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Aisin Gioro 颙琰

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Seventh emperor of Qing Dynasty

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Aisin Gioro, Emperor of Qing Dynasty 颙琰 ^[33] (November 13, 1760 ^[34] - September 2, 1820 ^[35] His original name was Aisin Gioro Yong Yam. Emperor Gaozong of Qing Dynasty Hongli fifteenth son, mother is Queen Hyo Yi Chun Wei Jia's. The seventh emperor of the Qing Dynasty, The fifth emperor since customs clearance. ^[55]

Originally named Prince of Peshuka . In 1795, he was appointed Crown Prince. In the first year of Jiaqing (1796), Emperor Gao Zong Chan was located there and became emperor. In the fourth year of Jiaqing (1799), after the death of Emperor Gaozong, 颙琰 came to power. At the end of Qianlong, the domestic class contradictions were sharp, because Emperor Gaozong of Qing Dynasty was flourishing Literary inquisition Sichuan, Chu, Shaanxi and other places broke out large-scale White Lotus Uprising . After he ruled, he was killed Heshen To ease public resentment. On the other hand, it is easier to organize soldiers, reward and punish, force generals to use their orders, and strict military deployment. At the same time, it carried out a two-handed policy of both suppression and suppression, dividing and disintegrating the rebel army, promoting the practice of fortification and regiment training, fortifying the walls and clearing the field, and cutting off the connection between the rebel army and the people. In the tenth year of Jiaqing (1805), the uprising was suppressed. Jiaqing 18th year (1813), he left for Beijing Rehe Hunting, Beijing defense empty, the north erupted Tenrikyo Uprising . After learning of the incident, he ordered the crime himself, and strictly ordered the bloody slaughter of the rebels who entered the palace, and ensnared the leader outside the city Lin Qing Let's wait. Subsequently, the Tianlijiao uprisings were suppressed one after another. ^[55]

颙琰 once, in addition to grant the death of Ho-Shen, chop Bird Zheng Yuanzhu lay Rich line Vindicated and stopped some literary prison, etc., his political achievements were not significant, but he was a diligent monarch with a well-behaved personality. During his reign, the world's industrial revolution rose, and the Qing Dynasty's rule turned from prosperity to decline. In the later period of the reign, the importation of opium became more and more serious, and the government's finances became increasingly difficult. ^[30] The 25th Year of Jiaqing (1820), 颙琰 since Old Summer Palace Set off for Summer resort . Died suddenly on the 25th ^[55] He was 61 years old. Posthumous title by the day xing Yun Suiyou Chongwen by Wu Xiaogong diligent and thrifty end Min Ying Zhe Rui emperor, temple name Renzong. buried Western Qing Tombs the Changneung . ^[59]

Full name: Aisin Gioro 颙琰
alias: Emperor Jiaqing ^[54]
Posthumous title: By the day xing Yun Sui you Chongwen by Wu Guangyu filial piety diligent and thrifty end of sensitive Ying Zhe Rui emperor
title: Prince Jia, Crown Prince ^[31] (before the throne)
Temple number: Emperor Renzong
Year number: Jiaqing
age: Qing Dynasty
Ethnic group: Manchu
Place of Birth: Old Summer Palace Heaven and earth are a family of spring. (present Beijing Haidian District)

Date of birth: November 13, 1760
Date of death: September 2, 1820
Place of death: Summer resort (present Chengde, Hebei Province)
mausoleum: Changneung
Time in place: February 9, 1796 - September 2, 1820 ^[35] ^[54]
predecessor: Aisin Gioro Hongli (Emperor Gaozong of Qing Dynasty)
succeed: Aisin Gioro Minning (Emperor Xuanzong of Qing Dynasty)
Major achievement: punish Heshen Rectify the bureaucratic system, strongly prohibit opium, suppress the White Lotus uprising
Major work: Wei Yu Library Complete Works, etc
eigenname: Aisin Gioro Yong Yam

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EDITOR

Crown Prince Milley

Young 颙 Yan

October 6, 25th year of Qianlong (November 13, 1760) ^[34] (颙琰 was born Old Summer Palace Heaven and earth a spring. First name Yongyan, mother Queen Hyo Yi Chun Wei Jia's. ^[1] 颙琰 learned from Bong-gwan, a military aide, at the age of six. 颙琰 When he was seven years old, he went to the Panshan Temple to pay homage Hsiao Sheng Xian Empress It was very popular at the time Emperor Qianlong The love of... ^[2] By the age of 13, you could read the Five Classics. ^[3] Among the famous teachers who study at 颙琰, Zhu GUI The most trusted. At the age of 13, he passed the "Five Classics" and served in the Ministry of Works Xie Yong Learn to make this style of poetry, to teach bachelor Zhu GUI learn to make ancient prose, ancient style poetry, "aid the pen, move into the code." Perhaps this is what won Gojong's admiration. ^{[56-57
]}

Emperor Qianlong After the position, had written secret, hidden in Dry Qing Palace " aboveboard "After the plaque, stand Queen Hyo Hyun Chun The second son of the Fucha family Yonglian As the crown prince, Emperor Qianlong thought that "Yonglian was born to the empress, my legitimate son, intelligent and valuable, and of extraordinary spirit", but Yonglian died at the age of nine, and later Emperor Qianlong intended to create seven sons Yongcong He was the crown prince, but he died of acne at the age of two. By the 38th year of Qianlong (1773), there were only 7 surviving sons of Emperor Gaozong. Among them, Yong Yong and Yong 珹 had been adopted by Emperor Gaozong in the 24th and 28th year of Qianlong and could no longer be the heir. Another, the son of Empress Urana, was unable to be elected because the empress had been demoted. So Yongxuan, 永瑆, 颙琰 and Yonglin (颙琰, the 17th youngest son of Emperor Gaozong) were the only ones available. In the winter of 1773, the 38th year of Qianlong, Emperor Qianlong once again installed the Crown Prince in secret, that is, the 15th Emperor 颙琰. ^{[57
]}

In the forty-fifth year of Qianlong (1780) Zhu GUI went to Fujian School administration Before taking office, the five rules 于颙 Yan, "say nourishing the heart, say respecting the body, say diligent, say empty self, say sincere", 颙 Yan "practice", even after the political, also "taste left and right". ^[4] As a teenager 颙琰, his academic performance is quite good, "English words Bingwei, aid pen standing, moving into the code." ^[5] After the older, you like to read the history, Tongjian, actually reached the level of "up and down three thousand years, the rule of the eyes clearly." ^[5]

In 1789, in the fifty-fourth year of Qianlong, 颙琰 was created Prince of Hesshuojia. In September 1795, in the sixtieth year of Qianlong, 颙琰 was officially proclaimed Crown Prince.

Inner Zen ascends the throne

On February 9, 1796, the first month of the first month of Jiaqing ^[52] The Qianlong Emperor held a grand ceremony of Zen, 颙琰 that is, the imperial throne. Emperor Qianlong visited in person Hall of Supreme Harmony grant The imperial Seal . 颙琰 Honor Emperor Qianlong as the Supreme Emperor. Since then, the government has continued to be A surname Controlled by Emperor Qianlong, 颙琰 temporarily resided in Yuqing Palace . Give orders to the world and give their feast to the king. On the fourth day of the first month of the first month, Xi Tala was established as the empress of the Chu Fu Jin. ^[27] in Palace of Peace and Longevity Emperor Pole Hall held a thousand old banquet, Emperor Qianlong personally to go. ^[28] In the first month, the master of Miao affairs phokangan Wait for the prelude to capture Langpo, attack Pinglong. Meanwhile, Hubei Zhijiang , Yidu territorial White Lotus Religion The bandits rioted. ^[6] February, Hubei Dangyang White Lotus bandits in the area also rioted and killed local officials. General Xi 'an Hengrui He led 2,000 troops and horses to destroy it. ^[7]

Jiaqing two years (1797) January, Guizhou Miao Yi King's sac fairy Riot, 颙琰 order the governor Lebao Lead troops to encircle and suppress. Guan Cheng Report to the Sichuan bandits Xu Tiande Invade and harass Dazhou Dongxiang area, 颙 Yan life commander joust Waiting for someone to destroy it. ^[8] In February, the queen Xitara's failure, in Gao Shang Emperor Qianlong Emperor's mandate, the palace wears plain clothes for seven days, do not pick tasseltops. Keng Yen He was promoted to third class. The posthumous title of Empress Xitara is Queen Hyo Shu. Huiling Capture the bandit leader Liu Qi and others, escorted to the capital beheading. ^[9] In September, Lebao conquered Zhongmiao thief's nest, captured the thief head king sac fairy and others, escorted to the capital beheading. Made Lepau a marquess, third class.

