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State of Zhao

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One of the seven Kings of the Warring States

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State of Zhao (403 BC ^[1] - 222 BC ^[2] ), China Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period A vassal state, Seven lords of the Warring States Period One of them. It was the most powerful state in the six Eastern States in the late Warring States period Qin state A decades-long rivalry.

The King of Zhao, A surname The Zhao family. The first ancestor of Zhao godfather , for Shang Dynasty The second son of famous minister Fei Lian Ji Sheng Later, due to the successful campaign against the State of Xu, he was awarded the title of Zhao Cheng, thus becoming the Zhao family. After more than 20 generations, the Zhao family passed down to Zhao Jianzi Zhao Yang Zhao Xiangzi Zhao Wuxi . Zhao Yang broke Six secretaries of State of Jin The pattern of Zhao Wuxi They fought against the sieges of Zhi, Han and Wei, and Jian Xianglie established the territory of Zhao.

403 BC, Korea , zhao , wei Officially three families divided into Jin, King Weilie of Zhou Beginning life Zhao Lihou Zhao Ji for hou. ^[1] The capital changed several times. In 497 BC, Zhao Jianzi Establish a capital Jinyang ( Taiyuan In 451 BC, Zhao Xiangzi moved his capital to Xing (now Xingtai). ^[29] , In 423 BC, Marquis Xian of Zhao moved the capital from Geng A surname ( Hebi City ) ^{18 [19]} In 386 BC, Zhao Jinghou moved the capital Handan Handan became the capital of the State of Zhao. In 355 BC, the State of Zhao built Tan Tai and the Xin Palace in Xing, and Xing became the other capital of the State of Zhao, called the Xin Capital. ^[15]

to King Wuling of Zhao When the State of Zhao became king, it was executed A horse shot in a Hu suit He established the first organized cavalry in Chinese history. ^[3] Built along the Yin Mountain Zhao Chengcheng In 296 BC, the State of Zhongshan was destroyed. The territory reached its peak, encompassing southern Hebei Province, central Shanxi Province, and the northeastern part of Shaanxi Province, south of the Yinshan Mountains in Inner Mongolia. The State of Zhao is located in the land of the Four Wars Qin state , a South has Wei The east has the state of Qi, the northeast Yan In the north Linhu , A surname , A surname Etc. nomad The region of...

228 BC, the capital of the State of Zhao Handan It was breached by the Qin Army. The Zhao doctors fled north generation Stand together Zhao Dai Wang Jia Continue to resist the Qin army. In 222 BC, the Qin army attacked and destroyed Zhao Dai Wang Jia The State of Zhao was destroyed. ^[2]

Chinese name: State of Zhao
alias: zhao
Time frame: From 403 to 222 BC

metropolitan: Jinyang , xing , A surname , Handan , Sindu generation
currency: Cloth currency , White man's knife
The founding king: Zhao Lihou
The subjugated kingdom is the king: Zhao Dai Wang Jia ^{[17
]}

catalogue

▪Go to death
3territory
▪Radius
▪capital
4political
▪bureaucracy
▪The three families are divided into Jin
▪Moved the capital to Handan
▪Do not trust the capital of China
▪The princes make an alliance

▪A civil minister and a military general
▪childe
▪other
5economy
6culture
▪Cultural system
▪Ruins of Zhao State
7nation
8Military affairs

Title of a kingdom

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EDITOR

Zhao and Ying Qin have a common ancestor called flax The oldest son of a girl Evil coming His descendants were the Yin Chin family, the second son Ji Sheng The descendants were the Zhao family. Zhao, the original meaning of the "Zhao line", when King Mu of Zhou went west, to the western states to tour, King Xu Yan took the opportunity to launch a rebellion, Ji Sheng's great grandson Zoufu royal car technology, for King Mu of Zhou royal horse driving good at Zhao line, meaning that the speed is very fast and good at overtaking, a thousand miles a day, the King of Xu Yan defeated, was praised by King Mu of Zhou "Zhao line", which is one of the sources of Zhao. Queen Mu of Zhou gave Zhaocheng (now Zhaocheng County, Linfen, Shanxi Province) to Zao Fu, and Zao Fu took the fiefdom as his family name, and later the Zhao Dynasty still used its fiefdom as its state name. ^[18] ^[20-21]

history

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EDITOR

Zhao origin

The nobles of the State of Zhao came from the famous clan of Shang Dynasty Ying Clan, and were the direct descendants of King Zhou's general Ying Fei Lian (Fei Lian). First ancestor godfather He is the fourth grandson of Flyngen. The king of Zhao is Yellow Emperor Fifth grandchild Beuil After (Dafei), and the Qin royal family is the same ancestor. Boehin assisted Yu the Great Control the water and be destroyed Emperor Shun Grant as A surname Their tribe is the Won clan.

Xia Dynasty In the last years, he was the great-great-grandson of the second son of Boyi, Ruomu Feichan Abandoned summer investment, for Tang of Shang He drove a car, assisted Shang Tang to destroy Xia and establish Shang, and became a hero of Shang Dynasty. The tribe with the surname of Ying became the nobility of the Shang Dynasty and assisted the Shang Dynasty for generations.

At the end of the Shang Dynasty, King Wu of Zhou The King Zhou, the tribe of the victorious clan Evil coming Together with his father, Li Lian, he served King Zhou and was arrested after the evil came King Wu of Zhou Killed. King Wu of Zhou After the death of the young King Cheng of Zhou Take the throne, son of King Zhou Wu Geng Take the opportunity to stir things up Three prison chaos The Won Clan is involved. Lily also has a son named Ji Sheng . Ji Shengsheng Muang Zeng . Meng Zeng has a favor King Cheng of Zhou He is the house gaol . The Wolf lives in the house A surname . Heng Fusheng godfather .

Enfeoffing Zhao Cheng

In ancient times, there were family names and family names divided into two. The surname is the emblem of a large clan clan group, and the name is the symbol of a small clan branch separated by the surname. The combination of surnames into one did not begin until the Qin and Han Dynasties. Notes on the Geographical Records of Han Shu and Shuo Wen Jie Zi Shao Hao For the surname won. Yin is a different word for Yan, and it is homophonic, so Yin is Yan. Xiao Hao's first to swallow (black bird) Totem Therefore, he became the ancestor of the family name. The ancestors of the Zhao people A surname (after Shaohao), Zhao (after Zhaocheng), assisted Yin Shang from generation to generation.

King Wu attacked King Zhou and they rose together. The Ying clan, which was close to the Yin Shang, went into decline, especially the Ying clan, which was rejected by the Zhou royal family because of its foolish loyalty to King Zhou. Evil Lai died in battle, lost the throne of the patriarch, under the arrangement of the Zhou royal family, evil Lai's brother Ji Sheng To be the master of the clan. Ji Sheng's great-grandson godfather good A surname According to legend, the father was King Mu of Zhou, because he helped Zhou to pacify King Xu Yan The rebellion was sealed by Zhao Cheng, and Zhao was later named as his family. paternity A surname , nephew A surname ( Evil coming Be good at breeding horses. On the recommendation of the created father, the Zhou royal family ignored past grievances and used guilty ministers Evil coming After that, he was sealed in the 汧 river. Weihe River Between managing horses. Elder Luosun A surname Doctor Feng, Qin Zhong's son Zhao Qi is the Duke of Qin Zhuang, so Qin Zhao zong. Later, Zoufu VI Sun Aifu saved King Xuan of Zhou The Battle of the Thousand Acres His son uncle belt for Zhou dynasty scholar, because of dissatisfaction King You of Zhou The fatuous, left the king of Zhou, served Marquis Wen of Jin . From then on, Zhao settled in the State of Jin and gradually became a famous family.

The martyrs of Jane Hsiang

In July 497 BC, Fan, the most powerful man in the State of Jin, Nakayuki , besieging the Zhao clan, Zhao Jianzi Fleeing to Jinyang to avoid disaster, Jinyang City was then surrounded. In November, Zhi, Han, Wei three military bong Duke Ding of Jin The order to attack the Fan family, Zhongxing family. However, because Fan and Zhongxing were too powerful, Zhi, Han and Wei were defeated by Fan and Zhongxing. Fan, the line of the family decided to attack the Duke of Jin Ding, the following offense, and finally suffered the desertion.

