The Twister is an active in Yangtse River The anti-Qing peasant armed forces in parts of Anhui, Jiangsu, Shandong and Henan provinces in the north, and Taiping Heavenly Kingdom At the same time. Nian uprising From 1853 to 1868, for fifteen years, its history is divided into Two stages . From the spring of 1853 to March 1863, the early Nian Army was formed, followed by the later Nian Army.

After the rise of the twisters, their leader was King Wo Zhang Luoxing ( Zhang Lexing ), Sun Kuixin Let's wait. To the time of the twistan army leader Liang King Zhang Zongyu King Yuwo Zhang Yujue Yong Wang Gong Deshu, Zun Wang Lai Man-kwong The King of Lu Ren Zhu The King of Wei Li Yuntai Etc., with The Taiping Army Contact with each other, whereabouts Drift about , elusive. The cavalry of the Nian Army galloped across the eight provinces of Anhui, Henan, Lu, Su, Hubei, Shaanxi, Jin and Zhi (Ji) for more than ten years, and the total force reached 200,000 in the peak period. In 1865, Prince Horqin of the Qing Dynasty Sin Greenqin After Zhongfu was completely wiped out, the Qing Dynasty went all out to deal with the twisters and used them Hunan Army , Huai Army And a number of provincial forces, using the terrain, "painting the river to circle the land", after the east, west two twist, west twist for Zuo Zongtang So calm, east twist is Li Hongzhang Destroyed.

Chinese name: twister
Foreign name: the Nian Army
The period in which: Taiping Heavenly Kingdom period

nature: folk Secret organization
Establishment time: The year 1853
Extinction time: 1868

catalogue

Origin of name

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EDITOR

"Twist" is Huaibei Dialect, meaning "a strand, a gang", twistjun originated from "twist Zi", originally Anhui (Province) , Henan (Province) One with nomads pinch paper, the oil is set on fire, burn oil and twist paper for practice, and gather crowds to perform during festivals to drive away diseases and disasters for profit. In the early days, Manzi raised money from the villagers Sesame oil Buy oil twist paper. Later, there were also threats to take money, extortion and the phenomenon of thieves. The more barren the harvest, the more people into the twist, the so-called "home for the people, out of the twist", and the Qing Dynasty official called it bandit .

The Nian army fought against the Qing army

Organizational development

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EDITOR

Spring up

In 1851, the twisters were in The south of Henan Province Nanyang , A surname , Tang County (now Don River ) and other places gathered crowds to rise up.

In 1852, Northern Anhui Great drought, into the number of farmers increased. Bozhou people Zhang Luoxing , Gonde tree The knot twister gathered thousands of people to break Henan Yongcheng .

In November 1852, he was in Anhui Bozhou The Pheasant (Present Anhui Province Eddy sun Blood brotherhood, push Zhang Luohang for the alliance, uprising against the Qing, known as "18 shops gather righteousness."

From January to March 1853, the Taiping Army took control of Wuhan. Anqing Nanjing, Anhui, Henan, through Anhui, Henan, the north of Anhui twisting party response, the hungry people everywhere rose up. Every spring and autumn they gather and go out to seize grain. Twisters have responded to the uprising. By the time the Northern Expeditionary army of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom passed by, it had begun to move from scattered struggle to joint operation.

In 1855, The Yellow River Burst, Runan County , Northern Anhui, Northern Jiangsu A large number of displaced people, one after another into the ground, reached the climax. Huaihe River North and south, everywhere twisting.

