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The Big Dipper is seven bright stars in the night sky, and they form a pattern like ancient times
ladle
Hence the name of the Big Dipper.
[1-2]
[11] 10 -
The Big Dipper starts at the front of the body and goes
Bucket handle
The end, in order named alpha Ursa major, β Ursa major, γ Ursa major, δ Ursa major, ε Ursa major, ζ Ursa major, η Ursa major, ancient Han astronomers respectively called them:
Dubhe
,
Merak
,
Phecda
,
Megrez
,
Alioth
,
Mizar
,
Pan light
(Yao Guang). Among them, Tianshu, Tianxuan, Tianji, and Tianquan are composed of fighting bodies, as the ancient saying goes.
Quebec
"; Jade Heng, Kaiyang, shaking light composed of a bucket handle, the ancient saying"
scoop
"
.
[16]
In ancient Chinese myths and legends, the Big Dipper is the maker of the order of heaven and earth, and spring, summer, autumn harvest and winter collection are all coming with the Beidou.
[10]
- Chinese name
- The Big Dipper
- Foreign name
- The Big Dipper
- categorize
- asterism
- Discovery time
- The pre-Qin period
- Apparent magnitude
- 1.77-3.3
- Ground distance
- 78 light-years. -124 light-years
- lucida
- Jade Hengxing
- setting
- It changes with the seasons
catalogue
- 1synopsis
- 2Documentary record
- 3Constellation orientation
- 4astrogenesis
- ▪Three-dimensional image
- ▪Stellar motion
- ▪Seasonal indication
- 5Astronomical data
- ▪Beidou 1: Tianshu
- ▪Beidou II: Heaven Xuan
- ▪Beidou III: Guet
- ▪Beidou IV: Heavenly power
- ▪Beidou Five: Jade Heng
The Big Dipper is an important star in the northern hemisphere sky, so it is named because of the twists and turns of the seven stars. The Big Dipper consists of seven stars, Tianshu, Tianxuan, Tianji, Tianquan, Yuheng, Kaiyang, shaking light (also known as Yao light), which were also called greedy Wolf, giant gate, Lu Cun, Wenqu, integrity, Wuqu, and broken army in ancient times.
[1]
The ancient Chinese divided the stellar sky into
Three walls and twenty eight nights
The Big Dipper belongs to
Purple Micro Wall
One of the star officers. According to the Book of Jin · Tianwen records: "Shu for heaven, xuan for the ground, ji for people, power time, jade Heng for sound, Kaiyang for law, shake light for the star."
In modern astronomy, magnitude is a measure of an object's luminosity, and the smaller the star's equivalent, the brighter the star's light. Among the seven stars, "Yuheng" is the brightest, with a brightness of 1.77 magnitude, and "Tianquan" is the darkest, with a brightness of 3.31 magnitude. "Kaiyang" in the seven stars appears to be a star, but there is a small companion star near "Kaiyang", called "Fu" or "Kaiyang Zengyi".
[3]
In the western constellation division, the Big Dipper is located at the tail of Ursa Major. Currently, Western astronomy uses the Bayer nomenclature, in which the name of each star is represented by a Greek letter plus the name of the constellation, and the order of the Greek letter in the alphabet represents the brightness ranking of the star in the constellation. According to the Bayer nominature, the Big Dipper stars are called: η Ursa major, ζ Ursa major, ε Ursa major, α Ursa major, β Ursa major, γ Ursa major, delta Ursa major, where the first three stars form the handle of the big Dipper, the last four stars form the body of the big Dipper.
Diagram of the Big Dipper
According to the earliest surviving agricultural calendar in China,
Xia Xiaozheng
"The first lunar month... Doubian County under... In June, the handle of the first faint is on."
The Warring States period
Calamine star Sutra
"Record:" The Big Dipper called the seven governments, the days of the lords, also for the emperor car." The king sat on the Big Dipper to inspect the four sides, set four hours, divided into cold and summer. "
鹖 crown
The expression is more clear: "Bucket handle east refers to the world is spring; Bucket handle south refers to the world all summer; Bucket handle west refers to the world is autumn; It is winter all over the world."
In the Western Han Dynasty, the Big Dipper was officially taken as the standard star indicating 12 months, and the handle of the Big Dipper moved 30° on the celestial sphere every month. According to...
Huainan Zi · Astronomical training
"Records:" The emperor Zhang four dimensions, the movement to fight, the month migration a Chen, reverse its place, the first month refers to Yin, December refers to ugly, one year and turn, the end and the beginning." There is also a "Shiji · Tianguanshu" records: "Yin and Yang, building four times, all five elements, shift the degree, set the ji, are tied to the fight." In other words, the ancient Chinese used Beidou as a yardstick to determine the direction, season and time of day." There is a similar record in the "Sky Atlas".