In August of the third year of Jiaqing (1798), because of the white lotus teaching bandits Wang Sanhuai For your service, make Lebao and Ho-Shen Dukes, Fu Chang 'an For the Marquis. Zhang Chengji There was a rebellion in Xining Prefecture, Jiangxi Province, and troops were sent to destroy it. ^[10]

Formal patronage

Youth 颙琰

On February 7, 1799, the first month of the fourth Jiaqing year ^[53] ), Taishang Emperor Qianlong emperor collapse, 颙 Yan began Take over the REINS of government ^[1] . In February, the emperor was killed Heshen He deposed and imprisoned Ho-Shen's cronies. I beg you to speak plainly, Let the conversation be wide open Remove evil and promote righteousness, praise and reward the officials who have been convicted of crimes by words in the Qianlong Dynasty, suspend their contributions, and depose extravagance and frugality. Local officials are required to "carefully understand the people's hidden feelings", report the facts, and refrain from cheating, whitewashing, and laziness. However, his limited rectification of internal affairs failed to fundamentally reverse the decadence of the Qing political situation. Is September, Henan Yanshi County people Yang Daochun turned to the policy table, put forward to eliminate the accumulated problems, Su people trapped to strengthen the national foundation; Warehouse grain, the real country and the biggest harm, please issue a decree to ban and other suggestions. Emperor Jiaqing was very appreciative, he said: "Yang Daochun described the incident with the people... What has been said is a matter for the local authorities. ... All the above-mentioned items will be held again this time." ^[11] He ordered that Yang Daochun be "handed over to the commission of Hu Jitang, Governor of Zhili, for use in the absence of the nine products, and then to make up for them". ^[11] In November, Hu Qilun handled the military supplies of the Xiangyang Bureau in the north of the lake, and secretly withheld silver to more than 29,000 liang, and Emperor Jiaqing had him executed in his hometown. For the "open use of military supplies, trust Hu Qilun a manager, arbitrary assault, is the first terra-cotta" of the late Huguang governor Bi Yuan, leather son hereditary post, the bribed bright, Yongbao, Qingcheng, E Hui and other leading soldiers are from their home. When dealing with the cases of fraudulent and corrupt payments in Hubei, he also sent officials to rigorously verify the falsehood-and-truth of military supplies in Sichuan, "making sure that all the officers in the command had no profit, so that they could concentrate on suppressing thieves and hid great achievements in the future." He formulated the method of "making each grain station report according to the ten days and report according to the month", so that the confusion of the use of military salaries was corrected. ^[11]

In the first month of the fifth year of Jiaqing (1800), 颙琰 ordered Erle Dengbao to deal with the exterminations of religious bandits in Shaanxi, and Rang Tai and Quilun to deal with the exterminations of religious bandits in Sichuan. ^[12] In July, 颙琰 ordered the right wing general Grow old Led the soldiers of the Eight Banners from Jilin and Heilongjiang to help exterminate the bandits in Hubei. Governor of Guizhou Pearlescent stone On the green Miao Yang Wentai rebellion, the rate of the army. Ma Huiyu on the arrest of the leading bandit Liu Zhixie Escorted to Beijing and killed. Eldengbao captured the leader of the gang Chen Jie. ^[13]

Jiaqing sixth year (1801) January, 颙琰 to Vossen For the ministry of ministry to write, Minh Yen To lead the marching army. In February, Lebao captured the thieves' leaders Wang Shihu and Wang Tingzhao. In April, the Imperial Concubine Niu Hulu was appointed Empress, the Jin Ying Concubine Hou was appointed Empress Hua, the Jin Chun concubine Dong was appointed Chun concubine, and the Jin Shuren Chun concubine Wang was appointed Ji. In May, 颙琰 Eredenbao was named the official of the Rifan Court. In July, Lebao played and captured the bandit leaders Xu Tianshou and Wang Denggao. In August, Erle Dengbao played and captured bandit leaders Wang Shihu and Ran Tiansi. Le Bao played on captured bandit leader Liu Qingxuan, Tang Buwu, Ran Xuesheng, etc., cover three men. September, revised" Great Qing Convention ".

Emperor Jiaqing in his study

In the first month of the seventh year of Jiaqing (1802), Songjun was the general of Yili. Eldengbao captured the bandit leader Xin Cong, and all the rest of the party were put down. In March, the gang leaders Gong Qiyao, Li Shihan, and Li Guozhen were captured by Rang Tai, and the rest of the party was put down. The first autumn at 颙琰 is July. In December, Chuan Chu Bai Lian uprising Most have been suppressed. Edict Erle Dengbao, Rang Tai, Le Bao, Huiling, Wu Xiongguang will report Chuan, Shaanxi, Chu bandits wiped out. Feng Ele Dengbao, Derang Tai first class, Lebao first class, bright first class male, Saichong A, Yang Yuchun second fenglai. And push Encheng pro Wang Yong 瑆, Minister of Military Aircraft Qing GUI, Dong Gao and so on.

In the first month of the 8th year of Jiaqing (1803), Emperor Jiaqing appointed Wushibu as governor of Guangdong and Guangxi. And ordered Yili to expand the civilian fields. In February, 颙琰 returns from the Yuanmingyuan Palace and enters the Zhenshun Gate, Chen De Assassinations do not lead to capture. Chen De and his two sons were executed. Strictly forbidden at the palace gate. In June, Emperor Jiaqing named Nguyen Phu Ying King of Vietnam. In October, Empress Xiao Shu was buried in the mountain mausoleum.

In May 1804, 颙琰 finally completely suppressed the remainder of the White Lotus Sect uprising. The war lasted for nine years and cost the Qing court 200 million taels of silver. June, CAI Zhan Revolt on the sea. Lu Kang co-organized the grand bachelor, bright for the ministry of industry, Changlin for the Ministry of punishment, Fei Chun for the Ministry of official officials. De Ying abolished the military aircraft department and appointed Na Yancheng and Ying He as military aircraft ministers. He became governor of Shaanxi and Gansu.

mid-term

The hall of smoke wave to cool

In the first month of the tenth year of Jiaqing (1805), 颙琰 instructed the Minister of Internal Affairs to strictly restrict the rights of eunuchs. In April, 颙琰 banned Westerners from carving books to preach. In May, the Internal Affairs minister managed the western Hall, failed to strictly inspect, appointed missionary, the lower part of the office, its scriptures were examined and destroyed, and Tonglan was convicted.

Jiaqing eleven years (1806) in September, Zhili found false carving seal letters, collusion in the silver number, virtual receipt of the big case.

Jiaqing thirteen years (1808) in the first month, the emperor's second son Mianning release Dien Confucius . In September, British ships docked at Xiangshan and sent troops to attack the Macao Fort on the pretext of protecting French trade. In December, 颙琰 ordered the emperor's second son Mianning to pray for snow at Da Gao Xuan Hall. Gong Shu Ming a daughter Tongjia for Mianning after Fujin.