The war continued until 490 BC, when Fan and Zhongxing, who had been the most powerful in the state of Jin, became increasingly disadvantaged, unable to gain a foothold in the state of Jin, and abandoned the city and fled The State of Qi . The civil war of the State of Jin that lasted for nearly 8 years ended, and the pattern of the six secretaries of the State of Jin was finally broken.

In 454 BC, Zhibo The rate of Korea Wei two family siege Jinyang (now South Jinyuan Town, Taiyuan City), Zhao Xiangzi Hold the city and send the Chancellor Zhang Mengtan Instigate Han and Wei to destroy Zhi together. In 453 BC, the three families of Zhao, Wei and Han divided the territory of the Zhi family. From then on, until 228 BC, when Handan was captured, the territory of the State of Zhao was roughly northern and central Shanxi Province, western and southern Hebei Province, and south of Yinshan Mountain in Inner Mongolia.

After the death of Zhao Xiangzi, his brother Jo Hwanzi Make yourself king. After the death of Huan Zi, Xiang Zi's brother Zhao Bolu The grandson Zhao Huan is for Zhao Xianzi . The son of a sacrifice Nationality of Zhao And then the succession, that is Zhao Lihou He was the founding king of Zhao. In 403 BC, Zhao Lihou He divided Jin with Han and Wei to establish the State of Zhao.

A horse shot in a Hu suit

See also: A horse shot in a Hu suit , Zhao's battle against Zhongshan

King Wuling of Zhao

It was annexed by Qi in 284 BC State of Song After being unanimously opposed by the nations, Yan, Zhao, Qin, Wei, Han five states worship Yue Yi For the general, the great defeat of the state of Qi. The state of Qi suffered a heavy blow from the attacks of the five states. Although the state was barely restored, its strength was greatly weakened and it never recovered from it. Zhao defeated its biggest rival Qi in the east.

At the same time, King Zhao Wuling, humiliated by his defeat in the battle with Zhongshan, held a five-day reign at Xingong (now Xingtai), and boldly promoted the change of customs and customs, and selected elite crossbow cavalry. Began a far-reaching campaign across the country A horse shot in a Hu suit Throughout the country, soldiers changed the traditional wide battle uniforms to tight and small features Hu clothing The traditional infantry-dominated army structure was changed to cavalry And crossbow soldiers as the main body of the army. Hu's mounted archery enabled Zhao to establish the first standard cavalry force in China, making Zhao the first of the six kingdoms in Guanto.

In the twelve years from 307 BC to 296 BC, the State of Zhao was conquered in the northeast Zhongshan State Northwest defeated Linhu , A surname A thousand miles of extension. In the newly opened area in the north, Yunzhong (today's Hohhot Toktuo County), Yanmen (today's Dai County) and (today's Yu County) three counties, and from Zhangjiakou in Hebei Province to Wuyuan County in Bayannaoer League in Inner Mongolia built the Zhao Great Wall.

The Kings and ministers of the State of Zhao lived in harmony with each other. Mangyoshi , A surname , Yu Qing , Yue Yi , Bill of lading , Zhao She , Lin Xiangru , Lian Po , Zhao Sheng, Li Mu Such good faces will come in many generations. The people of the State of Zhao are brave, strong, generous and sad, and there are many people, and they have learned the art of war, so they quickly became the northern military power in the middle and late Warring States period. The speed of its rise has surprised the world, and it has attracted the attention of six countries. In the middle and late Warring States period, the three Eastern powers (Wei, Qi and Chu) declined one after another, and when Qin was the only one in the world, Zhao was the mainstay and played an important role.

Rivalry between Qin and Zhao

The state of Zhao was the biggest obstacle to the state of Qin to leave the east. The ruling groups of Qin and Zhao fought each other secretly, and their diplomatic strategies became more and more fierce. King Wuling of Zhao himself disguised himself as an envoy to Qin, to investigate the terrain of Qin, intending to attack the nine Yuan to bypass Hangu Pass Defeat Qin.

King Wuling of Zhao first made his youngest son Zhao He king, but later made his eldest son the king of Daicheng, and his descendants plotted to take the throne. In 295 BC, Fu killed the Prime minister of Zhao He, Fei Yi, and fled to the Dune palace of King Wuling of Zhao (Xingtai). Wang's uncle Zhao Cheng and Li Dui surrounded the palace and killed the king, and King Wuling was trapped in the palace for more than three months and starved to death. Although King Huiwen of Zhao, the son of King Wuling, appointed Lian Po, Lin Xiangru and other competent ministers, Qin gradually overtook Zhao in reform and reform.

Credit period , Li Dui And childe into the main father palace. Li Dui want to ask Zhao Wanghe how to deal with, by Childe Cheng stop. Li Dui and Xinji sent troops to invade the palace and killed Childe Zhang and his followers.

Dune palace change Later, King Wuling of Zhao was succeeded by King Huiwen of Zhao. During this period, Zhao generals and generals came out in large numbers and defeated the Qin army several times. Mianchi and Qin after the alliance, while Qin attack Chu opportunity to attack the Kanto, seize Qi Gaotang, again hit the Kanto states, seize land. At one time in Kanto voice no two, until the cause Upper Dang Caused by an attribution problem The Battle of Changping .

King Wuling of Zhao made Qin, Return the property intact with Mianchi Meet in Mianchi County The occurrence of such major diplomatic events is the true manifestation of the mutual testing and secret rivalry between Qin and Zhao. King Zhao-hsiang of Qin, who was very influential in the world, was humiliated by the minister of Zhao, Lin Xiangru, not because he was willing to, but because of the strength of Zhao, he did not dare to make an attack. In this round of political and diplomatic contests, Qin was in a coward's skin and Zhao was in a fierce rivalry. Qin did not gain any advantage. General of the Qin School in 269 BC Hu Yang Leading tens of thousands of elite troops across the Korean border Upper party Attacking the State of Zhao 阏 and On the contrary 阏 to fight it In the middle, the Zhao army was led by Zhao She tulip Defeated.

The Battle of Changping

In 262 BC, the State of Qin attacked Han Wild King . The wild king surrendered to Qin. Korea Upper Dang Cut off from the home country. King Huanhui of Han was afraid of the Qin army, so he decided to offer Shangdang County to Qin to avoid the disaster of war. Shangdang county magistrate refused to surrender Qin. King Huan Hui of Han then sent Feng Ting Take over Shangdang county governor to carry out the relevant matters of Qin. Feng Ting also did not want to surrender to Qin. In order to avoid strengthening Qin and using Zhao's forces against Qin, he donated a county to Zhao. King Xiaocheng of Zhao Accepted. Feng Ting Huayangjun At the same time, he still served as the county governor of Shangdang, and sent the plain king Zhao Sheng to lead fifty thousand Zhao troops to receive Shangdang. In 261 BC, the State of Qin attacked Han and severed the ties between Shangdang County and mainland Korea.

In April 261 BC, the State of Qin sent Wang 龁 to lead an army to attack Shangtang with the intention of annexing it at one stroke. Lian Po Led 200,000 soldiers to rescue the party. At that time, most of the land of Shangdang had been captured by the Qin army. Feng Ting led the remnants to join Lian Po's army.

In the first encounter between the Qin army (Wang 龁) and the Zhao army (Lian Po), the Qin army forward beheaded General Gu Zhao. After the initial battle was unfavorable, the Zhao army held the defense line of Kongcangling. The Qin army attacked and broke through the defensive line and captured the strong fortress of the Zhao army. Zhao's army was forced to retreat in the direction of Changping, and built a long defense on the Danhe line west of the Stone Great Wall. The Qin army again attacked the Zhao army position. The Zhao army was defeated and held the Bailishi Great Wall. The Great Wall was built on the watershed between Danzhu Ridge and Maanshan Valley, and the southern slope facing the Qin Army was precipitous. The bottom of the Great Wall is 4 meters wide, with a fortress in the interval, stretching hundreds of miles according to the mountain, only in the middle of a natural pass called the Pass, which is the only way for the north-south traffic, building a gate and the Great Wall.

The Zhao army deployed defenses along the whole line of the Great Wall Defect pass As a key defensive area. From a commanding position to defend against the Qin army. The Qin army's attack was defeated, and the Zhao army left the Great Wall for a decisive battle. Zhao refused to fight. Under the command of Lian Po, the Zhao army successfully held back the Qin army's offensive.

