May 12 Wenchuan earthquake (the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008) ^[1] ), also known as the "Wenchuan earthquake", occurred in Beijing time May 12, 2008, 14:28:4. The epicenter is located Sichuan Province Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture Wenchuan county Yingxiu Town (31.0° N, 103.4° E) ^[2] .

On the basis of China Earthquake Administration Revised data on the surface waves of the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake Earthquake magnitude Level 8.0 ^[3] . On the basis of Japan Meteorological Agency Data, May 12 Wenchuan earthquake seismic waves confirmed a total of 6 circles around the earth ^[4] . The earthquake spread over half of the country China and Asia Many countries and regions, China north to Inner Mongolia, east to Shanghai, west to Tibet, south to Hong Kong, China The quake was felt as far away as Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, the Philippines and Japan ^[2] .

The May 12 Wenchuan earthquake severely damaged an area of about 500,000 square kilometers ^[5] Among them, there are 10 counties (cities) in the extremely hard-hit areas, 41 counties (cities) in the more hard-hit areas, and 186 counties (cities) in the general disaster areas. ^[6] . As of September 25, 2008, the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake caused 69,227 deaths, 17,923 missing, 374,643 injured, 19,930,300 people lost their homes, and the total affected population reached 46.256 million ^[2] . As of September 2008, the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake had caused a direct economic loss of 845.14 billion yuan ^[7] . Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake has been the most destructive, the most widespread, the heaviest loss, and the most difficult earthquake for disaster relief ^[2] .

March 2, 2009 State Council, People's Republic of China Approved, since 2009, on 12 May each year National Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Day ^[8] .

Chinese name: May 12 Wenchuan earthquake
Foreign name: 5.12 He is Wenchuan earthquake
Occurrence time: May 12, 2008, 14:28:4
Place of occurrence: Sichuan Province Wenchuan county
alias: Wenchuan earthquake

Epicentral location: Yingxiu town, Wenchuan County, Sichuan Province (31.0° N, 103.4° E)
Focal depth: 14 km
Magnitude of earthquake: 8.0 on the Richter scale (Determined by China Earthquake Administration)
casualties: 69,227 people were killed, 17,923 were missing and 374,643 were injured (as at 25 September 2008)

catalogue

Seismic background

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EDITOR

Geological structure

The May 12 Wenchuan earthquake occurred in Sichuan Longmen Mountains Thrust nappe tectonic belt ^[9] . The Longmenshan fault zone, which caused the earthquake, is generally NE-SW trending and consists of three main faults, namely Anxian and Guanxian fault, also known as Qianshan fault. Beichuan-yingxiu fault, also known as the central fault; Wenchuan - Maowen fault, also known as the Houshan fault. The 8.0 magnitude quake occurred on the central fault, the Beichuan-Yingxiu fault, with its epicenter closer to Yingxiu (the fault has not had a history of earthquakes greater than magnitude 7). ^[50] .

Map of active structure and large earthquake distribution in eastern Tibetan Plateau and adjacent areas

The Longmenshan fault zone is both Tibetan plateau The eastern boundary of the Longmen Mountains is the western boundary of the foreland basin. It starts from Luding and Tianquan in the south, extends to NE, and enters Mian County, Shaanxi Province through Dujiangyan, Jiangyou and Guangyuan, with a total length of about 500 kilometers, a total width of 30 ~ 50 kilometers, and a general direction of NE40 ° ~ 50 ° NW, NE intersects with the Daba Mountain thrust belt, SW intersects with the Kangdian axis, and is composed of a series of imbricated thrust belts roughly parallel, with typical nappe structure characteristics. The Songpan Ganzi fold belt lies to the northwest and the Sichuan Basin to the southeast. The basic characteristics and neotectonic activity of the three main faults are as follows ^[50] .

Longmen Mountain front (main boundary) fracture

The Qianshan (main boundary) fault of Longmen Mountain is usually called the Anxian and Guanxian fault. The southwest end of the fault began near Tianquan, extended to the northeast through Lushan Dachuan, Dujiangyan, Pengzhou Tongjichang, An County, Jiangyou, Guangyuan, and disappeared into Hanzhong, Shaanxi Province, with a general trend of NE35 ° ~ 45 ° The section is inclined NW, and the inclination is 30 ° ~ 50 ° Is a brittle reverse fault. The fault is a large extension length fault in the Longmen Mountains foreland basin, with a total length of more than 500 kilometers. It is composed of Majioba fault in the northeast section, Dujiangyan fault in the middle section, and Dachuan Tianquan fault in the southwest section. The width of the fracture zone is generally between a few meters and more than 20 meters, indicating that the NW disk is relatively upthrust and has the brittle fracture characteristics of right-handed strikeslip movement ^[50] .

The northern section of the fault is a demarcation zone between middle and low mountains and hills, while the southern section controls the western boundary of Chengdu Plain, showing that its new activity weakens from southwest to northeast. Late Pleistocene Active fault. The intensity of seismic activity in the whole section of Dachuan Day is stronger than that in other sections. In 1970, the M6.2 Dayi West earthquake occurred in this section and caused surface rupture ^[50] .

The main central fault of Longmen Mountain

The main central fault of Longmen Mountain, also known as the Beichuan Yingxiu fault, is the primary seismic fault of Wenchuan earthquake. The linear image of the fault is clear, the active tectonic landform is well preserved, and it shows strong activity in several main faults of Longmenshan tectonic belt. As the boundary of this fault, the western side of the fault is the Longmen Mountain with an elevation of 3000-4000 meters, and the eastern side is the middle and low mountain with an elevation of 1000-2000 meters, and the geomorphologic contrast is significant ^[50] .

The southwest end of the fault begins near Luding, extends northeast through Yanjing, Yingxiu, Taiping, Beichuan, Nanba, Qingchuan, and Chaba into Shaanxi Province, intersects with the Mianxian-Yangpingguan fault, and traverses the entire Longmen Mountains for more than 500 kilometers. It is composed of Beichuan - Chaba-Linansi fault, Beichuan - Yingxiu fault and Beichuan - Qingchuan fault. The fault generally strikes NE35 ° ~ 35 ° It dips NW at an inclination of 60 ° On the left and right, it is an imbricated tectonic belt composed of several secondary reverse faults. Along the fault zone, fault breccia, cataclastic rock and other fault rocks representing brittle deformation are mainly developed, and carbonate mylonite can be seen locally, showing the characteristics of brittle-toughness transition. The fault is active in the middle and late Pleistocene, among which the Beichuan-Taipingchang section is the strongest active section since the Middle and late Pleistocene. The Wenchuan earthquake occurred on the Yingxiu - Beichuan - Qingchuan fault ^[50] .

The back of Longmen Mountain is broken

It is composed of Pingwu-Qingchuan fault, Wenchuan - Maowen fault and Gengda - Longdong fault. The southwest end of the fault zone intersects with the Dadu River fault in the vicinity of Luding cold moraine, and extends more than 500 kilometers to the northeast through Longdong, Yuzixi, Gengda, Caopo, Wenchuan, Mawen, Pingwu and Qingchuan in Shaanxi Province. Among them, the Maowen-Wenchuan fault, which strikes NNE-NE, is composed of a series of imbricated thrust faults trending NW, which were active in the early Pleistocene, and still active in the middle and late Pleistocene. Pingwu-qingchuan fault, from Pingwu tea House in the west, east through Qingchuan, Yangpingguan Daman County, extending hundreds of kilometers, the trend is NEE, the trend is NNW, the dip Angle is 60 ° ~ 80 ° It is a fault zone composed of several nearly parallel faults, which is generally characterized by thrust and right-lateral strike-slip characteristics, and is a middle and weakly active fault in Holocene ^[50] .

seismogenesis

The power source of the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake and the southeast thrust of Longmen Mountain is Indian plate with Eurasia Collision and northward push, this relative movement of plates led to large-scale tectonic deformation within the Asian continent, resulting in crustal shortening, geomorphological uplift, and eastward extrusion of the Tibetan Plateau. As the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was strongly blocked by the South China active block in the Sichuan Basin during its northeastward movement, the stress accumulated at the height of the Longmen Mountains nappe tectonic belt, resulting in a sudden displace along the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault, resulting in a strong 8.0 earthquake ^[9] .

Geological map around the epicenter of Wenchuan earthquake

Seismic characteristics

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EDITOR

Earthquake intensity

According to the revised data of the China Earthquake Administration, the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake Richter scale Level 8.0 ^[3] ; On the basis of United States Geological Survey The revised data show that the magnitude of the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake was 8.0 on the Richter scale and 7.9 on the moment scale. According to the revised data of the Euro-Mediterranean Seismological Network Center, the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake had a moment magnitude of 7.9 ^[10] ; The Japan Meteorological Agency measured the surface wave magnitude of the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake to be 7.9 ^[4] .

On the basis of Japan Meteorological Agency Measured data, May 12 Wenchuan earthquake seismic waves confirmed a total of 6 circles around the earth ^[4] .

Earthquake duration

The ground motion caused by Wenchuan earthquake is very strong, the spread area is very wide, and the seismic wave propagates to Shanxi (Province) , Hebei (Province) , Henan (Province) , Peking The peak acceleration in the free field is still greater than 10 cm/s ², as far as Fujian (Province) , Shandong (Province) , Jiangsu (Province) , Shanghai The acceleration time history waveform is still recorded by many stations in other regions. The maximum horizontal peak acceleration is 957.7 cm/s ² and the maximum vertical peak acceleration is 948.1 cm/s ² in the acceleration records of 478 stations in China digital strong vibration observation network. There are 127 single-component peak accelerations greater than 90 cm/s ², and 375 single-component accelerations greater than 10 cm/s ² ^[52] .

Seismic characteristics

Wenchuan earthquake shows the following main characteristics in the seismic process and dynamic characteristics:

1. High magnitude, shallow focus. The quake had a magnitude of 8.0 and was less than 20 kilometers deep ^[50] .

2. It has the characteristics of a planar source, and the rupture zone is nearly 300 kilometers long. The occurrence of Wenchuan earthquake has the characteristics of continuous progressive damage along the rupture zone. Starting from Yingxiu, the source quickly broke along the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault to the northeast through Pengzhou, Beichuan and Jiangyou to Qingchuan and its north. Along the way, several local "lock-in sections" formed by fault dislocations and turns were cut off, releasing a lot of energy and forming a surface source. The surface rupture zone formed was nearly 300 kilometers long. It also activated and drove the Qianshan fault of Longmen Mountain - Anxian - Guxian fault to form nearly 100 km long surface rupture ^[50] .

3. The earthquake lasts a long time. Due to the surface focus of the earthquake and the progressive damage characteristics of the fault, the duration of the earthquake was as long as 80 to 120 seconds. Long-duration vibration is an important reason that causes strong earthquake damage and triggers a large number of geological disasters ^[50] .

4. Ground vibration response is strong. Because the earthquake occurred in the middle and high mountain areas with very complex terrain conditions, the ground vibration response was extremely strong, and the peak acceleration of the ground motion recorded in the local section reached 1.5g ~ 2.0g. More specifically, the peak vertical acceleration produced by this earthquake is only slightly less than the horizontal acceleration, or the two are roughly equal ^[50] .

The above characteristics determine that Wenchuan earthquake has great destructive and destructive effects on buildings (structures) and geological environment, which is the fundamental reason for a large number of slope instability in the disaster area and triggering a large number of geological disasters. ^[50]

Seismic process

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EDITOR

epicentre

On May 12, 2008, at 14:28 minutes and 4 seconds, Sichuan Province Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture Wenchuan county A magnitude 8.0 earthquake occurred in China, the epicenter of which was located southwest of Yingxiu Town, Wenchuan County, Sichuan Province (geographical coordinates are 31.0 degrees north latitude, 103.4 degrees east longitude). source With a depth of 14 kilometers and a maximum intensity of 11 degrees, the earthquake affected more than half of China and was felt in 25 Chinese provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities). The seismogenic fault of the Wenchuan earthquake is located in the Longmenshan fault zone on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau ^[2] ^[47] .

5.12 Wenchuan earthquake epicenter

aftershock

As of 12:00 hours on 6 May 2011 aftershock The total number is 86,403. There were 8 earthquakes of magnitude 6.0 to 6.9, 40 earthquakes of magnitude 5.0 to 5.9, 274 earthquakes of magnitude 4.0 to 4.9, and 1,375 earthquakes of magnitude 3.0 to 3.9.

At 23:36 on July 14, 2021, a 4.8-magnitude earthquake struck Wenchuan County (30.97 degrees north latitude, 103.37 degrees east longitude) in Aba Prefecture, Sichuan Province, with a focal depth of 15 kilometers. ^[39]

Aftershock distribution map

Earthquake effect

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EDITOR

Extent of disaster

summarize

The seismogenic fault of the Wenchuan earthquake is located in the Longmenshan fault zone on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The earthquake affected 417 counties (cities and districts) in 10 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities), among which Sichuan, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Gansu and Chongqing were the most severely affected, with 48,810 villages in 4,467 townships (towns), covering a total area of 500,000 square kilometers ^[2] ^[47] .

According to Sichuan People's Publishing House in 2017, "Wenchuan Earthquake, Sichuan Earthquake Relief Records, Summary of Major Events", the Wenchuan earthquake affected an area of 500,000 square kilometers, and Sichuan Province was the most affected area of Wenchuan earthquake. In Sichuan, the disaster affected 20 cities (prefectures), 159 counties (cities and districts) and 3,720 townships (towns) except Panzhihua City. Sichuan's disaster-hit area reached 252,000 square kilometers, with 125,000 square kilometers in the worst-hit areas and 11,000 square kilometers in the worst-hit areas, accounting for 52% of the province's land area ^[2] .

Xi Degree area (11 degrees) : It is the area with the highest intensity of Wenchuan earthquake, covering an area of about 2419 square kilometers. It is distributed in a long strip pattern with Yingxiu Town and Beichuan County as two centers in Wenchuan County and Beichuan County, Sichuan Province. Yingxiu XI Zone is distributed along the direction of Wenchuan - Dujiangyan - Pengzhou, with a long axis of about 66 kilometers and a short axis of about 20 kilometers, while Beichuan XI Zone is distributed along the direction of Anxian - Beichuan - Pingwu, with a long axis of about 82 kilometers. The short axis is about 15 km ^[2] .