In the 14th year of Jiaqing (1809) in September, CAI Qian was promoted to governor of the Fujian Naval Division Wang Delu encircle Dinghai County The fishing mountains are in the ocean, and the boat is drowning itself. When the trade season came, Emperor Jiaqing instructed the governor of Guangdong Bailing: "The British nature is strong and deceitful", "in this year, when the country's cargo ship arrives, pay attention to the detective in advance, if you dare to bring more Yi troops to import, that is, deploy officers and soldiers to block and suppress." ^[14] In December, there was a case of scribes of the Ministry of Works pretending to lead the Ministry of Household Affairs and the official silver of the Internal Affairs Office.

In February, in the fifteenth year of Jiaqing (1810), 颙琰 issued an edict that smoking opium was harmful to the health, and ordered the governors to deny its source. Suppressed the outbreak of the southeast coast CAI Zhan Uprising Army.

In July 1811, the 16th year of Jiaqing (颙琰), Westerners were forbidden to live in the mainland and contact with the people was forbidden Catholicism .

Jiaqing 17th year (1812) in the first month, 颙琰 ordered the emperor's second son Mianning attainments at the temple. In June, 颙琰 moved the idle clan outside the customs Shengjing To live in them, to build them houses, and to give them fields and money.

Jiaqing 18th year (1813), the north broke out Tenrikyo Uprising Some Tianli followers rushed into the imperial Palace under the command of eunuchs, "resulting in the Han, Tang, Song and Ming dynasties." 颙琰 decreed his own punishment and ordered the rebels who had marched into the palace to kill all but one of their leaders outside the city Lin Qing Let's wait. The Catholic uprising was suppressed.

Jiaqing 19th year (1814) November, 颙琰 life reclamation Ili The wasteland of Jilin. In December, the Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi was approved Jiang Youtian Farmers are strictly prohibited from serving for foreigners, foreigners are not allowed to build private houses and check the specific provisions of business.

In the first month of the twentieth year of Jiaqing (1815), 颙琰 ordered Zhi Prince Mianning to pay homage to the Taimiao Temple. March, Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi Jiang Youtian The regulations for the suppression and prohibition of opium tobacco are updated. November, Prince Lee Golden durian Cut jue circle ban.

Jiaqing 21 years (1816), refused Britain Proposed establishment Diplomatic relations , open up Treaty port cede Zhejiang (Province) Coastal island requirements. while Shut the country off The traditional concept of "foreign Affairs" also makes it adopt a blind rejection attitude toward foreign things.

Die in old age

Emperor Jiaqing died in this bed in the Hall of Yanbo Zhishuang

In the 22nd year of Jiaqing (1817), in March, the Chief officer of the Tianjin Naval Division was added, and the two battalions of the naval division were under the exclusive jurisdiction. June, Song Jun Please stop the next year to visit the ancestral mausoleum, strictly rebuked by the decree, and its grand bachelor title, deposed Chahar Sire.

In the first month of Jiaqing's twenty-third year (1818), he wrote: "The mother of the Imperial Court, such as Gao Bin and E Bu, have entered the Manchu banner, and they have written their names in Manchu." However, in the jade ultimatum, Empress Xiao Yi Chun's mother family name is still written in a single character. In the jade ultimus, the mother of Empress Xiao Yi Chun wrote Wei Jia family."

In May, due to the revision of" Your piercing judgment ", the Wanli , Apocalypse The two dynasties included the things created by the previous dynasty and added notes to praise, 颙 Yan thought that the style was not in line, ordered the punishment of Zheng, vice president officer, and compiled separately. In July, Qiluan east tour Shengjing. In October, back Luang Ye Dongling, Longevity Festival in Xinglong Temple palace to be congratulated.

Jiaqing twenty-four years (1819) January, 颙琰 sixty years of longevity banquet ministers. The third son of the emperor Mian Kai King of Tonshire, fourth son of the Emperor Mien Xin For the end of the prince. May, Prince 永瑆 Because of the wrong etiquette during the ceremony, was dismissed 颙琰 salary. July, 颙琰 for the Prince of Rites Yong Xuan He was suspended for spying on government affairs Privy council Leave only the inner court to walk.

July 18, the 25th year of Jiaqing (1820), 颙 Yan Zi Old Summer Palace Take off, go Summer resort . A week later, they arrived at the villa. Maori ^[35] (September 2 ^[35] 颙 Yan Zai Chengde Summer Resort He died suddenly at the age of 61. "The Record of Emperor Renzong of Qing Dynasty" recorded: "This time in the map, accidentally feel the summer." It proves that Emperor Jiaqing was suffering from heatstroke. However, the simple heat stroke will not die, may be due to old age, heat stroke after sudden cardiovascular disease and sudden death. ^[15] Pawn posthumous title "by the day xing Yun Suiyou Chongwen by Wu Xiaogong diligent and thrifty end Min Ying Zhe Rui emperor", Daoguang Emperor Take the throne, add the word "light Yu" before "filial piety". The temple name Renzong. Bury in Hebei Yixian County The western Tombs of the Qing Dynasty Changneung .

Administrative measures

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EDITOR

political

Rectify corrupt officials

In politics, face Qianlong Various abuses in the last years, 颙 Yan also tried to reverse. In the last years of Qianlong, the powerful ministers were in power, and the road was blocked. 颙 Yan first "urge you to speak frankly, Let the conversation be wide open Everyone was encouraged to submit their opinions to the Emperor. He also rewarded and reinstated some of the Qianlong officials convicted of speech.

In the later period of Qianlong, officials were corrupt, and corruption was serious.

Jiaqing In October of the fifth year (1801), he pointed out in an encyclical: "The rectification of official officials, based on honesty", "the wind of ink, the first should be severely punished." ^[16] In this regard, 颙琰 on the one hand continue to reuse the late Qianlong reuse of Wang Jie, Zhu GUI , Dong Gao Such as clean old minister, he also listen to the teacher Zhu GUI "body first. thrifty Chong award clean "proposal, limit the direction he presented treasures," Zhao strike contribution, dethroned luxury Chongjian ", usually life is more frugal, fifty birthday prohibited folk acting to celebrate, sixty birthday and prohibited to send him Gold bead A jade artifact.

Kill Ho-Shen

Zhu GUI

Jiaqing fourth year (1799) January, Qianlong Death, Ho-Shen lost support, the first four days, 颙琰 issued an encyclical: remove Ho-Shen's loyalists Fu Chang 'an The minister of the Ministry of Military machinery, ordered Ho-Shen and Fu-Chang 'an wake day and night, shall not leave, cut off their contact with the outside world. And cut Ho-Shen's grand bachelor, foreman Minister of military aircraft , step army leadership, The Nine Prefects Military and political power.

On the ninth day, remove and Shen, Fu Chang 'an post, under the Ministry of punishment prison. The property of Ho-Shen shall be confiscated and brought to trial jointly. 11, announced Ho-Shen 20 crimes, taking into account that he had been the leader of the military aircraft minister, in order to court decency, give him self-inflicted.

颙琰 The punishment of Ho-Shen case did not link up and did not expand, which is Jiaqing's wisdom; However, he only treated Ho-Shen as a case, instead of solving the "Ho-Shen phenomenon" as an institutional malpractice and carrying out institutional reform, which is the mediocrity of 颙琰.

Crackdown on corrupt officials

On the other hand, he "ordered the internal affairs and reformed the discipline", and punished a number of corrupt officials in addition to Ho-Shen and his henchmen:

In the fifth year of Jiaqing (1800), those who demanded tens of thousands of taels of silver from the grain road and the guards were executed Governor of the canal A rich class.

Jiaqing eleven year (1806) April 16, leather went to extort money Hedong River governor In September, investigated two major cases of embezzlement of 310,000 yuan of funds and silver by Wang Linan, the secretary of Zhili, and was beheaded with more than 10,000 yuan of silver and sent to Heilongjiang.

