Franks

The Franks: Frank

Beginning in 509, the Franks were divided into three tribes; The Salian, the Ripuarian, and the Chatti (or Hessian). Between 428 and 480, the Salian Franks occupied Royal River North of Gaul Most of the area. The Riprians and the Katians remained Germany And northeastern Gaul. The Salians are in their king Clovis Under the rule of Clovis (481/482-511), Clovis converted to Catholicism, and Clovis brought his dominion It spread to other Franks and conquered most of the rest of Gaul. His successors of the Merovenga dynasty (named after his grandfather Merovenga) ruled the Frankish lands until the 8th century The Carolingians As of now. The Carolingians the Charlemagne (Charlemagne)(reigned 768-814) and the Pope ( Pope Cooperation resumed Western Roman Empire And spread Catholicism to central and northern Germany. His empire dissolved in the middle of the 9th century.

The Romans knew the Franks were Germanic A branch of the tribe. In the early fifth century, the Franks began to follow Rhine It expanded into Roman-controlled Gaul (modern France). Unlike other Germanic tribes, they did not completely leave their homes, but simply expanded beyond them. The chief of the Franks Clovis In and from North Asia The Huns and meekly (Avars) fought long and defeated the last in Gaul Roman army ( Battle of Soisson After the unification of Frankish in 509, it became Western Europe Rulers of most areas. Over the next thousand years, the kingdom of the Franks evolved into Kingdom of France , Kingdom of Italy and First German Empire .

After Clovis's death (511 AD), the kingdom was traditionally inherited by four sons and thus divided into four parts. This led to centuries of civil war. Nevertheless, the enterprising spirit of the Franks did not abate. From 532 AD onwards, Burgundy The kingdom was annexed until AD 555, from Alsace to Bavaria, and the Franks extended their rule over the whole of Gaul and Germany Germanic Nia. By the end of the 6th century, the kingdoms of Neusteria (northwestern Gaul), Austrasia (eastern Gaul and Germania), and Burgundy were at war with each other, and from 610 CE, Crothair II and then Dagobelt were reunited.

By the end of the 7th century, The Merovingians Real power was transferred from the king to the head of the nobility Prime minister of the palace In our hands. The most famous of these was the Chancellor of Austrasia, Pepin of Hestahl, who served as three in 687 AD Frankish kingdom The sign of the palace. His son Hammer Charley In 714 he reconquered Neusteria, and in 732 he commanded the Frankish army in the city Poitier The victory against the Islamic army brought an end to Arab expansion in Western Europe and won great prestige.

In 741, Charles' son Pepin "Shorty" succeeded his father. He assisted Rome in 754 AD Pope He fought against the Lombards, gave the Pope the land he had taken from the Lombards, and founded it Papal states ( Pepin offered earth ). In return, the Pope recognized Pepin as king of the Franks, leaving aside the last Merovingian king, who was deposed. The Pope did it for Pepin coronation , The Carolingians Officially established.

Shortly before his death (768 AD), Pepin the Shorty recaptured Septimac (now Languedoc) from Arab occupation. After his death, his two sons divided the kingdom equally, but Carloman's early death made Charles the sole heir. He was the greatest Carolingian ruler." Charlemagne ".

In 774, Charlemagne conquered and annexed it Lombardy The kingdom. After several battles Saxony was conquered, and the empire's boundaries were reached Slavs Edge of the world And there with The Byzantine Empire Conflict of interest. He is Spain Fighting the Arabs in the north, in Pannonia (now Hungary Defeated the Avars and established the largest Frankish state of the Middle Ages. It was greatly strengthened during Charlemagne's reign centralization He set 6 Chief executive The count (Comes) answers directly to the emperor, in addition to Patrol envoy Missidominici (Missidominici) traveled around the new empire, supervising places authority And demanded an oath of allegiance from lords throughout the Empire. Charlemagne endeavoured to promote the culture he collected in Italy and the Byzantines Latin Manuscripts, the establishment of royal academies and religious schools, have made a great contribution to the restoration of Western culture and scholarship, which is" The Carolingian Renaissance ".

After Charlemagne died, his grandson Germanic Man Louis and Charlie the Bald Unite against their brother Lothair. They are Strasbourg The oath was signed in 842 AD The Treaty of Verdun The impact was most lasting: the empire was then divided into three entities: Italy, France And Germania, laid the main political map of Europe. The empire was weakened by division. The central government ended up in civil war, Border conflict And the Viking invasion and other pressures to collapse. Denmark After a series of expeditions, the Vikings laid siege to Paris in 896 AD and continued to engage in uninterrupted raids until the end of the century. Finally, they settled on French soil. In 911 AD, the Carolingian king Charles III of the Innocent and the head of the Danish settlers Rollo (R.F) signed an agreement recognizing Rollo as Duke of Normandy . The decline of central power made the local lords effectively independent feudal lords, with whom the king had to compromise if he wanted money and soldiers. So the fiefdom became hereditary, and the holder of the fiefdom became Feudal Lord And have their own vassals. By the 10th century, France was divided fief Each territory is like an independent country. In the end, the feudal lords got rid of the last Carolingian king and elected Victor Capet as king because of his weakness. His power is limited from Senlis to Orleans Within the realm of the Crown.

Capetian dynasty Over the next two centuries, the Kings slowly regained power by keeping royal roads safe, expanding their territory, encouraging trade, and granting royal licenses to new towns and fiefdoms that sprang up on the wasteland. By uniting with the power of the church, Gabet dynasty Achieved a strong moral position and benefited from the cultural, political and social influence of the Church. The royal chancellors were loyal to the king and effectively eliminated the hereditary position of government officials. Starting in 1180 AD, Philip the Second Three powerful rulers established France as the most important European country. They improved the functioning of government, encouraged prosperous trade, collected taxes efficiently, and strengthened their position within the feudal class. Although the Parliament, known as the Class Parliament, had been established, it had no real power and was often ignored.

From A.D. 1337 to A.D. 1453 The Hundred Years' War The purpose is to determine whether ownership of French land can be governed by King of England To inherit. France won the final victory and established the French king as the most authoritarian in France Political force .