X-degree zone (10 degrees) : It covers an area of about 3144 square kilometers and is distributed in a narrow and long way to the northeast, with a long axis of about 224 kilometers and a short axis of about 28 kilometers. The northeast end reaches Qingchuan County and the southwest end reaches Wenchuan County ^[2] .

Ix degree zone (9 degrees) : It covers an area of about 7738 square kilometers and is distributed in a narrow and long way to the northeast, with a long axis of about 318 kilometers and a short axis of about 45 kilometers. The northeast end reaches the border of Wudu District of Longnan City in Gansu Province and Ningqiang County in Shaanxi Province, and the southwest end reaches Wenchuan County in Sichuan Province ^[2] .

Ⅷ Degree area (8 degrees) : It covers an area of about 27,786 square kilometers and spreads in a regular oval shape to the northeast, with irregular attenuation in the southeast due to the influence of topography, with a long axis of about 413 kilometers and a short axis of about 115 kilometers, reaching Baoxing County and Lushan County in Sichuan Province in the southwest and Luyang County and Ningqiang County in Shaanxi Province in the northeast ^[2] .

Ⅶ degree zone (7 degrees) : It covers an area of about 84,449 square kilometers, spreading in an irregular oval shape toward the northeast, with irregular attenuation in the southeast due to the influence of topography. The southwest end is closer than the northeast end, the long axis is 566 kilometers, and the short axis is about 267 kilometers. The southwest end reaches Tianquan County of Sichuan Province, and the northeast end reaches Liangtang County of Gansu Province and Feng County of Shaanxi Province. The northernmost is the Meiji district of Tianshui City, Gansu Province, and the southernmost is the Yucheng district of Ya 'an City, Sichuan Province ^[2] .

Vi zone (6 degrees) : It covers an area of about 314,906 square kilometers, with an uneven oval distribution in the northeast direction, with a long axis of about 936 kilometers and a short axis of about 596 kilometers. The southwest end is Jiulong County, Mianning County and Xide County of Sichuan Province; the northeast end is Zhenyuan County and Qingyang City of Gansu Province; the east end is Zhen 'an County of Shaanxi Province; the west end is Daofu County of Sichuan Province; and the north end is Guyuan City of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. The southernmost is Leibo County in Sichuan Province ^[2] .

Extremely hard hit area

A total of 10 counties (cities).

Sichuan Province (10)
Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture	Wenchuan county , MAO County
Mianyang City	Beichuan Qiang Autonomous County An County (today Anzhou District ^[57] ), Pingwu county
Deyang City	Mianzhu City , Shifang City
Chengdu City	Dujiangyan City , Pengzhou City
Guangyuan City	Qingchuan county

Hardest-hit area

A total of 41 counties (cities, districts).

Sichuan Province (29)
Chengdu City	Chongzhou City , Dayi County
Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture	Li County , Heishui county , Xiaojin County , Songpan county , Jiuzhaigou County
Guangyuan City	Yuanba District , Lizhou district , Chaotian District , Wangcang County , Jiange county , Cangxi county
Mianyang City	Youxian District , Fucheng District , Jiangyou City , Zitong county , Santai county , Yanting county
Deyang City	Jingyang region , Guanghan City , Luojiang county (now Luojiang District ^[56] ), Zhongjiang county
Nanchong City	Langzhong City
Ya 'an City	Lushan county , Baoxing county , Hanyuan county , Shimian county
Bazhong City	Nanjiang County

Gansu Province (8)
Longnan City	Wudskiy Rayon , Wenxian County , Kang County , Cheng County , Huizhou County , Xihe County , Liangdang county
Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture	Zhouqu county

Shaanxi Province (4)
Hanzhong City	Ningqiang county , Qingyang county , Mianxian County
Baoji City	Chencang District

General disaster area

A total of 186 counties (cities, districts).

Sichuan Province (100)
Chengdu City	Wuhou District , Jinjiang District , Qingyang District , Jinniu District , Chenghua District , Longquanyi District , Wenjiang District , Xindu District , Qingbaijiang District Shuangliu County (today Double flow area ), Pixian (now 郫 ), Qionglai City , Jianyang City , Pujiang county , Jintang county , Xinjin District
Leshan City	Wutongqiao District , Central district , Shawan District , Jinkou River District , Emeishan City , Qianwei county , Jingyan county , Jiajiang county , Muchuan county , Ebian Yi Autonomous County , Mabian Yi Autonomous County
Bazhong City	Bazhou District (has been split into Bazhou District and Enyang District ), Pingchang county , Tongjiang county
Nanchong City	Shunqing District , Plateau area , Jialing District , Yingshan county , Xichong county , Nanbu County , Peng 'an County , Yilong county
Ya 'an City	Yucheng District Mingshan County (today Famous mountain District ), Xingjing County , Tianquan county
资阳市	Yanjiang District , Lezhi county , Anyue county
Meishan City	Dongpo District Pengshan County (today Pengshan District ), Renshou county , Hongya county , Danlai county , Qingshen county
Dazhou City	Tongchuan District Da County (today Dachuan District ), Dazhu county , Kaijiang county , Xuanhan county , Qu County , Wanyuan City
Suining City	Chuanshan District , Housing area , Pengxi county , Shehong county , Daying county
Guang 'an City	Quang An District (has been split into Guang 'an District and Forward zone ), Yuechi county , Wusheng county , Linshui county , Huaying City
Zigong City	Ziliujing area , Gongjing District , Da 'an District , Coastal region , Rong County , Fushun county
Neijiang City	Central district , Dongxing District , Weiyuan county , Zizhong County Longchang County (now Longchang City )
Yibin City	Cuiping District Nanxi County (now Nanxi District ), Yibin County (today Syzhou District ), Gao County , Pingshan county
Luzhou City	Lu County
Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture	Yuexi county , Ganluo county , Mianning county , Meigu county , Leibo County
Garze Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture	Kangding County (now Kangding City ), Danba County , Luding county , Jiulong county , Daofu county
Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture	Markon County (today Marcon ), Hongyuan county , Jinchuan county , Aba county , Zoige County

Chongqing (10)
Hechuan District Rongchang County (now Rongchang District ), Tongnan County (now Tongnan District ), Dazu County (today Dazu District ), Shuangqiao District (and Dazu county Merged into Dazu District), Tongliang County (now Tongliang District ), Beibei District Bishan County (today Bishan District ), Yongchuan District Liangping County (today Liangping District )

Shaanxi Province (36)
Xi 'an City	Beilin District , Yanta District , Lianhu District Huxian County (today 鄠 ), Zhouzhi county
Baoji City	Jintai District , Weibin district , Longxian County , Linyou county , Taibai county , Meixian County , Qishan County , Qianyang county , Fufeng County , Fengxiang county , Fengxian County
Xianyang City	Yangling district , Wugong county , Xingping City , Yongshou county , Gan County , Liquan county Binxian (today Binzhou City ), Changwu county
Hanzhong City	Hantai District Nanzheng County (now Nanzheng District ), Liuba county , Xixiang county , Chenggu county , Foping county , Zhenba county , Yangxian County
Ankang City	Shiquan county , Hanyin county , Ningshan county , 紫阳县

Gansu Province (32)
Tianshui City	Qinzhou district , Wheat patch , Qingshui county , Gangu County , Wushan county , Qin 'an County , Zhangjiachuan Hui Autonomous County
Pingliang City	Kongtong District , Jingchuan county , Lingtai county , Chongxin county , Zhuanglang county , Jingning county Huating County (today Hua Ting Ciudad)
Baiyin City	Huining county
Dingxi City	Anding District , Tongwei county , Lintao county , Zhangxian County , Minxian County , Weiyuan county , Longxi county
Qingyang City	Xifeng District , Ning County , Zhenyuan county
Longnan City	Lixian County , Dangchang county
Hui Autonomous Prefecture of Linxia	Kangle county
Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture	Luqu county , Zhuoni county , Dibe county , Lintan county

Yunnan Province (3)
Zhaotong City	Suijiang county , Shuifu county , Yongshan county

Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (5)
Guyuan City	Yuanzhou District , Xiji County , Longde county , Jingyuan county , Pengyang county

Reference materials: ^[2] ^[6]

casualty

As of September 25, 2008, the May 12 Wenchuan Earthquake had caused 69,227 deaths, 17,923 missing, 374,643 injured, and 19,930,300 people lost their homes, according to the Sichuan People's Publishing House in 2017. A total of 46.256 million people have been affected. Of those, 68,708 were killed and 17,923 were missing in Sichuan Province. In addition to Panzhihua City and Yibin City, 19 cities (prefectures) in Sichuan were killed, especially Aba prefecture, Mianyang city, Deyang City, Chengdu City, Guangyuan city due to serious casualties, 5 cities (prefectures) were killed more than 4,000 people, of which Aba prefecture, Mianyang city, Deyang City casualties are more than 10,000. In the epicenter of Yingxiu town, Wenchuan County, May 12 Wenchuan earthquake killed 5,462 people, May 12 Wenchuan earthquake destroyed in the Beichuan County caused a large number of casualties, Qingchuan County, Hongguang Township, 250 kilometers away from the epicenter of Yingxiu Donghekou village, May 12 Wenchuan earthquake caused 4 communities buried, more than 780 people were killed ^[2] .

The May 12 Wenchuan earthquake also caused injuries and buried people. As of July 15, 2008, medical and health institutions in Sichuan Province had treated 1,336,621 patients, of whom 900,066 had been hospitalized. A total of 10,015 wounded were transferred to 20 provinces. As of July 15, 2008, a total of 83,988 people had been rescued from the rubble in Sichuan ^[2] .

As of 12 o 'clock on September 25, 2008, 69,227 people have been confirmed dead, 374,643 injured and 17,923 missing in the Wenchuan earthquake ^[48] .

Statistics on the number of affected persons by region as at 12:00 on 18 July 2008
district		Death	Be wounded	Be missing
Sichuan Province	Wenchuan county	15941	34583	7930
	Beichuan county	8605	9693	/
	Mianzhu City	11098	36468	298
	Dujiangyan City	3069	4388	/
	Guangyuan City	4819	28241	125
	Qingchuan county	4695	15453	124
	Chengdu City	4276	26413	/
	Shifang City	5891	31990	251
	An County (now Anzhou District ^[57] )	1571	13476	/
	Pingwu county	1546	32145	/
	Pengzhou City	952	5770	/
	MAO County	3933	8183	336
	Jiangyou City	394	10016	44
	Li County	103	1612	28
	Ya 'an City	28	1351	/
	Meishan	10	315	/
	资阳	20	633	/
	Bazhong City	10	258	/
	Nanchong	30	7632	/
	Suining	27	402	/
	Lac Son	8	534	/
	Neijiang	7	225	/
	Garze Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture	9	23	/
	Quang Yen	1	37	/
	Luzhou	1	1	/
	Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture	3	4	/
	Zigong	2	87	/
Gansu Province		365	7865	11
Shaanxi Province		121	2932	/
Chongqing Municipality		16	637	/
total		67551	281367	9147
Data source: Tencent (Note: "/" means unknown or none, due to the complexity of the disaster and different statistical channels, the aggregated data may be different) ^[49]

Economic loss

summarize

As of September 2008, the May 12 Wenchuan Earthquake had caused a direct economic loss of 845.14 billion yuan, according to the Sichuan People's Publishing House's 2017 "Sichuan Earthquake Relief Record · Summary of Major Events". Among them, the loss of Sichuan accounted for 91.3% of the total loss, Gansu accounted for 5.8%, Shaanxi accounted for 2.9%, and the total loss of other provinces was less than 2 billion yuan. Indirect losses such as the loss of cultural relics, the loss of archives and the destruction of ecological environment are not included in the statistics. The loss of buildings and infrastructure was significant, accounting for 70% of the total loss. Residential and urban housing suffered the greatest losses, accounting for 27.4% of the total losses. Infrastructure, including roads, Bridges and other urban infrastructure, suffered the second largest loss, accounting for 21.9 percent, and other non-residential housing, including schools and hospitals, suffered the third largest loss, accounting for 20.4 percent. ^[7]

Influence industry

Primary industry: According to the Sichuan People's Publishing House in 2017 published "Wenchuan Earthquake Sichuan Earthquake Relief Record · Summary of Major events", the earthquake caused heavy agricultural losses in the disaster area. A large number of canals, irrigation stations, terraces, reservoirs, as well as farming roads, biogas digesters and other agricultural infrastructure were seriously damaged. More than 50,000 greenhouses collapsed, destroyed more than 7.3 million square meters of enclosures, damaged more than 80,000 sets of agricultural machinery, and destroyed more than 600,000 rural household biogas digesters. Due to the damage of some water conservancy and other infrastructure caused by the earthquake, there was a serious shortage of irrigation water in the later period, resulting in 1 million to 1.5 million mu of rice fields being forced to change to dry land crops. 2.145 million mu of grain crops were affected, with losses of 326,000 tons. Economic crops affected an area of 2.572 million mu, of which tea, fungi and other mountain agricultural products suffered especially heavy losses. The damaged area of forest trees is 4.93 million mu, the damaged length of forest roads is 4,859 kilometers, and the damaged area of forest houses is 3,111,000 square meters. In Sichuan province, animal husbandry suffered huge losses in the earthquake, and the management service system suffered heavy losses. In Sichuan province, livestock houses in cities (prefectures), counties (cities, districts) and townships (towns) damaged 996,400 square meters and collapsed 449,900 square meters, with an economic loss of 1.301 billion yuan. The loss of epidemic prevention supplies, quarantine (inspection) facilities and equipment and cold chain systems was 245 million yuan. Livestock production has suffered. Sichuan Province lost 33.83 million livestock and poultry, and the economic loss was 6.992 billion yuan. Among them, 306,700 large livestock suffered an economic loss of 1.109 billion yuan; 3.4033 million pigs, with an economic loss of 4.421 billion yuan; 584,900 sheep with an economic loss of 330 million yuan; 25.5476 million poultry, with an economic loss of 696 million yuan; There were 3,987,500 rabbits, and the economic loss was 435 million yuan. Livestock and poultry enclosures in the province collapsed 2882.32 square meters, with an economic loss of 10.129 billion yuan. In terms of forage, the economic loss of forage in Sichuan province due to the disaster was 1.346 billion yuan. In Sichuan province, the damaged area of feed production enterprises was 631,500 square meters, and the economic loss was 1.852 billion yuan. The economic loss of facilities and equipment was 27.99 million yuan, and the economic loss of raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products was 52.21 million yuan. In terms of grassland ecology, the disaster caused the destruction of natural grassland vegetation of 1.9716 million mu, the destruction of grassland grassland of 214,400 mu, and the economic loss of 217 million yuan. In terms of fisheries, 300,000 mu of fish ponds were destroyed, and more than 8,000 tons of fish and seedlings were killed or escaped. In terms of agricultural machinery, 86,986 units (sets) of agricultural machinery were damaged, 13,070 irrigation stations were damaged, 396,000 kilowatts were damaged, 22,000 kilometers of cultivator roads were damaged, 272,000 square meters of agricultural machinery shed was damaged, and 205,000 square meters of office buildings were damaged ^[2] .