Jiaqing 14th year (1809) May, Patrol the grain supply and imperial history Yinglon was punished with corruption Death by hanging In July, Wang Shenhan, governor of Shanyang County in Anhui Province, was executed for embezzling disaster relief funds and killing officials who came to check the relief, for which he was dismissed and exiled Governor of the two Rivers Iron guarantee , Governor of Jiangsu Wang Rizhang.

Reform official style

The perfect old man's treasure

For the wind of dereliction of duty of officials, 颙琰 first start from themselves, learn from the first emperor, diligent Government affairs . He got up early every morning to read the ancestral records, read the sonata, and summoned the minister after breakfast. The phenomenon of procrastination is severely discouraged.

In April 1808, the thirteenth year of Jiaqing, the emperor grandson was born. The cabinet took into account that 颙琰 was happy and was afraid that sending the memorial would affect him. After he knew it, he reprimanded the practice.

The eighth year of Jiaqing (1803), February 20th, 颙琰 from Old Summer Palace When I return to court Gate of Divine Prowess Assassinated. The entourage stood still in shock, except for Baylor Dambadolzi Defend them with your own body. Only then did the guards react and capture the assassin. ^[17] Fortunately 颙琰 was not injured, Chen Dehou was executed by hanging and his two sons were hanged. Afterward 颙琰 punished the dereliction of duty officials, guards, strengthened The Forbidden City the Entrance guard The system.

Jiaqing fifteenth year (1810) January 颙琰 rebuked the ministry of yamen idle play.

In the 23rd year of Jiaqing (1818), in November, 颙琰 ordered the investigation of the phenomenon of boredom in the department. On the ninth day of December, the punishment of the department's investigation time exceeding the limit was stipulated: subsequent cases exceeding the limit of 11 to 20 years, a fine of 6 months; 2 years for exceeding the limit of 21 to 40; If the limit exceeds 40 to 60 cases, he/she is demoted one level and retained; ... He also repeatedly asked local officials to "look into the hidden people's feelings", report the facts, and refrain from cheating, whitewashing, and laziness.

Military affairs

Put down the Chuan-Chu rebellion

Chuan Chu Bai Lian uprising

In the late years of Qianlong, the domestic class contradictions were acute, because the Qianlong emperor was flourishing Literary inquisition Sichuan, Chu, Shaanxi and other places broke out on a large scale White Lotus Uprising Before Qianlong's death, the court sent troops to encirclement and suppress the rebels several times, and although they suffered some blows, they were still in full swing.

颙琰 After taking power, he passed the killing Heshen Ease the people's grievances, and put the responsibility of suppressing the uprising in the past few years on Ho-Shen, saying that he was too good at his job, so that the generals took advantage of the merits under his protection, sitting on the army pay, on the other hand, it is easier to organize the army; Rewards and punishments are clear, forcing generals to use their lives; Heavy military deployment; Implement the two-handed policy of both suppression and suppression to divide and disintegrate the rebels; Promoting the practice of fortification, strengthening the walls and clearing the fields cut the connection between the rebel army and the people.

The uprising was suppressed in the tenth year of Jiaqing (1805). In the war that lasted more than nine years, the White Lotus rebel army occupied or conquered 204 prefectures and counties, fought against a large number of troops recruited by the Qing government from 16 provinces, wiped out a large number of Qing troops, and killed the deputy general jiaben More than 400 people, such as the town of first, second grade more than 20 people, the Qing government spent 200 million tael of military expenditure, equivalent to four years of fiscal revenue. This uprising greatly damaged the Qing Dynasty, and its rule gradually declined thereafter.

Suppression of banditry in the southeast

On account of Qing government The oppression of the people intensified, and some people in the southeast coast were forced to go to sea as thieves, from the fifty-ninth year of Qianlong (1794) CAI Zhan Hijacking ships and overloading goods in the southeast sea, blocking the channel and collecting "outbound tax", which later developed into an anti-Qing uprising. The Qing government ordered Zhejiang Lieutenant of the Water Division Li Changgeng He went to Fujian to build a large ship and cast guns to suppress it. Later, Li Changgeng was killed. It was not until the fifteenth year of Jiaqing (1810) that the uprising was suppressed.

Suppress the Tianlijiao uprising

In the 18th year of Jiaqing (1813), Emperor Jiaqing left for Beijing Rehe Hunting, Beijing defense empty, the north erupted Tenrikyo Uprising Some Tianli followers rushed into the palace under the patronage of the eunuch, and the emperor's second son Mianning was in the palace at the time. Daoguang Emperor Shot two Fundamentalists with birdshot, The Lord of the town Yi Hao transfer Firearm battalion , Jianrui Camp The soldiers entered the palace, and the rebels were completely wiped out because they were outnumbered. Upon learning of the incident, Emperor Jiaqing issued a decree to punish himself, and ordered the rebels who had entered the palace to slaughter them, and ensnared the leaders outside the city Lin Qing Let's wait. Subsequently, the Tianlijiao uprisings were suppressed one after another.

economy

Tax exemption

After he took office, except for the year of his death, he exempted money and food from the disaster areas every year; The sixtieth birthday also exempted the country's debt of money and grain, about more than 21 million taels of silver, more than four million stone meters.

Policy of valuing agriculture

Emperor Jiaqing Emphasize agriculture and suppress commerce He banned mining many times. It was in the early 19th century, in England Industrial revolution It had been going on for decades, but Emperor Jiaqing knew nothing about it, and continued to strictly adhere to the system of the ancestors, emphasize agriculture and suppress the end, suppress industry and mining everywhere, and close the door, and the Qing Dynasty could only continue to go along the road of decline.

Emperor Jiaqing tried his best to maintain the stability and consolidation of the Qing Dynasty in the midst of frequent internal unrest and increasing foreign aggression. However, the irreversible historical development trend made the downfall of the Qing Dynasty completely apparent at the end of Jiaqing, and from then on, it gradually declined.

culture

Emperor Jiaqing's Dragon robe

颙琰 The reign is over Literary inquisition . 颙琰 Like the emperors of the Qing Dynasty, he advocated feudal ethics. Fully understanding the principle of "governing the world with culture and education" and "governing the world with filial piety", he tried his best to perfect and consolidate his rule by respecting Confucius and advocating feudal ethics, and sought to establish his image as a defender of traditional morality in the minds of the people. ^[16]

In the ninth year of Jiaqing (1804), he visited 颙琰 Imperial Academy Salute before the memorial tablet of Confucius. According to the old system, two kneels and six worships were performed, and in order to show the devotion to Confucius, three kneels and nine worships were performed. After that, he also sent the second son of the emperor himself or several times Minning "Confucius". ^[16]

In the fourteenth and twenty-fourth years of Jiaqing, that is, 颙琰 the fiftieth and sixtieth birthday, Kong Qingrong, grandson of Confucius 73, was specially allowed to go to Beijing twice to celebrate his birthday. During Kong Qingyong's stay in Beijing, 颙琰 showed great care for him, summoned him many times, asked him in detail about himself, his family, and the Confucian Temple, and gave him many treasures and books. He also said that because of frequent unrest, floods and droughts, he had never been able to make pilgrimage to the Confucian Temple, and he was very sorry, and repeatedly warned him: "You have to be loyal and filial to your family, good life and holy world." 颙琰 Our great concern for the descendants of Confucius and the Confucius Palace is intended to strengthen the dominance of Confucianism in China. ^[16]

society

River control worker

颙 Yan attached the same importance as Emperor Qianlong River regulation To help the victims. Despite repression White Lotus Uprising He spent $200 million on the military, and he still Nam Ha More than 40 million taels of river control funds were allocated for the project.

Contradiction between man and land

During the Jiaqing period, the contradiction of more people and less land became more and more serious, and the people generally had insufficient food. 颙琰 all that can be done is to restrict the cultivation of cash crops such as tobacco and tea. Encourage fishing and hunting activities to make up for food shortages; To further promote intensive farming, Potato The planting of high-yield crops such as corn and other measures to treat the symptoms rather than the root causes.

