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Zeng Guofan

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Late Qing political and military figures, Xiang Army leader
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Zeng Guofan (November 26, 1811 - March 12, 1872), The word Bohan, the number Dacheng. [83] People from Xiangxiang, Hunan. [82] Was "the first minister of the late Qing Dynasty", [87] Strategists, neo-Confucianists, writers, [76] Founder and commander of the Hunan Army. [76]
Zeng Guofan was originally named Zicheng. Daoguang 18 years (1838) A successful candidate in the imperial examinations , enter Imperial Academy ; Promotion in Bachelor of Cabinet , Squire of the Army and Minister of Rites . [77 ] Xianfeng two years (1852) was ordered to go south to preside Provincial examination On the way, his mother died and was allowed to return home, Ding is worried about being defensive . Xianfeng three years (1853) was also ordered to form Hunan township Yong, that is," Hunan Army ". The following year, Tianjia Town defeated the northern expedition The Taiping Army . Tongzhi three years (1864) captured Tianjing. The following year he was ordered to the north to suppress Nian uprising . In the five years of Tongzhi (1866), he was awarded the title of "Yi Yong" by the Qing Court, and was the first person to receive this title among civil officials. In the same year, a government-run school was established in Daying, Anqing, reprinting classics and historical books. Tongzhi six years (1867), worship of the grand bachelor. Take office the following year Governor of Zhili . In the ninth year of Tongzhi (1870), he was ordered to investigate and deal with" Tianjin teaching case ". Due to the strategy of seeking reconciliation with the Western powers, he was transferred back to his original post in Nanjing the following year. Tongzhi 11 years (1872) died of illness. [78-79 ]
Zeng Guofan is good at talking about "morality" and "benevolence and justice", yes neo-confucianism Highly praised. [82] The ratio of Manchu and Han among local officials in Qing Dynasty was changed. The situation of "light on the outside and heavy on the inside" began to appear. [81] Zeng Guofan works poetry and ancient prose. His poems were Su Shi and Huang Tingjian, Xiongjunpai 奡; Its text Zong Fa Tongcheng and can expand, become elegant and clean for the male wantonly. [76] Zeng Guofan also founded the "late Qing Dynasty" Xiangxiang School ". [80 ] with Hulin wing Called "Zeng Hu", and Li Hongzhang , Zuo Zongtang , Zhang Zhidong Called" Zte four famous ministers in late Qing Dynasty ".
Full name
Zeng Guofan
alias
Zeng Zicheng , Zeng Wenzheng
word
Bohan
No.
polyester
Posthumous title
Wen Zheng
title
First class Yi Yong Hou
age
Late Qing Dynasty
Ethnic group
The Han nationality
Place of Birth
Xiangxiang County, Changsha City, Hunan Province
Date of birth
November 26, 1811 (October 11, 16th Year of Jiaqing)
Date of death
March 12, 1872 (February 4, 11th year of Tongzhi)
Place of death
Nanjing
Place of burial
Fulongshan, Pingtang Street, Yuelu District, Changsha City
Major achievement
Founding of the Hunan Army
pacify Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
Surround and destroy the twisters
One of the initiators of the Westernization movement
The first of the four famous ministers in the late Qing Dynasty unfold
Major work
The Complete Works of Zeng Wenzheng , Study and talk about the classics of Taoism , The art of raising a family , Ice check , Zeng Guofan's letter home
Top office
Liangjiang Governor-General, Zhili Governor-General, Taifu, Grand Master of Martial Valor Hall
eigenname
Zeng Zicheng
gender
male

catalogue

  1. 1biography
  2. ▪Early experience
  3. ▪Have a smooth career
  4. ▪Formation of Hunan Army
  5. ▪The bitter battle of Hugan
  6. ▪Capture Jiangning
  7. ▪Pursue the twisters
  8. ▪Host westernization
  9. ▪The government of Zhili
  10. ▪Return to the two Rivers
  1. 2Major influence
  2. ▪political
  3. ▪Military affairs
  4. ▪economy
  5. ▪diplomacy
  6. ▪neo-Confucianism
  7. ▪literature
  8. ▪penmanship
  9. ▪education
  10. 3Historical evaluation
  1. 4Anecdotal allusion
  2. ▪Python reincarnated
  3. ▪Dumber than a thief
  4. ▪Make friends in the world
  5. ▪vassal
  6. ▪How to run a family
  7. ▪Had shaved one's head
  8. ▪Personality cultivation
  9. ▪The law of self-cultivation
  10. ▪Egg trial
  1. ▪One death in a thousand years
  2. ▪My teacher Tang Jian
  3. 5Interpersonal relationship
  4. 6memorialize
  5. ▪Former residence
  6. ▪Tomb site
  7. 7Film and television image

biography

broadcast
EDITOR

Early experience

Jiaqing On October 11, 16 (November 26, 1811), Zeng Guofan was born Hunan (Province) Changsha Prefecture Xiang Township Lotus Pond Baiyangping (today Hunan Province Loudi City Shuangfeng County Heye Town Tianping village ) of an ordinary farming family. Brother and sister nine people, Zeng Guofan as the eldest son, ancestors to farming, life is relatively well-off. grandfather Zeng Yuping Although little culture, but rich experience; father Zeng Linshu Zeng Guofan, as the eldest son and grandson of the tutor of the private school, naturally got the ethical education of the two ancestors. Zeng Guofan was enlightened at the age of five, and at the age of six, he entered the family school "Li See Zhai". [1-2]
In the spring of the sixth year of Daoguang (1826), Zeng Guofan responded Changsha Prefecture Boy's test , ranked seventh. In the 10th year of Daoguang (1830), Zeng Guofan went to Hengyang Tang Ancestral Hall to study, and a year later transferred to Yanbin Academy in Xiangxiang.
In the thirteenth year of Daoguang (1833), Zeng Guofan was admitted as a scholar. In the 14th year of Daoguang (1834), Zeng Guofan entered Changsha Yuelu Academy The exercise took place in Hunan in the same year Provincial examination 36th place in the pilot test A surname And set off for Beijing to prepare for the coming year National examination . [50]
In the fifteenth year of Daoguang (1835), Zeng Guofan failed the examination and lived in Changsha Guild Hall in Beijing to study. The next year, Enke again failed, so returned to Changsha, with fellow townspeople Liu Rong, Guo Songtao and so on living in Xiangxiang hall. [3]

Have a smooth career

In the 18th year of Daoguang (1838), Zeng Guofan participated in the examination again, and finally succeeded in entering the exam. Final imperial examination 42nd in the third tier. Give it He came from the same army Since then, he stepped step by step on the road to official life, and became Minister of military aircraft Muchanga My favorite student. Chao Kao Rank first and third, Daoguang Emperor The pro is second, and the choice is Imperial Academy Shikishi .
Twenty years of Daoguang (1840), Scattered shop Examination, ranked second nineteen, awarded the academy self-examination . In July 1843, Qin appointed Zeng Guofan to be the examiner of the Sichuan Provincial examination. In August, he was awarded the Academy serjeant . In December, Zeng Guofan Chong The Pavilion of Literary Yuan Proofread.
Daoguang twenty-four years (1844), turn Attend upon and read . In March, the 25th year of Daoguang (1845), Ren tried coexaminer . In May, L jamjifu Right Chunfang The son of the right concubine . September, turn A surname Soon rise Bachelor of education . December, charging Every day, he speaks and lives .
Daoguang twenty-six years (1846), full of Wen Yuan pavilion straight pavilion. Daoguang 27 years (1847), second class. In June, he was promoted Bachelor of Cabinet add Minister of Rites PRRRRR.
In the 28th year of Daoguang (1848), he inspected the affairs of the Chinese Book Department. Daoguang 29 years (1849) January, grant The Ministry of Rites in feudal China Right squire . In August, the Department The Ministry of War in feudal China Left Squire . The following June, the Department The Ministry of Works in feudal China The left Squire. In Beijing more than ten years, Zeng Guofan is such perseverance along this way, step by step promoted to the second grade official position. Seven moves in ten years, ten steps. [3]

Formation of Hunan Army

Zeng Guofan
In January of the first year of Xianfeng (1851), Hong Xiuquan Organize rebellion in Jintian village, Guiping, Guangxi. Xianfeng Emperor's imperial officials said gain and loss, Zeng Guofan said, "Today's urgent business, the first in the employment", and recommended Litangian stage , Wu Tingtong , Wang Qingyun , Eom Jung-ki , Kang Zhongyuan 五人，再上书《敬陈圣德三端预防流弊疏》直指咸丰帝的过失，咸丰帝“怒掷其折于地”，数日后复阅，才心服而纳谏，并对其加以褒答。 [4] In May, the Department The Ministry of Punishment in feudal China Right Squire. October, charge Suncheon Wuxiang examiners.
Xianfeng two years (1852) January, department The Ministry of Personnel Affairs in feudal China The left Squire. In June, filled Jiangxi provincial examination is the examiner, on the way because of the loss of mother home. At this moment Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement Has swept half of China, although the Qing government from all over the country mobilized a large number of eight flag army, green battalion officers and soldiers to deal with the Taiping Army, but this decadent armed has been unable to fight. Therefore, the Qing government repeatedly issued awards Local militia The order sought to contain the development of the Taiping Army by using the armed landlords everywhere, which provided an opportunity for the emergence of Zeng Guofan's Xiang Army. [5] Zeng Guofan "both into the Ci, then resolutely effective law before the sages, clarify the world's aspirations", "especially study the heart of the science of geography, left picture and right book, hook school tireless, in the mountains and rivers, water conservancy, detailed compromise." Hu Linyi has few "economic aspirations", under the guidance of Tao Shu, he takes the people's livelihood as his mind, reads extensively, and discusses the mountain fortress, military and political discipline. Zuo Zongtang "less negative strange gas, have great ambition, want to build a very good work because of time", he "investigated the heart of the land, the art of war, discuss the country news", "chest map of ancient and modern war, the national chapter,... Master the current affairs." The three of them not only interact with each other, discuss current affairs, but also seek the same class, and gather a group of like-minded friends around them. In particular, Zeng Guofan, because of his smooth career, rose to the top, and became the object of Hunan scholars competing to get to know, which had a great impact. Therefore, a group of Confucian scholars centered on Zeng Guofan was formed in Hunan at that time, which was called the Confucian School of Confucianism by later generations. [54] In November, the Qing government ordered Zeng Guofan and Governor of Hunan Zhang Liangji Handle group training.
In the third year of Xianfeng (1853), with the Qing government eager to find the opportunity to suppress the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, he established a local regiment called Xiangyong in his hometown of Hunan, relying on complex interpersonal relationships such as teachers and apprentices, relatives and friends, and wrote to the Qing court to requisition the army City the Taqib . In August, Zeng Guofan was granted permission Hengzhou Training soldiers, "every pattern of guns, knives and anchors, the position of the masts and OARS, all bow to their own trial, exhausts their thinking." [6] . The leaders of the Hunan Army were all born in the family of farming, reading poetry since childhood, deeply influenced by the Huxiang style of learning, respecting the neo-Confucianism of Cheng and Zhu, and advocating the application of knowledge. [54] He also sent people to Guangdong to buy Western artillery and prepare for the naval division. In formation Hunan Army The first problem Zeng Guofan faced was to pay the brave soldiers twice as much money as the green battalion soldiers, and to buy foreign guns and machinery. Zeng Guofan apportion money to the squire in the name of defending his hometown, but he didn't get much. The gentry in several southern provinces can buy real diplomas and empty positions for money. By this method of selling his fame and posts, Zeng Guofan built up a Hunan Army with 17,000 men and hundreds of foreign guns in 1854. [57] During the training of Xiangyong, he took military discipline seriously and divided the 5,000 Xiangyong into ten battalions, including Ta, Luo, Wang and Li, and moved the training site from Changsha to Xiangyong Xiangtan To avoid direct contradiction with the green camp in Changsha. [7]