The Big Dipper belongs to
The Great Bear
Part of the big bear's tail. By connecting the two stars of the Doukou (Tianshu and Tianxuan) and extending the distance about 5 times in the direction of the Doukou, the North Star is found. The star recognition song goes: "The stars first come from the Beidou, and then spread from north to west." This means that after beginners master the position of the Big Dipper, they can confirm the position of other constellations on the basis of this.
[5]
The ancient people's attention to the Big Dipper largely lies in the application of the big Dipper in identifying directions. According to the relative position of the Beidou and the North Star, you can find the North star located in the direction of true north, so there is an ancient saying, "Night look at the Beidou to know the north and the south."
[3]
[6]
[17]
In addition, on the extension line in the direction of the handle of the Big Dipper, one of the 21 brightest stars in the whole day can be found, Alpha Bootae.
The Big Dipper in the night sky
The shape of the Big Dipper is only seen when viewed from Earth, and the seven stars form a completely different pattern when viewed from other directions. In fact, the Big Dipper is just an ordinary seven stars in the Milky Way, they do not have any special relationship, and the distance between each other is very far. The celestial axis is about 124 miles from Earth
Light year
The distance from Earth is about 79 light years. So the Big Dipper we see is just a two-dimensional projection of the three-dimensional pattern of these seven stars in the direction of Earth. In order to understand the Big Dipper more deeply, it is necessary to establish a three-dimensional image model.
The appearance of the Big Dipper in the sky is constantly changing, which is the result of the star itself.
In fact, the star is also in constant motion in the universe, but because the distance between the star and the earth in a year and the distance between the star is very small, so the whole looks as if the "constant" general, the so-called "star" is from this. But in detail, the motion of the star consists of the motion of the star along the line of sight and the motion of the star perpendicular to the line of sight, the latter being called the stellar motion. The proper motion of a star is observed as a small change in the relative position of the stars, but this change is so small relative to the distance between the Earth and the star that it is hardly noticeable.
The self-motion of the Big Dipper varies, which causes them to always be in slow relative motion. Five of the stars move in the same direction at roughly the same speed, while the "sky pivot" (the first star at the mouth of the bucket) and the "shake light" (the seventh star at the mouth of the bucket) move in the opposite direction. Due to the existence of the star's own motion, the shape of Beidou will change greatly during the long cosmic transition. In about 100,000 years, the current shape of the spoon will no longer exist.
The self-motion of the Big Dipper and the change of the shape of the Big Dipper
"
鹖 crown
Recorded: "Bucket handle east refers to the world is spring; Bucket handle south refers to the world all summer; Bucket handle west refers to the world is autumn; It is winter all over the world." It means that at midnight in the four seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter, the handle of the Big Dipper will point in the four directions of southeast and northwest respectively. This phenomenon is caused by the earth's revolution.
[13]
For this phenomenon, it can be simply understood that the earth's revolution leads to different directions of the sun relative to the Earth in different seasons, so the direction and position of the stars facing people at night in different seasons are also different, thus seeing the direction of the Beidou is also different. In other words, the change of Beidou direction can be used as a representation of the earth's revolution, and the earth's revolution is the cause of the four seasons, so the change of Beidou direction can be used as a reference for seasonal changes.
This phenomenon can also be explained by the motion of the sun on the celestial sphere. The celestial sphere is an imaginary sphere centered on the observer and with a radius of infinity. All the celestial bodies are projected onto this sphere, and a "celestial sphere" is formed for studying the motions of celestial bodies. Because the magnitude of the star's motion is so small that it appears to hardly move, it can be considered that the star is "embedded" in the celestial sphere. The celestial axis is the extension of the Earth's axis of rotation, and the extension of the earth's equator intersects the large circle called the celestial equator. The Earth rotates from west to east, and when we look at the stars in the sky in our own frame of reference, we see the stars moving from east to west. We may think that this is the celestial sphere rotating from west to east around the celestial axis, and the stars embedded in the celestial sphere also move, this movement is called Sunday apparent motion. Because the sun is so close to us, it cannot be seen as "embedded" in the celestial sphere. As the Earth moves around the sun, it makes an annual apparent motion as well as a diurnal motion. The apparent annual motion of the Sun is the backward motion of the sun on the background of stars, one orbit per year. In the celestial sphere, at the same time every night, the sun is required to be in the same position relative to the observer, and the position of the sun itself relative to the background of the stars on the celestial sphere changes annually. Therefore, after the position of the sun is first determined, the position of the stars at the same time of the night in different seasons is actually different. The direction of the Big Dipper will also rotate with the Earth's orbit every year.