In fact, large tracts of land in the Northeast were not developed at that time, but the Manchu rulers forbade Han people to move to the Northeast for reasons such as safeguarding their rule, and 颙琰 has not changed this policy.

Royal depravity

Armour of the eight Banners

During the Jiaqing period, the royal family was seriously corrupted, and they were kept by the court Do not think of progress There is no justice for breaking the law. 颙琰 On the one hand, the royal family is severely punished for wrongdoing; On the one hand, he also personally made the "Clan Training" to educate the royal family.

Rectification of flag affairs

In addition, the late Qianlong period Eight Banners Livelihood The problem is getting harder because Sons of the Eight Banners Supported by the state "riding and shooting in the Qing language as the basic work", not official, not farming, not working and not business, after a long time will be corrupt, nothing. In this regard, 颙琰 can only continue the practice of our ancestors, on the one hand, use the government's money to pay off the debts of the Eight Banners; On the one hand, reformatory education.

颙琰 also tried to adopt the method of "moving the Eight Banners" to move some of the children of the Eight Banners to the northeast, but it was difficult to implement because of the resistance of the eight Banners children.

In spite of all the efforts made by 颙琰 to solve various social problems, little has been achieved. One of the main reasons is that the Qing society has been full of problems since the end of Qianlong. It's hard to get back . Second, 颙琰 is limited by The Times Traditional concept Ancestral family law, dynasty interests, dare not, unwilling, and unable to make big, fundamental adjustments from the system, its patchwork of internal affairs rectification, it is impossible to fundamentally reverse the decline of the Qing Dynasty. Third, 颙 Yan's personality was too kind and cautious, and he was not strong enough to crack down on corruption and other problems, and some reforms he could not carry out.

diplomacy

Opiate inhibition

Britain began to import into China from the Yongzheng Dynasty opium During the Jiaqing period 颙琰 reiterated and further tightened the ban on opium many times, which had a certain effect on curbing the epidemic of opium.

Neighboring countries

In the exchanges with neighboring countries, although China's strength has declined in Jiaqing, it is still known as" Heaven is supreme "Self-regard.

In December 1802, the seventh year of Jiaqing, he was the new king of Vietnam Nguyen Fu-ying After taking the throne, ask for a change" Annam "The title of the country is" South Vietnam ". Because in Chinese history there once existed a" South Vietnam The area includes Guangdong, Guangdong and northern Vietnam, and he suspected that the Annan country was trying to confuse the ancient and the modern, and had an ulterior motive, so he refused. The king of Vietnam repeatedly asked, so 颙琰 gave the name "Vietnam", which has been used ever since.

Safeguard sovereignty

Second son Dao Guang Di Minning

In harmony Western countries In the course of exchanges, 颙琰 firmly safeguards national sovereignty.

In July 1808, in order to help Portugal defend against the French occupation of Macao and protect British trade, Britain sent nine troops to invade the sea of Xiangshan Jigueng in Guangdong, 300 British troops landed in public, occupied Macao's Sanba Temple, east and west forts and other places, and drove three sampan into the provincial river, anchored 13 lines outside the provincial city, and asked to live in Macao.

Governors of Guangdong and Guangxi Wu Xiongguang Tell them to return to Whampoa and await orders. When Emperor Jiaqing responded, he ordered Wu to reprimand the British troops and ordered them to leave. The British were slow to move, the Qing blocked the waterways and cut off the British food supply, and the British withdrew in October.

Afterwards, 颙琰 dismissed Wu for cowardice during the British invasion of Macau viceroy A post, and soon a garrison Ili ; Governor of Guangdong Sun Yuting He was dismissed and later ordered to strengthen the Macao fort 颙琰.

Shut the country off

In the eighth year of Jiaqing (1803), the Russian Minister of Commerce Rumyantsev presented to the Tsar Alexander I He requested to send an envoy to China to discuss the opening of trade at Canton. The Russian Privy Council consulted the Qing Court in the form of credentials.

In the ninth year of Jiaqing (1804), the Qing Court replied and agreed to receive the Russian delegation. However, the Russian side was slow to act, and the mission led by Golovkin was delayed until early May of the tenth year of the Jiaqing Dynasty (1805), and did not enter Kulun, China (now Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia) until eight months later. Emperor Jiaqing required the Russian "tribute ambassadors" to pass the etiquette of the Kulun exercise before entering the capital, but after the banquet, Golovkin refused to pay homage to Emperor Jiaqing A table on which incense is placed line Three kneels and nine knocks Li, and Kurun minister of affairs Yundudolzi, Fuhai, etc., so that the contradiction is irreconcilable, the Qing Court then expelled Golovkin's mission a month later. Despite all the bad things that have happened between China and Russia, and both sides are fortifying their borders, neither country wants to jeopardize the diplomatic peace. The Russians, who had not provoked the expulsion of the mission, were facing a complex European situation and needed Kyakhta's steadily increasing tax revenues. The Qing Court, which was troubled by the problems of seedling, water trough and official management, did not want the border to be unsettled. As a result, both sides have taken a conciliatory attitude and cooperated on many issues in an effort to maintain peace in bilateral relations. ^[29]

Jiaqing 21 years (1816), British ambassador Alstead During his visit to China, the two sides disagreed on the issue of etiquette. When he met at 颙琰, due to the urgency of his journey, the vehicle carrying official clothes and credentials had not yet arrived, and he insisted on taking a rest. As a result, the official in charge of leading the audience missed the point and lied to Emperor Jiaqing that Ying had made him sick. 颙 Yan thought that the British envoy was arrogant, and Longyan was furious, so he canceled the audience and ordered the expulsion of the envoys, and did not want the "tribute" and credentials. The next day, 颙 Yan lost his temper, rewarded the envoys with some gifts, received "tributes" and sent a imperial decree. 颙琰 on the one hand temporarily resisted British attempts at aggression, however Shut the country off The traditional concept of blind arrogance also makes it adopt a blind rejection attitude towards foreign things and lose an opportunity to integrate into the world. ^[16]

Historical evaluation

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EDITOR

Overall comment

Compared with his father and ancestors, Emperor Jiaqing was a mediocre ruler with neither political courage nor innovation, neither political ability nor courage as a character. The word "mediocrity" is the main character characteristic of Emperor Jiaqing. Jiaqing Dynasty is the era of Qing Dynasty from prosperity to decline: Shang Cheng" Work hard to govern Open up the frontier, the four characteristics do not court, Coquitwrite and strive for martial arts 's Kangqian prosperous age "Next Revelation Opium Wars Nanjing signed a contract, the Allied forces entered Beijing, and the emperor fled after the invasion." The world is in decline ". The inherent contradictions of Qing Dynasty society had accumulated for 180 years, and Emperor Jiaqing played the historical role of the Qing Empire from the peak to the decline.

However, Jiaqing's mediocrity is not caused by his temperament, but by the inevitability of history Qianlong In the later period, the Qing Dynasty was already showing signs of decline. The uprising of the White Lotus Sect, coupled with the excessive extravagance of the birthday banquet held by Qianlong in his later years, left the state Treasury empty in the early days of Jiaqing, so Qianlong actually left Jiaqing a mess.

The more than twenty years of Emperor Jiaqing's rule passed in this day of complaint, confusion, pain, and embarrassment. For more than 20 years, although he was often frustrated and lazy, he never relaxed his authority and was still dealing with government affairs tirelessly until the day before his death. Actually, this kind of diligent Has become a kind of inertia, has become a kind of "lazy" diligence. On the surface, he never takes a break. In fact, he had become accustomed to not using his brain and letting his ancestors do it for him. "The heart of the body emperor exam is the heart, and the rule of the Emperor exam is the rule." As long as the ancestors have said or done, he has followed the pattern and carried out.