For months, the Qin offensive had made no progress because of the logistical strain of the long supply lines. In order to reverse the situation, Qin used Zhao to send an envoy Xianyang The chance of peace talks, friendly to Zhao, other vassal states afraid of Qin Zhao peace is disadvantageous to their own dare not support Zhao; Simultaneous use Stratagem of sowing discord among one's enemies , in Handan Spread rumors: "What Qin hates, he only fears. horseclothes Zhao Kuo took the ear, Lian Po easily, and surrendered." The young king of Zhao Xiaocheng was angry with Lian Po's army for many casualties, but he did not dare to fight after repeated defeats, and rumors were everywhere, which added fuel to the fire. Therefore, the king of Zhao tried to overcome the opposition and replaced the general with his favorite young general Zhao Kuo Ma Fujun, a famous Zhao general Zhao She His son) replaced Lian Po as the supreme commander of the Changping front.

In the summer of 260 BC, Zhao Kuo took over the Changping front with 450,000 Zhao troops. Qin learned of the news and secretly dispatched Wu Anjun Bai Qi Arriving at Changping to take over command of the Qin army from Wang 龁. After arriving at the front, Zhao Kuo immediately changed the original military deployment and defensive strategy and replaced a large number of middle and junior officers, shrinking his troops and preparing to take the initiative to attack, in an attempt to annihilate the Qin army in the first world war and recover the Shangtang.

Based on Changping on the east bank of the Dan River, Bai Qi built a main position of 18 kilometers long along the natural hills on the east bank of the Dan River, and the right wing extended to the north bank of the East River of Xiaocang to resist the attack of the main force of the Zhao army. Another 25,000 men were arranged to cut off Zhao's retreat from the Stone Great Wall after the decisive battle began; Another 5,000 cavalry blocked the contact between the Zhao army remaining at the Stone Wall and the main Zhao army.

Zhao Kuo With little knowledge of the Qin army, he commanded the main force to attack the Qin army troops stationed in front of the Guiguan. According to Bai Qi's order, Qin army faked defeat soon after the battle, fled along the avenue straight to Changping, and lured the main Zhao army in pursuit to the preset battlefield. Unaware of the scheme, Zhao Kuo commanded the whole army to storm the Qin army positions and inflict heavy casualties on the Qin army, but the Qin army stubbornly resisted and the Zhao army could not break. By this time, the main Zhao army was 12 km away from Guiguan. The 25,000 Qin troops on the north bank of the XiaoDongcang River suddenly attacked and occupied it Hanwangsan And cut off Zhao's retreat. Five thousand cavalry troops also moved in front of Guiguan, so that the Zhao army remaining in Guiguan dared not support. Zhao Jun is completely divided into two sections. The main thrust of the Zhao attack lost logistical support, and the Qin army seized the favorable situation and attacked the Zhao army from both wings. The Zhao army fought separately, but could not win, and was compressed by the Qin army in the position of the Qin defensive barriers Junggyeong Leng A low valley sandwiched with Han Wang Mountain.

In the face of the sinister battle, Zhao Kuo ordered the troops to build defenses in place and wait for reinforcements. The Qin army took advantage of the situation to encirclement the Zhao army in the valley. The news of Zhao Jun's encirclement reports Handan . Zhao Xiaocheng king will Vertical integration To resist Qin, the emissaries sought help from neighboring states such as Chu and Wei. However, since Zhao's emissaries came to Xianyang and negotiated with King Zhaoxiang of Qin, Vassal state Unwilling to save Zhao. King Zhao Xiaocheng had to send his own troops to the Changping front to help. On the Qin side, knowing that the main force of the Zhao army had been encircled, King Zhaoxang arrived personally Hanoi-ken All the county people were given the rank of Lord, and all the men over 15 years old in the county were ordered to go out to support the Changping front and block the Zhao reinforcements, and the besieged Zhao army could not get help. In September, after being trapped for 46 days, Zhao Kuo was shot by Qin troops while breaking out of the siege. The Zhao troops were wounded and starved and could no longer fight, so they had to surrender. The Qin army captured nearly 400,000 Zhao troops, with more than half of their own casualties.

The Qin army was worried about the surrender of nearly 400,000 soldiers. Bai Qi falsely promised that he would bring the strong soldiers back to Qin, while the old, the weak, the disabled and the young would be released to Zhao. Zhao did not doubt it. After that, he ordered the Qin soldiers to wrap their heads in white cloth and said, "Anyone who does not have a white cloth on his head is a Zhao and should be killed." The State of Zhao did not prepare for the soldiers and had no instruments. 400,000 Zhao troops, all in one night. The history says that at that time, "the blood flow was gurgling, and the water of the Yang Valley became Dan, and the number is Dan water." Only 240 young Zhao soldiers were released by the Qin army to spread panic and deter Zhao Shandong six kingdoms . Bury and kill Zhao The news reached the state of Zhao, and throughout the country, "children cry for their father, fathers cry for their son, brothers cry for their brother, brothers cry for their brother, ancestors cry for their grandchildren, wives cry for their husband, and the streets are filled with cries of pain." ^[16]

Battle of Handan

unrequited The Battle of Changping However, more than half of the soldiers were killed and more food and grass were consumed, and Qin could not continue to attack Handan and destroy Zhao. And soldiers for years of war, morale is low, the front is too long supply difficulties. In addition, the newly occupied territory is not popular, and there is a possibility of rebellion at any time. Han Wei and Chu were ready to move, and their flanks were quite insecure (which is why Qin was defeated later). Therefore, Qin accepted Zhao's offer to cede territory and Sue for peace.

However, Zhao's differences widened over the territory. In the end, the king of Zhao decided not to honor the peace treaty and instead prepared for war. King Zhaoxiang of Qin Furious, he attacked Zhao with the army of the whole country. Battle of Handan Eruption.

In 259 BC, in the first month of the sixth year of King Xiaocheng of Zhao, the Qin army gathered about 500,000 troops and divided them into three routes. On the left, Sima Terrien led an army to attack Zhao's Taiyuan and take it, so as to restrain Zhao's main forces in the north from advancing south. On the right, about 100,000 troops were sent to Nanyang to resist the Wei and Chu allied forces; The Middle Route army, about 300,000 men, went straight to Zhao's Handan. In July and August, Zhao's Wu 'an and Pilao, two of Zhao's only reliable strategic shields, were breached by Qin. The following October Qin encircled Handan.

From January to August in the 48th year of King Zhaoxiang of Qin, the State of Zhao adopted the strategy of fortifying the wall and clearing the field, abandoning the field war Satellite town Concentrate all the defenders and food to defend the capital Handan. By this time, Zhao's elite soldiers had already arrived The Battle of Changping Most of the soldiers in Handan City were the people who had just been collected, about three or four hundred thousand people, and most of them were old people around 40 years old (40 years old in ancient times) or weak children between 13 and 18 years old. The number of young and strong soldiers was not more than 100,000, including the king of Zhao's palace guard infantry and a small number of cavalry, about 12,000 people, which formed the main force of Zhao's night and day raid on the Qin army. Guard for the general Lian Po, palace guard to lead Le, and plain king Zhao Sheng Became the de facto supreme commander of the Battle of Handan. However, Handan's lower people because of the Changping war, almost every family has lost children, bereaved husband, bereaved father, so the same enemy, sworn to defend Zhao.

With Wang Ling, the fifth official, as their general, the Qin army numbered about three hundred thousand and surrounded Handan with Wu 'an as their base. The Qin army consisted mainly of footbow soldiers, and there were many siege weapons.

In the autumn of 258 BC, in October, the five officials Wang Ling led the army to attack Handan, and the Qin archers fired hundreds of thousands of arrows at Handan, covering the infantry attack, and the infantry divided into two teams, one team shouldered the ladder, forced the Handan city wall, and the other team pushed the chong car to attack the city gate, and the Qin divided into three armies round the clock to attack Zhao capital. However, after a month, the Qin army had lost five officers and nearly 20,000 casualties in the battle, and could not stop to rest, but Handan did not take the city, so they turned to a small scale attack to capture Zhao Zhi. However, the Zhao army repeatedly sent out elite infantry and even a small number of cavalry raids on the Qin army's camp gate, which actually caused Qin to suffer casualties, but the Qin army was on guard day and night, and the soldiers were slack.