Secondary industry: According to the Sichuan People's Publishing House in 2017, "Sichuan Earthquake Relief Records · Summary of Major Events", 16,280 industrial and mining enterprises in Sichuan province were affected by the earthquake, and the factory area damaged was 47.31 million square meters. Among them, the central enterprise houses in Sichuan damaged an area of 10.99 million square meters, equipment and facilities damaged 360,000 (sets), products and materials lost 26.1 billion yuan. The main affected industries are the following four industries: (1) Equipment manufacturing industry, direct economic losses of 4.7 billion yuan, mainly located in Deyang City and Mianyang city. (2) Phosphate mining and chemical industry, direct economic losses of 13.4 billion yuan, mainly located in Deyang City. (3) Electronic information industry, direct economic loss of 4.7 billion yuan, mainly located in Mianyang city. (4) The energy and power industry lost 2.567 million kilowatts of hydropower capacity, mainly located in Aba Prefecture. The ground office and workshop area of the mining enterprise was 3.735 million square meters, the equipment and facilities were damaged by 35,543 units (sets), the underground equipment and facilities were damaged by 20,988 units (sets), and the Wells and lanes were damaged by 1.076,000 meters. Three central enterprises headquartered in Sichuan province, China Dongfang Electric Group Corporation, China Second Heavy Machinery Group Corporation and Panzhihua Iron and Steel (Group) Company, and dozens of subsidiaries of central enterprises in Sichuan have been affected by the earthquake. China Dongfang Electric Group Corporation is the central enterprise most seriously affected by the earthquake disaster, the affected assets account for about 40%-50% of the total assets of the company. Dongqi, one of the core enterprises, is located in Hanwang Town, Mianzhu City, Deyang, which is only 29 kilometers away from Yingxiu, the epicenter of the disaster. The earthquake caused the collapse or serious damage to the buildings of Dongqi's main engine Plant 1, main engine Plant 3, welding plant, blade plant, ship engine plant, metalworking plant and other units and river dam living areas of Dongqi Hanwang Base, as well as the casting company, equipment company, mold company, Dongqi Technical School and other units. 80% of production facilities and machinery were severely damaged. According to statistics, the earthquake caused the collapse of about 250,000 square meters of workshops and housing of Dongqi, forming more than 300,000 square meters of dangerous buildings, and direct economic losses of about 5 billion yuan. Located in Mianzhu city, Deyang, Sichuan Province China National Chemical Corporation Qingping phosphate mine, is the Wenchuan earthquake casualties and property losses are very serious enterprises. According to incomplete statistics, the direct economic loss of the mine is 478 million yuan, and the indirect economic loss is 371 million yuan. After the earthquake, Mianzhu to the mining area 15 kilometers of roads were blocked by landslides, communication was interrupted, all the houses in the mining area collapsed, many mines were buried, more than 3,000 workers and their families were trapped. State Grid In addition to Xiazhuang Hydropower Station, Yingxiuwan, Yuzixi and Gengda Hydropower stations of Yingxiuwan Power Plant, Tongzhong, Caopo, Shapai and Futang hydropower stations of Minjiang Hydropower Co., LTD have all been suspended ^[2] .

Tertiary industry: According to the Sichuan People's Publishing House in 2017, "Wenchuan Earthquake Sichuan Earthquake Relief Records · Summary of Major Events", in terms of finance, the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake caused damage to 1.815 million square meters of bank business rooms and office rooms, system network and equipment losses of 470 million yuan, and cash losses of 380,000 yuan. According to the Sichuan Earthquake Relief Record · Summary of Major Events published by Sichuan People's Publishing House in 2017, in terms of tourism, the excellent and good tourism resources in Sichuan Province are mainly distributed in the six heavily affected cities (prefectural) of the earthquake. The earthquake has caused great damage to the tourist attractions and tourist facilities in the region. 482 scenic spots were damaged, 3,708 hotels and restaurants were damaged, 130,000 square meters of office buildings were damaged, and 66 vehicles were damaged. The direct loss was 46.6 billion yuan, equivalent to 40 percent of the province's tourism revenue in 2007. According to the Sichuan People's Publishing House in 2017, "Wenchuan Earthquake, Sichuan Earthquake Relief Records, Summary of Major Events", trade logistics, grain, supply and marketing, postal system due to the disaster losses are also very serious. In Sichuan province, 51,429 outlets and service points were damaged, business rooms damaged 11.105 million square meters, commodity losses of 6.78 billion yuan, and cash losses of 28.04 million yuan. The grain system damaged 19,712 warehouses, damaged 7.019 million tons of tank capacity, lost 70,000 tons of grain and oil, and damaged 509,000 square meters of office area. Supply and marketing system housing damage area of 2.935 million square meters, commodity losses of 280 million yuan, cash losses of 1.15 million yuan. The post office damaged an area of 476,000 square meters, the housing area of employees was 312,000 square meters, 37 cars were damaged, and 3,251 pieces (sets) of other equipment and facilities were damaged. The amount of compensation for loss of mail was 2.21 million yuan, and the amount of cash was 2.12 million yuan ^[2] .

Urban destruction

According to Sichuan People's Publishing House's 2017 book "Wenchuan Earthquake Relief Records in Sichuan Province", the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake caused the collapse of 19.33 million square meters of urban residential housing in Sichuan Province, severely damaged 68.766 million square meters, and affected 978,000 households and 2.85 million people. 6.350,600 houses of rural residents collapsed and 7.219,000 were severely damaged. The earthquake also caused heavy damage to the indoor and outdoor property of urban and rural residents in the disaster area, and the loss was estimated to be as high as 34.49 billion yuan ^[2] .

The May 12 Wenchuan earthquake turned Beichuan County into ruins, resulting in Qingchuan County lost the function of carrying the population. At the same time, the earthquake also caused the Wenchuan Yingxiu town, Mianzhu Hanwang Town and other towns and buildings destroyed, Dujiangyan city, one third of the houses destroyed, one third of the houses need to be reinforced and repaired ^[2] .

In the earthquake intensity XI districts of Wenchuan County Shuimo town, Xuankou town, Baihua Township, Yingxiu town, Yinxing Township, Taoguan village, Dujiangyan City Hongkou Township, Pengzhou City Xiaoyu Cave town, Longmen Mountain town, Beichuan County county, Chenjiaba township, Pingwu County Pingtong town, South Dam town, etc. were completely damaged ^[2] .

In the earthquake intensity X degree region of Wenchuan County, Sanjiang, Gengda, Caopo, Xiasuo Bridge, Mianyang, Yulong, MAO County Guangming, Fushun, Tumen, Dongxing, Dujiangyan City Qingcheng Back mountain, Zipingpu town, Pengzhou City Tongji, White Deer and other towns were completely destroyed ^[2] .

Most of the buildings in Wolong, Qipanggou, Weizhou, Yanmen, Kegu, Xiazhuang, Longxi in Wenchuan County, Nanxin, Fengyi, Weimen, Goukou, Yonghe, Hei Hu, Feihong in MAO County, Taoping in Li County, Bai Yang in Songpan City, Wenjing River and Jiguan Mountain in Chongzhou City, Guankou, Xiange, Qingcheng Mountain, Tai 'an and Cifeng in Pengzhou City were destroyed ^[2] .

In addition, according to the survey statistics, there are 1,595 neighborhood committee houses collapsed and damaged in Sichuan province (1,065 of them are in the hardest hit areas), accounting for 30.20% of the number of neighborhood committees in Sichuan. The most severely affected areas are mainly distributed in the vast rural areas of Longmen Mountain area. 12,939 village committee houses collapsed and were damaged in Sichuan province (of which 9,310 were severely damaged), accounting for 30.98% of the total number of village committees in Sichuan province ^[2] .

Traffic facility damage

According to Sichuan People's Publishing House in 2017 "Wenchuan Earthquake Sichuan Earthquake Relief Record · Summary of Major events", the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake and the secondary disasters such as landslides and collapses caused serious damage to the transportation infrastructure in Sichuan disaster areas. The 317 National Highway and 213 National Highway leading to Wenchuan, the epicenter of the earthquake, were severely damaged and all were interrupted, especially the Duwen Expressway to be built. In addition, road traffic to Maoxian County, Beichuan County, Mianzhu City, Qingchuan County, Pingwu County and 254 towns and cities were completely interrupted. In Sichuan province, 299 kilometers of expressways were damaged, and about 145 kilometers of roadbed, 181 Bridges and 10 tunnels were damaged on seven expressways, including Chengguan Expressways, Chengmian Expressways, Chengya Expressways and Chengwen Expressways. 3,026 kilometers of trunk roads were damaged, and about 2,723 kilometers of subgrade pavement, 577 Bridges and 12 tunnels were damaged to varying degrees on 16 national and provincial roads, including 108 and 212 national roads. Damaged 18,800 kilometers of rural roads, 563 Bridges, 42 tunnels, damaged 143 passenger stations above the county level, 543 rural passenger stations, damaged 200 piers, road class rooms damaged 469,000 square meters, 116 maintenance facilities damaged (sets), office buildings damaged 499,000 square meters. In Sichuan Province, the earthquake caused major railway lines such as Baocheng Line, Chengkun Line, Chengyu Line and Reached Line, and Chengwen, Detian and Guangyue branch lines were damaged to varying degrees. The Chengdu railway system was damaged by 2,572 kilometers of lines, 377 Bridges and tunnels, 669 kilometers of subgrade, 59 culverts, 58 signal equipment stations, and 3.314 million square meters of housing. In total, 41 locomotives and vehicles were scrapped, the rails or ties of 32 kilometers of lines were damaged or deformed, 61 Bridges and 40 tunnels were damaged to varying degrees, the signal equipment of 66 stations was damaged, the communication equipment of some sections was damaged, the equipment of 61 kilometers of overhead contact line was damaged, 852,000 square meters of houses were collapsed or damaged, and 58,650 cubic meters of rock fell ^[2] .

The urban construction system is broken

According to Sichuan People's Publishing House's 2017 Sichuan Earthquake Relief Record, the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake damaged 7,006 kilometers of urban water supply and drainage pipelines, 3,275 kilometers of urban gas pipelines, 3,112 kilometers of municipal roads, and 1,040 urban Bridges. 2,609 domestic waste collection and treatment facilities were damaged. In Sichuan province, 541 water plants, 2,630.9 kilometers of drainage pipes, 1,226 municipal Bridges, 87,561 street lights, 470 public transportation facilities, 45 sewage treatment facilities, 1,620 garbage collection and treatment facilities, and 323 other municipal facilities suffered varying degrees of damage in the earthquake ^[2] .

Damage to reservoirs and water conservancy facilities (including local power)

According to the Sichuan People's Publishing House in 2017 "Wenchuan Earthquake Sichuan Earthquake Relief Record · Summary of Major events", the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake damaged 1,808 reservoir projects. Due to dam cracks, dam body landslide, spillway destruction, flood cave collapse, wave wall fracture, dam slope collapse and so on. Among them, there are 8 large reservoirs, 58 medium-sized reservoirs and 142 small reservoirs. There are 69 DAMS in danger of breaking and 310 DAMS in high danger. Dike projects damaged 728 kilometers, 259,884 water source facilities were damaged, water supply projects damaged 30,000 kilometers of pipelines, affecting 5.75 million people, irrigation projects damaged 123,000, 39,000 kilometers of channels, 52,791 square meters of hydrological observation stations, 236 sets of hydrological monitoring equipment, 2,134 kilometers of rural hydropower facilities damaged to varying degrees. 11,419 collapsed and broken poles, and 105,040 other water conservancy facilities (sluices, etc.) were damaged. Water and soil conservation facilities 20,622 reservoirs were damaged, 4,017 kilometers of slope water system were damaged, 499,000 mu of aquaculture was affected, 31,000 tons of adult fish and fish species were killed, 1.017 million square meters of office and management rooms were damaged, and 8,651 sets of management facilities were damaged. ^[2] .

Power system (including local power) damaged

According to Sichuan People's Publishing House's 2017 "Wenchuan Earthquake Sichuan Earthquake Relief Records · Summary of Major Events", the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake caused the national grid to shut down 247 substations of 35 kV and above, and 1,643 transmission lines of 10 kV and above. In Sichuan power Grid, 173 substations of 35 kV and above were shut down, 17 of which were completely destroyed. A total of 2,769 transmission lines of 10 kV or above were shut down. In rural areas, 470 hydropower stations were damaged, 2,811 distribution equipment was damaged, and 32,000 kilometers of power grid was cut off. 361 power stations in six hard-hit cities (prefectures) suffered varying degrees of damage, with a direct economic loss of 6.42 billion yuan. In Sichuan province, a total of 36 local power supply enterprises were affected by the disaster, 408 lines above 10 kV were shut down, 21,540 poles were toppled, 68,559 kilometers of lines were broken, 14,253 kilometers of low-voltage lines were damaged, 3,675 sets of distribution equipment were damaged, and direct economic losses were 1.861 billion yuan. Eight power companies in six heavily affected cities (prefectures) were affected, with a direct economic loss of 1.637 billion yuan ^[2] .

