different civilizations in the past, with different spiritual, artistic, architectural and cultural influences.
Serbia is a place of unique historical, cultural, natural and ethnic contrasts. In Vojvodina, there are cultural characteristics of Central European countries; Central Serbia is full of orchards, trees and pastures. In the south there are wide valleys and depressions. The highest peak is the Djeravica peak in Kosovo province. The mountains of eastern Serbia belong to the Carpathian Mountains, where the Danube Narrows and there is the Djerdap Gorge. Western Serbia is also a mountainous region with beautiful canyons, forests and a unique climate. Water in Serbia such as rivers, lakes, hot springs in Serbia is a very important tourist resource. The Sava River is the longest river in the former Yugoslavia Belgrade The castle of Carlemegdan flows into the Danube. The plants and animals of Serbia are also particularly attractive. As a tourist destination, Serbia has a long tradition of visiting the two most famous hot springs, Palic and Vrnjacka Banja. There are 295 guesthouses, 87 motels, 344 other accommodation facilities in Serbia, with a total of 88,598 beds.
Tourism is well developed. In 2021, it received 870,000 foreign tourists, mainly from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Russia, Germany, North Macedonia and Montenegro, and 1.72 million domestic tourists. The main tourist areas include baths, ski resorts and national parks. [1] [5] [15]
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