Historical evaluation

provenance	evaluate
" Draft of Qing Dynasty history "	The first generation of the Emperor Political tutelage Respectful and respectful. Descend to thousands of dollars, destroy evil and ascend to good. Eliminating the Bu, arresting and controlling the pirates, holding on to the hub, respecting frugality and working hard, and setting aside the land for immigration are the great source of governance. The number of edicts, the earnest cut entreat ; And the wind of 咈 (pedantic), has not been seen (immediately stopped), it is possible. ^[1]
" Clear record "	God is ordained by heaven. The emperor is heavy on China. Days 亶 clever. The emperor transmits the essence one. After the hand to pay peace. The source of many blessings. Yi Shuo zai, since the people have not Jia will also. In 25 years. The warp and the weft are endless. There are two major ones. A model for thousands of Kings. Control tens of thousands of miles of territory. Homes for trillions of people.
Shen Yizhi	Only fifteen Kings order to study, just clear there are commandments, long in the ban, reputation quite. ^[18]
Shen Xingyong	The fifteenth son Yongyan, measure open-minded, looks wonderful, the emperor to the class of his favorite, the Chinese and foreign followers. ^[19]
Min Jong-hyun	The attitude is heavy and the temperament is generous, so the people of the world have been looking for clouds for a long time. ^[19]
Xiao Yishan	After Jiaqing, the armed forces were not competitive, the discipline was corrupt, the church was troubled, and the people had no livelihood. However, the honesty of Renzong and the frugality of Xuanzong are worthy of praise
John fairbank	Emperor Jiaqing believed that if you cut off the flower of Ho-Shen's patronage network structure, its roots would wither naturally. But reform at the top cannot cure the deep-rooted ills of the nineteenth-century bureaucracy.
Yan Chongnian	The tragedy of Jiaqing is that it thinks that all the problems in the world are caused by bad Heshen and bad officials, but it does not find the responsibility from itself or dig the root cause from the system. During Jiaqing's 25 years as emperor, he dealt with each case one by one Qianlong The crisis left by the prosperous times, but step by step into a deeper crisis. The crisis under the prosperous times of Qianlong Dynasty became more serious in Jiaqing Dynasty.
Zhang Hongjie	From the greatness of the early period of the government to the embarrassment of the curtain call, the slide curve of Jiaqing is so sighing. His rule of more than 20 years was preceded by the "prosperous Age of Kangand Qianqian", followed by the "Opium War". It was under the reign of Emperor Jiaqing that Qing Dynasty A few crucial steps towards irreversible decline.
Lee Sang-young	颙琰 was the emperor of the fifth generation after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs Diligent in administration Tuji remained as king. A series of policies and measures adopted by him after his personal rule played a certain role in changing the various malpractices in the late Qianlong period, but they did not and could not fundamentally reverse the trend of decline in the Qing Dynasty. 颙琰 Personally, he has been unable to prescribe a cure for the growing corruption and indolence. Although he had some understanding of the aggression of the Western colonialists, the old feudal country, with its internal crisis becoming more and more serious, could not really deal with the foreign invaders effectively, and could only slide down the road of decline thereafter. ^[16]
Chen Lianying	Jiaqing's thought of maintaining the status is not only created by The Times, but also has an important impact on the history at that time and later, which is undoubtedly negative
Li Guorong	Emperor Jiaqing city is very deep, he knew that as long as Emperor Qianlong is still alive, he can not move Ho-Shen, and Ho-Shen to a large extent can control the will of Qianlong, get bad but not good for himself, so he to keep a low profile Everything is obedient to the emperor, do not express their views, do not do any change in political affairs.
Zhang Yufen	Because the social contradictions in Qing Dynasty became more and more intensified, the social evils were deepening, which led to the reform of Jiaqing Emperor and failed to solve various social ills. ^[20]
Niu Chuangping	How could a case like Ho-Shen happen... It is related to the serious malpractices of many systems, policies, social and governmental mechanisms during the Qianlong period. Jiaqing, like his father, failed to recognize these defects, and these defects kept happening to other people or other things, which is a problem worthy of deep study in history. ^[21]
Lu Jing	Jiaqing's strategy did play a certain role at that time, but fundamentally speaking, killing a Heshen cannot solve all the drawbacks of the feudal autocratic rule system. ^[22]
Qing dynasty historians Zhu Chengru	From the overall perspective, Jiaqing did not grasp the crux of the problem and try its best to solve it when dealing with the two major social problems faced by the Qing Dynasty. ^[23]
Cui Ruide " Cambridge History of Late Qing Dynasty of China "	The second feature of the reforms of the Jiaqing and Daoguang dynasties was the promotion of cost-saving activities to reduce court waste and major consumption. Emperor Jiaqing ended the tradition of lavish southern cruises that had been a hallmark of his father's rule. He wanted to slow the flow of money out of the central Treasury through official policy and example, and to change the lazy way of life that prevailed among the nobility and members of the officialdom. To this end, the annual tributes of provincial officials in the frontier provinces were stopped, and the imperial robes were glorified as having patches on them. However, these changes had no lasting effect either among the Manchu nobles in the capital region or among the provincial officials; After the national mourning of the Qianlong Emperor, these changes were fiercely and successfully resisted. ^[24]

Anecdotal allusion

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EDITOR

Change name to reveal secrets

Jiaqing's name was originally Yongyan Later changed "Forever" as "颙". The Qing Dynasty stipulated that only in the" memoir "," Jade ultimatum The imperial name appearing in certain documents, such as ", is affixed with yellow (that is, the name is covered with a yellow label). The Qing emperor's name is taboo, from Kangxi Emperor Here. The general situation is: Kangxi Name Xuanye "xuan" word, avoid taboo when the lack of the last pen; Emperor Yongzheng The name Yinzhen's "Yin" character, avoid taboo when the last pen, at the same time, ordered his brother to change the "Yin" character to "Yun" character; Qianlong The "hong" character of the name Hongli (at that time writing "Hong period") is shy of the last pen. to Jiaqing During the reign of Yongyan, Qianlong considered the name taboo of the monarch, and the word "yong" was a common word to avoid inconveniences, so he ordered Yongyan's "Yong" to be changed to the uncommon word "颙". After Yongyan succeeded to the throne, he changed his name to 颙 Yan. The name of the emperor of the Qing Dynasty, changing the word in order of generations to a special word, began with Jiaqing.

Diligent youth

When choosing a master for 颙琰, I was the master of the study Yoo Tonghoon recommended Onfanggang , Ji Yun , Zhu GUI The three were candidates, and finally the Qianlong emperor chose Zhu GUI, on the grounds that "such as Weng and Ji, scholars are also insufficient and few." Zhu GUI is not only good, but also good." Among many masters, Zhu GUI is the most respected by 颙琰. He is knowledgeable and knowledgeable. He not only teaches with rich knowledge, but also influences 颙琰 with his style in terms of morality and behavior. Zhu GUI once said, "there are too many diligent scholars, not enough idle people, and too much to taste." 颙 Yan keeps in mind the teacher's teachings and has been grateful to him. He names his study as ". Wei Yu study room ", and wrote "Wei Yu book." In the postscript of Weiyu Library Complete Works, Zhu GUI praises 颙 Yan as "studious and sensitive in pursuit of knowledge, who will never forget when reading, and who will never forget when reading diligently." ^[25]

Punish Ho-Shen

Heshen

In the fourth year of Jiaqing (1799), Qianlong collapsed on the first three days of the first month The Forbidden City Hall of mental Cultivation . 颙琰 Reign on the day of Qianlong's death. 颙 Yan is handling Daehang Emperor During Qianlong's mourning period, resolute measures were taken to punish the minister of power Heshen . Ho-shen did his best to restrict Jiaqing and cultivate his own henchmen. Ho-shen is a wise man, Bind oneself in a cocoon And screw up his own business. 颙 When Yan was prince, he was designated Crown prince . Ho-shen knew this secret and sent a handle to 颙琰 the day before Qianlong announced Jiaqing as the Crown prince As one wishes Implying his support for Jiaqing's succession. Jiaqing smiled on the face, hate in the heart.