Communication system failure

According to Sichuan People's Publishing House's 2017 "Wenchuan Earthquake Sichuan Earthquake Relief Record · Summary of Major Events", the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake caused damage to communication base stations, damage to communication equipment, equipment broken or tilted, and optical cable stretched. According to the statistics of the Sichuan Communications Administration Bureau, the earthquake caused 109 towns and villages in eight counties in the worst-hit areas in the communications field to cut off communications. A total of 2,552 sets of data equipment, 2,564 sets of switching equipment, 3,625 sets of transmission equipment, and 118,755 communication poles were knocked down in the quake-hit areas of Sichuan province. 27,307 km of communication lines, 15,731 sets of base station equipment, 5,321 sets of power supply equipment, 4,101 power generators, 7,337 batteries, 3,460 base station towers and 314,001 sets of other equipment were damaged to varying degrees, damaging 3,490 houses and 166 vehicles. In Sichuan Province, 1.16 million square meters of communication system business buildings were damaged, 2,096 mobile communication base stations were damaged, 12,000 PHS base stations were damaged, 17,000 pico-kilometers of optical cable were damaged, 6,277 pico-kilometers of cable were damaged, 5,548 switches and access equipment were damaged, and 3623 transmission equipment were damaged ^[2] .

Environmental damage

Mountains and rivers changed their appearance

According to Sichuan People's Publishing House's 2017 "Wenchuan Earthquake Sichuan Earthquake Relief Record · Summary of Major Events", the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake triggered a large area of landslides, collapses, barrier lakes, debris flows, ground cracks, earthquake sinkholes and sand liquefaction. At the moment of the earthquake, the earth shakes, the surface rupture site causes the road or pavement wrong section, or transverse uplift, or longitudinal tilt; Houses along the zone were destroyed or the foundations raised. Houses located on the fault zone were severely damaged, tilted and even collapsed, the slope of the road was greater than 60 degrees, and the original terrain was seriously changed. The earthquake faults broke to the surface in the area of Wenchuan and Beichuan, and many fault scarps were formed by the fault extrusion ^[2] .

Geomorphic change

According to Sichuan People's Publishing House in 2017 "Wenchuan Earthquake Sichuan Earthquake Relief Record · Summary of Major events", May 12 Wenchuan earthquake caused a large number of landslides in Wenchuan County, Li County, MAO County, Pengzhou, Mianzhu, Beichuan County, An County, Pingwu County and other places. Some mountains slide into river valleys, blocking river channels. Tangjiashan slipped into the Jianjiang River channel to form Tangjiashan quake lake. Landslides occurred in about 70% of the visual area from Maoxian to Xuankou along the Minjiang River main stream valley, and in about 30% of the river valley from Wenchuan to Xuecheng in Li County, a tributary of Minjiang River. Landslides destroyed and buried villages, Rolling Stones smashed houses, driving vehicles, causing pedestrian casualties, damaged roads and Bridges and culverts, blocking traffic and so on. The earthquake also caused sand blasting and water, and even earthquake sinkholes ^[2] .

Land destruction

According to the Sichuan People's Publishing House in 2017 "Wenchuan Earthquake Sichuan Earthquake Relief Record · Summary of Major Events", the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake brought about landslide, debris flow, collapse and other geological disasters, serious damage to land resources, resulting in a large number of land loss. According to the remote sensing monitoring of the National Disaster Reduction Commission and the earthquake relief expert Group of the Ministry of Science and Technology, the earthquake and its induced landslides, collapses, debris flows and other disasters have caused a large number of ground covers to be destroyed. Ground cover damage was serious in 11 counties (cities), including Wenchuan County, Mianzhu City, An County, Pengzhou City, Beichuan County, Shifang City, Dujiangyan City, Pingwu County, MAO County, Qingchuan County and Jiangyou City. In 11 counties (cities), the total surface coverage of landslide, collapse, debris flow and other damage caused by the earthquake reached 77311 hectares, accounting for 2.69% of the land area of 11 counties (cities). The land cover in Wenchuan County, Mianzhu City, An County and Shifang City was the most severely damaged, accounting for 6.85%, 8.37%, 5.96% and 7.15% of the land area of the four counties (cities), respectively. The destruction of land cover leads to the damage or loss of the original woodland, cultivated land, grassland and other land, and the destruction of the ecosystem, which in turn affects the ecological function and the protection of biodiversity ^[2] .

Farmers lost their land

According to Sichuan People's Publishing House in 2017 "Wenchuan Earthquake Sichuan Earthquake Relief Record · Summary of Major Events", the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake caused some farmers in Sichuan disaster areas to lose 12,307 mu of housing land, involving 45,000 farmers and 159,000 people; The used farmland was damaged by 1.678 million mu, and the farmland was lost by 176,000 mu, of which 56,000 mu of farmland belonging to about 12,000 households and 41,000 people were all lost ^[2] .

Woodland destruction

According to the Sichuan People's Publishing House in 2017, "Sichuan Earthquake Relief Records · Summary of Major Events", Chengdu, Deyang City, Mianyang City, Guangyuan City, Ya 'an City, Aba Prefecture 6 earthquake-hit cities (prefectural) destroyed 4.916 million mu of forest, of which 3.615 million mu of ecological public welfare forest, 568,400 mu of wood industrial raw material forest, Economic bamboo forest 114,000 mu, walnut and other economic forest 618,300 mu. Due to the destruction of forests on a large scale, the forest coverage rate in Sichuan decreased by 0.5 percentage points from 30.7 percent to 30.2 percent. In 45 counties (cities and districts) with heavy forestry disasters, the forest coverage rate decreased from 44.51% before the earthquake to 42.64%, a decrease of 1.87 percentage points. Longmen Mountain area, where the main earthquake area is located, is the most abundant forest resources in Sichuan province, the forest land in this area accounts for 10.4% of Sichuan province, the forest stock accounts for 9.5% of Sichuan province, the forest coverage rate is 13 percentage points higher than that of Sichuan province, and the proportion of forest land in the area is 17 percentage points higher than the average level of Sichuan province. Due to large-scale landslides, collapses, a large number of trees fell, broken or buried, forest collapsed, flooded or even reduced area, the disaster area before the earthquake for many years to implement the return of farmland to forest, natural forest protection results have been seriously damaged, preliminary statistics of forest damage to more than 3.8 million mu. The forest coverage rate of Mianyang city directly decreased by 2.95 percentage points. In Aba Prefecture, 2.4711 million mu of forest land was destroyed, of which 789,000 mu was afforested by the sky protection project, 306,100 mu was afforested by the return of farmland to forest project, and 1.376 million mu of forest land was closed and accumulated. In addition, 13 national and provincial nature reserves were damaged to varying degrees in the earthquake, accounting for 55% of the total area of nature reserves. The habitat of rare wild animals is destroyed, which seriously threatens the survival of rare wild animals and plants ^[2] .

Social loss

School disaster

The earthquake affected 13,768 schools (including teaching centers and affiliated classes) in Sichuan province, involving 9.3 million students. Collapsed and dilapidated school buildings covered 11.51 million square meters and damaged 24.23 million square meters. It caused 26.249 billion yuan in school losses, 1.374 billion yuan in teaching equipment and books, 394 million yuan in sports venues, and 2.336 billion yuan in ancillary facilities. Among them, 1,086 schools were damaged in Chengdu, 780 in Deyang City, 1,398 in Mianyang City (excluding private schools), 492 in Guangyuan City and 763 in Aba Prefecture ^[2] .

Health services were hit

In Sichuan province, 11,386 health service institutions were damaged, accounting for 16% of the total. The area of houses destroyed was 7.086 million square meters, 68,000 units of equipment were damaged, and 350 million yuan of medicines were lost. Almost all the houses in the rural three-level health service network in some counties of the heavily affected cities (prefectures) have collapsed or become dilapidated houses, and the basic medical service capacity has been lost. In Chengdu, 25 town health centers and 154 village health stations were damaged, while 976 medical institutions were damaged in Deyang City, 3,322 in Mianyang City, 2,495 in Guangyuan City and 977 in Aba Prefecture ^[2] .

Population and family planning services were affected

In Sichuan Province, 9,034 population and family planning system service institutions were damaged, 124,000 square meters of houses collapsed, 436,000 square meters of dilapidated houses, 36,000 pieces of equipment damaged, and 12.26 million yuan of medicines and medicines damaged ^[2] .

Civil affairs institutions (including social welfare institutions) were affected

In Sichuan province, all kinds of civil affairs institutions (including social welfare institutions) were damaged by 1,598, the area of houses was damaged by 352,000 square meters, and the equipment loss was 220 million yuan. About 44 welfare homes and nursing homes collapsed, and orphanages, social welfare homes and psychiatric hospitals in six hard-hit cities (prefectures) suffered varying degrees of damage ^[2] .

Radio and television stations were affected

In Sichuan province, 1,220 radio and television stations were damaged, 505,000 square meters of office and computer rooms were damaged, 67,000 kilometers of optical cable lines were damaged, and 178,000 units (pieces and sets) of professional equipment were damaged. ^[2] .

The sports system's public competition venues were affected

In Sichuan province, the damage area of public sports competition venues (with spectator seats) was 925,000 square meters, the damage area of athletes' training venues was 241,000 square meters, the damage area of other sports rooms was 126,000 square meters, the national fitness path project was damaged 587 sets, and the farmers' sports fitness project was damaged 266 ^[2] .

Cultural loss

summarize

Most of the hard-hit areas in Sichuan are ethnic areas with rich cultural resources, fragile cultural ecology, weak cultural infrastructure and extremely inconvenient transportation, poor mountainous areas and old revolutionary base areas. The cultural industry in the disaster area was seriously damaged, involving many industries such as performance exhibitions, cultural entertainment, art education and training, audiovisual, artwork, Internet culture, and foreign cultural trade. Some key cultural enterprises and projects, cultural infrastructure and cultural market service sites have been severely damaged, affecting the production, service, consumption and investment of cultural products. Cultural markets, cultural industry institutions and facilities were damaged 3,990, houses were damaged 558,000 square meters and 89,331 pieces of equipment were damaged, public cultural institutions and facilities were damaged 9,598, houses were damaged 1.45 million square meters, equipment was damaged 60,203 pieces and books were damaged 3.469 million volumes. 276 cultural relics were damaged, 46,000 square meters of management buildings were damaged, and 900 million yuan was lost to protective facilities ^[2] .

Cultural venues hit by disaster

The cultural bureaus, cultural centers, libraries, theaters, township comprehensive cultural stations, and grass-roots service points of cultural information resource sharing projects in Sichuan have all suffered serious damage. Among them, four county cultural bureau administrative buildings, five county cultural stations, four county libraries, four theaters (theaters), 242 township comprehensive cultural stations, and 11 grass-roots service points for cultural information resource sharing projects collapsed, covering an area of 78,000 square meters. Cultural facilities in Beichuan County, Wenchuan County, Qingchuan county, MAO County and other counties were all leveled by the earthquake ^[2] .

Damage to cultural heritage

In terms of historical and cultural heritage, the earthquake disaster has caused great damage to the cultural heritage of Sichuan Province. In the worst-hit areas of Chengdu, Deyang City, Mianyang city, Aba Prefecture, cultural relics buildings, museums collapsed, cultural relics damage is very serious, cultural relics suffered heavy losses. In Sichuan province, 83 national key cultural relics protection units, 174 provincial cultural relics protection units, 814 city and county cultural relics protection units, as well as a number of difficult to count cultural relics protection sites have suffered varying degrees of damage; Sixty-five museums and cultural relics storerooms, offices and management rooms suffered varying degrees of damage or destruction; Much of the collection was damaged ^[2] .

The cultural industry and the cultural market are affected

The cultural industry and market of Sichuan province were seriously affected by the earthquake disaster. More than 150 key cultural industry units, including Dujiangyan Scenic Area, Sanxingdui Cultural Industry Park, Chengdu Jinli, Jianchuan Museum Settlement, Jiuzhaigou Performing Arts Group, Zigong Colored Lantern Cultural Industry Park and other national cultural industry demonstration bases, Lingyanshan Cultural Tourism Park, and Zhaohua Ancient City Three Kingdoms Cultural Industry Park, have been damaged to varying degrees. Mianzhu New Year Picture Village, Shifang surprise Happy Valley and other completely destroyed. 11,000 cultural business sites were damaged to varying degrees, of which 1,734 business sites were closed in 13 counties due to the disaster. Twenty-seven counties were affected to varying degrees, with 590 business establishments unable to operate normally. The economic loss of the cultural industry and the cultural market reached 6.95 billion yuan ^[2] .

Secondary disaster

broadcast

EDITOR

summarize

Wenchuan earthquake epicenter area is a high incidence of sudden earthquake disasters, strong earthquakes and frequent aftershocks caused the mountain rock rupture, ground crushing, vegetation was seriously damaged, coupled with frequent heavy rain, resulting in aftershocks, landslides, collapses, Debris flow Many secondary disasters, such as earthquakes, have produced a large number of new geological hazards, which has increased the difficulty of post-disaster recovery ^[2] .

Geological disaster

In Aba Prefecture, the worst-hit area of the earthquake, the earthquake triggered 21,000 geological disasters such as landslides, collapses and mudslides, and 2,265 major geological hazards involving the safety of people's lives and property. About 70% of the landslides in the visual range of Maoxian County to Xuankou section along the main river valley of Minjiang River, and about 30% of the landslides in the river valley from Wenchuan to Xuecheng section of Li County, a tributary of Minjiang River, were 2,172 major geological disasters, of which 910 were landslides and 1,257 collapsed ^[2] .

5·12· Wenchuan earthquake-hit areas landslide flow intensive distribution area

Dammed lake

Earthquake formation Dammed lake 104 seats. The largest damming lake is Tangjiashan damming lake located in the Jianjiang River, a tributary of Fujiang River, located upstream of Qushan Town, Beichuan County. The lake was formed because the flow of the Jianjiang River was blocked by Tangjiashan sliding into the Jianjiang River under the influence of the earthquake. The weir body is 803 meters long along the river, and the transverse river is 612 meters wide and about 100 meters high. The water level of the quake lake has been rising at a rate of 3 meters a day, draining 7.2 million cubic meters of water a day and threatening to collapse at any time, threatening the industrial cities of Mianyang and Suining in central Sichuan downstream ^[2] .

Meteorological disaster

Earthquake-induced meteorological disasters have a great impact on disaster relief and industrial and agricultural production, from May 12 to 14, 2008, the extremely hard-hit Wenchuan County weather has been in the grave cloudy with showers or thunderstorms, increasing the difficulty of self-rescue and disaster relief, but also lead to the road and other lifeline block the situation, the use of aircraft to participate in the rescue. Other areas in the worst-hit areas are also facing similar weather phenomena ^[2] .