The bitter battle of Hugan

Xianfeng fourth year (1854) February, Hunan Army Zeng Guofan published a book called Call upon Cantonese bandits to call back ". In this pamphlet, he claimed that the Taiping Rebellion was "wreaking havoc on the people" and that "thousands of years of Chinese etiquette and ethics, poetry and books will be wiped out." This is not only a strange change in my Qing Dynasty, but also a strange change in the name of education since the opening. I Confucius , Mencius He cried in the nine springs ", and then called on "all those who read and read, and Wucan sit with their hands, do not think about one is also", which stood morality The commanding heights, so mobilized the vast number of intellectuals to participate in the right The Taiping Army In the struggle, laid a solid foundation for the future victory.
Xiang Army in fierce battle with Taiping Army
Zeng Guofan ordered Chu Ruhang In command of the navy, Taqib For the vanguard of the army, led 240 small ships, water and land army 17,000 people, the army under the east. In March, Yuezhou The war went badly. In April, in Jinggang In the water war and was defeated by the Taiping army Shi Xiangzhen, Zeng Guofan drowned himself in anger, fortunately by staff Zhang Shoulin Saved. Because of the unfavorable war, Zeng Guofan was ordered to dismiss.
At this time, Taqib with the garrison Yang Zaifu , Magistrate of a county Peng Yulin Lead the army into conquest Xiangtan . On July 25, Zeng Guofan reorganized the land and water forces and set out to capture the army Yuezhou Kill the Taiping army Zeng Tianyang And overcome Chenglingji For meritorious service to the three top wear. October 14 take Wuchang, Hanyang, because of merit reward two top wear, department Governor of Hubei Enjoy the flower feathers. For Zeng Guofan's efforts to decline Squire of the Army PRRRRR. On December 2, Zeng was conquered Tianjia Town Kill tens of thousands of enemies, burn five thousand boats, enter the encirclement Jiujiang . Zeng Guofan was rewarded for his skillful dispatch Yellow jacket .
On the night of February 12, the fifth year of Xianfeng (1855), Shi Dakai A general attack on the water camp of the Hunan Army Lake outlet Burned down more than 100 Xiangan warships. Zeng Guofan jumped ship, the ship was captured, and "all the papers were lost." Zeng Guofan was so angry that he planned to ride his horse to the enemy's death. Rozenan Liu Rong urged to stop. [8-10] Zeng Guofan School Li Mengqun Peng Yulin and Hu Linyi supported Wuchang, and personally went to Jiangxi to recruit troops and build ships. In July, Taqib died in the barracks, and Zeng Guofan came Jiujiang Command his troops. In August, the lake mouth was recovered. September, supplement The Ministry of War in feudal China Right Squire.
In the sixth year of Xianfeng (1856), Shi Dakai attacked Jiangxi and Zeng Guofan was trapped in Nanchang. At this time, Luo Zenan died in the camp, and Peng Yulin walked a thousand miles to fight his way into the heavy siege to help defend Nanchang. On September 2, Hong Xiuquan and Yang Xiuqing Infighting, History says Tianjing Incident Nanchang clears the siege. In October, Zeng Guofan set up a Ji Zi camp in Changlianyong to aid Jiangxi. [11]
Xianfeng seventh year (1857) on February 20, his father died, Zeng Guofan accompanied his brother Zeng Guohua Go home and mourn. In that year, the "Thought Cloud Museum" was built. [12]
On May 19, the eighth year of Xianfeng (1858), Li Xuanbin , Yang Yuebin Led both land and water armies to capture Jiujiang . On July 13, Zeng Guofan received Xianfeng Zhejiang military affairs, rescue Fujian. [13] In December, made" Love folk song To train the Hunan Army.

Capture Jiangning

Zeng Guofan
Xianfeng In November of the ninth year (1859), Zeng Guofan proposed a four-way offensive strategy, and Zeng Guofan captured it Anqing , Dolonga , Bao Chao Storm and capture Tongcheng Hulin Wing took Shu Cheng, Li Xuyi Storm and capture Luzhou .
Xianfeng ten years (1860) February, Zeng Guofan was destroyed Chen Yucheng In Taihu Lake. On account of Governor of the two Rivers He Guiqing Surrender Changzhou And the rush to Shanghai led to Suzhou Changzhou fell. In April, the Qing Court ordered Zeng Guofan to go to Jiangsu immediately and reward him in advance The Ministry of Military Affairs Title, the governor of the two rivers. In June, the governor of Liangjiang was appointed to supervise the Jiangnan military affairs as an imperial minister. In July, the military affairs of southern Anhui were ordered to be supervised by Zeng Guofan.
On September 5, 1861, the eleventh year of Xianfeng, the Hunan Army captured Anqing. On September 25, Zeng Guofan moved to Anqing. December 20th, Plus Prince Taibao He was ordered to supervise the military affairs of four provinces (Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, and Jiangxi), and his governor and town were under control. In the same month, Anqing founded the domestic ordnance Institute. At the end of the year, the strategy for the march of the three routes was determined: "To besiege the country Tsuen of Jinling, and to Zhejiang. Zuo Zongtang , Sue is Li Hongzhang So the situation of clearing the southeast is settled."
Tongzhi On January 31 of the first year (1862), Zeng Guofan was appointed as the assistant Grand Bachelor of the Liangjiang Governor. Zeng Guoquan Compensate Zhejiang inspector. On February 14, Zuo led his army from Jiangxi into Zhejiang. In April, Li Hongzhang led his army to Shanghai. In May, Tseng led his army to move into Yuhuatai and join forces Peng Yulin The water siege Tianjing . In June, Hong Xiuquan ordered the Taiping Army to return to Tianjing, and the Taiping Army gathered 200,000 troops. In October, the Xiang Army fought for more than 40 days, but failed to win.
Tongzhi three years (1864) first month, conquered Zhong Mountain, encircling Tianjing. In July, the Xiang Army captured Tianjing. In the same month, the court added Zeng Guofan Prince Taibao first-class marquis Inheritance is ignored and honored Eye wing . In August, the Hunan Army was ordered to disband 25,000 men. [14, 15]

Pursue the twisters

In January of the fourth year of Tongzhi (1865), he selected 17 songs from various ministers since the Han and Tang Dynasties and compiled Ming Yuan Tang Papers. In March, he presided over the repair of two academies, namely, planting Mountain and respecting Scripture. Adopt 800 poor children, and donate money from their own honesty bank. On May 26, Zeng Guofan led his troops to Shandong to suppress the battle. In June, he presided over the finishing of the "Wang Chuanshan Suicide Letter", a total of 320 volumes, and handed it over to Jinling Book Company for publication.
On June 18, the strategy of suppressing twister in the north: fortify the key town, row the river circle, clear the field and check the Wei, and track the horse team. In September, it arrived at Xuzhou via Yangzhou and Qingjiangpu. All the way to deploy troops to block the encircle, and along the way to recruit members. In October, will Jinling Manufacturing Bureau Moved to Hongkou, Shanghai, merged with Li Hongzhang's original artillery bureau and the iron works purchased from the Americans Yung Hong Bought back more than a hundred machines built Jiangnan General Manufacturing Bureau . In December, approved the permanent charter and operating system of the Yangtze River Water Division.
In the fifth year of Tongzhi (1866), Zeng Guofan was ordered to enter Zhou Jiakou, and supervised the suppression of the army as an imperial minister. According to the characteristics of the twisters' movements and mobile operations, Zeng Guofan adopted the countermeasures of "key defense, strong wall clearing and drawing river circle", but all failed in the end. Later, he established the "Shahe Hundred mile Defense Line" in the west of Zhoukou to Luohe, hoping to destroy the Nian army through the natural cutting. [16]

Host westernization

As early as the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), Zeng Guofan put forward the proposition that "the division of Yi wisdom to build a ship" and "can expect eternal benefits". Tongzhi In the first year (1862), Zeng Guofan set up an ordnance house in Anqing, which was an attempt to master the skills of modern Chinese division Yi. As soon as the Anqing Nei Ordnance Institute was founded, he commissioned Xu Shou, 华蘅芳 and others to try to build steamships. With the efforts of Xu Shou, 华蘅芳 and others, China's first ship "Huang Hu" was built after overcoming many difficulties. [61]
In March of the sixth year of Tongzhi (1867), in Jiangnan General Manufacturing Bureau Under the shipbuilding institute trial production of ships. At the same time, it is planned to set up a translation library. From the motive of Zeng Guofan's founding, it is obvious that it is mainly to resist aggression. He wanted to build a modern navy by making his own ships and guns. At the beginning of the establishment of the Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau, on the one hand, because of the production of guns for the Huai Army to suppress the Nian army, on the other hand, because of financial difficulties, the plan of building ships had to be temporarily delayed. [62] In May, together with Li Hongzhang, the Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration was moved from Hongkou to Gaochang Temple, and the land acquisition was expanded and the regulation was greatly increased. In June, he was awarded the Grand Bachelor of Tirenge.
In April of the seventh year of Tongzhi (1868), he was appointed Grand Bachelor of the Hall of Martial Heroes. May 31, to Shanghai to inspect Jiangnan manufacturing General Administration. In August, he was appointed Governor of Zhili. In September, the first ship produced by Jiangnan Shipyard sailed to Jiangning, where it was boarded for trial sailing and named "Tian Ji". In December, Zeng Guofan arrived in Beijing to visit Empress Dowager Cixi and the Tongzhi Emperor.