The Big Dipper
The Big Dipper
|
Star sign
|
Alpha Ursus Major (Armature, Arcana)
|
Right ascension (epoch J2000.0)
|
11h 03m 40.67s
|
|
Nisina
|
Dubhe (alpha Ursae Majoris)
|
Declination (epoch J2000.0)
|
+61° 45' 03.72"
|
|
Apparent magnitude
|
1.79 magnitude
|
distance
|
123.6±2.2 light-years
|
|
Absolute magnitude
|
- Level 1.10
|
luminosity
|
165.1±8.3 x luminosity of the sun
|
|
Star sign
|
Beta Ursa major
|
Right ascension (epoch J2000.0)
|
11h 01m 50.48s
|
|
Nisina
|
Merak (beta Ursae Majoris)
|
Declination (epoch J2000.0)
|
+56° 22' 56.73"
|
|
Apparent magnitude
|
2.37 Etc.
|
distance
|
79.7±0.3 light years
|
|
Absolute magnitude
|
0.61
|
luminosity
|
63.0±1.3 x luminosity of the sun
|
|
Star sign
|
Gamma Ursa Major
|
Right ascension (epoch J2000.0)
|
11h 53m 49.85s
|
|
Nisina
|
Phecda (gamma Ursae Majoris)
|
Declination (epoch J2000.0)
|
+53° 41' 41.14"
|
|
Apparent magnitude
|
2.44 etc.
|
distance
|
83.2±0.8 light years
|
|
Absolute magnitude
|
0.40
|
luminosity
|
65.255 x luminosity of the Sun
|
|
Star sign
|
Delta Ursa Major (celestial power, Wenqu star)
|
Right ascension (epoch J2000.0)
|
12h 15m 25.56s
|
|
Nisina
|
Megrez (delta Ursae Majoris)
|
Declination (epoch J2000.0)
|
+57° 01' 57.42"
|
|
Apparent magnitude
|
3.31 etc.
|
distance
|
80.5±0.3 light years
|
|
Absolute magnitude
|
1.39 etc.
|
luminosity
|
14x the luminosity of the sun
|
|
Star sign
|
ε Ursi major (Jade Heng, integrity)
|
Right ascension (epoch J2000.0)
|
12h 54m 01.75s
|
|
Nisina
|
Alioth (epsilon Ursae Majoris)
|
Declination (epoch J2000.0)
|
+55° 57' 35.36"
|
|
Apparent magnitude
|
1.77 magnitude
|
distance
|
82.6±0.4 light years
|
|
Absolute magnitude
|
-0.20 etc
|
luminosity
|
102x the luminosity of the sun
|
|
Star sign
|
Zeta Ursa major (Kaiyang, Wuqu Star)
|
Right ascension (epoch J2000.0)
|
13h 23m 55.54s
|
|
Nisina
|
Mizar (zeta Ursae Majoris)
|
Declination (epoch J2000.0)
|
+54° 55' 31.27"
|
|
Apparent magnitude
|
2.04 etc.
|
distance
|
82.9±0.6 light years
|
|
Absolute magnitude
|
0.32
|
luminosity
|
33.3±2.1 x luminosity of the Sun
|
|
Star sign
|
80 Ursa Major (auxiliary, Kaiyang Zengyi)
|
Right ascension (epoch J2000.0)
|
13h 25 m13.54s
|
|
Nisina
|
Alcor (Ursae Majoris 80)
|
Declination (epoch J2000.0)
|
+54° 59' 16.65"
|
|
Apparent magnitude
|
3.99 etc.
|
distance
|
81.7±0.3 light years
|
|
Absolute magnitude
|
2.00 etc.
|
luminosity
|
14.0 x luminosity of the sun
|
|
Star sign
|
η Ursi major (shake light, break army)
|
Right ascension (epoch J2000.0)
|
13h 47m 32.44s
|
|
Nisina
|
Alkaid/Benetnasch
|
Declination (epoch J2000.0)
|
+49° 18' 47.76"
|
|
Apparent magnitude
|
1.86 magnitude
|
distance
|
103.9±0.8 light-years
|
|
Absolute magnitude
|
-0.67, etc
|
luminosity
|
594±31 x luminosity of the Sun
|
In traditional Chinese mythology, the Big Dipper is the maker of the order of heaven and earth, and spring, summer, autumn harvest and winter collection all come with the direction of the big Dipper handle.