Reservoir earthquake damage

The earthquake also caused the earthquake damage reservoir risk factor doubled. According to the report of the National Commission for Disaster Reduction, 2,473 reservoirs in China were in danger due to the Wenchuan earthquake, including 1,803 in Sichuan. Among the dangerous reservoirs in Sichuan, 66.3% were cracked, 34.4% were leaking, 12.4% were sliding, 8.1% were deformed, and 16.1% were in other dangerous forms ^[2] .

The dike is earthquake-proof

In Sichuan province, a total of 500 sections of dikes were damaged, the length of which was 723 kilometers, 97% of which were below grade 3, accounting for about 14.5% of the actual length of dikes in Sichuan Province that year. The types of dangerous dikes are also diverse, with 317 cracks, 165 slips and landslides, 193 subsidence, 3 piping, and 84 other dikes, some of which have a variety of dangerous conditions. Among all the dike risks, 50 sections with a length of 201 km, accounting for 27.84% of the total length, accounted for 10%. There were 199 sections with serious danger, accounting for 39.8% of the total number of embankments, 201 km in length, accounting for 27.84% of the length; There were 251 general hazards, accounting for 50.2% of the total number of damaged embankments, 321 kilometers in length, accounting for 44.4% of the total length ^[2] .

Earthquake treatment

broadcast

EDITOR

Rescue situation

summarize

After the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake, under the leadership of the CPC Central Committee, The State Council and the Central Military Commission, under the direct leadership of The State Council earthquake Relief Headquarters, and with the strong support of the Party, government, army and people across the country, the Sichuan Provincial Party Committee and the provincial government led 86 million people to calmly respond to the earthquake. We carried out the most difficult earthquake rescue operation since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 ^[2] .

After the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake, the CPC Central Committee immediately identified earthquake relief as the most important and urgent task for the whole Party and the whole country. ^[34] Immediately after the earthquake, important instructions were made to rescue the injured as soon as possible to ensure the safety of people in the disaster-hit areas ^[64] And presided over successive meetings of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau and the Political Bureau, fully deployed earthquake relief work, and personally went to the disaster area to guide earthquake relief. The State Council set up the General Headquarters for earthquake relief and the Sichuan Front Headquarters to conduct thorough organization and scientific dispatch, forming a working mechanism of connecting the upper and lower levels, military and local coordination, national mobilization and regional cooperation. Wen Jiabao, then member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, Premier of The State Council and Secretary of the Leading Party Group ^[35] Immediately after the earthquake, he rushed to Sichuan to guide earthquake relief. Under the unified deployment of the headquarters, all relevant departments urgently allocated disaster relief funds, urgently organized rescue forces of all parties to rush to the disaster area, and urgently mobilized a large number of disaster relief materials to the disaster area. Other leading comrades of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and The State Council have also rushed to the disaster area to give guidance and coordination on earthquake relief ^[2] .

Party committees and governments at all levels in Sichuan earnestly implemented the central deployment and assumed the main responsibility of the work, and local party committees and governments at all levels mobilized urgently to lead cadres to turn grief into strength, bravely stand up from the ruins, resolutely, according to law, and scientifically cope with the earthquake catastrophe, and strive to win the great victory of earthquake relief. After the earthquake, the Sichuan Provincial Party Committee and the provincial government held a meeting to urgently study and deploy earthquake relief work, immediately identified earthquake relief as the most important and urgent task in the province, the provincial government quickly launched an emergency level I response, held a press conference in time to inform the community of the earthquake disaster, and provincial leaders immediately led teams to the front line to organize and command. The provincial Party Committee and the provincial government immediately established the "May 12" earthquake relief headquarters in Sichuan Province to provide unified leadership and command. Less than three hours after the earthquake, Sichuan's provincial, city, county and township earthquake relief organization and command system was basically formed ^[2] .

Sichuan Provincial headquarters quickly organized and coordinated all rescue forces to rush to the disaster area, and urgently organized nearly 40,000 local troops, public security police and public security firefighters to engage in disaster relief. Sichuan province quickly organized a number of earthquake rescue teams, mining rescue teams, medical rescue teams rushed to the disaster area. The leaders of the Sichuan Provincial Party Committee, the provincial People's Congress, the provincial government, and the provincial Political Consultative Conference all participated in the relevant work of the headquarters, and the Sichuan Provincial headquarters established a twice-daily consultation system to organize, coordinate, arrange and deploy specific work; The headquarters of Sichuan Province implements the working mechanism of the departments and bureaux under the emergency system, and authorizes the leaders of the headquarters to directly issue instructions and dispatch functional departments according to the division of labor; The Sichuan Provincial headquarters and the city (prefecture) headquarters have established a point-to-point rapid response mechanism to directly coordinate and solve emergency rescue matters and special difficulties to ensure the efficient operation of the command system. Sichuan Provincial headquarters has invited hundreds of experts in Sichuan to hold disaster relief analysis meetings and consultation meetings in various aspects to consult and discuss the best rescue and disaster relief strategies; We supported deputies to the People's Congress and members of the CPPCC in fulfilling their duties, and actively offered suggestions for earthquake relief. We have urgently organized investigations into legal issues related to disasters, carried out emergency local legislation, and issued relevant policy documents. The Sichuan Provincial headquarters made a series of major decisions in a timely manner, such as immediately implementing traffic control and traffic support after the earthquake, focusing on opening up the rescue lifeline, the government subsidized funds to help the affected farmers build simple transitional houses, restore the family life of the affected residents as soon as possible, and implement the principle of "local, nearby, dispersed resettlement" to settle the affected people. With the rescue forces and resources of all parties entering Sichuan, it is extremely important to coordinate and integrate the forces of all parties and make efficient use of disaster relief resources. Sichuan Provincial Headquarters actively assisted The State Council Earthquake Relief Headquarters and Sichuan Forward Headquarters, rationally deployed rescue troops and professional forces, and received rescue teams from foreign countries and Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan to participate in rescue and rescue. Adopt the method of military and local coordination, local coordination, military coordination, and garrison coordination, to form military and local cooperation in disaster relief, and maximize the role of rescue forces of all parties. Actively coordinate the material support within and outside Sichuan Province, the front and rear, do a good job in the collection, management and allocation of materials, ensure emergency communication and communication, raise and arrange disaster relief transport capacity, and provide strong logistical support for rescue teams. The Party committees and governments of the cities (prefectures), counties (cities, districts) and townships (towns) in the disaster-hit areas also fully fulfilled their territorial emergency responsibilities in accordance with the law, and implemented various decisions and carried out work relying on internal and external rescue forces and resources to ensure that the rescue and relief work reached an orderly state in the shortest possible time. It has experienced the stage of self-rescue and mutual rescue, key search and rescue, and comprehensive search and rescue into villages and households ^[2] .

The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, The State Council, the Sichuan Provincial Party Committee and provincial government, and the military made emergency arrangements for earthquake relief

胡锦涛和温家宝在灾区机场

At around 16:44 on May 12, 2008, two hours after the earthquake ^[67] At that time, Wen Jiabao, a member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, Premier of The State Council and secretary of the Party Group, rushed to the Sichuan disaster area by special plane from Beijing Nanyuan Airport ^[2] At 19:10 p.m. on the 12th ^[62] Arrive at Taiping Temple Airport in Chengdu, Sichuan Province ^[63] ^[65-66] .

According to the decision of the CPC Central Committee, The State Council quickly established the earthquake relief headquarters, and was then a member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and Premier of The State Council Wen Jiabao ^[58] General commander of The State Council earthquake relief headquarters ^[59] He was a member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, vice Premier of The State Council and deputy secretary of the Leading Party Group Li Keqiang ^{[37] 36 -} He was a member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, vice Premier of The State Council, and member of the Leading Party Group ^[68] Hui Liangyu He was deputy commander of the General Command Department of Earthquake Relief under The State Council ^[60-61] Under it, there are eight earthquake relief working groups (later water conservancy group), including rescue and relief group, mass life group, earthquake monitoring group, health and epidemic prevention Group, publicity group, production recovery group, infrastructure protection Group (later changed to "infrastructure security and post-disaster reconstruction group"), and social security group, which are participated by the relevant departments, the military, the Armed police force, local party committees, and the main leaders of the government. According to the actual situation of Sichuan earthquake relief, The State Council set up a special headquarters in Sichuan to coordinate the earthquake relief work ^[2] .

On the afternoon of May 12, 2008, the General Office of the Sichuan Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the Sichuan Provincial People's Government issued the "Urgent Notice on Effectively Doing Earthquake relief Work". Secretary of the Sichuan Provincial Committee and Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Provincial People's Congress Liu Qibao The directive calls for earthquake relief to be the top priority and top political task at present, to devote all efforts to earthquake relief work, to protect the safety of people's lives and property, and to maintain social stability ^[2] .

From May 12 to November 19, 2008, during the critical stage of rescue and disaster relief, Sichuan Provincial Party Committee held several (expanded) meetings of the Standing Committee of the Provincial Party Committee and meetings of the Provincial Party Committee, and the provincial Party Committee and the provincial government held video and telephone conferences, earthquake relief work reporting meetings, special meetings and work meetings, etc., to organize and command the transitional arrangements for rescue and medical and epidemic prevention in the province. A series of major deployments were made. Under the unified organization and command of the Sichuan Provincial Party Committee and the provincial government, Party and government organs at all levels, people's organizations, enterprises and public institutions of all kinds, cadres and masses, public security police, PLA commanders and combatants, armed police officers and militiamen and reservists, medical and health workers, journalists, scientific and technological workers, project builders, volunteers, The democratic parties, the Federation of industry and Commerce, and personages without party affiliation quickly engaged in earthquake relief and launched the earthquake relief struggle ^[2] .

As soon as the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake occurred, the Chengdu Military Region made a quick response, activated the emergency rescue and disaster relief emergency mechanism, established the earthquake relief headquarters, took earthquake relief and rescue of people's lives and property as the first task of the Chengdu Military Region troops, and quickly dispatched troops to carry out rescue work. He was then commander of the Chengdu Military Region in Yunnan Li Shiming He was political commissar Zhang Haiyang Immediately instructed the Chengdu Military Region and the Chengdu Military Region headquarters, the political Department, the Joint Service Department, the armaments Department (hereinafter referred to as the "Four major Departments") Other organs immediately launched the emergency rescue and disaster relief command mechanism, and fully launched the earthquake relief organization and command work. Deputy commander of the Chengdu Military Region Li Zuocheng Immediately set out to the front line of the disaster area to open the Chengdu military region earthquake relief frontline command post, organize and command rescue and disaster relief; Promptly ascertain the epicenter of the earthquake and the disaster situation in related areas, and promptly report to the Central Military Commission and the headquarters of the military region; The troops and militia reservists of the Chengdu Military region stationed in Sichuan were ordered to rush to the quake-hit areas as quickly as possible and spare no effort in rescue and disaster relief at all costs ^[2] .

According to the order of the Central Military Commission, the Chengdu Military Region Earthquake Relief Joint Command Post was established on May 13, 2008, and the Chengdu Military Region Earthquake Relief Joint Command Post was established on May 15. The Joint Command of the Chengdu Military Region divided the earthquake relief area of the troops in Sichuan into five responsibility areas, and set up command posts in each responsibility area, forming a three-level command system under the leadership of the Central Military Commission: the Army earthquake relief command Group - the Chengdu Military Region Earthquake Relief Joint Command - the earthquake relief responsibility area command, and unified coordination and command of the army and armed police ^[2] .

Sichuan Military region immediately launched the emergency mechanism after the earthquake, held an emergency meeting to deploy earthquake relief work. The dispatch ordered officers and soldiers of Chengdu Garrison Area, Ya 'an, Mianyang, Deyang Military sub-districts, Sichuan Pre-high Division, Leshan Pre-Brigade, Dazhou Pre-Brigade and Ya 'an Pre-Regiment and other units, and militia reservists to be engaged in disaster relief as soon as possible ^[2] .

The Party committee and government of the city (state) in the worst-hit areas responded quickly and deployed emergency earthquake relief

After the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake, Chengdu immediately set up an earthquake relief headquarters. Under the general command of the then secretary of the Municipal Party Committee and mayor of Chengdu, it consists of the Maintenance and stability Group, the publicity group, the civil affairs working group, the rescue health and epidemic prevention group, the market supervision group, the water and electrical communication group, the housing appraisal and infrastructure construction and disaster relief materials group and the headquarters office. All municipal departments are on emergency duty. Unified command of the city's earthquake relief work. Through the mayor's television speech, the municipal government's No. 1 announcement was issued to timely inform the disaster, so that the masses could hear the voice of the Party and the government in the shortest possible time after the earthquake, and stabilize the mood of the people in the city ^[2] .

At 14:45 on May 12, 2008, Deyang Municipal Committee held an emergency meeting of the Standing Committee of the Municipal Committee (expanded) to deploy earthquake relief, and decided to establish the Deyang earthquake relief headquarters, with the then-Deyang Municipal Party Secretary as the commander. As of 24:00 on May 12, 2008, the city of Deyang mobilized 7,420 local rescue forces, of which 3,200 formed emergency militia and basic militia were put into the first line of disaster relief in Mianzhu (including Dongqi) and Shifang ^[2] .

After the earthquake, Mianyang Municipal Party Committee and municipal government immediately launched the "Mianyang Devastating Earthquake Emergency Plan", established Mianyang earthquake relief headquarters in Mianyang Torch Square, the main leaders of Mianyang Municipal Party Committee served as commanders, set up 8 working groups, quickly clarified the responsibilities of each group, 18 municipal leaders immediately went to the city to view the disaster. Four municipal leaders led militia emergency response teams to Beichuan County and Pingwu County, where communications were disrupted, to command disaster relief. At the emergency meeting of the Mianyang earthquake relief headquarters held on the same day, it was decided to arrange male cadres under the age of 50 in municipal organs and the staff of two large state-owned enterprises, Sichuan Changhong Electric Co., Ltd. and Sichuan Jiuzhou Electric Co., LTD., a total of 5,000 people, with their own dry food, clothing and tools, to go to Beichuan County to participate in saving people; Vice Mayor Lin Xin is responsible for organizing excavators, bulldozers, cranes and construction teams of all engineering construction units in the city to rush to Beichuan County to repair roads ^[2] .