In the autumn of 1855, the various twisters were in Anhui Bozhou The Pheasant (Present Anhui Province Eddy sun ) Meetings or alliances held in ancient China , Bozhou, Mengcheng The twister army pushed Zhang Lexing (a name Zhang Luoxing As the leader, known as the "King of Han Yong" (a known as the king of Ming life of the Han Dynasty), to the Zhihe collection (today's Guoyang County, Anhui Province) as the base, the enactment of the "March Regulations" Article 19. Form the twisters and build yellow, white, blue, black and red." Five Flags "The number of people reached 100,000. The total Yellow flag The master is Zhang Lexing himself, the master of the total white flag is Gong De (Gong Deshu), the master of the total red flag holsville The total blue flag master Han Lao Wan (Wanfeng, Wolf), the total black flag master Su Tianfu . There are big flags and small flags under the general flag. Each banner owner has a leadership group that combines clan, relatives and village relations. Because the flags do not belong to each other, a variety of groups, not easy to leave the native, formed its dispersivity And backwardness.

On July 16, 1856, Zhang Lexing took over Huaihe river basin A major commercial town Sanhe Peak (now Henan (Province) province Gushi county Three Rivers Point Town ), a large number of supplies were obtained, a large number of personnel were replenished, and morale was restored. Accept the king Hong Xiuquan The title, but in fact is "listen to the seal does not listen to the tone." But with... Chen Yucheng Close cooperation.

fission

In the spring of 1857, Zhang Lexing led the Nian army to cross the Huai River and invade the Taiping Kingdom Chen Yucheng , Lee Soo Sung Army meeting Hociu and Zhengyang Pass . From now on to listen to the partition does not listen to the call as a condition, accept the leadership of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, cooperate with the Taiping Army to fight, but do not accept the adaptation. At the end of the year, internal disagreements arose, and some of the nian troops led by the Blue Flag general Liu Hungry Wolf (Liu Yongjing) insisted on returning to Huaibei, and were killed by Zhang Lexing and others. The twisters split, and most of the banners returned Huaibei Only a few, such as Zhang Lexing and Gong De, remained in Huainan and maintained a close relationship with the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. There are also parts like Sun Kuixin Zhang Zongyu, etc., Move north and south He went deep into Henan and Shandong and promoted the local people to revolt against the Qing Dynasty in various forms. in Northern Anhui In Northern Jiangsu, the Nian Army fought together with the Taiping Army or independently, repeatedly breaking the Qing Army.

In 1857, Zhang Lexing and Chen Yucheng of the Taiping Army attacked A surname Accepted the leadership of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and was awarded the title of skyward righteousness.

From 1858 to 1862, the Nian Army fought in Henan, Anhui, Su, Lu and other places, each winning or losing, and Zhang Lexing was promoted to the chief general of the Northern Expedition, and he was also appointed King of Wo.

In 1860 (Gengshen Year), the Nian Army attacked northern Jiangsu in order to seize the grain of the imperial warehouse of the Ministry of Household The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal The commercial capital of the bank is stationed there Governor of South River the Cheonggangpo (now Huai 'an City The main city), and burned down the twenty mile long market of Qingjiang Pu, as well as the Imperial warehouse belonging to the Ministry of Household, and the four major shipyards belonging to the Ministry of Industry. But there are stationed 15 kilometers away Governor of the canal the Huaian Fucheng (now Huai 'an City Huaian District The walls were too tall and strong to be taken. (See: The Siege of Gengshen) The other major cities attacked in the same year were Kaifeng and Jining .

In 1861, the twisters were particularly active and conquered Hubei Laohekou and Xiangyang Fancheng. One into Shandong, approaching Jinan (in Shandong Province) And Yantai, for the British Army, French army Repel. September and 1862 ( Tongzhi In May, the Qing army captured the important town of Taiping Heaven in Anhui Province Anqing and Luzhou (Present Anhui Province Hefei (Capital of Anhui Province) After that, the Nian army was in a difficult situation due to the loss of the Taiping army. Zhang Zongyu isomerism Huaibei West into Henan, Shaanxi, and expedition to the northwest of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Chen Decai Wait for the army to rendezvous.

In the fall of 1862 Sin Greenqin Led by the Qing army offensive Northern Anhui .

In March 1863, it was captured by the Qing Dynasty Prince of Singrynqin Bozhou Ji River Collection (present Anhui Province Guoyang County County), Zhang Lexing was captured by the traitor sent to the Qing camp killed.

anaphase

From April 1863 to August 1868, it served as the later Twist Army. After the defeat of the initial stage, the remaining units were active in the border areas of Henan, Hubei and Shaanxi.

