Avars

The early days of the Avars National history with meekly People, East Caucasus, Caspian Sea Ancient tribes along the coast, and later Albin People are closely connected. Once divided into branches (called "free societies"), remnants of which still exist today. The Huns invaded Dagestan in the 4th century, came under Arab rule in the middle of the 7th century, and was incorporated into Dagestan in the 9th and 10th centuries Kievan Rus The Avar Khanate was established around the end of the 12th century, and from the 17th century was ruled Tsarist Russia A merger. Soviet power was established in 1917, and has since been defeated twice The White Army Occupied and rebuilt in 1920 Soviet power Founded in early 1921 Autonomous Republic of Dagestan .

The Avars are ancient Eurasia nomad One of them. They migrated to central and eastern Europe around the 6th century. It ruled until the beginning of the 9th century The plains of Pannonia .

A people of uncertain origin and language who played an important role in Eastern Europe between the 6th and 9th centuries. Originally from the Caucasus, he became involved The Germans The tribal war. The empire was founded in the second half of the 6th century, centered on the Hungarian plain, and reached its peak at the end of the 6th century. He took part in the anti-Byzantine War in the early 7th century and almost captured Constantinople in 626. In the second half of the 7th century, there was internal strife, about 9,000 Opposition faction Driven out of the empire. Later, there were uprisings, which further weakened the empire. The year 805 was Charlemagne Conquer.

Modern Avars are Russia federative Minority nationality . Dagestan One of the people. They call themselves Ma 'aluar. It is composed of more than 10 branches of the Anji ethnic groups, namely, the Anji, the Akhwa, the Botlih, the Bagular, the Godobelin, the Karagin, the Gundar, the Chamaral, and the Guidoy ethnic groups, namely, the Bezhigin, the Guidoy, the Hvarshin, the Gonzebo, and the Alchin. Operating a variety of economies, there Animal husbandry , agriculture and horticulture . family Handicraft industry Production, there are textile, carpet weaving, leather processing, making iron and bronze, wood furniture, wood carving and stone carving.

According to Western history, the Oghur tribes who moved west in the early period were mainly to escape from the East indirectly or directly A large family The oppression of the Avar, which is the northern enemy of the Northern Wei Dynasty in Chinese history meekly . Many of the tribes of Oghur had joined Attila's Hun. Tribal alliance The tribes retreated after Attila's death and the alliance collapsed The Black Sea , Caucasus, Volga It is still known as the Huns. Some of them maintained their original tribes, while others regrouped, such as the Bulgar, who absorbed the remainder of Attila and included a significant portion of the ten Uyghour (Onoghur) component. During this period (the 5th and 6th centuries, before the rise of the Turks), it was located to the south of it The Byzantine Empire They are often referred to as Huns.

In the Hun Tribal alliance After the collapse, the Huns fell apart and some joined The Byzantine Empire As a Mercenary army Some joined the new tribes to the north, and constantly harassed the empire.

Threat first in the north Byzantium The Huns of the Empire were the Bulgars, when Justinian After coming to power, the son of Attila barbarian Under the leadership of the general Mundo (grandson of Attila), the war against the Bulgar achieved a major victory, and the crisis eased for a while, but then resumed Danube Downstream north The surname of Jiuhe is Hui As the Kutrighur tribe became a new threat to Byzantium, Justinian used "rai to rai" to subdue the Ouigour Utighur, another Hun tribe to the northeast of the city, so that they could kill each other for profit. In the midst of these struggles, a large number of the Onoghur tribe, known as the Ouigour tribe, migrated westward Pannonia The plain was settled in the former territory of the Hun of Attila. While Byzantium struggled with its powerful northern neighbors, in the middle of the sixth century, the Avar, a more powerful nomadic people, arrived from the east. The Byzantine Avar War ).

In fact, these people only use the name of Avar, and are not real Avar people. But they're probably ex-servicemen meekly The high car or 嚈 The rest, therefore, borrowed the name of their former masters (the true Avar, the Ruran, had been vanquished by the emerging Turks in the East at this time). The Avar moved westward mainly to escape the Turks, and indeed the Turks, conquerors of Rouran and 嚈, pursued the Avar from the east. The Avar had a good start in Europe, conquering the Sabir and Onoghur tribes, and forcing the Bulgar to join its alliance Just in European history The upper began to awaken Slavs The tribe was also largely subservient to the Avar; However, the growing Turkic threat to the east forced the Avar to move further west. At the time, the middle Danube was dominated by Germanic Of Tribe Damage The Gepids (Gepid) rule - they have occupied this territory since the collapse of the Hun Empire heartland For more than a century, the Avar joined forces with the Lombards to the north to destroy the Gepid, and then monopolized the land, while the Lombards moved south Po The valley, captured by Justinian after nearly 30 years of fighting East Goth The recapture of the northern half of mainland Italy shattered Justinian's dream of restoring the old empire and dramatically changed European history. The Avar main body moved to Pannonia And brought with them a considerable number of Kutrighur people; On the other hand, as the Avars conquered a large number of Slavic tribes, they brought them to advanced civilizations The Byzantine Empire Inside and out, this is the future Balkan region The Slavification of the United States has set the stage. Since then, the Avar has made several incursions into the Byzantine Empire, which became more powerful when the Turks had no time to look west Persia Joint attack against the Kingdom.