After the earthquake, the Guangyuan Municipal Party Committee and the municipal government immediately established the earthquake relief headquarters, with the secretary of the Municipal Party Committee as the commander, the deputy secretary of the Municipal Party Committee, the mayor and other relevant leaders as the deputy commander. Every effort was made to organize rescue efforts for the injured, carry out disaster investigation and relief, repair and restore damaged communications, power, water supply and radio and television facilities, release earthquake information, and maintain social stability ^[2] .

After the earthquake, the main leaders of the then Ya 'an Municipal Committee and municipal government rushed back to Ya 'an, immediately summoned the heads of relevant departments to hold a meeting, made specific arrangements for the earthquake relief work, established the Ya 'an municipal emergency headquarters, and the main leaders of the municipal Party committee and municipal government served as commanders, and the municipal leaders served as deputy commanders. Under the headquarters, the Municipal government's general duty office, disaster relief and rescue group, medical security group, traffic security group, communication security group, water conservancy monitoring group, disaster relief materials group, publicity and reporting group, social security and stability maintenance group, comprehensively carry out earthquake relief, organization and command work ^[2] .

At 15:00 on May 12, 2008, the Aba State Party Committee and the state government established the Aba Prefecture earthquake Relief Headquarters, with the then-secretary of the Aba State Party Committee as the commander, to study and deploy earthquake relief work, quickly launch emergency plans, and mobilize the whole prefecture to carry out earthquake relief work ^[2] .

The Party committees and governments of counties (cities and districts) in the earthquake-stricken areas actively organize and direct rescue efforts

At 14:35 on May 12, 2008, the county Party Committee and the county government of Wenchuan, the epicenter of the earthquake, launched an emergency response plan, established the Wenchuan County earthquake relief headquarters, and formed eight working groups, including rescue and rescue, medical aid, road rescue, stability maintenance, publicity and information, and logistics support, to carry out earthquake relief work in various fields. Yingxiu town, Wenchuan County, the epicenter of the earthquake, traffic and communications completely cut off from the outside world after the earthquake, is inspecting Yingxiu county leaders and more than 20 surviving party cadres in Yingxiu town quickly set up a temporary rescue headquarters, formed evacuation and comfort, rescue rescue, medical treatment, living security, order maintenance and death investigation of six groups, to carry out earthquake relief work. Beichuan County, where most of the houses in the county were destroyed in the earthquake, the surviving members of the party and government leadership set up a temporary earthquake relief headquarters at 14:35 on May 12 in the county Party Committee compound, and organized the masses to carry out self-rescue and emergency transfer to the safety zone ^[2] .

Various rescue forces rushed into the disaster area

After the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake, under the unified dispatch of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, The State Council and the Central Military Commission, various rescue teams quickly rushed to the disaster areas in Sichuan. In a variety of rescue forces rushed into the disaster area, the People's Liberation Army, armed police, fire officers and soldiers bear the heavy responsibility, through a variety of vehicles galloping thousands of miles to support the disaster area rescue. Aviation, railway, road and other transport departments at all levels urgently mobilized aircraft, locomotives and vehicles, quickly formed special trains, strengthened railway and road traffic support, and implemented three-dimensional air and ground transport of rescue forces and important relief materials and equipment to the disaster-hit areas. Various rescue teams rushed into the disaster area by air delivery, rail transport, and motorized highway. 123,000 People's Liberation Army soldiers and 23,000 Armed police officers and soldiers rushed to the disaster area day and night. In Sichuan to participate in rescue rescue rescue forces outside the province in two days after the earthquake reached all the affected counties (cities and districts), three days to all the heavily affected towns (towns), seven days to all the affected villages, through the "village entry and household search and rescue operations", rescued 83,988 survivors from the rubble, emergency transfer of the affected people more than 15 million people, rescue and transfer of 55,000 stranded tourists. It has effectively reduced the mortality rate and the casualty rate ^[2] .

At 14:49 on May 12, 2008, the Chengdu Military Region sent four helicopters to check the disaster, and then scrambled 6,100 officers and soldiers to the disaster area. At 16:00, more than 3,000 armed police officers and soldiers arrived in Dujiangyan City to carry out rescue; At 17:20, more than 100 officers and soldiers of the 106th Battalion of the 11th Brigade of the Chengdu Military Region arrived in Shifang City; Chengdong Radar 39 Regiment arrived in Li County. At 18:00, 790 officers and soldiers of the Chengdu and Deyang branches of the Armed Police arrived in Mianzhu and Shifang. By the late night of May 12, more than 20,000 rescue teams had reached the front line of the disaster area. On the 13th, 11,420 soldiers were airlifted to nearby Chengdu. At 23:15 on the same day, 200 armed police officers and soldiers broke into Wenchuan county in a forced march. At 11:47 am on the 14th, 15 airborne troops landed in MAO County and returned first-hand information to the disaster area in MAO County. On the same day, military and civilian rescue teams reached all the affected counties. By 24:00 on May 15, the third day after the earthquake, rescue teams had reached all the affected towns. On the seventh day, all 3,669 affected villages in all 6 hard-hit cities (prefectures) were reached ^[2] .

75,000 militia reserve troops and 25,000 fire fighters, special police, public security police and other rescue and rescue teams from 15 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government have raced thousands of miles to provide relief and maintain public order in the disaster-hit areas ^[2] .

Party and government departments at all levels, enterprises and public institutions, all sectors of society, as well as Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan compatriots and overseas Chinese, quickly organized various forms of relief forces to rush to the disaster area. More than 200,000 volunteers from all over China rushed to the quake-hit areas to participate in the rescue, and international organizations, foreign governments and friendly people actively sent rescue teams and medical teams to the quake-hit areas to provide relief ^[2] .

5·12 Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan affected areas collapsed, collapsed roads, Bridges broke, the rescue forces in the process of advancing to the disaster area, encountered road congestion can not be cleared, did not hesitate to abandon the car on foot over the mountains, across the rapids, involved in dangerous beaches, forced march to the rescue site ^[2] .

By 24:00 on May 12, 2008, the Chengdu Military Region had urgently dispatched more than 6,300 active duty troops. After midnight on May 13, the troops of the Chengdu Military Region stationed near the disaster area continued to dispatch, and an additional 77,100 field training troops were deployed according to further understanding of the disaster situation. To meet the needs of road repair and epidemic prevention and disinfection, small arms such as engineering and chemical prevention troops shall be dispatched; In accordance with the requirements of the People's Liberation Army, the Armed Police Force and the militia reservists who are under the unified command of earthquake relief and relief efforts in Sichuan, the command and support forces will be fully mobilized. At 8 o 'clock on May 13, the Central Military Commission issued the "Order on Participating in earthquake relief" to the Chengdu Military Region, the Jinan Military Region, the Air Force and the General Logistics Department of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. At 19:40 on May 14, the Central Military Commission also issued an order to the Chengdu and Jinan Military regions and the Navy and Air Force to send additional earthquake relief troops. The Chengdu Military Region, in accordance with the principle of reporting while acting determined by the Central Military Commission and the headquarters, made clear to the troops in advance before the order of the Central Military Commission. At 22:14 on May 12, the Chengdu Military Region issued an order to dispatch troops to Sichuan for earthquake relief, requiring the personnel of Unit 77283 to pack light and carry civil engineering tools, camping equipment and cooking utensils. The earthquake disaster rescue team of the 77208 unit, carrying the necessary equipment, adopted a combination of motorized mobility and railway transportation, and set off from Kunming at 3 o 'clock on May 13 to carry out earthquake relief tasks in Sichuan. After the Central Military Commission decided to send more troops to the disaster areas in Sichuan for the second time, the Chengdu Military Region first issued an order by telephone, and then issued an order to send an additional 77200 troops to carry out earthquake relief tasks at 21:49 on May 13. Troops 77223, 77225 and 77226 were required to dispatch 6,000 troops to four areas in Sichuan, Beichuan County, Mianzhu City, An County and Jiangyou City, for earthquake relief. The 77200 unit sent a notice to its units 77223, 77225 and 77226 at 20:38 on May 14 in order to prepare for the loading and transportation. During the whole earthquake relief period, the Chengdu Military Region deployed 52,645 troops, 1,496 vehicles, 83 large machinery, 4 helicopters, and 1,102 aircraft of various types, and organized 751 medical personnel to form 40 emergency medical teams. Mainly in Dujiangyan City, Pengzhou City, Mianyang city, Shifang City, Mianzhu City, Aba Prefecture and other extremely hard hit areas and near the military station rescue ^[2] .

At 3:52 on May 13, 2008, the Jisouthern Military District earthquake relief motorized mobile force was ordered to set out. The troops were organized into 14 marching echelons, using more than 1,500 vehicles and equipment, transporting 11,600 troops and carrying more than 1,500 tons of materials, and traveling day and night across the Qinling Mountains to the disaster areas. At 4:30, the advance team of Jinan Military Region earthquake relief was organized into two echelons to advance to the disaster area. The first echelon arrived in Pengzhou at 11:00 on the 13th; The second echelon arrived in Pengzhou at 5:10 on the 14th ^[2] .

After the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake, the Sichuan Provincial Military region immediately launched the emergency response mechanism. Within half an hour after the earthquake, seven military divisions were connected, and each city (prefecture) was ordered to immediately gather 200 people to form a militia emergency battalion, carrying transport vehicles and construction machinery, and rushed to the disaster area one hour after the earthquake. Li Yazhou, deputy commander of the Sichuan Military region, who is inspecting and guiding the work of the Aba Prefecture Military Division, immediately led more than 300 officers and soldiers of the Aba Prefecture Military Division and the Malkang militia emergency response team to the disaster area. Three hours after the earthquake, after understanding the basic situation of the disaster area, the Sichuan Provincial Military region ordered its reserve divisions, brigades, regiments and other 12 cities (prefectures) to gather personnel and drive to the disaster area to form a second batch of rescue forces. The reserve troops distributed in more than 50 urban areas and counties only took 3 hours to set up and lightly loaded into the worst-hit areas. On the day of the earthquake, the Sichuan Military Region quickly mobilized 25,805 militia reservists to enter the disaster area, so as to fully cover 88 affected counties (cities and districts), and win time and initiative for rescue work. By May 17, 2008, all military subdivisions (garrison areas) and reserve divisions and brigades in Sichuan Province had mobilized troops, mobilizing a total of 52,000 militia reservists from 24 division (brigade) level units, 157 people's Armed forces and 8 pre-regiments to participate in earthquake relief ^[2] .

The Sichuan Armed Police Corps in the disaster area, the Sichuan Armed Police Forest Corps and the Sichuan police forces in the earthquake after the earthquake, quickly appeared in the first line of earthquake relief, and the local Party, government, military and civilian efforts to save each other, and then the police to the hard-hit areas emergency rescue, has concentrated a large number of troops to the hard-hit areas. The 1050 officers and soldiers of 19 squadrons of the Sichuan Armed Police Corps stationed in the worst-hit areas quickly implemented rescue while avoiding danger. Less than 20 minutes after the earthquake, the corps sent an advance team to Dujiangyan City to survey the disaster; Within five hours after the earthquake, 5,000 troops marched into Dujiangyan City, Beichuan County, Qingchuan County, Hongbai Town of Shifang City, and Hanwang Town of Mianzhu City. Within 12 hours after the earthquake, 8,000 troops covered 10 worst-hit counties and towns, including Li County, MAO County, An County, Pingwu Nanba town, and Wenchuan Yingxiu Town, to organize rescue efforts. During the earthquake relief, the Sichuan Armed Police Corps dispatched a total of 10,590 troops and 18,239 vehicles to 288 villages in 65 towns and townships in 16 counties (cities) to undertake rescue and relief tasks ^[2] .

After the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake, under the leadership and unified command of the Sichuan Provincial Party Committee and the provincial government, before the arrival of a large number of rescue teams, the Sichuan public security organs organized more than 1.63 million police officers and more than 310,000 vehicles to quickly rush to the disaster area to carry out life rescue. The public security organs in the affected areas dispatched all the police, stuck to their posts, insisted on duty, strengthened patrol and inspection, effectively controlled the social situation, and actively participated in rescue and disaster relief work. At 17:00 on May 12, 2008, the Sichuan Provincial Public Security Fire Brigade successively mobilized 13 detachments and teaching brigades in addition to Tibetan areas and hard-hit areas, totaling more than 3,000 people to participate in earthquake relief. At 23:00 on the same day, 4,500 people from the Sichuan Public security fire Brigade arrived in the hard-hit areas to rescue ^[2] .

After the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake, the provincial departments launched the disaster relief emergency plan, timely coordinated and unified the rescue force of the system, mobilized a large number of human, material and financial resources to rush to the disaster area at the fastest speed to carry out rescue. In particular, scientific and technological workers and technicians from the earthquake, meteorological, transportation, communications, electric power, construction, broadcasting and television, medical and health departments have provided strong support for earthquake relief ^[2] .

Chengdu, Deyang, Mianyang, Guangyuan, Ya 'an, Aba and other six cities (prefecture) disaster areas, under the leadership of the city (prefecture) Party committee and government, quickly gathered strength and put into the first line of earthquake relief. The leaders of the disaster-hit areas led the cadres of the government organs to direct the rescue on the spot, and the functional departments of the government organized professional backbone teams to rescue and rescue, sparing no efforts to save lives and property, collect relief materials, resettle the affected people, prevent and control secondary disasters, and maintain stability in the disaster-hit areas, making outstanding contributions to the victory of earthquake relief ^[2] .

In the earthquake relief, the Communist Youth League at all levels in Sichuan organized the youth to mobilize the commandos and rescue teams to be active in the front line of disaster relief. The Sichuan Red Cross Society organized 75 rescue teams and dispatched 5,600 people to the disaster area to carry out emergency rescue. Staff of Sichuan Lawyers Association and law firms to set up legal consulting service stations, provide legal aid, and participate in rescue operations; The province's construction, aviation, petrochemical, communications, electricity, metallurgy, machinery, industry and mining, trade and circulation services and other industries, quickly organize rescue teams, service teams, wounded transport teams, to provide strong support in disaster relief; More than 100,000 volunteers in the province actively participated in the disaster relief struggle, providing love and services to the earthquake-stricken areas in various ways, and played an important role in the earthquake relief ^[2] .