The government of Zhili

In the seventh year of Tongzhi (1868), Zeng Guofan was reappointed Governor of Zhili . It took place at the beginning of May in the ninth year of Tongzhi (between June 1870) Tianjin teaching case Dozens of people were killed in the clashes. After the incident, China and abroad were shocked. Zeng Guofan arrived in Tianjin on June 10 after receiving two exhortations from the Baoding station. The first thing he did after taking office was to discuss the settlement of the accidental injuries and the accidental destruction of the hall by Russia, Britain and the United States, not to deal with France together, and narrow the opposite. As for the reasons why French consuls, priests and churches were killed and destroyed, Zeng Guofan tightly held Wu Lanzhen's original offer. He raised three questions about the original confession after the interrogation of the prisoners and personal investigation: first, Wu's confession was made at times, originally from Tianjin, and did not conform to the Jinning confession, and there was no evidence of the church; Second, there are more than 150 men and women in the church, sent by their families to raise, not abducted; Third, I personally questioned hundreds of people who reported that the so-called eye-gouging and heart-wrenching things were unfounded. These three questions are the basis for Zeng Guofan's presumption that "cutting out the eyes and cutting the heart are all rumors", and they are also the key to closing the case accordingly. Zeng Guofan held a compromise attitude in handling the case from beginning to end. Although he and Chonghou also had a subtle difference in performance - that is, when outsiders proposed to kill Tianjin Governor Zhang Guangzao, county governor Liu Jie and General Chen Guoduan three people, he refused to comply, and under great pressure to delay the time to negotiate. Finally, the sentence was changed to exile in Tianjin County and prefecture. Compensation for foreign losses of 460,000 taels of silver, and by Respectful and generous Send a mission to France to apologize. [64]
The result of this negotiation, the court and public opinion are very dissatisfied, the provincial library books were destroyed, Zeng Guofan knows which and the war interests, blame themselves, get Ding Richang sympathy. 17 - [18] Zeng Guofan bear the curse, the condition is aggravated, in is called Li Hongzhang Deal with the case. The Jin case was formally settled in September, when Zeng Guofan was transferred from the Zhili Governor-general to the Liangjiang Governor-General due to the accusations of Yu Yi. [64]

Return to the two Rivers

Statue of Zeng Guofan
Nine years of Tongzhi (1870), Governor of the two Rivers Ma Xinyi After being assassinated by the civilian Zhang Wenxiang, the court ordered Zeng Guofan to serve as governor of Liangjiang again and go to Nanjing to try the case.
In the 10th year of Tongzhi (1871), on August 19, Li Hongzhang's joint title will be played "Planning to select children to study overseas". In September, they inspected the defense and training of the Marine and land battalions. Arrived in Shanghai in November.
On February 27, 1872, the eleventh year of Tongzhi, Zeng Guofan led the petition, urging the "dispatch. Overseas student Implementation of the case as soon as possible. And proposed to set up a "Chinese foreign students Office" in the United States, recommended Chen Lanbin , Yung Hong He is a permanent member of the United States administration. Recommended the establishment of an Overseas Education Bureau for Children in Shanghai Liu Hanqing "Selection of the Premier Shanghai Bureau". Since then, Zeng Guofan suffered from numbness in his feet and was unable to speak with his tongue.
Early February 4 (March 12, 1872) [1] Zeng Guofan took a walk in the Nanjing West flower garden in the afternoon, and his feet suddenly became numb. Zeng Jize He went back to his study and died sitting there for three seconds. The people cry in the lane and draw pictures of sacrifices. Hearing this, the court suspended the court for three days. Present posthumously A surname Posthumous title "Wen Zheng", the capital Zhaozhong, Xianliang temple, the establishment of special shrines in various provinces. [19] On June 25, the coffin arrived in Changsha. On 19 July, he was buried in Jinpenling outside the south gate of Changsha.
In the twelfth year of Tongzhi (1873) on December 13, he was buried in Pingtang Fulong Mountain, Xiangxi, Shanhua County (now Wangcheng County). Buried with his wife Ouyang. [20]
In the thirteenth year of Tongzhi (1874 AD), Zeng Guofan's tomb was built in Pingtang Street, Yuelu District, Changsha City Vorong Mountain It is also the tomb of Zeng Guofan and his wife Ouyang. [21]

Major influence

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EDITOR

political

  • Rectify corrupt officials
face Kangqian prosperous age After the decline of corruption in the Qing Dynasty, Zeng Guofan believed that: "The country is poor and has no problems, but the people are scattered, and the problems are very large." For "scholar-officials are accustomed to anxiety and ease", "Chang is a kind of wind that is not white, not black, not painful and not itchy", "hate the secondary bone". He thought, "The bad governance of official officials, because of the crowd curtain, begging officials to eliminate curtain abuses, honesty as the source of the theory." Based on this, Zeng Guofan put forward, "The essential of administration, the first is to win people", in times of crisis, we need to use people with both moral and moral tools, to advocate the wind of integrity, to practice the benevolent rule of etiquette, to oppose tyranny and disturbing the people, and to punish those officials who take bribes and enrich themselves by fishermen. [66]

Military affairs

  • Recruit villagers
The peasant brave in modern China
The Qing Dynasty's military system was reformed into Mercenary system It was also the first step in Zeng Guofan's establishment of the Hunan Army. Zeng Guofan said: "Over the years, I have hated the habits of the military camp, and no one has lost his conscience in defending himself." So it was decided not to use battalions or generals." Therefore, when he formed the Hunan Army, he advocated recruiting soldiers not from the citizens but from the rural farmers. Zeng Guofan's way of establishing the Hunan Army was summarized as "leading the peasants with Confucian scholars". Most of its officers were intellectuals among Zeng Guofan's own students, villagers and relatives who adhered to feudal "principles", and most of the brave soldiers recruited were "poor people in deep mountains and cold valleys", and the standard was "young and strong, simple and peasant style is the top, its oil head is smooth, and those with city gas and yamen style are not accepted". In short, it was the selection of the peasants with simple minds and well-developed limbs as soldiers. The officers and soldiers of each battalion were from the same county and township, and only took orders from the battalion officers, and each battalion only took orders from Zeng Guofan, thus forming a private army with personal attachment as the bond. [57]
Zeng Guofan also stipulated that "to recruit soldiers, you must take a bond, create a county, home, parents, brothers, wife's name, skip list." Every one is attached to a book for checking." No one without insurance will be recruited. This practice of Zeng Guofan completely inherited the anti-Japanese generals at the end of the Ming Dynasty Qi Jiguang The idea of recruiting soldiers. Zeng Guofan also made a change in the organization of green camp. The Hunan Army was organized with battalions as the basic combat units, with sentries set up below the battalions, with land divisions as teams, naval divisions as ships and horse teams as sheds. At the beginning of the Xiang Army, there were no officials above the battalion, and each battalion was under the jurisdiction of Zeng Guofan. Later, the number of battalions increased, and the title of command and division was given. Zeng Guofan asked for the formation of an army based on the principle that the soldiers must be elected personally, the soldiers must be self-inflicted, and the levels of moderation, from the commander to the soldiers are recruited and selected step by step, which changed the disadvantage of "soldiers and soldiers do not know each other, soldiers and generals are not familiar with each other" in the green camp, but also clearly exposed the intention of establishing a private army, and from then on created a precedent of "soldiers will have" in modern China. The warlords are starting to split up.
  • Thought of running the army
Zeng Guofan advocated loyalty to the king and righteousness Confucianism This purpose of running the army is also carried out in the selection of generals, recruitment of soldiers, army management and coordination of internal and external relations. Zeng Guofan advocated the use of feudal ethics to educate officers and soldiers, to benevolence, courtesy, loyalty, faith as the basis of the army to cultivate officers and soldiers, his purpose is to maintain the heart of the army, to cultivate a completely and absolutely subordinate to their own private army. Therefore, he believed that "the military must first govern themselves, and then suppress the enemy." The connotation of Zeng Guofan's military thought is very rich, and the collection of outstanding points. He believes that soldiers are not many but fine, "fewer soldiers and a strong country", "the more soldiers, the weaker the force; The more they pay, the poorer the nation." We should separate the military and government and assume their responsibilities. He bought foreign guns, guns and ships to modernize the weapons of the Chinese army.
Zeng Guofan ran the army Select general As a top priority, he said, "The way to march is to choose the generals first." His selection criteria will be both virtue and ability, wisdom and courage, and put virtue in the first place, and the connotation of virtue summarized as "loyalty and blood". He put forward, "Those with courage should ask our party blood men, who have the air of loyalty and the secret of Xiantao Lord, to conspire with them." He also said, "A man with courage must first be able to govern the people, second be not afraid of death, third be indifferent to fame and wealth, and fourth be able to endure hard work." "If there is loyalty, then the phase follows from all to, and if there is no loyalty, then it looks like the four, and eventually cannot be relied on." Zeng Guofan believed that "loyal and bloody" generals should mainly be accepted Feudal ethics To choose among the Confucian scholars who have cultivated little bad habits of officialdom. Rohr line According to the statistics in the Military System of the Hunan Army, 104 of the 179 generals of the Hunan Army whose names, native places, origins and positions can be checked were from Confucian scholars, accounting for 58%. Such as Rozenan , Kang Zhongyuan , Li Xuanbin , Li Xuyi Among them, the standout is Rozenan. [58] It can be seen that the Xiang Army was not established by the martial arts, but by the literati, especially moralist Built up. It is rare to have so many Confucian scholars as generals in the military history of all dynasties.
Zeng Guofan's military thought has influenced several generations, not to mention his contemporaries in Xiang and Huai generals to Zeng Guofan as a model, is later Huang Xing , CAI E Other bourgeois military strategists also highly respected Zeng Guofan's strategy of running the army. Zhang Zhidong , Yuan Shikai After the First Sino-Japanese War, the Western method was adopted New Army He also adopted many of the practices of Zeng Guofan in running the army. Military strategist of the Republic of China Jiang Baili In his book National defense theory It praised Zeng Guofan as "a military genius" in modern history, and said that all leaders should imitate Zeng Guofan. Chiang Kai-shek He made it clear that he wanted to follow Zeng Guofan, and demanded that the generals in the Kuomintang army must "recognize history and imitate Zeng Hu." Zeng Guofan paid the most attention to spiritual education. Mao Zedong 一生很注意这点，曾国藩的“爱民为治兵第一要义”，毛泽东建立 The Red Army It was made at the beginning Three disciplines and eight attention .
  • Attach importance to the navy
Zeng Guofan made many explorations from the manufacture of steamships to the establishment of the navy, from the recruitment and training of sailors, to the raising of funds for the navy and the formulation of naval regulations. After that, the development of the navy was basically carried out according to the blueprint formulated by Zeng Guofan. For example, Governor of Jiangsu Ding Richang At that time, the idea of establishing three offshore divisions in Wusong, Tianjin and Nanao was immediately endorsed and supported by Zeng Guofan, who said in a letter to Ding Richang that this was "a good preparation for one thing and a good thinking." Zeng Guofan's planning and support for the construction of the Chinese Navy promoted the formation and development of the modern Chinese navy, and promoted the modernization of the Chinese navy. [65]