Jiaqing's punishment of Ho-Shen was swift, clean, lenient and proper, and very successful. However, Jiaqing affirmed Ho-Shen's merits and talents.

In the nineteenth year of Jiaqing (1814), 15 years after Ho-Shen was killed, the Qing Dynasty National history Museum To be edited The Biography of Ho-Shen (Manuscript) to be submitted to Jiaqing for review. Jiaqing see the record is brief, only recorded a bunch of Hoshen's official career, very dissatisfied. He said: "Ho-Shen is not useless," he was "smart and agile", 30 years in office, still did a lot of things. It is only Ho-Shen's greed, selfishness, arrogance and greed that he has to be severely punished.

Enjoy the opera

颙琰 OK Go to the opera "And in high spirits. Although he worked hard in government all his life, his love of drama is also an indisputable fact. Hong Yangji Shang Shu accused him of "fear of withdrawing from the dynasty, Haiku near the people, confused many sacred listeners." 颙琰 In anger, Hong Liangji sent to Xinjiang.

Emperor Jiaqing's way

As a matter of fact, Hong Yangji It is true that 颙 Yan was the monarch who was most obsessed with drama in the Qing Dynasty up to this point. According to historical records, as early as the first month of the first year of Jiaqing (1796), 颙琰, who had just ascended the throne, watched the opera for 18 days in a row. At that time, although his father Qianlong abdicated, but under the assistance of Ho-Shen all power, 颙琰 had nothing to do, so he had a good time.

The Fourth Year of Jiaqing (1799) A surname After his death, 颙琰 became a veritable king of a country, with exclusive power and a busy mess, plus he advocated frugality and wanted to set an example for his subjects, listening to the opera was not as free as before. However, according to Ding Ruqin, who specializes in the study of Qing court drama, 颙琰 was proficient in opera. He was in charge of almost everything, whether preparing for new plays, assigning roles or arranging stages. It is fair to call him the director of Qing Palace drama. The palace opera, concentrated during the festival, this time even the big drama, from morning to night, non-stop performance. On other days, the emperor could not just hold large-scale opera performances. What's more, during this period of national affairs such as chaos, more unrest, in fact, there is not much leisure to listen to the opera, 颙 Yan occasionally to adjust the mood, more time is to call the eunuch to sing a few paragraphs after dinner, and then give some advice, and did not delay the state administration.

Love hunting

颙 Yan likes hunting," An early hunting in Mulan County "Referring to autumn in the Royal Chase Magnolia paddock Hunting, a system established in the Kangxi era, for training the army, for contacting the Mongol princes, and, of course, for recreational purposes, which became more and more prominent as time went on. The Magnolia paddock is Chengde A hundred miles to the north, it was once the domain of the Mongol princes. The terrain here is undulating, deep grass and dense forest, and wild animals, especially deer, are the most. But at that time the roads were difficult, there were not enough soldiers and horses, there was a lack of cotton-padded clothes, and ministers were unwilling to travel long distances. Therefore, they met great resistance every time, and 颙琰 had to compromise in many cases. Coupled with the deterioration of the ecological environment, plus paddock Poor management by officials, and few prey in Magnolia's enclosure. Therefore, in addition to the fifteen years of Jiaqing (1810), the circumference of the line was more satisfied, and the harvest was not large.

Interpersonal relationship

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EDITOR

parent

parent
relation	name	Title
father	Aisin Gioro Hongli	Emperor Gaozong of Qing Dynasty
mother	Wei Jia	Queen Hyo Yi Chun

The reigning queen and concubine

The queen looks like
Queen Hyo Soo-ri	Queen of Filial piety and Rui	Be obedient to your Majesty
Queen Hyo Soo-ri	Queen of Filial piety and Rui^[32]	Be obedient to your Majesty

The reigning queen and concubine
	name	Posthumous title	intro
queen	Chitara's	Queen Hyo Soo-ri	The original white flag wrapped after carrying the white flag of Manchuria, Daoguang Emperor Birth mother, Emperor Jiaqing's original wife. Chengen Gong, head of the house minister, vice president Xitara Hoar sutra The second daughter. Born on August 24, 25th year of Qianlong, the 38th year of Qianlong was referred to as the Renzong Be married and promoted Qianlong thirty-ninth April 27 big wedding, Jiaqing first year of the first month on the first day of the fourth queen . Jiaqing two years (1797) at the beginning of February 7 at the time of collapse, 38 years old. The second daughter and the second son Xuanzong became emperor Minning Fourth daughter Princess Zhuang Jing Gulun . ^{[36 ]}
queen	Nuhulu's	Queen of Filial piety and Rui	Xianghuang Banner Manchuria, Chengen Gong, the Ministry of Rites Shangshu, Tongtong Nihulu Kunara The first daughter. Born on the 10th of October in the forty-first year of Qianlong, he was accused of being the Emperor Renzong in the Eight Banners selection merofoxin The first day of the first month of Jiaqing was conferred Imperial concubine , the Later Jin Dynasty Imperial Concubine . Appointed on April 15, 6th Jiaqing queen . Emperor Xuanzong took the throne in the 25th year of Jiaqing Empress Gong Ci Daoguang died on December 11, 29, at the age of seventy-four. He gave birth to his seventh daughter and third son, Prince Kazuo Tonke Mian Kai His fourth son, Prince Heisho Ruihuai Mien Xin . ^{[37 ]}
Imperial Concubine	Liu Jia	Imperial Concubine Heyu	Home Office coat, Berthang Liu Fuming The daughter of... Qianlong twenty-sixth January 21 born, Renzong in the hidden mansion for princess . The first day of the first month of the first year of Jiaqing was conferred ð « , the Later Jin Dynasty ð « . In the 25th year of Jiaqing Emperor Xuanzong ascended the throne and was given the title ð«¯ jubilee Tao Guang 13 December, died at the age of 73, posthumous name Imperial Concubine Heyu . Give birth to their first son, Doro King of Musshire Third daughter Princess Zhuangjing and Princess Shuo . ^{[38 ]}
Imperial Concubine	Nuhulu's	Be obedient to your Majesty	Xianghuang Banner Manchuria, master Niu Hulu Shanqing The first daughter. Qianlong fifty-two April 10th born, Jiaqing six years to participate in the eight flag draft designated A surname Enter the palace, after Jin Like a concubine , A surname . In the 25th year of Jiaqing Emperor Xuanzong ascended the throne and was given the title As your concubine Daoguang 26 years, honored as Like a royal concubine . Daoguang thirty years Wenzong ascended the throne, honored as Like imperial imperial toffee . Xianfeng 10th year (1860) on the 3rd of early March, died at the age of 74. She gave birth to her eighth and ninth daughters Huiming Princess Gulun His fifth son, Prince Huiduan euphoric . ^{[39 ]}
princess	Wonyan's	Your majesty	Inlaid red flag Manchuria, light car lieutenant, Shanxi Fen Zhou participation Perfect appearance • Hafon a The daughter of... Qianlong fifty-one year to participate in the eight flags draft, was accused and Renzong merofoxin Died during the Qianlong reign. On April 22, 2000, Jiaqing was posthumously named Your majesty . ^{[40 ]}
	Hou Liuniu	Consort Hua	Xianghuang banner wrapped, the chief minister of the house of the title, the upper CS court Qing Hou Kuzhu The daughter of... In the forty-third year of Qianlong, she participated in the draft of the Internal Affairs Office and was selected as an official woman in the palace. The Renzong in the hidden mansion for princess . The first day of the first month of the first year of Jiaqing was conferred Ying concubine , the Later Jin Dynasty Consort Hua . Awhile on June 28, 2009. Give birth to a sixth daughter. ^{[41 ]}
	Wang Jia	Princess Zhuang	The Home office is covered, and the people are raised Irib The daughter of... Qianlong was born on June 15, 46 years, and Emperor Renzong was born in Qianlong 60 years princess The first day of the first month of Jiaqing was sealed Xuan Chang , the Later Jin Dynasty Xuan nobleman , Kibin , Princess Zhuang . After passing on February 15, 16th year, Jiaqing was 31 years old. ^{[42 ]}
	Liu Jia	A surname	The former Han army inlaid white flag after the change inlaid white flag Mongolia, light car lieutenant, Jiangning general Liu Benzhi The daughter of... Qianlong was born on March 25, 48th, and Jiaqing participated in the Eight-Flag draft in the third year fiduciary Enter the palace, after Jin letterman . In the 25th year of Jiaqing Emperor Xuanzong ascended the throne and was given the title A surname . He died on October 13, 2000 at the age of 40. ^{[43 ]}
wives	Suwanguarga's (Guan Jia)	A concubine	Yellow flag-coated Suwangualgia (Guancha), Bertanga Suwan Guarga de Cheng The daughter of... The Renzong in the hidden mansion for princess Died during the Qianlong reign. On April 22, 2000, Jiaqing was posthumously named A concubine . Giving birth to their first daughter. ^{[44 ]}
	Shen Jia	A poor woman	Draped in yellow flags, chief Minister of the Interior, governor of Jehol Shen Yonghe The daughter of... Qianlong forty-seven years to participate in the Internal affairs Office three flag draft, was accused with Renzong princess Died during the Qianlong reign. On April 22, 2000, Jiaqing was posthumously named A poor woman . Give birth to a fifth daughter Princess Hui An and Princess Kazuo . ^{[45 ]}
	Dong Jia	Handsome concubine	Secretary of the Interior, Secretary of the Treasury Dong Shitai The daughter of... Born on May 24, 49th year of Qianlong, she was elected to the palace as an official woman during the Jiaqing period and was initially sealed Juntaki , the Later Jin Dynasty Handsome concubine . (13) October 13, 24 am, 36 years old. ^{[46 ]}
	Ujah's	benefactor	Yellow flag Manchuria, left deputy all imperial Uya Wan Min The daughter of... Jiaqing 12 years to participate in the eight flags draft was designated as dignitary Enter the palace. In the 25th year of Jiaqing Emperor Xuanzong ascended the throne and was given the title benefactor . After the beginning of December 10, 2006. ^{[47 ]}
	Suwanguarga's	Anpin	Xianghuang Banner Manchuria, letter Yong public, second class bodyguard Suwangualja Anying The daughter of... Born on the 21st day of the first month of the 50th year of Qianlong, Jiaqing participated in the Eight-flag draft in the third year was designated as Be in peace Enter the palace. In the 25th year of Jiaqing Emperor Xuanzong ascended the throne and was given the title Anpin . He died on June 27, 17, at the age of 53. ^{[48 ]}
	Liang family	An honored concubine	The interior ministry is clothed in a cloak Liang Xianbao The daughter of... Qianlong sixty years Renzong in the hidden mansion for princess The first day of the first month of Jiaqing was sealed A surname , the Later Jin Dynasty vizier . In the 25th year of Jiaqing Emperor Xuanzong ascended the throne and was given the title An honored concubine . On the tenth day of May. ^{[49 ]}
A high-ranking official	unknown	Your esteemed person	Her birth is unknown, but she was elected to the palace during the Jiaqing period. In November 2000, Jiaqing was awarded Your esteemed person . On the 7th of early October, Jiaqing 19th Year. ^{[50 ]}
A high-ranking official	unknown	A surname	Jiaqing nine years to participate in the eight flags draft was designated as A surname Entering the palace, on July 19, 10th Jiaqing. ^{[51 ]}