Earthquake rescue dog

67 Wenchuan earthquake rescue dogs

May 12, 2022 news, that year, after the disaster, there is a special rescue force - 67 search dogs. They turned to the five worst-hit areas for 10 days and 10 nights, on the ruins, their PAWS were worn with blood, but they still searched inch by inch, only for the lives waiting for under the ruins. In October 2021, the last rescue dog died. Thank you, we will always remember. ^[55]

Social assistance

Domestic aid

The country has received a total of 59.468 billion yuan in donations from all walks of life at home and abroad (as of 12 o 'clock on September 25, 2008), of which 59.408 billion yuan has actually been received, and 26.880 billion yuan has been allocated to the disaster-hit areas.

Earthquake donation

Donated area State Grid 210 million yuan, the richest Chinese Li Ka-shing 110 million yuan, the national securities and futures industry 101 million yuan, Rongcheng Iron and Steel 110 million yuan, Formosa Plastics Group 100 million yuan, Henderson Land Li Zhaoji One hundred million yuan, petrochina 103 million yuan, JDB One hundred million yuan, Chen Guangbiao 100 million yuan ^[11] . (All in RMB)

Less than 24 hours, from Hong Kong The first relief team arrived in Sichuan; In less than 48 hours, disaster relief workers have assisted in Beichuan... A year after the earthquake, Hong Kong's Legislative Council had set aside HK $9 billion in donations and the private sector had donated HK $13 billion. According to a poll conducted by the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong (DAB), 95% of Hong Kong people have donated money for the Sichuan earthquake ^[11] .

Taiwan Province - NT $2 billion for disaster relief. (about 450 million RMB)

The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region - In July 2008, February 2009 and July 2009, the Finance Committee of the Legislative Council allocated a total of HK $9 billion to the Trust Fund for the Reconstruction of the Sichuan earthquake-Stricken Areas to support 183 projects ^[12] ; The Hong Kong Jockey Club allocated HK $1 billion to support the construction of seven projects ^[12] ; Private donations amounted to HK $13 billion ^[11] .

Government of the Macao Special Administrative Region - 110 million RMB. (Including semi-official ones Macao Foundation RMB 10 million)

Rescue teams with 20 members from Hong Kong and 22 from Taiwan are working in Mianzhu City.

International aid

There is true love everywhere

Since the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake, the international community has expressed sincere sympathy and condolences to the Chinese government and people and provided various forms of support and assistance. As of July 18, 2008, the Foreign Ministry, Chinese diplomatic missions and missions abroad had received a total of 1.711 billion yuan in donations from foreign governments, organizations and individuals. Among them, foreign governments and international and regional organizations donated 770 million yuan; 1.997 million RMB donated by foreign diplomatic institutions and personnel in China; Foreign civil organizations, enterprises, people from all walks of life, overseas Chinese, overseas students and Chinese-funded institutions donated 939 million yuan.

Four overseas rescue teams from Japan, Russia, the Republic of Korea and Singapore have arrived in the disaster area to carry out rescue operations. A 51-man Russian rescue team is in Mianzhu City Carry out the rescue. Two groups of 60 Japanese professional rescue teams are in Qingchuan County , Beichuan Carry out the rescue. A 47-member rescue team from South Korea and a 55-member rescue team from Singapore are in the area Shifang City The Russian rescue team carried out the rescue in Pengzhou.

International organization

The European Union -- European Union humanitarianism The aid office decided to pass International Committee of the Red Cross Other organizations provided 2 million euros in emergency assistance to China.
United Nations Children's Fund -- The Foundation provided US $300,000 in emergency assistance.
International Olympic Committee The International Olympic Committee donated US $1 million in aid, followed by a meeting with the Beijing Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games on August 2, 2008 Chinese Olympic Committee In Beijing, he donated US $8 million to the earthquake-stricken areas in Sichuan Province.

Statistics of donations by country or region in the world (Not listed in order of amount below) ^[13]

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia King Abdullah Saudi Arabia decided to donate US $50 million in cash and US $10 million in materials to China to help with earthquake relief. (A total of about 420 million yuan)
Canada The government donated more than $31 million. (equivalent to about 200 million yuan)
India The government decided to provide US $5 million in relief supplies to China. (about 35 million yuan)
Japan The government decided to provide about 500 million yen Emergency assistance. (about 33 million yuan)
Russia The Government has provided four relief shipments worth $4 million. (about 28 million yuan)
Norse The government will provide 20 million to China Norwegian krone Emergency disaster relief assistance. (about 27 million yuan)
Italy The government offered 500,000 to the Chinese Euro And 1.5 million euros in relief supplies. (About 22 million yuan in total)
Türkiye The government decided to provide $2 million in aid to China. (Estimated to be about 14 million yuan)
Britain £1 million in aid will be provided. (about 13.6 million yuan)
Spain The government will provide 1 million euros in emergency aid. (about 10.8 million yuan)
Ireland The government decided to provide 1 million euros in cash assistance to the Red Cross Society of China. (about 10.8 million yuan)
Malaysia The government decided to provide $1.5 million in aid to China. (about 10.5 million yuan)
Israel The government donated $1.5 million worth of relief supplies to China. (about 10.5 million yuan)
Belgium €650,000 in emergency aid will be provided. (about 7 million yuan)
Pakistan The government donated $1 million worth of relief supplies to the disaster area. (about 7 million yuan)
Korea The government will provide $1 million in aid and relief supplies. (about 7 million yuan)
Algeria The government decided to provide $1 million in emergency aid to the Chinese government. (about 7 million yuan)
Australia The government, through the International Committee of the Red Cross, provided 1 million to the Chinese side Australian dollar Assistance. (about 6.6 million yuan)
Finland The government decided to provide 500,000 euros in aid to the Chinese side. (about 5.4 million yuan)
Netherlands The government, through the International Committee of the Red Cross, provided 500,000 euros in aid to China. (about 5.4 million yuan)
Germany The German Red Cross is offering 500,000 euros to help with disaster relief in China. (about 5.4 million yuan)
Thailand The government has donated $500,000 to the Chinese government. Princess of Thailand Sirindhorn Donate 100,000 RMB to the disaster area. Thai Red Cross Society and Bhumibol The King's "Chai Patana" Development Foundation donated US $100,000 each to the Red Cross Society of China. (About 5 million yuan in total)
France The government provided 380,000 euros worth of supplies. (about 4.1 million yuan)
Laos The government decided to provide timber aid worth $500,000 to the Chinese side. (about 3.5 million yuan)
America The government offered $500,000 in aid. (about 3.5 million yuan)
NZ The government decided to provide 500,000 to China through the International Committee of the Red Cross New Zealand dollar Assistance. (about RMB 2.7 million)
Switzerland The government will provide 400,000 to China Swiss franc The first emergency aid. (about 2.6 million yuan)
Denmark The Foreign Ministry announced 750,000 yuan to the Red Cross Society of China Danish krone Emergency assistance. In addition, the Danish Red Cross has provided relief supplies worth more than DKK 1 million to China through the International Committee of the Red Cross. (about 2.5 million yuan)
Croatia The government provided 200,000 euros in aid to China through the Croatian Red Cross Society. (about 2.2 million yuan)
Greece The Government decided to provide 200,000 euros in emergency aid to the Chinese Government. (about 2.2 million yuan)
Singapore The government decided to provide US $200,000 in material assistance to China. (about 1.4 million yuan)
Vietnam The government will provide $200,000 in cash assistance to the Chinese government. (about 1.4 million yuan)
Brazil The government decided to provide $200,000 in material assistance to the Chinese government. (about 1.4 million yuan)
Slovenia The government decided to provide 100,000 euros in aid to the Chinese side. (about 1.08 million yuan)
North Korea The Government has decided to provide $100,000 in emergency assistance to the Chinese government. (about 700,000 yuan)
Cambodia Prime Minister Hun Sen contributed US $100,000 on behalf of the Royal Government of Cambodia. (about 700,000 yuan)
Samoa The government offered $100,000 in aid to the Chinese side. (about 700,000 yuan)
Poland Through the Red Cross Society of China, the Foreign Ministry has provided US $100,000 in assistance to the disaster areas. (about 700,000 yuan)
Republic of Lithuania The government decided to donate 200,000 lites to the Red Cross Society of China. (About 630,000 yuan)
Luxembourg The government decided to provide 50,000 euros in aid to the Chinese side. (about 540,000 yuan)
Mongolia The Government has decided to provide US $50,000 in emergency and effective assistance to the Government of China. (about 350,000 yuan)
Estonia The government will donate 500,000 yuan to China Estonian koruna . (about 340,000 yuan)
Czech Republic The government decided to provide 700,000 to the Chinese Czech koruna Material assistance. (about 300,000 yuan)
Albania The government decided to provide $40,000 in aid to the Chinese side. (about 280,000 yuan)
Mozambique The government (one of the poorest countries in the world) donated 40,000 yuan to the Chinese government.

Post-disaster reconstruction

Redevelopment ordinance

Post-disaster reconstruction

Adopted at the 11th Executive Meeting of The State Council on June 4, 2008 Regulations on Post-Wenchuan Earthquake Recovery and Reconstruction Promulgated by Decree No. 526 of The State Council of June 8, 2008, and shall come into force as of the date of promulgation. ^[14]

pairing assistance (a national strategy in China for one province or a major city to provide assistance to a designated region in need of help)

On June 18, 2008, the "Matching Support Plan for Post-Wenchuan Earthquake Recovery and Reconstruction" was officially promulgated, unified the deployment of matching support tasks, and innovatively proposed that "one province help one heavily affected county, mobilize the efforts of the whole country to speed up recovery and reconstruction". The 19 provinces and cities are required to provide no less than 1% of their financial resources to support hard-hit counties and cities for three years. ^[15]

In less than three months after the earthquake, the problem of housing resettlement for tens of millions of affected people was solved. All parts of the country have responded to the call of the state, formed a pair with the local disaster area, in response to the actual disaster area, sent people to give things, at all costs, and left a map of friendship on the land of Wenchuan. ^[16]

In 2016, Zhejiang Province invested 8.28 million yuan, matching support Songpan county Economic and social development. ^[17]

Peer support at a glance
Shandong Province	Mianyang City, Sichuan Province Beichuan county
Guangdong Province	Aba Prefecture, Sichuan Province Wenchuan county
Zhejiang Province	Guangyuan City, Sichuan Province Qingchuan county
Jiangsu Province	Deyang City, Sichuan Province Mianzhu City
Beijing	Deyang City, Sichuan Province Shifang City
Shanghai Municipality	Sichuan Province Dujiangyan City
Hebei Province	Mianyang City, Sichuan Province Pingwu county
Liaoning Province	Mianyang City, Sichuan Province An County (now Anzhou District ^[57] )
Henan Province	Mianyang City, Sichuan Province Jiangyou City
Fujian Province	Sichuan Province Pengzhou City
Shanxi Province	Aba Prefecture, Sichuan Province MAO County
Hunan Province	Aba Prefecture, Sichuan Province Li County
Jilin Province	Aba Prefecture, Sichuan Province Heishui county
Anhui Province	Aba Prefecture, Sichuan Province Songpan county
Jiangxi Province	Aba Prefecture, Sichuan Province Xiaojin County
Hubei Province	Ya 'an City, Sichuan Province Hanyuan county
Chongqing Municipality	Sichuan Province Chongzhou City
Hainan Province	Ya 'an City, Sichuan Province Baoxing county
Heilongjiang Province	Guangyuan City, Sichuan Province Jiange county
Guangdong Province (mainly by Shenzhen)	Hard-hit areas in Gansu Province
Tianjin	Hard-hit areas in Shaanxi Province
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region	Wolong Nature Reserve

Reference materials: ^[15] ^[18]

Reconstruction result

New appearance of Wenchuan earthquake area on 6th anniversary (10 photos)

From October 2008 to September 2010, 99.3 percent of the 29,700 reconstruction projects included in the national reconstruction plan in the disaster-stricken areas have started and 85.2 percent have been completed. The estimated total investment of 861.3 billion yuan has been 736.59 billion yuan, accounting for 85.6 percent, successfully fulfilling the central government's goal of "basically completing the three-year reconstruction task in two years." The disaster-affected people have moved into new houses, public service facilities have been upgraded across the board, cities and towns have taken on a new look, infrastructure has been fundamentally improved, industrial development has been optimized and upgraded, and disaster prevention and mitigation capabilities have been significantly improved.

By May 2012, 99% of the 29,692 projects included in the national master plan for post-disaster recovery and reconstruction in Sichuan Province had been completed, and 99.5% of the estimated investment of 865.8 billion yuan had been completed. In the earthquake-stricken areas, "every family has a house to live in", and "every household has employment" and "everyone has security" are basically realized. ^[19]

On May 11, 2016, the post-disaster recovery and reconstruction project, the Yingxiu to Wolong section of Provincial Highway 303, was successfully completed with the assistance of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region government. The entire line is expected to be completed by the end of October 2016. ^[17]

10-12 May 2016, Chief Secretary for Administration, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Carrie Lam Led a delegation of 80 people to Sichuan to inspect the development status of Hong Kong-funded enterprises in Sichuan and the construction projects assisted by Hong Kong. In addition to provincial highway 303 Yingwo Road and Mianmao Road two road projects have not yet been completed, the rest of the projects have been completed and put into use.

memorialize

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EDITOR

Day of mourning

A day of national mourning

In order to express the people of all ethnic groups in China's deep condolences for the victims of the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake, The State Council has decided that the period from May 19 to 21, 2008 will be A day of national mourning . During this period, China's national flag was flown at half-mast and public entertainment activities were suspended. The Foreign Ministry and Chinese embassies and consulates abroad set up condolence books.