economy

For the financial economy related to the national transportation and people's livelihood, Zeng Guofan believes that the way of financial management is all in the wine, down to earth, clean oneself and serve the public, "gradually seeking rectification, not seeking quick results." Zeng Guofan referred to agriculture as the basic strategic position in the national economy, and he believed that "the people's livelihood should be the first thing, and the country should be prosperous in good years." He called for "the state and county of today to give priority to agriculture." [67]

diplomacy

  • The way to control Yi
Take twice Opium Wars Zeng Guofan had his own views on Sino-Western relations. On the one hand, he hated Westerners invading China very much, thinking that he would not allow others to snoore next to his bed, and he opposed borrowing teachers to help combat, and was deeply ashamed of using foreign countries. On the other hand, he does not blindly xenophobic, advocating to learn from the West its advanced science and technology, such as he said to buy foreign objects...... Visiting the people of Qin Si, the craftsman of wisdom, starting and practicing, and then trying to build, you can suppress the hair twist, you can often far-sighted. First of all, Zeng Guofan realized that foreign relations must adapt to the changes of the trend. I fought to keep it Empire of China The false prestige can be completely abandoned, and matters concerning the national economy and people's livelihood must not be bargained for. This is the principle of Zeng Guofan's foreign relations. Secondly, he summed up a complete set of ways to control Yi. He said: "Yi Wu is difficult to handle, but it is not at all Confucius loyalty, faith, Benedict, respect four words." He dug out the principles of foreign relations from the ethics of human life in ancient Chinese Confucian books. [59]
Zeng Guofan's faithfulness should include two aspects: one is to keep the peace treaty; The second is to speak of "grace and faith" or "prestige." The key to honesty, of course, is to rely on the other person's reaction. If the other person is very cunning, you must proceed with caution. Abide by the treaties that have been signed, limit the demands of the powers to the scope permitted by the treaty, and restrain their insatiable demands, so Zeng Guofan said: "Obviously violate the treaty, lightly abandon the promise, and then break the promise." Even when we laugh at things 嚬, we must have a real meaning."
In the confrontation between the late Qing powers, all scholar-officials were faced with the problem of "war" and "peace". Zeng Guofan couldn't get around it. But Zeng Guofan has his own set of views and propositions on the issue of "war" and "peace". In his letter to Li Hongzhang, he said: "The law of controlling Yi is given for control. Honesty is a wise saying. Since the Song Dynasty, the gentleman has denounced peace, while speaking of war lightly. This behavior has not been changed in the Qing Dynasty till now." The halter, the halter, the halter. Its main point is peace rather than surrender, and a little control rather than war is actually a careful balancing act. [59]
  • A draw between China and foreign countries
Jiangnan General Manufacturing Bureau
Zeng Guofan's criticism of the internal governance of foreign affairs since Dao and Xian is painful, yes Tongzhi rejuvenation The design of the scheme is particularly constructive. His plan has two parts: one is to cure the symptoms, "in the future, we should still insist on one heart, the whole neighborhood is good, but if we have no choice but to equipment, it is to achieve justice and good peace." In short, it is not easy to talk about war before the modernization of the cause. Although this is still a "peace" under an unequal treaty, it can only be tolerated until the country is fully equipped. The second is to cure the root cause, Zeng Guofan advocated accepting part of Western culture, that is, modern military technology and science and technology, and at the same time should quell all kinds of unnecessary infighting, with the spirit of truth, work hard, and actively improve the internal affairs. Zeng Guofan believes that since Dao and Xian, each war of outsiders has considerable military, political, economic and diplomatic preparations, while China's counterattack is not fully prepared, which is one of the reasons why Western powers are always handy and China has repeatedly failed. Therefore, the fundamental way to eliminate foreign aggression lies in self-reliance. Rather than gamble, it would be prudent to put our domestic affairs in order and fight back only after we have plumped our feathers. [68]
Zeng Guofan and the Westernization faction's leadership and diplomacy at that time must be viewed in connection with their self-strengthening propositions. To make peace blindly is to surrender, which is just as shortsighted and dangerous as to wage war blindly. In fact, the Westernization group's main peace is to seek a long-term peaceful environment for the policy of self-improvement, and the self-improvement path of "tolerating Xu Tu" is the most rational choice for China in the face of a strong enemy. Moreover, Zeng Guofan also advocated to distinguish between different situations. He believes that foreign relations should focus on the overall situation and should not be entangled in small matters. [60]
In addition to fighting, there are more detailed strategies, such as "contention." Major issues of principle related to the national economy and the people's livelihood. In the sixth year of Tongzhi (1867), he argued that in order for the powers to "ask for everything,... If railroads, steamships, salt, and warehouses harm the livelihood of our people, we should try our best to argue with each other, and we should never change them." Even if the envoys reluctantly agreed, hundreds of millions of small Chinese people, when they are poor, want to change, and become enmity with them, which is beyond the power of Chinese officials to forbid." From the point of view, Zeng Guofan talked about both principles and strategies in diplomacy. The strategy of "controlling foreign countries by the people" is often used in modern diplomacy. [60]

neo-Confucianism

  • Qi, mind
Zeng Guofan practiced all his life neo-confucianism However, he did not blindly worship Cheng Zhu's learning, in fact, he also absorbed more thoughts from other tribes of Song and Ming Confucianism. Neo-confucianism of Song and Ming dynasties Be effectively divided into aerology Neo-Confucianism The philosophy of the mind Three academic schools.
Statue of Zeng Guofan
In his political practice and military struggle, Zeng Guofan also gradually saw the limitations of "the language of instructions of neo-Confucianism, either lost in the narrow", or "sick from petty", or "too quiet". In this case, Zeng Guofan is right The philosophy of the mind Showed a tolerant academic attitude. For Cheng Zhu Neo-Confucianism and Lu Wang's mind In the academic debate, he believes that the two families should take the same, avoid their differences, promote their strengths, absorb and avoid weaknesses, and promote the development of Confucianism. Zeng Guofan also aerology Resources in generative theory to make up for the limitations of neo-Confucianism, called "Zhang Zizhi's" Zhengmeng ", mellow Zhengda, Miao how few peers ". According to the ideas of qi science, Zeng Guofan believes that everything in heaven and earth is born because of the innate qi, and Qi is the ultimate basic element that constitutes everything in heaven and earth. In the sense of being born of natural energy, all things in heaven and earth are "of the same body".
However, Zeng Guofan also believes that although the gas of Tai and Enshrouding is more popular than ever, the original gas of all things in heaven and earth is "even ear", but the gas that people and things, saints and ordinary people have is not the same. Relative to man and things, man has the whole of Qi, but things only have the deviation of qi; Man has understanding, but things only have things. As far as human beings are concerned, the innate qi of saints is clear and thick, while that of ordinary people is turbid and thin. [22]
  • Theory of monism
Regarding the origin of the world, Zhu Xi believes that there is only one "principle" for all things in heaven and earth, and only with this principle can there be all things in heaven and earth. Zeng Guofan said: "I and the people, it is generally the same source." It can be seen that he inherited Zhu Zi's cosmological view of "Li monism". On the relationship between Li and qi, Zhu Xi pointed out that only with "Li" can there be "qi", but "Li" is the root. Zeng Guofan argued that "with negative qi, there must be a change in the Qiandao, the principle and Qi are beautiful, and the life is determined by the beginning of giving." It can be seen that both men believe that reason is the first, and reason rules all things. Zeng Guofan pointed out: "If there are different principles, there will be different ones." The people are different from each other, the people are different from each other, and the neighbors are different from each other. Relatives have killed, sages have, etc., or phase times 蓰, or phase hundred, or phase ten million, so it is not the same." He emphasized the differences between people and things, neighbors and roommates, relatives and non-relatives, and sages and fools, which was conducive to maintaining feudal ethics. For the "nature" and "life" in Neo-Confucianism, Zeng Guofan believed that "to follow the words of the body, there are king and minister father and son that have benevolence, filial piety and kindness. It must be benevolence, filial piety and kindness as the principle, sex also. Therefore, the principle of upholding the five virtues, life is also." In this way, Zeng Guofan also stressed that the feudal ethical principle is also supreme. Then how to understand "principle", Zeng Guofan inherited the "principle of knowledge" and "that is, the principle of poor things", and further pointed out: "My mind's knowledge is limited, the division of all things is infinite, do not study the most special points, can not be adjusted to one principle." He thinks that only by recognizing "the most special distinction" and recognizing concrete things, can we understand "reason"; On the contrary, the general is embodied in the special, and the "different jushri" contains the principle of the one. It can be seen that this methodology is logical and has the characteristics of Zhizhi school. [56]
  • Thought of respect
Zeng Guofan said: "The reason why the ancient gentleman gave his heart and cultivated his sex is not to be seen. Its cultivation, the family, the country, the world, is a Binghu ceremony. According to those who say it, giving gifts is not moral; From the outside, giving gifts is not about politics." He believed that to learn rites was to learn "economics". "I tasted that the ancients did not know the science of economy, the art of governing the world, one of the rites and oneself." To learn "rites" is to learn "the art of governing the world", which is the embodiment of Neo-Confucianism. In Zeng Guofan's opinion, "Li" is "Li", which regulates the internal relations of the ruling class and is the external expression of Li. In personnel, we should maintain the feudal code of ethics with "rites" as the main content; In politics, the feudal rule of etiquette with "rites" as the core was maintained. So he thought: "The king of Gai Sheng, so as to calm my feelings and end the world's struggle, is greatly based on benevolence, and is inexplicably based on rites." Only in this way can we maintain the feudal hierarchy of "affinity" and "respect" and the ethical relationship. [56]
  • Body with the world thought
Zeng Guofan pointed out: "Mr. Jinghai has only three disciplines for learning: the principles of righteousness, the textual evidence, and the poems and chapters... The study of economics is within the principles of righteousness." "There is the study of righteousness, the study of ci, the study of economics, and the study of textual evidence. The study of righteousness is the so-called Daoism in Song history, and in Confucius it is the subject of virtue. Economics is the science of government in Confucius... None of these four things should be allowed." It can be seen that Zeng Guofan attached great importance to "the study of economics" by separating "economy". And he further emphasized that the economic world cannot be separated from the control of righteousness, but must be "within righteousness". Take morality as the body and economy as the use. Neo-confucianism is the core of Confucianism, and the study of the world is the extension of its spirit and plays an auxiliary role. "There is no difference between principles and economics at the beginning, and the order in which they are performed is more detailed in the body than in the ear." Under the severe situation that China was facing the challenge of highly material and technological civilization of the West at that time, Zeng Guofan paid attention to the study of "economy", which was the reflection of Zeng Guofan's request to change the status quo, rejuvenate the society and save the crisis. He emphasized the gluing of righteousness and economy, and the gluing of moralism and utilitarianism, which contributed to the form of the thought of "Western application of Chinese style". [56]
  • Practice personally
Han Yu put forward the theory of "revenge" : to restore people's "goodness" through cultivation, the so-called "goodness" of course refers to feudal ethics. Zeng Guofan pointed out that if you want revenge, "So scholars? The sincerity of the thing ", "the thing, to know the thing also; Sincerity, practice also ". He pointed out that we should not only abide by the feudal benevolence, respect, filial piety, kindness, but also "practice" practice, so as to restore the "good" nature of people. In the Letter to the Younger Brothers, he said: "I have come close to one or two good friends, and I know that there are so-called scholars, economists, and so-called practitioners. I began to know that Fan Han could learn from it, Ma Qian and Han Yu could learn from it, Cheng and Zhu could learn from it." "If you know a sentence, you will do a sentence, and this practice is also." "It can be seen that the practice mentioned a very high status," practice "is to" down to earth ", "do not talk big, do not take the name, do not ride the air, do not talk about too high reason." "Do what you know, do it, and do it often." Pragmatic, opposed "but the heart of the hanging is higher." Its pragmatic attitude was different from that of the Main Worship school represented by Woren at that time, which believed that Cheng and Zhu had solved the problem, and later scholars only needed to continue as usual. Zeng Guofan also advocated that we should "apply its power" from specific small things, "in recent years, the military has heard the year, and the world should be focused on the big picture and start small." It can be seen that Zeng Guofan paid attention to physical practice and applied to the world, abandoned the empty habits of neo-Confucianism at that time and the bad habit of only seeking the heart, and laid a foreshadowing for him to learn from the Song Dynasty to harmonize the Han and Song dynasties. Zeng Guofan's practice thought played a great role in rectifying the increasingly corrupt feudal morality at that time. [56]