The situation of the Handan front quickly reached the hands of the king of Qin Zhaoxiang, the king of Qin Zhaoxiang was very angry, but at the same time Wu Anjun Seriously ill, can not do, but a letter urged the royal mausoleum, one side organized reinforcements. Receiving the letter, Wang Ling's army launched a second large-scale attack on the Zhao capital Handan in December, in the cold wind, but the tired Qin army suffered many casualties under the Zhao army's crossbows, and the soldiers were not successful. Zhao sent troops to attack, but Qin tens of miles, Qin disarmed troops thousands.

Handan city, cold, wounded everywhere, but the soldiers are still high morale. Mr. Pingyuan Zhao Sheng will store food and clothing in the house, spread Zhao people, and make his family rescue the wounded, General Lian Po with a armour on the city personally supervise the battle, plain king also to it. How weak Zhao soldiers, Lian Po orders the weak to stand in the city, the strong to rest in the city, every battle and rotation, and orders the good shot set and shoot Qin. During this period, Zhao's elite often left the city, and many did not return, but Qin also suffered heavy casualties.

In the first month of the 50th year of King Zhaoxiang of Qin, General Wang 龁 sent 100,000 troops and a large number of soldiers to Handan to prepare food and grass. The Emperor's Mausoleum immediately adjusted its forces and prepared to launch the third and largest attack on Handan since the attack on Zhao. It is believed that Wang Ling was aware of the king's displeasure and the foreboding of his replacement by Wang 龁. It is certain that the third attack of the King's army was quite fierce.

At this time, Handan was besieged for nearly four months, and the depletion of soldiers and food supply in the city had become a crisis, and the people's hearts were even more vulnerable in winter. However, under the leadership of Lian Po and Le Cheng, the morale of the Zhao army was still high. At the same time, the morale of the Qin army began to rise after receiving reinforcements. More than a month into the battle, the Zhao troops fought hard to resist the Qin army attack and won victory. The Qin army suffered heavy casualties and many soldiers complained. The king of Qin is not good at fighting in the mausoleum. He is relieved. Wang 龁 will take his place. Then Wang 龁 and his army attacked Handan continuously for nearly five months, but they still failed to capture it. In October, the king of Qin killed Bai Qi and returned to life Zheng Anping With an army of 50,000 to support Wang 龁. At this time, Handan City was in the most critical time, and the food had long been cut off. According to the Records of the History-The Biography of the Pingyuan King Yu Qing, it was recorded that: "Chu asked Chun Shen Jun to send troops to rescue Zhao, and Wei Xinling also dispatched Jin Bi army to rescue Zhao, but neither arrived. Qin besieged Handan, Handan was so anxious, and they fell, and the king of Pingyuan was very troubled.

Zhao Jun still unyielding resistance. At the same time, Prince Zhao Sheng's diplomatic war began to take effect, and by early December, Wei's army of 80,000 and Chu's army of 100,000 had reached the outskirts of Handan, and Qin also continued to increase Fen Cheng (Hedong) for support, and the two sides were on the verge of a major war. December of the same year, Lord Xinling Commanding the allied forces of Wei and Chu, he launched a powerful offensive against the Qin army. The Wei army attacked the west, the Chu army attacked the east, and the Zhao army should be inside. The Qin army was attacked on three sides and collapsed on all fronts. Wang 龁 led the main force of the Qin army to retreat hundreds of miles to the west, only to breathe a little into Fen Cheng. The Qin army of Zheng Anping garrison in the south of Handan city, about 20,000 men, was heavily besieged by Zhao troops. Zheng Anping department away from the main force, food and grass cut off, broke out of the siege hopeless, had to the whole army to Zhao. The allied forces of the three countries took advantage of the victory to attack Fen Cheng, Qin Army was defeated, forced to withdraw to Hexi, Jiahe confrontation. The allied forces took advantage of the momentum to recover six hundred miles of land east of the river, its great shock.

After the Battle of Handan, the strength of Zhao declined rapidly, and it was no longer able to compete with Qin for hegemony. From then on, no one of the six Eastern States could stand alone against Qin. The Warring States entered the era when the princes joined forces to fight against the Qin.

Temporary revival

Situation map of late Warring States period

After the Battle of Changping and the Battle of Handan, Zhao's power and position plummeted. Lian Po After the defeat of Zhao, he was re-appointed Prime minister by the King of Zhao and named King Xinping, and defeated the Yan army in the 15th year of King Xiaocheng of Zhao. Sixteen years around Yandu; Twenty-one years take Wei Fanyang. Later, he fled to Wei because of the incident, and then transferred to Chu as a general, and led the army to fight because the Chu soldiers were not as good as the Zhao soldiers, the battle was not successful, and he died of depression in Shouchun, and died of thinking about Zhao. Pang 煖 after Lian Po left, face Qin state Yan's attack resolutely provoked the beam of Zhao. Three years of mourning King Xiang of Zhao, Yan invaded Zhao, Pang 煖 led the army to arrive. At Changshan Dongyuan battle Yan Army. In this battle, the Zhao soldiers used strong crossbows and suffered heavy casualties. The Yanjun are all disadvantageous. Retreat, meet Li Mu. And withdraw, meet Pang 煖. Rout. More than 20,000 Yan soldiers were killed in the battle, and the rest collapsed or surrendered to the Zhao army. Then he joined forces with Li Mu under Yan, Wusui, Fang Cheng. The king of Zhao praised him and said, "General Wuyong, Lian Po returned Zhao." Four years after Zhao mourned King Xiang, Pang 煖 commanded five hundred thousand sharp divisions from Zhao, Chu, Wei and Yan to attack Qin. King Mourning Xiang of Zhao six years, Emperor Chang 'an of Qin Chengd He led an army to attack Zhao, then rebelled, and King Dao-hsiang of Zhao was appointed d «, to rao, to d «

King Zhao Youmiao Three years, General Qin Hwan 齮 He led the army east out of the Shangtang, crossed the Taihang Mountains and penetrated the rear of the state of Zhao, captured Chili and Yi 'an (southwest of present-day Pingcheng in Hebei Province), and posed a serious threat to the Zhao capital Handan. Li Mu led his army to the south and commanded the entire Zhao army to fight the Qin army. Li Mu led the main border army and Handan sent Zhao army after the rendezvous Eyen Confrontation with Qin troops nearby. He believes that the Qin army has won a series of victories, the morale is very high, such as rushing to fight, the potential to win. He then adopted the policy of building a fortress, avoiding a decisive battle, waiting for the enemy to become tired and waiting for an opportunity to counterattack, and refused to fight. Huan 齮 thinks that Lian Po used to resist the king 龁, and Li Mu also uses this tactic now; The Qin army is far away, and the disadvantage will last. He led the main force to attack Feixia in an attempt to induce Zhao's army to come to his aid, and when he broke away from the camp, he destroyed him in the movement. Li Mu understood the situation of the enemy and was unmoved. When General Zhao proposed to rescue Fatty Xia, he said, "The enemy attacked and I saved, it is to people", which is "against the military."

After the main Qin army went to fertilizer, the remaining troops in the battalion were weak; And because Zhao army had been on the defensive for many days and refused to fight, Qin Army was accustomed to it and was not on the alert. Li Mu Then took the opportunity to seize the Qin army camp, captured all the remaining Qin army and baggage. Judging that Huan 齮 would surely be rescued, Li Mu deployed a force to block the enemy from the front, and placed the main force on the two wings. When the front Zhao army came into contact with the retreating Qin army, immediately commanded the Zhao army on both wings to carry out a pincer attack. After fierce fighting, more than 100,000 Qin troops were all wiped out. Huan 齮 only broke out of the siege with a small number of his own troops and fled to Yan for fear of crime.

247 BC Lord Xinling He led the allied forces of the five States to destroy Qin outside the river, Zhao also participated. Then, Yan Year of dispatch Yue Yi attested dramatin For the handsome, led the army to attack Zhao, Zhao General Li Mu , Pang Non Resistance, big break Yan army, drama died by suicide. After defeating Yan, Pang Nuan organized the allied forces to attack Qin Lord of Chunshen For cool. The five nations allied forces and the Qin Army Tongguan (a county in Henan Province) Nearby and Lv Buwei Decisive battle, General Qin Wang Jian It is suggested to attack the farthest Chu army first, the Chu army heard and fled, and the four countries allied forces retreated. There was no further major fighting until 229 BC.