From 14:28 on May 19, 2008, people across the country observed three minutes of silence, when cars, trains and ships sounded their horns and air defense sirens sounded. The whole nation stood in silence ^[43] . Hu Jintao , Wu Bangguo , Wen Jiabao , Jia Qinglin , Li Changchun , Xi Jinping , Li Keqiang , He Guoqiang , Zhou Yongkang ^[69] And other leading comrades in Beijing ^[70] Zhongnanhai Hall of Cherishing benevolence Et cetera ^[71] Together with the people of all ethnic groups in China, we pay tribute to the compatriots who lost their lives in the devastating earthquake in Wenchuan, Sichuan Province ^[72] Stand in silence for three minutes ^[42] . Relevant responsible comrades of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, The State Council, the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and the Central Military Commission also mourned ^[44] . Hong Kong's ships, trains and off-duty public transport honked their horns in tribute to the victims of the Sichuan earthquake. Then the Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Donald Tsang Yam-kuen Led all civil servants in a moment of silence ^[45] . Chinese embassies and consulates abroad, representative offices in international organizations and Chinese-funded institutions held mourning activities, and all participants observed a three-minute silence to mourn the victims of the Wenchuan earthquake ^[46] .

During the national mourning period from May 19 to 21, 2008, the Beijing Olympic torch relay will be suspended. ^[40] At 4:58 on May 19, 2008, the national flag was flown at half-mast in Tian 'anmen Square in Beijing after the normal flag-raising ceremony to express the deep condolences of the people of all ethnic groups in China for the victims of the Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan Province. ^[41]

A National Day of mourning was observed from 19 to 22 May 2008. During the period, the national flag was flown at half-mast and public entertainment activities were suspended. The Foreign Ministry and Chinese embassies and consulates abroad set up condolence books. From 14:28 on May 19, people across the country observed a three-minute silence, when cars, trains and ships honked their horns and air defense sirens blared. ^[20]

Disaster prevention and mitigation day

Approved by The State Council, it has been designated as May 12 every year since 2009 National Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Day . At that time, Sichuan Province organized personnel to conduct large-scale earthquake emergency drills, simulation command, rescue, logistics support, etc., involving places covering communities, schools, hospitals and so on. ^[21]

Public memorial ceremony

Wenchuan earthquake anniversary memorial

At 2:26 PM on May 12, 2009, the first anniversary of the devastating earthquake in Wenchuan, Sichuan Province, was held in Yingxiu Town, the epicenter ^[73] . ^[75] And delivered an important speech, ^[73] Member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and Vice Premier of The State Council Li Keqiang Also attended the commemoration. ^[74] 胡锦涛、李克强等领导人手持菊花，缓步走到四川汶川特大地震记事墙前，为遇难者献花。 ^[76]

The fifth anniversary of Wenchuan earthquake

5·12 Wenchuan earthquake fifth anniversary memorial activities^[22]

On May 12, 2013, people of all ethnic groups in Wenchuan, Sichuan Province, gathered at the site of Xuankou Middle School in Yingxiu Town, dressed in plain clothes, lined up in front of the site, deeply mourned the victims of the compatriots, and held mourning activities for the martyrs who sacrificed heroic lives in the earthquake relief and compatriots who were killed in the earthquake ^[22] .

Memorial activity

In Yingxiu town, Wenchuan County, Sichuan province, May 12, 2023 Ruins of Xuankou Middle School The 15th anniversary of the "5·12" Wenchuan earthquake was held. ^[122]

On May 12, 2024, Wenchuan County, Sichuan Province, held a memorial for the 16th anniversary of the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake at the ruins of Xuankou Middle School in Yingxiu town. ^[123]

5·12 "Wenchuan earthquake 15th anniversary memorial activities^[122]

Special program

We are together (15 photos)

" Devotion of love "Disaster Relief Evening: On May 18, 2008, it was jointly initiated by the Propaganda Department of the Central Committee, the Foreign Publicity Office of the Central Committee, the Ministry of Culture, the State Administration of Radio, Film and Television, the General Administration of Press and Publication, the General Political Department of the People's Liberation Army, the Chinese Federation of Literary and Art, the Chinese Writers' Association, and the Chinese Journalists' Association, and hosted by CCTV. It was broadcast live on CCTV at 20 o 'clock on May 18, 2008. And Chinese provinces (municipalities, autonomous regions) TV broadcast. In the course of the activity, CCTV opened a hotline and SMS communication platform to interact with the audience. The campaign raised more than $1.5 billion ^[23] .

"In the Name of Life" - Sichuan Earthquake relief large-scale special program: On May 30, 2008, the Publicity Department of the Sichuan Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China, Sichuan Radio and Television Group, Phoenix TV , sponsored by the Publicity Department of the CPC Chengdu Municipal Committee, Sichuan TV station Phoenix TV Chinese channel and Chengdu TV Station The large-scale special program of earthquake relief "in the Name of Life" - Sichuan Province earthquake relief large-scale special program was held in the studio of Chengdu TV Station. This program reflects the indomitable spirit of "unity, earthquake relief" in the earthquake-stricken areas, and expresses its gratitude to the people of the whole country. ^[85-86]

" Earthquake relief hero boy Award night - "Hero Boy" : On June 27, 2008, the "Earthquake Relief Hero Youth" award party co-sponsored by the Central Civilization Office, the Ministry of Education, the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League and the All-China Women's Federation was held China Central Television Hold. This award party is divided into four sections: brave, strong, friendly and hopeful. Each section fully demonstrated the advanced deeds and excellent character of the "earthquake relief hero youth" and "earthquake relief outstanding youth" through TV short films, live interviews, literary programs, poetry recitations, award ceremony and tribute speeches. ^[77]

" Remember - May 12 Wenchuan earthquake oral history ": This show is made by CCTV News channel The "May 12" Wenchuan Earthquake oral history special program was broadcast on CCTV News Channel since June 11, 2008. The program Outlines people's mental journey after the disaster with witnesses' oral accounts and abundant details, and shows the group personality and national image of the Chinese people in the face of the disaster. It recorded the earthquake relief bit by bit and left a fresh memory of the Wenchuan earthquake. It is also the first large-scale televised oral account of a natural disaster in China. ^[79]

"Chinese Spirit · Wenchuan Witness" : by CCTV Chinese language international channel The large-scale live special program jointly created by Chengdu TV Station in Sichuan province was first broadcast on CCTV-4 on May 12, 2009. In addition to the main studio in Beijing, a studio was set up in Dujiangyan, Chengdu, connecting with multiple reporting points in the earthquake area, and two air routes were set up in the air to record the development and changes of the disaster area with a special perspective. In addition, the program connected with Russia, Japan, France and other overseas studios, forming a global focus on the disaster area live scale ^[24] .

"May 12 Spirit of China" - Sichuan Satellite Earthquake Relief anniversary special program: The show premiered on May 11, 2009 Sichuan Satellite TV Broadcast, divided into "self-improvement", "great love without frontiers", "beautiful new home" three chapters, through the first anniversary of the Wenchuan earthquake, Sichuan people's strong endeavour and perseverance, the friendship and mutual assistance of the construction volunteers, great love without frontiers and other touching stories, as well as the new home, new look, new life and new atmosphere presented by the post-disaster reconstruction. Eulogize and promote the great "May 12 Chinese spirit". ^[84]

"Thousands of Miles of mountains and rivers -" 5·12 "earthquake ten years special program" : This program was broadcast on Sichuan Satellite TV at 19:30 on May 12, 2018. Through the three chapters of "New Face", "New Home" and "New Journey", the program truly presents the transformation and rebirth of the Wenchuan earthquake disaster area in the past ten years from the completion of recovery and reconstruction to the development and revitalization. ^[121]

Earthquake memorial hall

The memorial Hall of the May 12 Wenchuan Special Earthquake consists of two parts: indoor venues and outdoor sites. The indoor venues include the main hall (earthquake memorial Hall) and the auxiliary hall (earthquake science popularization experience hall), while the outdoor venues include the earthquake site of the old town of Beichuan, the Shaba earthquake fault, and the remains of Tangjiashan Quake Lake, which were officially opened to the public free of charge on May 9, 2013 ^[25] .

May 12 Wenchuan earthquake memorial Hall

Literary works

Film and television

time	type	title
In May 2008	single	" Love and hope " ^[54]
In May 2008	single	" Be inseparable from life and death " ^[90]
In May 2008	single	" Believe in love " ^[91]
In May 2008	single	Believe ^[97]
In May 2008	single	" promise " ^[101]
In May 2008	single	" Our hearts are together " ^[94]
In May 2008	single	" We have love " ^[91]
In May 2008	single	Baby, Don't Cry. ^[91]
In May 2008	single	You are here and I am Here ^[91]
In May 2008	single	Dedication ^[91]
In May 2008	single	Home of Love ^[97]
In May 2008	single	Love Filled China Love Filled Earth ^[98]
In May 2008	single	Because of Love ^[97]
In May 2008	single	The Song of Life ^[97]
In May 2008	single	Baby Mama Loves You ^[99]
In May 2008	single	" A classroom in heaven " ^[100]
In May 2008	single	"Love is Everything." ^[103]
In May 2008	single	The Smile of an Angel ^[104]
In May 2008	single	" Walk with love " ^[105]
In May 2008	single	" Love miracle " ^[107]
In May 2008	single	Be With You ^[108]
June 2008	single	" Love wish " ^[93]
July 2008	teleplay	" Seven days that shook the world " ^[27]
October 2008	single	" Rice fragrance " ^[53]
October 2008	single	" The same as you " ^[106]
October 2008	movie	" Mama, don't cry. " ^[26]
October 2008	movie	" 5.12 Wenchuan does not believe in tears "
December 2008	movie	" Front and rear " ^[83]
April 2009	single	Wind and Rain Playground ^[95]
In May 2009	single	" A rallying call for love " ^[96]
In May 2009	single	" Come to one's feet " ^[102]
In May 2009	documentary	" Rise abruptly " ^[28]
In May 2009	Animated film	" Ah Hu, a rescue dog " ^[113]
In May 2009	movie	" Xilingol Wenchuan " ^[80]
In May 2009	movie	" Sounds of May " ^[81]
In May 2009	movie	" The lift of life " ^[82]
In May 2009	movie	" Life or death " ^[111]
In May 2009	movie	" People first " ^[87]
September 2009	movie	" Earth-shattering " ^[29]
September 2009	movie	" Last lesson " ^[112]
September 2009	documentary	" 1428 " ^[89]
May 2010	movie	" Soldier Wu Wenbin " ^[110]
February 2011	movie	" Flamboyant swan " ^[119]
May 2011	teleplay	" Wenchuan story " ^[30]
May 2011	teleplay	" Children of Wenchuan " ^[78]
May 2011	movie	" Big shock " ^[109]
May 2011	movie	" Bright sun " ^[117]
May 2011	movie	" 72 hours " ^[118]
May 2011	movie	" Looking for the kuba bear " ^[120]
May 2012	Animated film	Today Tomorrow ^[114]
May 2013	movie	" Without you " ^[115]
In May 2014	movie	The Migration ^[116]
May 2018	movie	" Break down the door " ^[88]
May 2018	documentary	" Wenchuan ten years · Our story " ^[92]
May 2021	movie	" One hundred and eight " ^[38]

painting

Shaanxi young painters Guo Yongjie To commemorate the first anniversary of the Wenchuan earthquake, he created a 100-meter long scroll of Chinese painting figures. A monument to the earthquake ". ^[31]

Books

type	title
record	" Wenchuan earthquake relief " ^[2]
Poetry anthology	" Prayer in May " ^[32]

Photographic exhibition

On April 29, 2012, the photography exhibition "Regeneration: International Photographers Look at the Post-Wenchuan Earthquake Reconstruction", co-organized by the Ministry of Culture of China and the Sichuan Provincial Government, was launched in Beijing. A total of 121 photographs taken by 26 photographers from 15 countries are on display for nine days at the National Museum. The photo exhibition includes four parts, "Rebuilding home", "warming people's livelihood", "happy life" and "cultural inheritance", showing all aspects of local people's improvement of life, ecological protection and economic development in the post-Wenchuan earthquake reconstruction. ^[33]

Earthquake revelation

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EDITOR

The low strain accumulation rate in the fracture zone is not equal to the low long-term strain accumulation level (total amount). The eastward movement of the Bayankala block is blocked by the stable Sichuan Basin, which inevitably accumulates a large amount of elastic strain energy in the Longmenshan fault zone. The contradiction between the tectonic background of high strain accumulation and the very low strain accumulation rate observed across the fault zone may indicate that the elastic deformation of the crust tends to limit in the late stage of the thrust type major earthquake. Attention should be paid to the fault zone (segment) with high strain accumulation tectonic background and low strain accumulation rate observed. ^[51]

From a small scale, the Longmenshan fault zone has been in a state of low strain rate accumulation for many years, and the direction of principal strain rate is inconsistent with the long-term tectonic deformation background. The large scale, small scale and the obvious difference from the long-term background may be an important manifestation of the approaching large earthquake risk of the thrust based fault zone. ^[51]

The influence on the adjustment of stress field caused by large earthquakes is usually related to the attenuation of the distance from the rupture of large earthquakes and the distribution of structures. When there is a "blocked" zone with uncoordinated response to the adjustment of stress field caused by large earthquakes, it may indicate that the zone is in a state of high stress level where the elastic deformation of the crust tends to the limit and it is difficult to continue deformation. ^[51]

The prediction of large earthquakes needs to be studied from the large space-time scale, the large space-time scale and the small space-time scale, and needs the support of the supporting observation foundation. The triggering factors of large earthquakes need further study. ^[51]

Seismic correlation

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EDITOR

The Wenchuan earthquake occurred in the Longmenshan nappe tectonic belt. The Lushan earthquake ( April 20 Ya 'an earthquake It occurs in the Sichuan Basin, near the southwest side of the basin. The Wenchuan earthquake was triggered by Pengguan fault in the Longmenshan nappe tectonic belt, so the surface rupture was obvious, and the aftershocks and intensity were obviously controlled by the fault, with a linear distribution of 240 kilometers in the NE direction. The Lushan earthquake was triggered by a hidden fault or a new hidden fault located in the southwest side of the basin. It was a point rupture, the surface rupture was not obvious, and the aftershocks and intensity were elliptical ^[47] .

Both earthquakes are tectonic earthquakes, which are related to the northward compression collision of the Indian plate from the perspective of tectonic dynamics. However, the seismic faults and tectonic unit characteristics of the two earthquakes are different, which should belong to two independent earthquakes ^[47] .

The faults in the basin have the characteristics of forward extension. As time goes by, the faults have the tendency to expand into the basin gradually. Therefore, the research on the hidden faults in the basin should be strengthened ^[47] .

Distribution diagram of fault structure around the epicentre of Lushan earthquake and Wenchuan earthquake

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