literature

Zeng Guofan inherited Tongcheng School Square bud Yao Nai and independent style, the establishment of the late Qing Dynasty ancient writing" Xiangxiang School ", is Huxiang culture An important representative of... In terms of poetry, he learned a lot from others, but he respected the poets of the Northern Song Dynasty more Huang Tingjian . According to the A surname "Wang Yun Poetry" recorded: "Zeng Guofan now love yellow poetry, poetry is also yellow, fashion has changed. In the north and the south, the yellow poems are heavy, and the parts are precious." [23]
He talked about ancient literature, emphasizing the sonorous tone, to contain not enough for the ability; For the ancient text, deep macro Jun, can be transported to the Han Fu weather, so there is a magnificent magnificent artistic conception, can be a vibration Tongcheng School The defects of the weak are praised by later generations. Zeng's clan law Tongcheng, but some changes, development, and selected a "history of the hundred miscellaneous banknotes" as a model of literature, not Tongcheng can be limited, the world is called Xiangxiang school.
Late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China Yan Fu , Lin Shu , or even Tan Sitong , Liang Qichao All are influenced by his style of writing. He is the author of "Qiu Que Zhai Collection", "Poetry Collection" and" bibliography "Diary", "Sonata", "Letters Home", "Family Instructions" and" A hundred money in history "Eighteen poems banknotes" and so on. No fewer than hundreds of volumes, called" The Complete Works of Zeng Wenzheng ", passed on to the world. He is also the author of The Way to Learn Five rules "And other books. [24]

penmanship

Zeng Guofan's outstanding achievements in calligraphy have been overshadowed by his great influence in history. Zeng Guofan's explanation of the theory of calligraphy can be found in his Diary, Letters from Home and some articles. First of all, he had a unique understanding of the North and South book school theory thrown by Ruan Yuan at that time, he both agreed with and criticized, advocating both the north and the South. He put forward the theory of the great source of the universe to the origin of calligraphy. From the Qiandao -- masculine beauty -- strength -- magnificent -- atmosphere, from the Kun Dao -- feminine beauty -- not strength -- light and far -- rhyming victory, he formed a systematic theory of calligraphy. He said, "The way of writing, vigorous , graceful You can't have one without the other. Yu Feng Ouyang rate, Li Beihai , Yellow Valley The three families thought that they were strong and healthy, and they should also take Chu Henan, Dong Sibai Curvaceous to the book of the adult body. [25]
Zeng Guofan has been diligent in calligraphy creation all his life, and has gone through a tortuous exploration road from universal and special, from inheriting classical to innovative and fashionable. The Diary, which he left with nearly 1.3 million words, is a giant calligraphy work rarely seen in ancient China. His regular script is strong and strong, and has erected a flag of orthography that combines hardness and softness in Tang, Song and Ming dynasties. Zeng Guofan's "Little Shitan Story" was praised by the world as: Melting Zhao Mengfu , Huang Tingjian Word in one. [26] His writing was bold and beautiful. his Regular script in small characters And the small running book is the model of the whole Qing Dynasty. He should be as famous as Bao Shichen and He Shaoji. [27]
Zeng Guofan's calligraphy works

education

  • New-style school
The first modern education school in China was founded in the first year of Tongzhi (1862) The Beijing Academy of Literature However, the primary purpose of the school was to train diplomatic talents, and it was not until the fifth year of Tongzhi (1866) that a science hall was added. In promoting the modernization of science and technology education in China, Zeng Guofan's contribution is great. Under the chairmanship of Zeng Guofan, Jiangnan manufacturing Bureau It is not only a large modern machine enterprise, but also a center for the dissemination of advanced science and technology.
First, in order to explore the roots of Western advanced production technology, Xu Shou Others proposed the translation of Tessie's useful books. Zeng Guofan accepted this suggestion and set up a translation museum in the fifth year of Tongzhi (1866). The museum has translated and published hundreds of books on modern Western science and technology, "Taixi sound, light, chemistry, electricity, battalions, ordnance and various practical studies, thus the Ming Dynasty, which is the beginning of the introduction of European civilization into China." The translation and publication of these books not only contributed to the training of modern Chinese scientific talents, but also had a considerable influence on the modern ideological circle. Kang Youwei , Tan Sitong The first contact with Western learning was from these books.
Secondly, it created vocational education in China. When Western learning first entered China, workers had little knowledge of modern science and technology, which was a big obstacle to the introduction and digestion of modern Western production technology. In order to improve the technical quality of enterprise workers, once the manufacturing bureau was founded, it was attached to a mechanical school, originally called the drawing room, later renamed as the craft school, and paid attention to the training of production technical forces. This is not only the forerunner of modern Chinese schools, but also the beginning of modern Chinese vocational education. [63]
  • Study abroad at government expense
Chinese students studying abroad in modern times
Zeng Guofan accepted Yung Hong The suggestion of sending young children to study in the United States opened the first Chinese government-funded overseas students, which is also a major event in the history of modern Chinese education. In history, only Japan, North Korea and other countries sent students to China to learn China's advanced culture, but there is no precedent for China to send students to other countries. At the time when Zeng Guofan accepted Yung Wing's suggestion, most feudal scholar-officials were ignorant of The Times and ashamed to talk about foreign affairs, but he showed no tolerance and sent his young children abroad, which was a courageous act. According to Zeng Guofan's plan, from the eleventh year of Tongzhi (1872) to the first year of Guangxu (1875), a total of 120 young children were selected and sent to the United States to study in four batches. Unfortunately, due to the mad attack of the conservative forces who insisted on isolation and opposed the study of foreign countries, they failed to study as planned for 15 years and were all withdrawn in the seventh year of Guangxu (1881). Nevertheless, it still produces the like Zhan Tianyou Such a great railroad engineer. At the same time, it has also played a positive role in strengthening scientific and cultural exchanges between the Chinese and American people and broadening the horizon of the Chinese people. It is especially worth mentioning that since the Qing government sent young children to study in the United States, they have successively sent students to Europe and Japan. With the increase of overseas students and domestic new school students, the group of Chinese new intellectuals has gradually formed. This is an important factor to promote the continuous progress of modern Chinese society. The bourgeois reform and revolutionary movements that took place at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries had much to do with the formation of this new intellectual group. [63]
  • Family education
Zeng Guofan paid attention to family education all his life, and he put the focus of education on cultivating "heart", "body" and "practice". The cultivation of "heart" is the tempering of people's mental and mental strength, and the cultivation of people's moral character. Zeng guofan advocating the "heart", is to their children to do "self-supervision", "found not", "filial piety", "benevolence", "respect", "modesty", "subject", etc. "Body" cultivation is the acquisition of a healthy body through maintenance and cultivation. To this end, Zeng Guofan repeatedly taught children to moderate work and rest, punishment and desire, sleep and eat constant, tillage habits. Zeng Guofan also pays attention to the cultivation of "line", requiring their children to speak and behave simply, treat people modestly and respectfully, tolerance, people can not be lofty and mean, and life should also go to the wind of luxury. [55]
Page of Zeng Wenzheng's Public Family Instruction
In order to achieve the above goal, Zeng Guofan has a whole set of methods to educate children. Admonishment is the most important and basic method of Zeng Guofan's family education. He directly taught and warned children about the way of dealing with the world and the way of self-cultivation, clearly asked children to do or not to do, and was open and honest and well-guided. He often summarized some of the requirements of the children through the form of epigrams and meaningful words, in order to attract the attention of the children. Such as "eight virtues" (diligent, thrifty, tough, bright, loyal, forgiving, modest, and tough); "Eight books" (read ancient books to exegetical as the basis, make poems to tone as the basis, raise parents to be happy, health to less angry as the basis, not to talk nonsense as the basis, the family to not settle, the official to not money, marching to not disturb the people as the basis); "Four" (one said to be cautious alone, peace of mind, two said Lord respect is strong, three said to seek benevolence is pleasant, four said to study labor is God Chin); "Four defeats" (women who indulge in adultery, children who are idle, brothers who do not like each other, teachers who insult and visitors who are slow). These highly condensed generalizations are naturally easy for their children to memorize and practice. Through the praise of the ancestors, so that the children carry forward the ancestral virtues, is also one of Zeng Guofan's education methods. Zeng Guofan's grandfather had a good way of managing the family, which made the family prosperous. He has a deep respect for this, and he will not change. He summed up the family law passed on by his grandfather as "early" (get up early), "sweep" (sweep), "examination" (worship ancestors), "treasure" (be kind to relatives and neighbors), "book" (reading), "vegetables" (planting vegetables), "fish" (fish farming), "pig" (pig farming), as the eight words of the way of family management, told the family to always pay attention to practice. Zeng Guofan believes that the key is to form a thrifty love atmosphere, develop the habit of becoming rich. Zeng Guofan often analyzed his words and deeds, and told his family the right and wrong of his behavior, so as to serve as a reference for the children of Zeng men, which was also one of his methods of tutoring. [55]
The reason why Zeng Guofan paid so much attention to family education and regarded the education of children as his important duty and responsibility is related to his cultural accomplishment and life attitude. Zeng Guofan received the influence of Confucianism since childhood, and later accepted the influence of Tang Jian, a master of Confucianism. He ruled Neo-Confucianism exclusively and regarded it as authentic. The ideological theories and ethics of Neo-Confucianism have been deeply integrated into his thoughts and deeds, and was praised as "Neo-Confucianism" by later generations. Accordingly, his life attitude is to enter the WTO, value their own social role, the pursuit of "moral", "speech", "meritorious" life value, so there are strict requirements for the family. [55]