May 1863 Zhang Zongyu Wait in Anhui Tongcheng Akayo Lee Soo Sung After the meeting, they returned to northern Anhui. The Taiping State of Heaven named Zhang Zongyu King of Liang and Ren Zhu. Imhob For the king of Lu, Zhang Zhuo Zhang Yujue Zhang Lexing's nephew) was given the title of King Yuwo, and other generals in the twister army were also given titles.

In April 1864, Zhang Zongyu, Ren Zhu, Chen Decai, Lai Man-kwong isopore The Taiping Army is in Henan Inner hometown Meeting, to the east to rescue Taiping Heavenly Kingdom capital Tianjing ; The Qing army led by Singren Qin was trapped in the border of Anhui Province. By the time Tianjing had fallen, Chen Decai After the defeat, he committed suicide by taking poison and surrendered, and Zhang Zongyu, Ren Zhu and Lai Wenguang broke out.

On June 1, 1864, after the defeat of the Taiping Kingdom, King Lai Wenguang and King Zhang Zongyu of Liang merged the remaining Taiping Army and the Nian Army into an allied force. Lai Wenguang was promoted as leader. Taiping army Military system Reorganize and reorganize the twisters. Lai Wenguang officially awarded twist each Taiping Heavenly Kingdom new king number; The New twisters used flexible tactics, easy to walk and ride, gallop Between Yu, Lu and Su, the momentum is restored. It grew into a cavalry force of about 100,000 men.

After the Taiping Army left the Huai River, Qing Dynasty army General Shengbao took the opportunity to launch an attack on the twister army, and the first target was Sanhe Peak . Around the tip of the three Rivers River and canal Vertical and horizontal, the twister army across the river, the Qing army cavalry Hard to spread, hard to force. Shengbao implemented the law of siege, controlled the land and water passages leading to the top of the Sanhe River, forced the residents to cut wheat in advance, and set up card inspections in the areas where nitrate was produced, prohibiting them from leaving the country, so as to cut off the grain ammunition of the Lian army. At the same time implement Political offensive And destroy the morale of the twisters. The twisters held out for more than 60 days, but finally withdrew from the Three Rivers on June 16, due to the lack of grain ammunition, and proceeded to the Zhengyang Pass along the east of the Huaihe River. Subsequently, by Han Qifeng The troops were stationed at Zhengyang Pass, while Zhang Zongyu and Gong Deshu moved the troops to Huoqiu.

On May 18, 1865, the twisters were in Shandong Caozhou Ambushed and wiped out the troops of the hot pursuit of Sin Greenqin, North China shook, Yenching Lockdown. Command of the capital Zeng Guofan Suppress twisting . Had changed the pursuit to four towns blocked suppression, in Henan Zhoujiakou , Shandong Jining , Jiangsu Xuzhou , Anhui Linhuai Pass Divided into four towns, stationed Huai Army With 80,000 Xiang troops, they surrounded the Nian in the border areas of Jiangsu, Henan and Anhui. In Huaibei, they also built ruins in the base areas of the Lian army, checked the hukou, and carried out the Baojia lien method. However, the twisters broke through the encirclement of the Xiang and Huai armies and entered Hubei.

In September 1866, the Union broke through Yinghe River Upstream Kaifeng, Zhuxian Town Between the Lu River defense line. Zeng Guofan was dismissed by the Qing Court because of his ineffective encirclement and suppression, and Li Hongzhang succeeded him.

From October 1866, the Union was divided into eastern and western armies. Lai Wenguang and Ren Zhu continued their activities in the Central Plains Eastern Twist Army ; Zhang Zongyu and Zhang Zhuo entered Shaanxi to contact the Hui uprising Western Twister Army .