Go to death

In 229 BC, Qin attacked Zhao. King Zhao Youmiao send Li Mu , Simachan Lead the army to resist. Qin will use Stratagem of sowing discord among one's enemies Make King Youmu kill Li Mu and Sima Shang. Qin General Wang Jian So led the army to attack Zhao, breakthrough Jingxing County Mouth. In 228 BC, he captured Handan and captured King Youmiao of Zhao.

The fleeing officials of the state of Zhao made Zhao Jia king, and he was king for six years. In 226 BC, he joined forces with the Yan army to fight against the Qin army in the west of Yishui. After the defeat, King Yan handed over Prince Dan. In 222 BC, the Qin army marched towards the Dynasty and was destroyed Zhao Dai Wang Jia At this point, the state of Zhao collapsed. ^[2]

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EDITOR

Radius

At the beginning of the founding of the State of Zhao, the territory of the state of Zhao included today's north-eastern and south-central Shanxi Province, south-central Hebei Province, north-eastern Shaanxi Province, the western corner of Shandong Province and the northern tip of Henan Province. It is bounded by Yishui to the north, Yinshan to the northwest, Han, Wei and Wei to the south, Wei and Han to the west, and the ancient Yellow River to the east. ^[18] ^[22]

At the beginning of the founding of the Zhao family, Zhao Xiangzi implemented the strategy of northward as soon as he ascended the throne, and gradually annexed most of the Dairong lands and began to manage the area. ^[4] In the early Warring States period, the State of Zhao did not expand its territory and basically continued the pattern of territory in the late Zhao Xiangzi period. During the reign of Zhao Jinghou, Zhao, Han and Wei divided Jiang and Quwo, the capital of Jin, between them, and the territory of Zhao expanded slightly. During the reign of Marquis Zhao, the State of Zhao exchanged Zhongmou, its old capital, with Yuci (now Yuci in Shanxi), Yangyi (now northeast of Taigu in Shanxi) and Fushui in the north of the State of Wei. ^[23] At this time, the southern border of the state of Zhao changed. After King Wuling of Zhao took the throne, he first destroyed the state of Zhongshan and incorporated it into the territory of the State of Zhao, then continued to expand to the west and north, successively capturing the Hu lands such as Linhu and Loufan, and expanding to Yunzhong, Daijun, Yanmen and other counties, that is, today's northwest Shanxi, the area south of Yin Shan in Inner Mongolia, and the area around Yu County in Hebei Province. The State of Zhao achieved the conditions that could threaten Xianyang, the capital of Qin, from the north to the south. ^[18] ^[24]

In the fourth year of King Xiaocheng of Zhao, after Zhao captured Shangdang County of Han, Qin captured Wu 'an (present Wuan City in Handan, Hebei Province) and Piliao (present Laozhai village in the northeast of Yicheng County, Shanxi Province) of Zhao in the second year, three years later, Qin captured more than 20 counties in the south of Zhao, by the 18th year of King Xiaocheng of Zhao (248 BC). Yuci and other thirty-seven cities of the state of Zhao were also incorporated into the territory of Qin. Two years later, Jinyang (now Taiyuan in Shanxi Province), the old capital of the state of Zhao, was transferred to Qin. During the reign of King Dao-hsiang of Zhao, the State of Qin successively captured Ye Di (present Linzhang, Hebei Province), 阏 He (present Heshun, Shanxi Province), 橑 Yang (present Zuoquan County, Shanxi Province), Anyang (present northernmost area of Anyang, Henan Province) and other places of the State of Zhao. Wucheng (present Dezhou in Shandong Province), Chili (present Pingan Village in the southwest of Gaocheng in Hebei Province), Pingyang (present Yicheng County in Linfen City, Shanxi Province), Wolmeng (present Yangqu County in Taiyuan, Shanxi Province), Powu (present Cixian county in Hebei Province), and Junye (present Anyang in Henan and Linzhang in Hebei Province) were successively captured, and finally Handan was captured. ^[18] ^[24]

241 BC

capital

The three selected capitals of the state of Zhao: the initial capital Jinyang (southwest of Taiyuan), then moved to Zhongmu (west of Hebi), and then moved to Handan (Handan). ^[5]

In 497 BC, Zhao Jianzi went to Jinyang (Taiyuan), which later became the capital of Zhao. About 451 BC, Zhao Xiangzi moved the capital to Xing. About 30 years later, in 423 BC, Zhao Xianhou moved his capital to Zhongmou, which is now the Hebi Mountain area in Henan Province. In 386 BC, Zhao Jinghou moved his capital to Handan, and Handan became the capital of Zhao. In 375 BC, Zhao Jinghou died and was succeeded by his son Zhao Chenghou. In 355 BC, the State of Wei offered the best rafters to the state of Zhao, and the State of Zhao used these rafters to build a sandalwood platform in Xing and build the Xin Palace. Xing also became the other capital of the State of Zhao, and the State of Zhao often made alliances with the princes in the Xin Palace, so Xing was given a new name -- Xin Capital. ^[15] In the late Qin and early Han Dynasties Open ears , Chen Yu Under the auspices of the descendants of Zhao Zhao Xie Be rehabilitated ^[30] After the restoration of Zhao's state, Xindu (Xingtai) was still the capital.

political

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EDITOR

bureaucracy

The State of Zhao practiced a bureaucratic system under a centralized monarchy. The monarch is the head of state and supreme military commander. Civil and military officials were appointed by the monarch, prefectures and counties were set up locally, and prefectures or county magistrates were appointed by the central government as local administrators. It is a pyramid-shaped system of state administration. The central civil official system, with the prime minister as the head, has divisions, imperial history, internal history, doctor, pedestrian, field officials, etc.; The military attache system has generals as its leaders, commanding generals, state lieutenant-generals, lieutenant-generals, capital lieutenant-generals and so on. In the education system, there are education officials who teach the monarch, prince, prince, Fu, Bo Wen, Si Guo, Zuo Shi and so on. There are also clerical officials who serve the royal family. ^[25]

The state of Zhao was born out of the State of Jin, and the excessive power of the official officials led to the weakness of the duke of Jin, which was the main reason for the collapse of Jin. The centralization of the state of Zhao not only gave full play to the intellectual role of the official, but also ensured the absolute dominance of the Zhao public office, thus establishing an official system of hereditary aristocracy and bureaucracy in parallel. The official employment system of the State of Zhao can be roughly divided into four points: ^[26]

The first is the selection and appointment of officials, there are seven ways of recommendation, self-recommendation, recruitment, merit, dear noble, shade son, lucky to advance; The second is to cancel the official's salary, and the officials enjoy different salaries according to their grades, including food, coins or bounties. For example, after the king of Zhao appointed Zhao Kuo, he gave him rich gifts of gold and silk. ^[27] The nobles and some of the officials of the Zhao principalities also owned fiefdoms, and the tax revenue generated by the fiefdoms was much higher than the salary. For example, Zhao Sheng, the king of Pingyuan, had considerable fiefdoms, which could support 3,000 visitors. The third is the assessment of officials, Xunzi described, based on political education, correct the legal system, listen to opinions and assessment, in order to measure the achievements of officials, to assess the reward, which is the "phase" responsibility. ^[28] It can be seen that the phase is the general responsible person in charge of the assessment of officials. The assessment of officials is based on the unit of the year, and the reward and punishment are based on their good or bad. Fourth, aristocracy and bureaucracy coexist. The State of Zhao strictly controlled the usurpation of officials from the public office, and the nobles of the public office always dominated the major strategic decisions of the State of Zhao, which hindered the effective operation of the official system of the State of Zhao. If King Wuling of Zhao wanted to carry out the reform of Hu-wearing and horse-shooting, he could not carry it out without Childe Cheng's approval. Yu Qing, Lin Xiiru, and Zhao Kuo's mother had little opinion on whether to accept the Shang Party of Korea, whether to replace Lian Po with Zhao Kuo, and whether to Sue for peace from the Qin state or ask for aid from the vassals. King Zhao Xiaocheng trusted Prince Pingyuan, Zhao Yu and other nobles, which eventually led to the defeat of Changping. ^[26]

The three families are divided into Jin

See also: The three families are divided into Jin

Moved the capital to Handan

See also: Zhao Jinghou , Zhaowangcheng ruins , The old city of Zhao Handan

At the beginning of his accession to the throne, Zhao Jinghou, with his foresight, urged the relocation of the capital to Handan (Handan), laying a foundation for the realization of Zhao's strategy of advancing north. ^[6] After that, Zhao Jinghou passed the right Wei A series of wars of the State of Wei actively expanded outward and further consolidated the position of the capital Handan.