[10]
"鹖 guanzi" recorded: "bucket handle east refers to the world is spring; Bucket handle south refers to the world all summer; Bucket handle west refers to the world is autumn; It is winter all over the world." Due to the existence of the annual motion of the starry sky mentioned above, at night in different seasons, the handle of the Big Dipper will point in different directions, so the ancient people can judge the solar terms according to the direction of the Big Dipper in the night sky, so as to guide agricultural production not to miss the season.
[3]
The Big Dipper indicates twelve months, with the orientation indicated by the handle of the Big Dipper as the standard for determining the month, called
Bucket construction
That is, in the calendar"
Yue Jian
".
Bucket handle
Cycle rotation, clockwise rotation for a cycle, called one "year", that is, a year. "Huainan Zi · Astronomical training" recorded: "Emperor Zhang four dimensions, with a fight, a month migration, the reverse of its place, the first month refers to Yin, December refers to ugly, one year and turn, the end and the beginning." The "bucket" here refers to the handle of the Big Dipper. "The book of Han · Lu Li Zhi" recorded: "The day to its beginning as a section, to which dou built under the twelve hours, depending on its construction and know the second."
[15]
chronochronia
The working people of ancient China began to explore the mysteries of the universe by observing the stars very early on, and thus developed a complete and profound stargazing culture. The Big Dipper is an important star in the northern hemisphere, and the rotation of the stars corresponds to the natural rhythm of the corresponding regions in the northern Hemisphere, so it became the basis for ancient people to judge the change of seasons. The 24 solar terms were originally formulated according to the rotating direction of the handle of the Seven stars of the Big Dipper (rotating stars), which is an important application of ancient Chinese stargazing culture in agriculture.
7 [8]
The rotation of the Beidou can be used as a basis for dividing the days and years on Earth. With the North celestial pole as the center, the spatial location of 12 houses such as Zi, Chou, Yin and MAO is divided. The Big Dipper rotates around the North celestial pole, and the spatial location pointed by the month, day and hour changes constantly under the action of the Sunday and annual apparent motion, just as the hour hand, minute hand and second hand of a clock shift according to their own laws. It can be seen that the sun's daily and yearly periodic changes in the sky also have the role of the clock calendar. The ancients abstracted it by observing and summarizing the operation regularity and cycle of the celestial phenomena such as the sun, the moon and the Big Dipper
Twelve terrestrial branches
To record the calendar.
The Big Dipper passes through the twelve houses according to the year, and the four seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter of the year are consistent with the morning, afternoon, evening and night of the day, that is, between the day and the year, the seven stars of the Big Dipper will rotate around the North Pole and pass through the twelve houses built by the bucket. Spring line Yin, MAO, Chen palace, summer line Si, Wu, not palace, autumn line Shen, you, Xu palace, winter line Hai, son, ugly palace; One day, morning line Yin, MAO, Chen palace, afternoon line Si, noon, not palace, dark line Shen, you, Xu palace, night line Hai, son, ugly palace. In contrast, the spring day rises in the east, the summer day rises in the middle, the autumn day sinks, and the winter day reverses. In this way, the change of the Big Dipper can indicate the change of the climate in a year and the temperature in a day, and at the same time can cycle the size of cold, warm, dry and wet in it, and can also specify the geographical orientation.
[9]
The Big Dipper
Mizar
It's a famous double star. In the vicinity of "Kaiyang" there is a small companion star, the ancient Chinese special name "Fu" (that is, 80 Ursa major), brightness 3.99 and so on.
[12]
"Shiji · Tianguanshu" recorded: "Auxiliary star Ming near, auxiliary minister close strong; Despise the small and despise the weak."
[4]
There is a cloud in the Book of Jin · Astronomy: "Auxiliary star Fu Kaiyang, so Zuo Dou success, the image of the Prime minister." Seven political star Ming, its country Chang, auxiliary star Ming, then strong." Song Dynasty he 䓕 "Spring Zhu Ji wen, Shan Dou Xing inkstone" also mentioned: "Color is sky blue, fine Luo text containing Venus seven, such as Dou, auxiliary star in how." Because the eye is a Dou Xing inkstone." Ming Dynasty He Jingming's"
Large complex set
"Wrote:" and make the Beidou to Zhen Ji Xi, order auxiliary star to accompany it."
It is said that in ancient times, Chinese and foreign armies used this pair of double stars to test the eyesight of soldiers, treating it as a "test star" to test soldiers' eyesight. If you can identify this auxiliary star, your vision will be 5.1 by modern standards.
The Big Dipper
It is a Taoist worship of seven star gods, that is, the "Big Dipper". In fact, the worship of stars, including the Big Dipper, in traditional Chinese culture has a long history, long before the formation of Taoism. Confucian rites also emphasize the worship of the stars.