At the beginning of 1867, the Western Twist Army moved to Shaanxi and passed through Shanxi Hongdong Cross south Wangwu Mountain Enter Henan Jiyuan And head northeast again Zhili (about present Hebei Province), to Baoding And threaten Beijing. Retreat into Henan Sanhe Peak Finally, it entered the area north of the Yellow River and east of the Canal in Shandong Province, and was captured by Li Hongzhang, Zuo Zongtang The army surrounded.

In 1867, the Eastern Twister Army moved to Hubei and defeated the main Huai Army Liu Mingchuan Ministry, but attempted to enter Sichuan, Shaanxi and the western twist army rendezvous failed. In June of that year, Henan entered Shandong, and was besieged by Li Hongzhang's Huai army on the south bank of the Yellow River and the east bank of the Canal. Keolai Chaung West coast and Liutang River In the north shore area, the breakout failed, and in November Ren Zhu and Liu Mingchuan were killed in the battle, the main force was destroyed, and the Western nian Army rescued the east. The rest were in Jiangsu in January of the following year Yangzhou (in Jiangsu Province) Lost, Lai Wenguang captured and killed.

The twisters wiped out the Qing monks' Greenqin department

ending

In January 1868, the east lay in Shandong Keolai Chaung Shouguang City The whole army was lost in battle, Lai Man-kwong Killed after being captured; The Western Twisters approached to rescue the Eastern twisters Baoding Tianjin. In July, he was besieged by the Huai Army in Shandong Northwest of Shandong Province Coincided with days of heavy rain, twist riding can not Mercedes, west twist rout. In August Chiping (a county in Shandong Province) Rout, annihilation of the whole army, Zhang Zongyu Crossing the Tudewe River He didn't know what he was doing. He died in the river. At this point, the Nian army uprising failed.

Historical significance

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EDITOR

Nian uprising The war, which lasted 18 years, affected 10 provinces and regions such as Anhui, Shandong, Henan, Jiangsu and Shaanxi, and wiped out more than 100,000 Qing army and local regimens, which dealt a heavy blow to the rule of the Qing Dynasty, but also brought serious disasters to the people in the north. In the long-term anti-Qing war, the Nian army formed a unique set of mobile warfare methods, often able to defeat the enemy, but its leaders were politically short-sighted, failed to form a centralized and unified leadership and command, military implementation Roving aggressivism Ignoring the establishment of consolidated base areas, they divided troops to fight in the later period and blindly guided operations, resulting in being destroyed one by one by the Qing Army and eventually ending up with the entire army.

Range of activity

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EDITOR

twister (1853-1868) was an active member of the Yangtse River North of Northern Anhui The anti-Qing peasant armed forces in some areas of Jiangsu, Shandong and Henan provinces, and Taiping Heavenly Kingdom At the same time. Nian uprising From 1853 to 1868, for fifteen years, its history is divided into Two stages . From the spring of 1853 to March 1863, the early Nian Army was formed, followed by the later Nian Army.

After the rise of the twisters, their leader was King Wo Zhang Luoxing ( Zhang Lexing ) ( Zhang Zongyu Uncle), playing king Miao Peilin, Sun Kuixin Let's wait. To the time of the twistan army leader Liang King Zhang Zongyu, King of Yuwo Zhang Yujue Yong Wang Gong Deshu, Zun Wang Lai Man-kwong , King Lu Ren Zhu , King Wei Li Yuntai Etc., with The Taiping Army Contact with each other, whereabouts Drift about , elusive. The cavalry of the Nian Army galloped across the eight provinces of Anhui, Henan, Lu, Su, Hubei, Shaanxi, Jin and Zhi (Ji) for more than ten years, and the total force reached 200,000 in the peak period. In 1865, the Qing Dynasty general Prince Horqin Sin Greenqin After Zhongfu was completely wiped out, the Qing Dynasty went all out to deal with the twisters and used the Tuanlian army Hunan Army , Huai Army And a number of provincial forces, using the terrain, "painting the river to circle the land", after the east, west two twist, west twist for Zuo Zongtang So calm, east twist is Li Hongzhang Destroyed.