Historical evaluation

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EDITOR
Hulin wing : Zeng Gong is known to know people's judgment, and know how to pull many worthy generals. [51]
Li Hanzhang : Its deep knowledge and foresight, public selflessness, especially the ancients can not reach. [52]
Shi Dakai Although not in the name of good war, and can identify the outstanding generals, planning is strict, everywhere can be found, the marshal so, the actual since the beginning of the incident has not seen. [53]
Xue Fucheng Since the past many troubles, all by the number of talents, judge the efficacy of the wide narrow. Zeng Guofan Know a man by his judgment Super lost ancient and modern, or encounter in the dust, a see thought great; Or look at the appearance of the table, indeed may be a strange material. Weekday discussions, often say that the world to the big, the matter to the Yin, not a single hand can be maintained. Therefore, its Zhenba quiet, macro award, especially spare no effort. Tasted Zeng Guofan looked at Jiang Zhongyuan and said: "This man will be known in the world, but should be called fierce." After is the special thinning sponsor, in order to seek the sages. Hu Linyi to the standard division of the army, subordinate to Zeng Guofan, that is, said that his only ten times better than his own. Both men were unpromoted and distinguished themselves in their devotion to service. Zeng Guofan also relied on him to run the military. At the beginning of its membership, Ruotaqibu, Luo Zenan, Li Xubin, Li Xuyi, Wang Xin, Yang Yuibin, Peng Yulin , or hired from the students, or pulled from the long mu, or recruited self-support, are sincere with each other, so that each can do his best.
Zuo Zongtang : seek the loyalty of the country, know people, ashamed than Yuan auxiliary; Concentric if gold, attack fault if stone, phase no negative life. [28]
Yung Hong Therefore, although he died, his name is known through the ages. His talent is big and modest, Qi macro and condensate, and for the first class of the Qing Dynasty, also known as the special character of the old religion. [53]
Li Hongzhang Teachers for nearly 30 years, the torch passed down, building house for the door growth; The fame is 90,000 miles, the interior is safe, and the world is rare. [29]
Zhu Kongzhang : Zhongxing Jingyun, group of public generation, between ten years, cutting the great difficulties, not born holy phase and revitalization of it, Wucan if evil? However, there is an indomitable will, Hongji difficult, although said the success of the day, but also people seek also. Zhao Shuai said: "Say rites and music, poetry, for the marshal." Sun Shubao's words said: "Too on Lide, the second meritorious service, the second speech, called three immortal." Both. To the battle of Tianjin, resist the grime especially, to an Bangguo, old to plan, to seek out everything, can be described as loyal. [30]
Wang Kaiyun Zeng Guofan to fear the priest, to fear the march, with the general to win, the general is defeated. [70]
Zhao Erxun " Draft of Qing Dynasty history ": ① Guofan man Wei heavy, beautiful beard, eye triangle has a rib. Each pair of guests, gaze when the silence, see the Acpower, back then remember its advantages and disadvantages, no or cool. Good nature, the rule of life is not tired, there is a family and not confined to a division. Its theory and comprehensive Han Dynasty, Song dynasty, to call the way of the former king to rule the world, longitude and latitude, has always been a gift. Pity Qin Hui-tian five li Tongkou food, is the collection of salt class, shipping, money method, river embankment for six volumes; There is also a guli residual que no military salute, military salute to have its own special, such as Qi Jingyuan discipline. The critics say that the camp system and camp rules set by the kingdom are almost the same as the military rites. In his old age, he was quite quiet, and his salaries were brought in to support scholars. Old scholars learn, the group to rely on. Especially those who know men, who are good at delegating, and who have accomplished and recommended are innumerable. I know a thing or two when I see one. When the ancestors to read the training, teach their home. If you encounter the pawn officials are children, so although strict fear, and joy for use. Living in the south for a long time, merit is the most prosperous. The merit of the state is based on learning, and the good is courtesy. The heart of sincerity, especially the foot of all. Its military administration, in order to be realistic. All the planning of the world, long without experience, the world is called it, to the Han A person of great wisdom and wisdom , Tang Zhi petu Meiyuki Wang Shouren How precious it is! Guo Fu also tasted the ancient and modern sage thirty-three people, portraits praise, that the teacher, its life history learning big end, with this. To achieve success and fame, Ji Ji took recommending talents as his own duty, and Xinjiang Chen, a few times handsome, visited the sea. In the case of a man, he knows what he knows. SOB SOB! Since the revival, only one person. [34]
Ouyang Yu : To view Wen Zheng life, not good at military and make good use of people, 牛溲马勃, all accept. So the group utility, big kou flat, and for the first hero of the ZTE. [31]
Chen Yan There are more than 200 years in the Qing Dynasty, to preside over the poetry teaching, in the Kangxi said Wang Wenjian, in the Qianlong said Shen Wenque, in the Daoguang, Xianfeng Qi Wenduan, Zeng Wenzheng also. ... Qi Wenduan learned the roots, with Cheng Chunhai for Du, for Han, for Su, Huang, complemented by Zeng Wenzheng, He Zizhen, Zheng Ziyin, Mo Zichao lun, and then the words of the scholar and the poet's words, and its attainments. [69]
Li Xiang : Wen Zheng's text, although starting from Ji Chuan, after the Yi probing source Yang, Ma, Zizong retreat; Odd even intricate, and even more than odd, compound word single meaning, miscellaneous toilet during, thick set its gas, so that the sound of Bing huan, and the sound, this is also a school, can be called Xiangxiang school, and Tongcheng long in the succession. His disciples were Zhang Lian Qing Yuzhao, Wu Zhifu Rulun, Li Chunzhai Shuchang, Xue Shuyun Fucheng, also like the four disciples of Mr. Ji Chuan, to all Xiangxiang school people. [69]
Tan Sitong : The history of modern public, its beginning may not be. There are many things to do, but he is wise. Such as Zeng Wenzheng, Huimin father and son, Ding Yusheng Zhongcheng, insight into Westernization, are obtained by personal experience. Zuo Wenxiang arrived late, so Shen Guan was the longest. [33]
Zhang Taiyan Zeng Guofan, the reputation is the sage, the conviction is the culprit. [71]
Liang Qichao (1) Not only modern times, but also adults who have not been seen twice in all history; Not only China, but also the adults all over the world have seen. However, Wen Zhenggu is not superior to the peerless genius, and in the time of all the sages, called the most blunt; What he has been subjected to will also be in the life of the contrary; However, it is the achievement of moral, meritorious, and immortal words Shock the past and present And Mo and Beijing, their life strength in the determination to extrude themselves from the common, and difficult and know, and encourage and go, through thousands of difficulties and not frustrated, not near effect, little by little, by the empty, will be to frequent, plant with just, Zhen with constant, handsome with sincerity, Brave and vigorous , hard work. I think Zeng Wenzhenggong is still in the prime of his life, and China will be saved by his hand. ② I call Zeng Wen Zhengji, can not be repeated again and again. [32]
Yang Changji Song Han, Fan said, Qing Zeng, Zuo said, Ran Han, Zuo office, Fan, Zeng office and missionary people. [72]
CAI E ① Zeng and Hu, the two masters of the revival of famous ministers, the people and their affairs, only half a century ago. ② Leading soldiers such as children of a language, the most kind and appropriate. If you can do this, then the ancient and modern military motto, thousands of words are burned. [35]
Chae Dongfan If ever, Hu two Gong, Wen foot Anbang, Wu can fight aggression, the Qing does not die, depending on this ear. [36]
Mao Zedong ① To my neighbor, only to have taken Wenzheng. Watch him fight Hong and Yang, flawless To change his position today, can he be as complete as that? Zeng Guofan was the most powerful man of the landlord class. [37]
Chiang Kai-shek: ① Zeng Gong is a model of Chinese spirit. [73] Before 1911, I had read Zeng Wenzheng's Complete works... After the failure in the second year of the Republic of China, Zeng's book and Hu Zuo's collection were carefully discussed. [74]
Chiang Ting Chuan : The kingdom to adhere to the two ways, through the study of the world, in the transformation of society, then restore the inherent virtues of the nation, this is called conservative; In the future of the nation, it accepts Western civilization, which is called innovation. The simultaneous development of the two is its great contribution to the modern history of China. If we restore the old rites in vain, we will not be able to resist the mechanical science of the imperialists, not to mention the old rites themselves, which are riddled with problems and need to be rectified. If we accept the new culture in vain and do not restore the inherent virtues, then this corrupt old bureaucratic society will not be able to carry out undertakings at all. The reason why we admire Zeng Guofan is that with his vision, he formulated this plan to save the country and the people, which is exactly the same as the nationalism of the founding fathers in the later days. [38]
Chen Gongdu : The state is reserved, its talent is not as good as Hu left, and the gong times, only know people to make good use of, is its specialty. [39]
Hu Jiefu: In the past five hundred years, there were only two people who could show knowledge in their careers: Wang Shouren of the Ming Dynasty and Zeng Guofan of the Qing Dynasty. [40]
Xiao Yishan : The emperor won with rigor, and General Tang won with heroism. [41]
Xu Zhongyue Zeng Guofan's statesmanship, character and personal cultivation can be matched by few. He was perhaps the most admired and greatest academic official in nineteenth-century China. [42]

Anecdotal allusion

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EDITOR

Python reincarnated

When Zeng Guofan was born, his grandfather dreamed of a python wrapped around the pillar of his home, so he thought Zeng Guofan was the reincarnation of a python. After Zeng Guofan was born, a dead buttonwood tree in his home unexpectedly came back to life, making his grandfather believe in the dream of reincarnation of a python. And it just so happened that Zeng Guofan suffered from something like" psoriasis A kind of skin disease, (there is a "fire python moss"), the whole body is like the scale of the snake ringworm, so Zeng Guofan also believed in the dream language of the reincarnation of the python. Zeng Guofan also has a strange hobby - love to eat chicken, but most afraid of chicken feathers. At that time, emergency documents were often glued with chicken feathers on the letter seal, commonly known as Feather letter Chicken feathers make arrows. Whenever Zeng Guofan saw this kind of letter, it was always creepy, like seeing a snake or scorpion, he had to ask someone to help him remove the chicken feathers before he dared to open and read it. In ancient times, there was such a saying: "Burning chicken feathers, poisonous snakes will die when they smell the smell, such as dragons and snakes, also fear this smell." Zeng Guofan was afraid of chicken feathers to such an extent that he was inevitably understood as the reincarnation of a boa constrictor. [43] in Yuelu Academy When learning, because of the fear of others to see the scales on the body, so the summer is hot and dry and dressed to read, so that Mr. Highly appreciated.