China is one of the earliest countries in the development of astrology in the world, and the observation of the Big Dipper has been recorded for a long time, but the most complete record of the name of the seven stars was found in the Weft book of the Han Dynasty. Originally there were two names, one of which was called"
Spring and autumn transport bucket pivot
"The first day of the pivot, the second spin, the third ji, the fourth power, the fifth balance, the sixth Kai Yang, the seventh shake light." The first to the fourth is the master, the fifth to the seventh is the mark, and the union is the fight." In addition, the Kuixing worshiped by generations of students is the first star (or the first four stars) of the Big Dipper, and some people think that the Kuixing is the Wenqu star in the seven stars.
Folk astrological culture popular "North Dou master death, south Dou master life" saying. The Taoist "Beidou Jing" also has a similar saying, according to the time of birth, people's lives are divided into seven star Kings: "Beidou first Yangming Wolf Taixing Jun, Zi born to belong to; Beidou second Yin Jing giant gate Yuan Xingjun, Chouhai people belong to it; Beidou third person Lu Zhen star Jun, Yin Xu born of it; Beidou fourth Xuanzhen Qu new star Jun, Maoyou people belong to it; Beidou fifth Dan Yuan Lianzhen gang star Jun, Chen Shen born of it; The sixth North Pole of the Beidou Wu Ji Xing Jun, has not been born to it; The seventh day of the Beidou pass to break the army Guanxing Jun, the Wu people belong to it." People can find their own destiny star according to their birth date.
Little Big Dipper
It is the general name of the seven brighter stars in the little bear, similar to the Big Bear's Big Dipper, they are also lined up in a bucket shape, but because the brightness is not high, far less eye-catching than the Big Dipper, it is called the small Dipper. One of the brightest stars is what we call the North Star. It can be found on the five-fold extension of the connection between Tianxuan and Tianshu.
There are also many ancient books about
The Nine Dipper Stars
However, there is also debate about which two are extra.
The twenty-fourth volume of the "Sun, Moon and Stars Department" of the Daoist book "Yungupta Seven Signs" in the Song Dynasty once mentioned the existence of the Big Dipper as well as auxiliary stars and stars, called the Big Dipper nine stars. Later, the two gradually disappeared, becoming "seven present two hidden", so today there is a big Dipper nine stars said. Legend has it that those who can see the two hidden stars will live a long life. "The History of Song · Astronomy" records: "The eighth day of the star, on the right of the seventh star, not seen," Han Zhi "main Youzhou. The ninth day auxiliary star, in the sixth star left, common, "Han Zhi" main state." The auxiliary star to the left of the sixth star (Kai Yang) should refer to the Kai Yang increase one, while the Bi star is a hidden star, which seems to contradict the saying "seven appear and two disappear". The book notes: "The Beidou and auxiliary stars are eight, while the Han Zhi cloud nine stars, Wu Mi and Yang Weide are adopted." "Shiji Soyin" said: 'The Big Dipper stars are nine thousand miles apart. Those who do not see the binary star are eight thousand miles apart. 'And Dan Yuanzi "Butian Song" also cloud nine stars, "Hanshu" must have its own." This means that the author does not know exactly which two extra stars are present.
[14]
The aliases of these nine stars in the "Yunguqi Seven signs" are: the first Yang star, the second Yin essence star, the third human star, the fourth dark planet star, the fifth Danyuan star, the sixth North star, the seventh day Guan star, the eighth hole star (auxiliary star), and the ninth hidden star (Bi star). (" Cloud Gupta Seven Signings ":" Huang Lao Jing "said: 'The first day of the Beidou pivots the star, then the Yang star soul God. The second day Xuan star, then Yin Jing star soul God also. On the third day, the spirit of the human star. On the fourth day, the power star, then the soul of the dark planet. The fifth jade Heng star, then Dan Yuan star spirit also. Sixth open Yang star, the soul of the North star also. Seventh shake light star, then the soul of the sky star Daming also. The star of the eighth hole, then the soul of the auxiliary star Jing Yang Ming also. The ninth hidden star, then the soul of the star bright empty spirit also. '")
There is also a saying that "the eighth star of the Big Dipper said swagger, the ninth star said Xuange", the big Dipper handle continues to extend, you can see two dark stars behind it, one named "Xuange", one said "swagger", that is, λ and gamma. Counting these two, the Big Dipper lengthens to the Big Dipper. Of course, the last two stars are not nearly as bright as the first seven. However, in practical application, the handle of the Dipper nine stars points to the Antares, which can also be used to determine the orientation and season.