Do not trust the capital of China

Zhao Chenghou 20 years (355 BC) "Wei Rong Rafter, because of the thought of Dantai", Zhao Chenghou set Xing (Xingtai) as the letter capital, built a Dantai and letter palace. As the dual capital system of Zhao, Xinduu played an important role. In the Battle of Zhao and Wei, Handan was lost for three years. Based on Xinduu, Zhao regained the capital without ceding territory and signed the Zhangshui Alliance with Wei. Li Gongxu's "Zhao Records" cloud: "Zhao Xiaocheng king made Dantan, there is a palace, for the other capital of Zhao, to the vassal, so it is called the Xin capital. (Note: King Xiaocheng of Zhao was to further strengthen the position of Xindu, which was originally built by Zhao Chenghou). Zhao Wuling king had many times in the palace and ministers to discuss the state affairs, "Records of the Grand Historian" records nineteen years, the first month of the great court of the palace, called fat Yi and discuss the world, five days after the end, then ordered the Yi Hu dress, change the military system, the national policy of the horse shooting, Hu dress.

The princes make an alliance

In the seventeenth year of Zhao Chenghou (358 BC), Zhao Chenghou and King Hui of Wei Zaigsin Meetings or alliances held in ancient China . ^[7]

In 356 BC, Marquis Zhao made an alliance with the states of Qi and Song at Pinglu, and with the States of Yan at Adi. ^[8-9]

A civil minister and a military general

The civil minister of the State of Zhao
general	Zhao She	Pang Non	Lian Po	Li Mu
	Raku Vehicle	Simachan	Jia Yan	Zhao Kuo
	Threo ray	Wang Rong	Fu Bao	Zhao Jia
	Hu Fen	Zhao Onion	Yan Ju
Civilian official	Mangyoshi	Xu Li	Yu Qing	Lin Xiangru
	Suday	毛遂	Hanchang	Gongsunlong
	hydragogue	Yao Jia	A surname	Weiga
	Louchang

childe

other

Bamboo shoot condition
Guo Kai
Li Tong
Open ears
Chen Yu

economy

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EDITOR

The State of Zhao has abundant land resources: Hetao Plain, North China Plain, Datong Plain and Taiyuan Basin are suitable for agricultural production, especially the North China Plain formed by the alluvial Yellow River, with flat terrain, a thousand miles of fertile land and abundant water sources. The territory of the State of Zhao has a large span between the north and the south, and the temperature difference is obvious, which is suitable for the growth of various crops. Under the influence of complex and diverse land resources and climatic conditions, the economic development of Zhao showed diversified characteristics. Agriculture, animal husbandry, handicrafts and commerce all developed to different degrees and played an important role in the whole social and economic life. ^[10]

During the period of Zhao Jianzi, Zhao Jianzi carried out the reform of expanding mu system and reducing taxes to stimulate agricultural production, which laid the foundation for the three families' division into Jin and the founding of Zhao. The agriculture of the State of Zhao adopts the intensive cultivation method for production, and attaches importance to the technology of deep ploughing, medium hoeing, fertilizer accumulation and fertilization. The Zhao rulers have adopted a two-harvest system. By the middle of the Warring States period, Zhao had become an important agricultural region. ^[10]

During the reign of King Zhao Xiaocheng, monetary reform was implemented in Shiyi (present-day Hebei Province) Deer Spring In the territory) casting "Shi Yi" three holes cloth currency.

Due to Zhao's emphasis on military strength and long-term neglect of the development of agriculture and internal affairs, it indirectly led to the problem of food, grass and soldiers in the long war of Zhao in the later period.

culture

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EDITOR

Cultural system

The culture of Zhao inherited many factors of Ji and Zhou. During the Warring States period, the feudal lords fought with each other, which gradually destroyed the original monopoly of Zhou culture, and the culture of each region began to change in a trend of "localization". After the Warring States Period, this situation was more obvious, but Zhao culture still retained more factors of Zhou culture.

Warring states script

The characters of the Warring States period can be roughly divided into five systems according to the region: the eastern Qi system, the Northeast Yan system, the southern Chu system, the northern Jin system and the western Qin system, the Zhao State belongs to the northern Jin system. Since the text of each system is generally similar, only a small part of the text is different. Therefore, the correspondence between Zhao's documents and other vassal states did not have much problem.

The State of Zhao borders on the nomadic nations of Linhu, Loufan, Donghu, Yiqu, Kongtong, Zhongshan, etc. There are a large number of Hu people and their descendants among the people, and the Hu culture is deeply rooted in the state of Zhao.

Ruins of Zhao State

The old city of Zhao Handan

Handan ancient city includes Zhao Wangcheng And the Great North City two parts. Zhaowangcheng is the ruins of Zhaodu palace city, divided into east, west and north three cities, the plane is "goods" shape. On the ground of the city, there are well-arranged rammed earth platforms such as the Dragon platform and the north and south will platform, and there are broad rammed earth foundation sites underground, showing the basic appearance of urban architecture in the early feudal society of China. Ruins of workshops, ironmaking and pottery kilns were found in Great North City.

Zhao Wang Mausoleum

The Mausoleum of King Zhao is located Hebei (Province) Handan County Northwest junction with Yongnian District, Purple Son The hilly area of the eastern foot, 20 kilometers from the urban area of Handan, belongs to the territory of Sanling Township, there are 5 more concentrated hills, they are only 2 to 3 kilometers apart, of which, in the territory of Handan County a total of three tombs, from east to west numbered 1, 2, 3; The other two are in Yongnian District, numbered 4 and 5, they are the imperial mausoleum of the State of Zhao, one of the seven males in the Warring States period of China, called the Zhao Royal Mausoleum, which is a national key cultural relic protection unit Hebei Province The oldest royal tomb in China. This mausoleum is built on the mountain, the momentum is magnificent, although after more than 2300 years of wind and rain erosion and social man-made damage, the ground building only ruins and broken bricks and tiles, but its entire mausoleum platform, mausoleum seal, tomb platform, God Tao and other preservation is very complete.

Handan Road

Handan Road (commonly known as Chuancheng Street ), located in Handan City Cluster region . It is the central avenue of ancient Handan City, yes First Emperor of Qin My hometown. Martial arts Pavilion, Jade Emperor Pavilion, Memorial Hall of the birthplace of Qin Shihuang ( Zhujiaxiang , Hometown of the First Emperor of Qin ), Xunzi's hometown , Lin Xiangru Return lane , Lin Xiangru's palace, General's Palace, walkway , Cixi Palace, Hanshan Academy Zhang Guoyan Temple, former residence of Wang Qintang, Zhao Que, Mosque, Bank of Hebei Old sites, cavalry statues and other cultural landscape.

The martial spirits cluster together

Wuling Congtai is an ancient city Handan The symbol of one of China's 100 famous gardens. Centrally located Congtai Park Inside. The martial spirits cluster together Rebuilt in the Qing Dynasty, legend is the Warring States King Wuling of Zhao The period (325 BC - 299 BC) was the place where the King of Zhao inspected the army and watched songs and dances, which was called "Wuling Cong Tai" in ancient times.

Yan Shigu "Hanshu Notes" said that because of the many building pavilions and "not one", so the name "Congtai" on the original bridge, snow cave, garden, makeup pavilion scenery, rigorous structure, wonderful decoration, once famous countries. The existing ancient terrace is magnificent, is the restoration of buildings since the Ming and Qing dynasties, although no longer the original appearance, but still lose the unique style of classical pavilions. It is the witness of Zhao's history and the symbol of the ancient city of Handan.

Nobumiya Dantai

Dantai, also known as Xingtai, in today Xingtai City Within, the Warring States period, Zhao Chenghou 20 years (355 years ago) "Wei Xian Rong Rafter, because of the thought of Dantai", Pei Houn "collection solution" cloud: "Xu Guang said 'Xiangguo County has Dantai'". Sima Zhen's "Soyin" cloud: "Liu's cloud 'Rong Rafter cover the place name, which has a high place, can be a platform'. That's not true. According to Rong rafter is good wood, can be used for the rafter to be decorated with glory, so Wei Xian, so Zhao because of the use of Dantan.