Sons and daughters

son
sequence	The title of nobility	character	Dates of birth and death	mother
The emperor's eldest son	King of Musshire			Imperial Concubine Heyu Liu Jia
Emperor Niko	Emperor Xuan of Qing Dynasty	Aisin Gioro Minning	From 1782 to 1850	Queen Hyo Soo-ri Chitara's
Imperial third son	Prince Tonke	Aisin Gioro Miankai	From 1795 to 1839	Queen of Filial piety and Rui Nuhulu's
Emperor's fourth son	Prince RAE Wai	Aisin Gioro Mian Xin	From 1805 to 1828	Queen of Filial piety and Rui Nuhulu's
Five imperial seeds	Prince Huiduan	Aisin Gioro Mianyu	From 1814 to 1865	Be obedient to your Majesty Nuhulu's

daughter
sequence	The title of nobility	Dates of birth and death	mother	intro
Emperor's eldest daughter		From 1780 to 1783	A concubine Guancha's
The emperor's second daughter		From 1780 to 1783	Queen Hyo Soo-ri Chitara's
The third empress	Princess Zhuangjing and Princess Shuo	From 1781 to 1811	Imperial Concubine Heyu Liu Jia	marry Sotna mudobzai
The fourth empress	Princess Zhuang Jing Gulun	From 1784 to 1811	Queen Hyo Soo-ri Chitara's	marry Marna Badara
Imperial five Women	Princess Hui An and Princess Kazuo	From 1786 to 1795	A poor woman Shen Jia
The Emperor's six daughters		1789-1790	Consort Hua Hou Jia
Emperor Seven Ladies		1793-1795	Queen of Filial piety and Rui Nuhulu's
Hachiya		1805-1805	Be obedient to your Majesty Nuhulu's
Imperial ninth Maiden	Huiming Princess Gulun	1811-1815	Be obedient to your Majesty Nuhulu's

Major work

broadcast

EDITOR

Emperor Jiaqing has a total of more than 11,760 poems, including the Complete Works of Weiyu School, the first, second and third sets of Imperial Poems, and the Hymns of Si Tongshu and the Complete Epic. ^[26]

Film and television image

broadcast

EDITOR

A given year	Movie and television play	ACTORS
1972	King Jiaqing and Wang Delu	Areas south of the Yangtze River
1980	King Jiaqing Travels to Taiwan	Ye Qing
1986	King Jiaqing Travels to Taiwan	Li Rulin
1987	" Pig brother Liang and Jiaqing Jun "	Green paste
1987	Chinese Folk Tales	Li Quanzhong
1988	" The 13th Manchu Dynasty II "	Wang Yu
1992	King Jiaqing Travels to Taiwan	Sun Cuifeng
1996	" Prime Minister Liu Luo Pan "	Nguyen Xun
1997	" Jiaqing incognito private interview "	Liu Dekai
1998	" Great corrupt official Ho-Shen "	Wang Yanhui
2000	" Qianjia Great case "	Pampechon
2001	" Palace baby "	Zhuo Fan
2001	" Nine-year-old county magistrate "	Wang Guanghui
2001	" The seven kinds of imperial orders "	Li Peng
2002	" The Dragon and Phoenix "	Huang Shaoqi
2002	" Dream of breaking the Forbidden City "	Wang Guanghui
2002	" Grass County magistrate "	Gao Xin
2003	" Qianlong Dynasty "	Jia Yiping
2004	" The golden branch desires iniquity "	Yu Yang
2005	" Emperor Jiaqing "	Xin Baiqing
2005	" Pouch Pouch Lord "	Niuqingfeng
2006	" My wild grandma "	Chen Rongjun
2006	" Young Jiaqing "	Huang Weide
2006	" Red Ink Square "	Hou Xiangling
2009	" Mr. Jiaqing travels to Taiwan "	Huang Shaoqi
2010	" The hearts and minds of heaven and earth "	Xu Huanshan
2010	" Big inside low hands "	Yu Bo
2015	" Cheung Po Tsai "	Liu Jiang
2017	" Kismet "	Tan Junyan
2018	" Ruyi's royal love in the Palace "	Chen Xuetao ^[58]

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