Dumber than a thief

Zeng Guofan was not very talented when he was young. In fact, he could be said to be rather stupid. One evening, while he was reading at home, he read an article over and over again, but he couldn't remember it. He just read it over and over, recite it over and over. It was late in the night, and still he had not memorized it. That's a terrible thing to do. It turned out that a thief had come to his house and was lurking under the eaves of his study, hoping to steal something after he finished reading and went to bed. But the thief was waiting outside. Just don't see Zeng Guofan sleeping. The thief could not wait any longer, so he jumped into the house very angry and said to Zeng Guofan, "Why are you reading books as stupid as you are?" I can recite it after hearing it a few times!" So the thief recited the article from beginning to end and then walked away. [44]

Make friends in the world

Calligraphy by Zeng Guofan
Zeng Guofan is quite insightful about the way of making friends, he thinks that friends are noble and generous, to "promote honesty and keep right, compromise and contain macro, and selfless intention of suspicion." "Take no advantage of anyone. Do not take money lightly." To gather ideas and listen without going deaf. In terms of life, Zeng Guofan believed that "in this troubled world, the poorer the better." In senior officials, "it is always good to have less money and produce less." "Patience is the first important thing for an official", "virtue is full and lost, and happiness is reduced by pride". People must be in a "light" on the word, "not rich and rich fame and wealth of the ups and downs, the son's surname of prosperity is determined by heaven, that is, the establishment of knowledge and virtue, but also mostly related to the day, all laugh and forget it." "Merit does not have to be out by itself, fame does not have to be into itself", "the sooner you retire, the better."
The same as Zengzi Zeng Chuande, grandson of the 70th generation of Zong Sheng; The word Desheng (1809-1888), since childhood gifted and intelligent, modest and distant, do not have a front period (bosom, aspiration) do not work fame and wealth, Confucianism, research medicine, ten years old can be put Zengzi " collegiate "" The Classic of Filial Piety Recite like a stream, and to" Compendium of Materia Medica "Quite delving. At the age of 16, I took part in the Beijing test and met Zeng Guofan, because I know it is the same family and brother for the generation of characters, I feel friendly, and it is better to be the same list A successful candidate in the imperial examinations . One day, two new scholars went to visit the Qing Dynasty Grand maester , The Ministry of Ministry Shangshu Wang Ding In the royal house by the introduction of Wang Shangshu, met the famous doctor in Kyoto Cui Jian-an It is also the destiny of heaven, from then on the two people formed an indissoluble bond.
Zeng Chuande lived up to Cui Jian-an in Kyoto opened the Zeng De health clinic, with its opening to send the grandfather "Zong Sheng" Confucian sage wind, treat the medical seekers, both sympathize with the common people and make extensive contacts with the public officials and businessmen, moral and artistic Shuangxin, life spring. Therefore, "Desheng" medical museum enjoys a high reputation in Kyoto, at this time, Zeng Guofan, who is of the same generation with him, has been a major minister in the Qing Dynasty, the governor of Zhili, the two people are very close to each other, encourage each other, Zeng Guofan is happy to give Zeng Desheng inscription: "Zudezong Gong thousand years of Fuze; Son Cheng Sun Jiwannian steamed taste "horizontal batch" stop in the best ", signed: Desheng Renren adult text, clean born Zeng Guofan. This union not only remembers Zeng Zi's "holy" meaning, but also praises Zeng Desheng's medical help has reached the realm of good people.
Zeng Guofan wrote twelve aphorisms, which basically summarized his way of making friends in the world.

vassal

Lao Chongguang was a scholar in Daoguang's 12th year, and was edited by the Imperial Academy at that time. He was generous and cherished talents, and when he heard that Zeng Guofan was discouraged by his unsatisfactory examination results, he urged him to say that a scholar should be determined as the foundation, have the ambition to learn and learn, have the ambition to cultivate oneself, and have the ambition to be a man, and if he has the ambition, he is unwilling to be indecent. Under the careful arrangement of Lao Chongguang, Zeng Guofan participated in the imperial examination on time, and paid homage to Mu Zhanga who presided over the examination. Prior to this, Lao had sent someone to transcribe Zeng Guofan's poems and presented them to Mu Chang Ah and the current political leaders for a preview. Mu Zhanga very appreciate Zeng Guofan's advice and writing, after the conversation is quite comfortable, encouraged him not to scholars as a limit, but to fly far, to become a big tool, and take the "fence of the country" meaning, suggested that he will change the original name Zeng Zicheng to Zeng Guofan. [75]

How to run a family

Zeng Guofan believes that the most important thing is the principle of filial piety among family members. Filial piety is easy to understand. It is gratitude, respect and support for parents and elders. Brotherly means brotherly love, that is, harmony and harmony between peers. In Zeng Guofan's family letters, it is generally thought that he wrote the most letters to his children, in fact, he wrote the most letters to his brother, which shows that he attaches great importance to the relationship between brothers. Zeng Guofan has a famous comment, said that the law of family prosperity is: the world official family, generally only one generation of depression, because most of them are fopper; The family of merchants, that is, the family of private entrepreneurs, generally can be passed down for three generations; Farming families, that is, families based on farming and reading, can generally prosper for five or six generations; The family of filial friends is a family that pays attention to filial piety and brotherhood, and manages the family, which can often stretch for ten or eight generations.
Zeng Guofan, under the purpose of "managing the family with harmony", also emphasized "managing the family with diligence". Zeng Guofan has two meanings: one is that family members should be diligent and thrifty, and the other is that parents should be diligent and teach by example. What Zeng Guofan said, he himself could take the lead in doing it meticulously, and he did it very well. Like a second son. Zeng Jize Like Western sociology, Zeng Jihong He liked mathematics and physics. Although he knew nothing about them, Zeng Guofan tried his best to understand and learn a little. Such a father is worthy of being a true "diligent" father. Under the influence of Zeng Guofan, Zeng Jize always taught the children to learn English, math, music, but also taught them to practice calligraphy, write poetry, explain classics and history, no matter how busy, every day always take time to accompany the children, accompany the family, this is the best family education. Therefore, among Zeng Guofan's descendants, great-grandchildren, and even great-great-grandchildren, there are many scientists, educators, and social activists. [45]

Had shaved one's head

Zeng Guofan was nicknamed "Once shaved his head" not because he killed the Taiping Army, but because he opened the case bureau in Changsha and killed too many so-called Hunan "bandits". Did you kill the wrong person? I do. At that time, the governor of Changsha was called Cang Jingtian, and he wrote a memoir, which recorded that Zeng Guofan's trial bureau mistakenly killed at least four people because of a single case. It was a wrongful case, but Zeng Guofan killed the good guy and set the bad guy free. [46]

Personality cultivation

Zeng Guofan's personality cultivation is first of all honesty, consistency between people outside and inside, and everything can be published to the world. The second is respect, reverence, no evil thoughts in the heart, dignified serious and dignified. The third is stillness. The mind, Qi, spirit, and body should all be in a state of tranquility and relaxation. The fourth word is respectfully, do not say big words, lies, empty words, real, there is one is one is two. The fifth word is constant, regular life, diet, daily life is often. The highest realm is "prudent", and there are gods three feet above the head.
Zeng Guofan kept a diary every day, checked and reflected on his words and deeds every day, and continued to put forward more requirements for himself: to be diligent and frugal, to be modest, to be kind and forgiving, to be honest, to know one's destiny, to cherish one's blessings, and so on, trying to build himself into a sage at that time. Many people think that personality cultivation is an empty thing, that self-cultivation is something ethereal, or even pedantic, but Zeng Guofan's career in life, self-cultivation is the most important reason for his career success.

The law of self-cultivation

Zeng Guofan believes: "The method of health is about five things: one day sleep and eat constant, two days punishment, three days abstinence, four days every night before going to bed to wash the feet, five days two meals a day three thousand steps." The way of health, "see", "rest", "sleep", "food" four words are the most important, and the way of health care should be noted. [47]
Thirteen in early life
I. respect Neat and serious, not afraid at all times. When nothing happens, the heart is in the cavity; When responding to tasks, focus on nothing.
2, meditation (no matter when every day, sit for a moment, to restore the heart, the position of congealing life, such as the town of Ding.)
Get up early (get up at dawn, wake up and do not fall in love.)
Reading is not two (a book is not finished, don't read his book. Reading is all about people outside the country.
Five, read history (circle ten pages a day, although there are no breaks.)
Be careful about what you say.
Seven, nourishing qi (gas reservoir Dantian, nothing can not be said to people.)
Eight, health (abstinence, labor, food.)
9, keep a diary (must end letters, where the day body, heart, mouth, are recorded one by one, life uninterrupted.)
Ten, the day knows the death (every diary tea occasionally talk about a, points virtue door, learning door, economic door, art door.)
11, the month can not forget (monthly number of poems, to test the amount of product, Sheng Qi is not.)
Do the word (do the word after breakfast. Let all the writing and writing be your lesson.
13, do not go out at night (Kuang Gong tired God, cut cut ring.)

Egg trial

One fine day, young Zeng Guofan returned home from school. Just put down the bag, his father anxiously said: "I clearly boiled five eggs, why only four?" So he called Zeng Guofan and said to him, "The boiled egg was distributed to you, but now there is one missing, I don't know who stole it, please help your mother check it out." Zeng Guofan thought for a moment and answered, "It's easy. I have a way to find out." After saying this, Zeng Guofan brought out a washbasin, poured several cups of tea, called all the family to gather, and asked everyone to drink a sip of tea and spit it into the basin. He stood nearby to observe, and the result was that a servant spit out tea with egg yolk powder in it. Zeng Guofan's father was very happy and felt that his son was smart and could be an official in the future.