Zhao Chenghou extended the wood donated by the state of Wei into Dantai, "Dantai" is a kind of magnificent building in the style of a pavilion. Its lofty, magnificent spirit, each stage overlooking, the rising sun east, the vast dawn, sunrise from the ends of the earth; The sun falls west, Taihang Mountain peaks contend, but Dantai high, the sun is shining, the momentum is very spectacular. This heroic scene inspired Zhao Chenghou's ambition to become a master and establish a career, in order to express his determination and confidence to keep his word and carry out his actions. King Ling of Zhao Wu had many meetings in Tantai Xin Palace, and issued the important state policy of Hu dress and horseback shooting here.

In the Song Dynasty, there was Dantai in Longgang County, Xingzhou Longgang county Be renamed as Xingtai county This is the origin of the name of Xingtai County. Dantai (Ancient Xingtai) was built in 355 BC, 168 years earlier than Handan Congtai (built in 187 BC). In history, Dantai of Xingtai County and Congtai of Handan County were equal in name, and they witnessed the glory of Zhao State together. Dantai tablet original in Sundeokbu Next to Dongcang Lane on the west side of the Department Hall, that is, Shunde Road, the original "ancient Xingtai" inscription remains. Later, due to the widening of Shunde Road, the "ancient Xingtai" site was leveled. Dantai misty rain "Sui and Tang dynasties is a scenic, Ming and Qing dynasties is Twelve sights of Shunde Prefecture One of them.

Dune platform

The site of the Dune Palace platform is located today Hebei Province Xingtai City To the south of Daliping Village, Guangzong County, is a dune 150 meters long and 70 meters wide. The terrain of Guangzong County is flat, the soil is almost sandy, piled up everywhere into hills, so the ancient name dune. The Dune Palace is also named after it. According to historical records, this seemingly inconspicuous land is the famous "land of trapped dragons", where the mighty emperors fell down one after another and were unwilling to end their lives. Since Qin and Han Dynasties, this place has become a scenic spot. The literati and poets left a lot of poems here - "Wu Ling's regret is full of sand dunes, Zhao's famous name has ceased from now on";

During the Warring States Period, the sand dune was the territory of the State of Zhao, and the king of Zhao set up an official here. In 298 BC, the emperor of Zhao Wuling, a man of great talent and great skill, was passed down to his young son, King Zhao Huiwen, and assumed the title of Lord father. Since then, Zhao master father, idle Nobumiya (Xingtai) and Dune Palace (Xingtai Guangzong). His eldest son, Childe Zhang, fought for the throne with King Huiwen, raised an army, lost the army, and fled to the Dune Palace where Zhao's father lived. King Huiwen sent Childe Cheng and Li Dui to besiege the Dune Palace, kill Childe Zhang, and starve King Wuling Zhao to death in the Dune Palace.

The ruins of Bairen City

Bairen City site is located in Hebei Xingtai City Longyao County 12.5 kilometers west of Shuangbi Township Yicheng, Chengjiao two villages around. The city was founded in the Spring and Autumn period, has a history of more than 2600 years, is the second largest city of the State of Zhao during the Warring States period, is the local political, economic, military, cultural center. Now a national key cultural relic protection unit, Bairen city site is one of the best preserved ancient cities in China, according to the old records: "Spring and Autumn. King Xiang of Zhou In 17 years, Wei Hou destroyed Xing, and Wei, and then belonged to Wei. In 28 years, Duke Wen of Jin attacked Wei and took Xing, which was also a city of Jin, and was a Bai man." Thus, Bai Ren City is like the Jin Wen Gong built. In the Warring States, it was rebuilt in the first year of King Zhao's relocation. At that time, there were only two places in the State of Zhao, Handan and Bairen, where copper coins were made. This is an important symbol of the economic prosperity and commercial development of Bairen City in the Warring States period.

Yurangqiao ruins

locate Xingtai Ancient city North 5 li, for the Spring and Autumn period Yu Rang assassinate Zhao Xiangzi. In the late Spring and Autumn period, Xingtai belonged to the State of Jin. Yu Rang was from the State of Jin. Zhi Bo, the minister of the State of Jin, respected him very much and called him a state scholar. Zhi Bo failed in his campaign against Zhao Xiangzi and was defeated and killed by Zhao Xiangzi. Yu Rang said: "Scholars die for those who know themselves, and women for those who please themselves." I must avenge Zhibo." He changed his name, painted himself and swallowed charcoal, hid several times in Xingyi (Xingtai), which was assigned by Zhao Xiangzi, to assassinate Zhao Xiangzi, and the last time he hid under Yu Rang Bridge was still found by Zhao Xiangzi. Zhao Xiangzi thought that his center was the main one, took off his clothes and passed them to Yu Rang, allowing Yu to cut several times in order to satisfy his center's desire to report to the Lord, and then committed suicide. Later generations changed the stone slab bridge to Yu Rang Bridge. In the 18th year of Wanli, Zhu Gao, the governor of Xingtai County, built the temple of Yu Rang, and regarded Yu Rang as a villainous man, offering sacrifices at four hours, and scholars often reciting Yu Rang's story. Yurang Bridge has become a famous scenic spot in Xingtai. Qing dynasty poets Chen Weisong When he passed Xingzhou, he wrote a song called "Nanxiang Zi · Xingzhou Road" : "The autumn color is cold and knife, a sour wind rolls angry waves. And Ma Sanhe young guest, rough, drunk shot eagle in soap oak forest. Residual wine memory Jing high, Yanzhao sad song matter has not disappeared. Recall yesterday car sound cold easy water, today, generous also Yu let bridge."

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EDITOR

After the king of Zhao Wuling "Hu wearing horse shooting", he went to Yuzhong in the west. King Linhu offered his horse. The Sanhu has been put down, the land is a thousand miles. Set goose gate, two counties in the cloud.

King Huiwen of Zhao In twenty-six years, the Zhao Army defeated Donghu and took the land of Oudai.

In the first year of King Daoxiang of Zhao (244 BC), Zhao border general Li Mu Led the army to counter the Huns on a large scale, killing more than 100,000 Xiongnu cavalry.

Military affairs

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EDITOR

During the Warring States Period, the State of Zhao implemented County conscription system ^[11] In addition, the State of Zhao also vigorously promoted the recruitment system. The age for military service is limited to between 16, 17 and 60.

During the Warring States Period, the arms of the State of Zhao could be arranged according to the morning and evening of their appearance: chariots, infantry, cavalry and boats. Zhao's infantry, called "belt armour", was a symbol of Zhao's military strength. The cavalry of the State of Zhao was established through the reform of King Wu Ling of Zhao, "Hu wears the horse and shoots the horse". The source of the Zhao cavalry: recruited from the Zhao mainland and transformed into mounted cavalry, Sanhu cavalry, Zhao dynasty cavalry. Cavalry weapons are bows and arrows and swords. The horses in Daidi were the main source of Zhao's war horses. ^[12]

Foreign war

The State of Qi

In 283 BC, Lian Po led Zhao's army to attack Qi, penetrated into Qi and captured Yang Jin (now Henan (Province) province Dancheng (a county in Henan Province) County west, Ben Wei The territory, later belonged to Qi), the Wei banner vassal, and the state of Zhao also gradually ranked first in the six states.

In 278 BC, Lian Po attacked the State of Qi eastward and destroyed its army.

In 276 BC, Lian Po attacked and captured Qi Nine cities .

280 BC, General Zhao Zhao She Capture Machu of the State of Qi.

In 241 BC, General Zhao Pang 煖 captured the State of Qi Rao An .

274 BC, General Zhao Yanzhou Capture the State of Qi Changsong , Gao Tang (One of the five capitals in the State of Qi).

271 BC, Zhao Lin Xiangru Attack to level up Pingyi County .

In 287 BC, Zhao Liang would attack Qi.

In 286 BC, Han Xu attacked Qi.

In 282 BC, General Zhao Yue Yi Bai Wei Boyang.

In 276 BC, Lian Po attacked Wei Ji and conquered it.

275 BC, attack Wei Fang Mausoleum, Anyang Pull it out.

In 245 BC, Lian Po led an army to attack Wei Numerous Yang (now Henan (Province) Northwest of Neihuang County).

