Hubei and Guangzhou

Be fully known as Huguang and other lines in the book province , for Yuan Dynasty Is directly under the central government First-level administrative region , referred to as "Huguang" or "Huguang" Huguang Province At that time, it was called Ezhou province, Tan Zhou province, Huguang Province .

Yuan Dynasty Solstice element Eleven years (1274) set Jinghu road Travel in the book province Because of the plan to take Ezhou and another name Ezhou province. Fourteen years (1277), and Ezhou province into Tan Zhou province, the government of Changsha. In the 18th year (1281), he moved to Ezhou and ruled Wuchang (now Wuchang, Wuhan).

Huguang Zhongshu Province is one of the 10 Zhongshu provinces in China, and its jurisdiction includes the south of the Yangtze River, most of Hunan, the north part of Hunan, Guangxi, Hainan (Province) The whole province and most of Guizhou, Guangdong Leizhou Peninsula Under the jurisdiction of Wuchang, Yuezhou, Changde , Lizhou , Chenzhou , Yuanzhou 30 road, Xingguo, etc. Today Hubei, western Hunan and southern Shaanxi are under the jurisdiction of Sichuan Province. ^[1]

The Ming Dynasty set up Huguang Chengxuan Secretary of state It is also referred to as "Huguang Province", "Huguang Province", and "Huguang Province", which governs a small part of Hubei, Hunan and Henan. Set up in the Qing Dynasty Governor of Huguang It has jurisdiction over Hunan and Hubei.

Referred to as "Huguang Province" or "Huguang Province", it was an administrative region directly under the jurisdiction of the central government during the Ming Dynasty, governed by Wuchang (today's Wuchang, Wuhan), and served 15 "chief ministers" of the Ming Dynasty (namely "Huguang Province"). Chengxuan Secretary of state ", that is, one of the 2 Beijing 13 provinces at that time), the jurisdiction of the whole territory of today's Hubei and Hunan, under the jurisdiction of 16 governments. ( Wuchang Prefecture , Hanyang Prefecture , Huangzhou Fu , Chengtianfu , Chenzhou , De Yen Fu , Yuechufu , Jingzhou Prefecture , Xiangyang Mansion, Baoqing Prefecture , Yunyang County Mansion, Changsha Prefecture , Changde Prefecture , Hengzhou Fu , Yongzhou , Li Binh Fu ). ^[2]

Ming Dynasty divided north of the Yangtze River, Dabie Mountains , Tongbai Mountain South of Henan province The southern part is merged into the "Huguang", and the Yangtze River no longer becomes Administrative division The limits of; In the early Ming Dynasty, Guangdong and Guangxi were separated from Jiangxi and Hunan. Because Zhuang, Li, Yao three ethnic groups in Guangxi anti-Ming uprising violent, Ming emperor Zhu Yuanzhang With a divide-and-conquer approach, turn The Li nationality, living in Yunnan Province Concentrated in Hainan and Guangxi gateway Chin, Yeonju Assigned to Guangdong Province.

There is a saying that Huguang is the land of fish and rice since ancient times," The lake is ripe and the world is full First seen in the Ming Dynasty, Li Pusyuan compiled the "Map Summary" volume: "Chu therefore fertilized the country, farming is very forgiving. One year old and then get firewood, Wu Yue How much you depend on me. As the saying goes, 'When the lake is ripe, the world is full.' '" clear Qianlong When there is "Hunan cooked, the world foot" saying. At that time, including Changsha, including the whole Northern Hunan The region has become an important grain producing area of the country.

Song and Yuan Dynasties Although Hunan's grain production has developed greatly, the national grain production and marketing center is still there Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces Along the way, there is a popular" Su Changshu, the world foot "The proverb.

In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the rural areas of Jiangsu and Zhejiang transformed into cotton and became the whole country Cotton textile industry Central, Jiangsu and Zhejiang food is no longer self-sufficient, need to be imported from the Huguang area, "Su Changshu, the world's feet" proverb evolved into "Lake and wide, the world's feet" proverb, Hunan area Grain output There's been a lot of growth.

In the Ming Dynasty, the quantity of Hunan grain transported abroad was quite large, such as in 1429 (the fourth year of Xuande), "The law of repeated transportation made Jiangxi, Huguang and Zhejiang people transport grain 2.2 million stone to Huai 'an warehouse". In 1472 (the eighth year of Chenghua), a total of 4 million stones were shipped across the country, of which more than 3.24 million stones were "southern grain" in Huguang, Jiangxi and other places, accounting for the vast majority. By the late Ming Dynasty, the grain of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River was mostly supplied by Huguang and other places, such as Huizhou in Anhui Province, "most of the grain was taken from Jiangxi and Huguang rice for sufficient consumption." The increase of grain production provides a prerequisite for the commercialization of grain production.