One death in a thousand years

Fuhou Tang (Former Residence of Zeng Guofan)
Fuhau do It is the former residence of Zeng Guofan. The gate hung "Yi Yong Hou No. 4" golden characters. The "Hou Mansion" was built in the Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty, and was commissioned by Zeng Guofan to build it at home. It is said that during the construction of the house, brother Zeng Guofan treated the master craftsman very well, while he was unkind to the general apprentices. When the new house is completed, it is necessary to recite the "upper Liang Wen", and the old master of building works is full of praise and praises it with the lotus leaf local tone: "The governor of the Two Rivers is too fine, and he wants to be the emperor in Beijing."
On that day, there were a lot of spectators. A villager standing at the gate saw that the gate was very high and wide. He asked curiously: "Why should the gate be so wide?" One of the apprentices who was dissatisfied with Zeng Fu said, "The door is wide enough to hold a funeral." When the master heard this, he felt that this "conscience" could not be lost, so he immediately broke off the ominous words: "Yes, the door is wide for mourning, one death in a thousand years, and two deaths in a thousand years."
The people of Zeng Fu heard Liang's praise: "I want to be emperor in Beijing"; The praise of the gate was: "Ten thousand years to die a pair of", very happy, immediately called the master craftsmen and apprentices into the hall, with fine wine, tea, warm hospitality - Fu. It happens that since the Fuhou Tang was built in the fifth year of Tongzhi, it has been more than 130 years, and indeed no one has died. First from Zeng Guofan's wife Ouyang lived, the last living is Zeng Zhaoheng, the fourth generation of Zeng Guofan's grandson, four or five generations of hundreds of people, not one died in Fuhou Hall. [86 ]

My teacher Tang Jian

In the twentieth year of Daoguang (1840), the 30-year-old Zeng Guofan met his mentor Tang Jian for the first time.
In this year, Tang Jian, 63 years old, was appointed as Minister of Taichang Temple in Beijing by the Department of Jiangning. Daoguang Emperor in Qianqing gate met Tang Jian, award Tang Jian Cheng Zhu's learning achievements, and bow to practice, is a sincere and respectful gentleman. This scene happened to be accompanied by Zeng Guofan to see in the eyes. Seeing the emperor's appreciation of Tang Jian, Zeng Guofan could not help but pay respect to this Hunan fellow. A few days later, Zeng Guofan came to Grind 'er Hutong, where Tang Jian was staying, to pay homage to Tang Jian as a disciple. Tang Jian saw that this fellow countryman was diligent, honest, and so humble, he was very happy to accept this new protege. Since then, Tang Jian has had a profound and lasting influence on Zeng Guofan's life. [84]

Interpersonal relationship

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EDITOR
relation
name
intro
elder
Taigaozu
Zeng Jeong-jeong (Yuan Ji-gong)
-
Great grandfather
Zeng Shangting (Assistant Minister)
-
grandfather
Zeng Yansheng (Duke of Jingxi)
From 1743 to 1816
grandfather
Zeng Yuping
Character Heung 阝 (Emperor Hoshioka) (1774-1849)
grandmother
Xiong
The father
Zeng Yuji
Character Zhu Ting (Lin Shu, Zhu Ting Gong) (1790-1857)
The mother
Zenges
From 1785 to 1852
father-in-law
Ouyang Ning Zhi
(1784-1869, his initial name was Ao, also known as Cangming, the character Futian)
mother-in-law
Qiu family
The growth son Mu Yun, the word Bingshuan, the second son Ling Yun, the word Bingjun, the eldest daughter Zeng Guofan, the second daughter Peng Zhiguan
Wife and concubines
First wife
Ouyang
He was born in Hengyang from 1816 to 1874
Madame nhu
Chans
From 1840 to 1863, he was born in Jiangning
Brothers and sisters
Brother
-
-
brother
Zeng Guohuang
(1820-1886, Pai Chuanjin, formerly known as Guoying, character Chenghou)
Zeng Guohua
(1822-1858, sent the name Chuanqian, the character Wen Fu, out to his uncle Zeng Jiyun as his son)
Zeng Guoquan
(1824 -- 1890, assigned name Chuanheng, calligraphy Yuanfu, literary name Shuchun)
Zeng Guobao
(1828-1862, sent the name Chuan-Lu, the word Ji Hong, later changed his name to Zhen Wo, the word Shi Heng)
sister
-
-
The elder sister
Zeng Guolan
(1808-1863), married Wang Guojiu (character Pengyuan, number Wancheng, He Jia Ao native, and Guo LAN had two sons and a daughter, the eldest son Wang Linsan, the second Wang Kunba, the daughter of He Xiaoqi)
The younger sister
Zeng Guohui
(1814-1864), married Wang Bei Peng (also known as Wang Shuiwu, the ninth eldest brother of the kingdom)
Zeng Guozhi
(1817-1846), married Zhu Wing Chun (also known as Li Chun, alias Cunyi, from Zimen Bridge)
Manmei
-
1830-1839, Poxanthi
offspring
The child
Zeng Jidi
Also known as Zhen Di, died young
Zeng Jize
(1839-1890, styled Jie Gang, styled Mengzhan, famous politician and diplomat in the late Qing Dynasty), his wife He Shi (1840-1857, died in childbirth a year after marriage, He Changling Female); Following the Liu family (1841-1903), Liu Rong The daughter of... 3 children each)
Zeng Jihong
(1848-1881, character Li Cheng, mathematician), wife Guo Shi (1847-1935, name Yun, character Chanfen, author of Yifangguan Shibanknote, daughter of Guo Peilin)
firstborn
Zeng Jijing
(1841 --? The word Meng Heng), Yuan Bingzhen (is a friend of the same hometown Yuan Fangying Son, sexually arrogant, not very progressive)
Second daughter
Zeng Jiyao
(1843-1881, word Zhongkun), Chen Songnian (word Yuanji, Chaling people, good friends Chen Yuanyan His son, who had been sent to Europe with Ji Ze, was raised in Zeng Guofan's family and had hidden diseases)
A surname
Zeng Jichen
(1844-1912, character Fengru), Shiluo Yunji (1846-1888, character Zhaosheng, Xiang Xiang native, Rozenan (s)
Four women
Zeng Jichun
(1846 -- 1881), Shi Guo Yiyong (1845 -- 1869, literary name Gang Ji, a native of Li, Xiangyin, Guo Songtao (s)
Five women
Zeng Jifen
(1852-1935, late Chongde Old Man), suitable Nie Ji 椝 (1855-1911, styled Zhongfang, born in Hengshan, Nie Yifeng Zi)
nephew
Zeng Jiliang
Mrs. : Mr. Wei
Zeng Ji Canal
Zus
Zeng Jirui
Jiang
Zeng Jiguan
Ouyang's, Liu's
Zeng Jixiang
Yi
Zeng Jishou
Lee's, Lee's, Lowe's [49]
Zeng Guofan's four younger brothers [48]

memorialize

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EDITOR

Former residence

Zeng Guofan's former residence Fuhou Tang, also known as Yi Yong Hou Di, is Zeng Guofan's Hou mansion, located in the east of Shuangfeng County, Loudi City, Hunan Province Heye Town Futo Village, Xiangxiang City, Xiangtan county , Hengshan county , Hengyang county Adjacent to the ground, the total occupation of more than 40,000 square meters, the main building of nearly 10,000 square meters, is a typical symmetrical along the central axis of the Ming and Qing Dynasty corridor building group. Fuhou Tang sits in the south facing north, with the half-moon shaped Aoyu Mountain on its back surrounding Fuhou Tang from the southeast to the west. From a distance, Fuhou Tang looked like he was sitting in an arm-chair. The surrounding natural environment is beautiful, and the trees on the back mountain are thick and the old trees reach the sky. In front of the door is a relatively open flat, flat in the river to the east, the flat is surrounded by peaks and mountains.
Zeng Guofan's former residence has been identified as a provincial key cultural relic protection unit by relevant departments.
Its representative buildings, mainly "white jade Hall", "Yellow gold Hall", "ten thousand years Hall", "Doctor Di"," Fuhau do (" Youheng Tang "is Zeng Guobao's former residence). Zeng Guofan has been promoted to the governor of the two rivers, the governor of Zhili, the imperial decree added "prince Taibao", the title of "first class Yi Yong Hou", awarded "Grand Bachelor of Yingwu Hall", "Guanglu doctor", posthumous title "Zeng Wenzheng Gong". In the autumn of the 4th year of Tongzhi (1865), Zeng Guofan, who had no intention of a lifelong official position, was ready to mobilize his family to return home "to establish a home operation", and then retire later, because his wife Ouyang's "drowning people in the pond" in front of the old residence Huangjintang, he did not think it was safe, and even ordered his son Zeng Jize to "return to Hunan to report to Shang two uncles" and move to Futuo Zhuang house Zeng Guohuang , Zeng Guoquan , Zeng Jize Presided over, according to the scale of the marquis, spent ten years to create a Fuhou tang. Fuhou Hall covers an area of more than 40,000 square meters, the construction area of 9202.86 square meters, for the earth stone brick wood structure, corridor style, inside and outside the group Hachihondo , Qiu Jue Zhai, Old Pu Zhai, Yi Fang Hall, Library of thought Clouds . Eight treasure Tai, Jiyuan, Wuzao Xuan, chess pavilion, library and other buildings, when the main gate hanging "Yi Yong Hou" Zhu Di Jin straight plaque, granite platform in front of the Qing Dynasty flying Longfeng flag, Xiang military command flag, ten thousand umbrellas, etc., the scene is quite spectacular. Although the whole building has the scale of the marquis house, it is simple and generous, and although there are carved Liang painting buildings, it is not magnificent, which basically reflects Zeng Guofan's intention to build the house "the house is not handsome, but it must be a variety of bamboo and cedar, and more vegetable gardens, that is, it takes up four acres, and it is also OK". In the autumn of 1866, when the main building was completed, Zeng Guofan's wife, children and daughter-in-law returned to live in Futo New House.
Statue of Zeng Guofan
Fuhou Tang original name Hachihondo Take Zeng Guofan's "reading to exegetical as the base, poetry to tone as the base, things to favor, health to less angry as the base, the body to not lie, the home to not settle up, the official to not money, marching to not disturb the people as the base" and get its name. Later Zeng Jize, according to the Book of the Later Han "rich and thick so" and changed his current name. Although the rich thick hall is not luxurious, but Zeng Guofan learned that the repair of the house spent seven thousand strings and for the horror, he wrote in the diary on the ninth day of February in Tongzhi six years: "The twelfth month 25 family letter, know the repair of the rich thick hall house money a total of seven thousand strings, I do not know why Hao fee so, deeply shocked!" My life to buy a house because of the bad habits of officials, vowed not to do it. Unexpectedly extravagant, how to see people! If you don't practice what you say on a daily basis, you will be ashamed! If the house is so, all things luxurious in the future, do not ask to know. The children of the big officials' families, all of whom are extravagant and indulgent, are anxious!" [85]
Whether Fuhou Hall can be called "Zeng Guofan's former residence" is quite controversial in society. October 1995, Shuangfeng County People's government Publicity Department of the CPC Central Committee Approved, held the first national Zeng Guofan academic seminar, more than 100 experts and scholars from all over the country attended the meeting, and made a special trip to Fuhou Hall to visit.

Tomb site

The tomb of Zeng Guofan is located in Fulongshan, Pingtang Street, Yuelu District, Changsha City. It is the tomb of Zeng Guofan and his wife Ouyang. The tomb was built in the 13th year of Tongzhi of the Qing Dynasty (1874).
In 1993, Changsha Municipal People's Government announced it as a municipal cultural relics protection unit. In 1996, the Hunan Provincial People's Government announced it as a provincial cultural relic protection unit.
In 2013, The State Council announced it as the seventh batch of national key cultural relics under protection. Zeng Guofan's tomb was managed by the former Wangcheng County Cultural Relics Bureau, and in 2008, the division was adjusted to the Yuelu District Cultural Relics Administration Office, which is now managed by Xiangjiang Company. [21]

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