Korea

265 BC, General Zhao Bill of lading Attack South Korean notes.

Zhongshan State

Zhao Wuling king twenty years, Wang Li A surname Land, to ning Jia.

In the 21st year of King Wuling of Zhao, he attacked Zhongshan. Zhao 袑 for the right, Xu Jun for the left, Childe Zhang for the middle, Wang and generals. Jian will ride, Zhao Xi and Hu, generation. Zhao joined forces with the mountain pass of Quyang and captured Danqiu, Huayang, The stopper of an owl . Gunori 鄗, Shiyi County Fenglong, Dongyuan. A surname A surname And, the king promised, strike out.

In the 23rd year of King Wu Ling of Zhao, he attacked Zhongshan.

In the 26th year of King Wuling of Zhao, he reattacked Zhongshan, pushing the territory to Yan and Dai in the north, and to Yunzhong and Jiuyuan in the west.

In three years, King Huiwen of Zhao destroyed Zhongshan and moved his king to Fu Shi. since Yeongtho North place from, substitute Datong .

265 BC, General Zhao Bill of lading Attack the three cities.

In 265 BC, Zhao defeated Tian Dan against Yanba Zhong Yang .

In 251-250 BC, Yan Wang chose Li Abdomi as his general and attacked Zhao on two fronts. Zhao Xiaocheng Wang Ling High-ranking official Lian Po, Le ride to fight. The Yan Army was defeated, killing its general Li Belly. Enjoy taking prisoners to celebrate Qin. The Yan army retreated on both sides. Lian Po led a 500 li pursuit into Yan Jing, and the king of Yan had to cede five cities for peace.

In 249 BC, General Wuxiang attacked Yan and besieged its capital. Yan Again, five cities were ceded for peace.

In 243 BC, Zhao General Li Mu attacked Yan and Ba Wusui Square City.

In 242 BC, one hundred thousand Yan troops attacked Zhao, and Pang 煖 led an army to arrive. On the east wall of Changshan Mountain, deep gully and high fortress await Yan Army. In this battle, Zhao soldiers used strong crossbows to shoot Yan, and its casualties were very heavy. No matter the siege battle, the field Yan army is disadvantageous. Retreat, encounter Li Mu Jun. They withdrew again, met the Poniano army, and the battle was defeated. More than 20,000 Yan soldiers were killed in the battle, and the rest collapsed or surrendered to the Zhao army.

In 236 BC, Zhao attacked Yan, pulled out the cat, Yangcheng .

King Daoxiang of Zhao When Zhao attacked Yan, he captured thirty-six cities in the valley.

Qin state

In 269 BC, Qin attacked Zhao 阏 and Zhao General Zhao She led his troops to destroy Qin's army.

In 269 BC, Qin attacked Zhao Ji again, and Zhao defeated the Qin army with Lian Po.

257 BC, the Qin Dynasty The Battle of Changping They besieged Handan, the capital of Zhao, and allied with Wei and Chu to defeat the Qin army.

In 241 BC, Zhao Pang 煖 organized a joint longitudinal attack on Qin and pulled out the Shou Mausoleum.

In 233 BC, Qin attacked Zhao, Zhao general Li Mu led the division and the Qin army fought at Fei, Qin army was defeated.

In 232 BC, Qin attacked Zhao again, Zhao took Li Mu to Qin's army and defeated Qin's army at Fanwu.

Wall building

The Zhao Great Wall is the oldest surviving section of the Great Wall in China, with a history of more than 2,000 years. Warring States period zhao in Handan The Southern Great Wall built along the shores of Zhangzhou and 滏, Handan No remains have been found in the territory.

The better section is 10 kilometers from Baotou to Shiguai Road in Inner Mongolia. It was built in the 20th to 26th year of King Wuling of Zhao (306-300 BC). Stand on the earth The Great Wall Overlooking from above, you can faintly see this section from the temple, east to the village of Bian Wall Hao, west Kundurun District The ancient monuments.

society

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EDITOR

The state of Zhao went through wars and wars, and its capital was attacked several times. All this forces the Zhao people to be especially united, tolerant and good at fighting, and only in this way can they survive. On the contrary, the state of Qi is biased to Jiaodong, and there is no worry about foreign aggression, and the people are afraid of war.

diplomacy

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EDITOR

In the middle of the Warring States period, in order to deal with the alliance of Chu, Qi and Wei, the State of Zhao adopted the diplomatic strategy of "connecting Qin and Zhao and Song". ^[13] . After the Warring States period, the relationship between Qin and Zhao changed from diplomatic rapprochement to direct decisive battle. ^[14]

Imperial lineage

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EDITOR

Before the establishment of the state

Pre-national lineage
sequence	Posthumous title	name	Time in place	Number of years	remark
1	Jo Sung-ja	Zhao Shuai	Unknown - 622 BC	unknown	He was made a doctor by Duke Wen of Jin
2	Zhao Xuanzi	Zhao Dun	621 BC -- 601 BC	21	Outstanding politician and strategic conductor
3	Zhao Zhuangzi	Zhao Shuo	600 BC -?	unknown	Zhao Shuo was not executed. The records of the Grand Historian are wrong
4	Zhao Wenzi	Zhao Wu	581-541 BC	41	Yang Kuan researched the year of his establishment, and the record of the Grand Historian was wrong
5	Zhao Jingzi	Zhao Cheng	540 BC - 527 BC	14	Zhao Jingshu
6	Zhao Jianzi	Zhao Yang	526 BC - 476 BC	51	Also known as Zhifu, also known as Zhao Meng
7	Zhao Xiangzi	Zhao Wuxi	475 BC - 425 BC	51	Zhao Xiangzi was sealed in Xingtai, so Xingtai was renamed Xiangguo
8	Jo Hwanzi	Zhao Jia	424 BC	1	Zhao Xianzi independent, moved the capital to Zhongmou
9	Zhao Xianzi	Zhao Huan	423 BC - 409 BC	15	Zhao Lie Hou posthumous title for the Zhao dedication Marquis
10	Zhao Lihou	Nationality of Zhao	408 BC - 400 BC	9	403 BC was King Weilie of Zhou He was made a vassal and called Marquis of Zhao

After the founding of the state

The lineage after the founding of the country
sequence	Posthumous title	name	Time in place	Number of years	remark
1	Zhao Lihou	Nationality of Zhao	408 BC - 400 BC	9	403 BC was King Weilie of Zhou He was made a vassal and called Marquis of Zhao
2	Marquis Zhao	unknown	399 BC - 387 BC	13	remake Duke Wu of Zhao It is not really called Hou, nor more yuan
3	Zhao Jinghou	Zhao Zhang	386 BC - 375 BC	12	Moved the capital to Handan.
4	Jo Sung-ho	Zhao Zhong	374 BC - 350 BC	25	Zhao Chenghou made Xingtai the capital of faith and the capital of the state of Zhao.
5	Zhao Suhou	Zhao language	349 BC - 326 BC	24	Seize the end of the family, migration Jin Jun to stay
6	King Wuling of Zhao	Zhao Yong	325 BC - 298 BC	28	He became king in 323 BC, went to the King soon after, and ceased to be king in his life
7	King Huiwen of Zhao	Zhao He	298 BC - 266 BC	33	The yuan was changed when he ascended the throne
8	King Xiaocheng of Zhao	Zhao Dan	265 BC -- 245 BC	21	The mistaken selection of Zhao Kuo instead of Lian Po as general resulted in the annihilation of more than 400,000 Zhao troops
9	King Daoxiang of Zhao	Zhao Yan	244 BC -- 236 BC	9	He sent Li Mu to attack Yan and capture Wusui and Fang City
10	King Zhao Youmiao	Zhao Qian	235 BC -- 228 BC	8	In 228 BC, Qin destroyed Zhao, and his brother Childe Jia was taken over by Zhao doctor They all made themselves king ^[2]
11	Dai Wangjia	Zhao Jia	227 BC -- 222 BC	6	222 BC, Wang Ben Attack the generation, captives the generation Wang Jia ^[2]
(14th year of Qin Reign)
12	-	Zhao Xie	208 BC - 204 BC	4	In 208 BC, Open ears , Chen Yu He made him the king of Zhao ^[30] , Du Xin Du (now Xingtai)

Note: Zhao Xiangzi reigned from Yang Kuan History of the Warring States Period.

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