In the early Ming dynasty, as the government took measures to rehabilitate the exiles and release slaves, Persuade farmers and mulberry Such policies were conducive to economic recovery, and the population of the country increased rapidly. In 1371 (the fourth year of Hongwu), the capital city of Nanjing had a population of 200,000. It is stated that Jia Jing " Annals of Changsha 1391 (the 24th year of Hong Wu) Changsha Prefecture It had a population of 509,000, which was a significant figure at the time.

In the early Qing Dynasty, the population of the country increased even more, from 1741-1790 (1741-1790). Qianlong The population increased from more than 100 million to more than 300 million. Due to population growth, the number of urban jobs ( industrialist The expansion of rural areas requires more and more Urban population growth In the same proportion Commodity grain . There are quite a few areas in particular Suzhou In densely populated areas around the region, there was a situation of "insufficient rice produced locally for food", and businessmen had to rely on food trafficking from other places for relief.

According to... Draft of Qing Dynasty history "Records, 1775 (Qianlong forty years) only Chongming One county transported more than 300,000 stones of grain from other places. As a result, the volume of food trafficked over long distances has increased dramatically, and fixed food has formed between different parts of the country Supply relationship There have been many famous grain markets, and Changsha is known throughout the country Rice market . At that time, Zhejiang and Jiangsu relied more on food Jiangxi (Province) , Hunan (Province) , Kwangtung Etc.

According to... Annals of Changsha County It is recorded that as early as the end of Kangxi (1662-1722), "Zhejiang and Jiangnan Su Song and other provinces were narrow and dense, that is, in the year of harvest, that is, they ate in Huguang." At that time, the annual output of Hunan rice was about 5 million stones, so "Lake and wide cooked, the world is enough" for the people of the whole country. At the same time, in the Ming and Qing dynasties, the export of grain from the two lakes was an important task for the central court and local governments, which was received from the emperor to the emperor Minister of territorial affairs High regard for.

From the Ming and Qing dynasties memoir A total of 86 years of foreign transport records were found in the book, involving 14 provinces and regions, including Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Sichuan, Jiangxi and the capital, that is to say, most of the mainland and the two lakes formed a grain supply and marketing relationship. Among them, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui and other areas in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River are grain of the two lakes dependency It is the strongest, accounting for 33 of the 86 years, followed by Guizhou for 15 years, and then Guangxi and Fujian for 11 years. Changsha occupies an important position in the grain supply of the two lakes. To smooth the grain and relieve the disaster, Hunan (Province) Both prefectural and county levels have been established Normal granary According to the records in Jiaqing's "Annals of Changsha House", in 1765 (the twenty-ninth year of Qianlong), the storage volume of Changsha House reached 62,359 stone, the quota was 12,000 stone, and the overflow rate was 419.7%, which was the highest in Hunan Province. The county storage valley under the jurisdiction of Changsha Prefecture is also up to 4.1-78,000 stone, which is also the most in the county Chang Ping warehouse.

Changsha rice market The prosperity is built on Agricultural production On the basis of development. Late Yuan and early Ming Late Ming and early Qing All of them have experienced the process from farmland abandonment to rehabilitation.

In 1368 (the first year of Hongwu), the Ming government decreed that "Xu people cultivate Taoism as their own business and exempt corvee for three years"; In 1395 (the 28th year of Hongwu), he also decreed that "no matter how large or small the newly cultivated land is after the 27th year of Hongwu, it cannot be cultivated." Emperor Xuanzong (1426-1435) also stipulated that "reclamation of wasteland will never begin." The local officials in Changsha faithfully carried out this policy.

Like the mighty, Xiangtan County uncle Wang "government rest, advised the people to cultivate, not a few years of hemp everywhere, double account"; Liling County Huang Yanzheng repair lift waste fall, comprehensive reason is appropriate, the flow moved to Liyi "; As a result, the agricultural production in Changsha area recovered very quickly and developed on a large scale.

According to the Annals of Changsha Prefecture of Ming Jiajing, in 1391, Changsha Prefecture had a total of 32,090 hectares of land and 64 acres of mountain ponds.

From the late Ming and early Qing wars to the early Qing Kangxi years" San Francisco In the rebellion, Hunan land was abandoned in large numbers. Qing government Since Kangxi began to adopt the method of sealing officials to vigorously reward land reclamation, such as the provision: "Tribute prisoners and people cultivate more than twelve hectares of land, try its literary meaning smooth, county far use; Can not understand, to A surname Yes. ... Over one hundred hectares, those who are well-versed in the text will be used to inform the county, and those who cannot understand it will be used to guard." For local officials, the policy of "those with field merit are promoted, and those without field merit are deposed" is implemented. In 1665 (the fourth year of Kangxi), Changsha and Hengzhou in Hunan Province cultivated 3,133 hectares of land, 16,676 acres, and increased to 3,190 hectares and 50 acres in 1667. Upward trend Continue to Qianlong During the period (1736-1795), for example, in 1685 (the 24th year of Kangxi), the fields in Hunan totaled 138,923 hectares and 81 mu, and increased to 312,287 hectares and 98 mu in 1766 (the 31st year of Qianlong), which more than doubled in 81 years.

According to the statistics of the General Examination of Qing Dynasty Literature, from 1685 (the 24th year of Kangxi) to 1724 (the second year of Yongzheng), the country increased its fields for 39 years. Nearly 760,000 hectares, an increase of 12.5%, while Hunan increased by nearly 170,000 hectares, accounting for 22.4% of the national growth of land. Rate of increase More than 122%.

The growth of land in Changsha area is more significant, such as Liuyang County in the early Qing Dynasty official Mintian land area of 3974 hectares 62 acres, 1691 (Kangxi 30 years) increased to 6941 hectares, to 1738 (Qianlong three years) increased to 8942 hectares 48 acres. It can be seen that the Qing government rewarded reclamation Policy measure On enlargement Cultivated area The restoration and development of agricultural production has played a positive role. At the same time, the local government took some measures to reduce and reduce taxes in a timely manner, which also played a certain role in promoting agricultural development. For example, in 1653 (the tenth year of Shunzhi of the Qing Dynasty), the governor of Hunan asked for the remission of Liuyang's land taxes, and the Qing Court allowed the amount of taxes to be reduced to 53,000 li.

rural Irrigation and water conservancy construction And agriculture Production technology Have developed. Ming Hongwu opened a large stone dam, thousands of acres of irrigation; Wanli Tang Yuan of Jianshanhua County built a turtle pond, stretching more than 20 li. Shady field Thousands of acres; Then governor Hu Feng opened the construction of Saitang, Rong Tang, Cherong Tang, valley pond and so on. During Cheng Hua (1465-1487), Ningxiang County people such as Xie Zongxi also donated money to build Dayang dam, can irrigate l million hectares of land. In the Qing Dynasty, the construction of farmland water conservancy in Changsha area developed again. For example, in 1644 (the first year of Shunzhi), Shuangjiangkou and Quantang in Ningxiang County began to build embankments and embankments, and successively built 16 embankments such as Tongxin Wei and Xujiazhou. In 1720 (the 59th year of Kangxi), Shanhua county The construction of elephant trunk dam can shade more than 3 acres of dry fields. Another example is Ningxiang County since Qianlong, vigorously "digging Wells and picking ponds, damming water, drip is not light leakage; Across the river on both sides of the dam, frame wheelbarrow Swabbing ". Tillage, fertilization, etc Agricultural technology Also made great progress, paddy fields, Dry field All different. Like a paddy field Fertilization method It's "Pull out the straw fire, come Green grass Pick up cattle pig dog manure, retting field pond. After planting, lime is used to spread the field, which can kill insects, Fertile soil . Or dried with cotton, paulownia , cabbage and cow ashes. When the autumn is over, that is, the ploughing field is filled with water, and the saying is white water. July and August are beautiful, followed by September and October, and there are "seven gold, eight silver, nine copper and ten iron". As a result, "rice and japonica have no stagnant ears, 萑 reed (grass) is half dead". The method of fertilization in the mountainous dry field is "three days to hoe to cover the soil under the grass, wait for the rain over the inflammation and evaporation of the soil to the United States." At the age of one, plant cigarettes; at the age of three, plant potatoes, buckwheat, sorghum and millet."

From the above records can be seen, Changsha countryside in Qing prometaphase Attach great importance to water conservancy construction, fertilization, maintaining land fertility and mountain rotation technology has been quite advanced, the grain production per unit area will inevitably be greatly improved, and the high can reach "mu three stone". The reputation of "Lake and wide cooked, the world's feet" is well deserved.