By the 1720s, however, Avar was in decline, and 626 AD was a major turning point. In the East of the year, about to ascend the throne Tang Dynasty The actual founder of the empire Li Shimin With his composure, wit and bravery, in Chang 'an subcity Weihe River On the side, he repelled the invading Turkic army and his Khan Jie Li Made an oath, inadvertently has quietly opened the curtain of the conquest of eastern and western Turks; And at the same time in the West, under Constantinople, Battle of Constantinople The Avars, who had allied with the Persians and forced the Bulgar and Slavs to join forces against Byzantium, suffered a crushing defeat, and the Avar alliance quickly collapsed, leaving the headquarters in a tight position Central Europe They survived until the beginning of the ninth century, when they were crushed by the Franks of Charlemagne and the Bulgar of the Danube, and then assimilated into the Magyars and neighboring Slavs. When the Avar was strong, it ruled the Caucasus and other places, and because of the mountainous highlands, it was less influenced by the outside world, so it left a descendants, which is the contemporary Russian Federation North Caucasus The east Dagestan The Avars of the region.

In 560, odious They were chased by the Turks and fled to Europe, where they became known as the Avars. The Avars defeated the descendants of Attila Huns, the Kutliger and Utgar Huns, and incorporated them into their tribe. The map of Avar from Volga Extending to the mouth of the Danube, Avar Khan's caravan was stationed on the north bank of the Danube. He attacked north Slavs Divisions (Antes, Slovenes, Wendes); Westward into the Germanic region, in 562 he was defeated by Clovis's grandson, King Austrasia, in the Great War of Thurin Sigbert the First Defeat. The Avars then retreated towards the Black Sea.

In 565, Khan Bayan Khan Ascended to the throne of Avar.

In 567, he joined forces with the Lombards (a Germanic group living in Banonia) to wipe out the settlement in Hungary and Hungary Transylvania The Jibedai (Germanic Goths). The Avars have taken it Hungary Bayan built his royal court near the ancient capital of Attila. Avar rule stretched from the Volga River to Austria . Avar's unexpected success displeased the victorious Turks, who complained to the Byzantines about the treaty signed between Justinian and the Avars. To punish the Byzantines, the Turks sent Bohan into the Russian steppe in 576 to attack the Byzantine city of Bosphorus, along with Anagai, the last leader of the Utger Huns.

Under pressure from the Avars, some of the Bogars (descendants of the Kutliger Huns, belonging to the Turkic ethnic group) were found Bessarabia and Wallachia They settled down, and later the arrival of the Magyars forced them to move from there to the Mercia (Cape Boca). In their new station on the Danube, the Hungarians continued to be The Khazarian Khanate The subjects of... The Khazarian Khan, in his capacity as Hungarians, appointed a Kabal nobleman named Arpad as Grand Duke of the Hungarians. At that time, Arnulfo, the king of Germania, was fighting The country of Great Moravia ( Czech Republic , Slovakia The Slavic king Sviatoppolk of Austria, western Hungary, was at war, and he asked the Hungarians for help. Arpade rushed to defeat Svijatoppolk, and in 895 the Great Moravian state collapsed in war, and the Hungarians occupied and remained in Hungary. The Hungarians invaded Italy and in 910 they defeated the last of them in Germany The Carolingians Of King Louis, they crossed in 924 Alps loot Frankish kingdom . Finally, the Germanic king Otto I In 955 The Battle of Augsburg Defeated them, and this time Germanic society saved Europe.

Byzantium historian According to Theophilactes Simokata, there were two types of Avars, the true Avars being the Rourans: they were the Mongols, who were the masters of the Mongols throughout the 5th century, until they were defeated and replaced by the Turks in 552. The fake Avars are European Medieval history The Avars of Upper Avar, they have appropriated the dreaded name of Avar. These false Avars are said to have consisted of two united tribes, the uar or var (from which Avar derives its name) and the Kunni or Huni (which implies its Hungarian origin). However, it has also been argued that uars and Huni - from which the Byzantines coined the term Ouarkhonitai - were two tribes of the Ogor people, that is, according to some Orientalists Uighur Two tribes of people. However, the historical Uighurs were a Turkic people, while the Avars of Europe appear to have been Mongols. In any case, around 565 the Avars -- Greek It's Abares, Abaroi, Latin It's Acari, Acares -- into Europe. The appearance of the Avars reminded the Byzantines of the ancient Huns, except that their hair was braided in two long braids and dragged back. They were shamans, a shaman whom Theophilus referred to as a shaman, or Wizard . The Avars defeated the nomads in Azov Sea Northwest hoa The Don River At the mouth of the river were Kutliger and Utger Huns, both descendants of Attila Huns. They incorporated the two Huns (Turks) into their tribe. Tujue - The Mongolian nationality One of the two branches often incorporated representatives of the other into its empire.

As for the Chinese record of Rouran: "Rouran, rose in the late fourth and mid-sixth centuries." (Our country is called Rui Rui in the southern Dynasty, translated by the Northern Dynasty squirm ). is Xianbei (a county in Shanxi Province) The branch of the genus. from Social organization At the beginning of the period, Rouran cavalry followed suit The Northern Wei Dynasty (535-544) Began to have thousands of commanders, centurion "A thousand men are soldiers, and a general is one; One hundred people are a building, and the building is a handsome person "(Northern History · Wormworm Biography). On each expedition, "the first one to enter was given the capture." He who abandons a mild man shall be killed by stoning his head, or by temporarily beating him." In 424, dalbergia Can Khan rate 60,000 riding into the clouds, "Wai Taiwu more than 50 heavy." After that, the Northern Wei Dynasty Emperor Taiwu Revenge: "In 424, he personally invaded and won more than 300,000 rides." In 443, divided into four crusade, Rouran hurried north. In 449, Emperor Taiwu returned to the expedition and captured more than a million people. In 552, the Turks rose up, attacked Rouran and destroyed it." Let us emphasize that it was most likely the Avars stirrup Its use spread to Europe.

Under the leadership of Khan Bajan, the Avars established their own state. Take panoni Yahe The Pannonian Valley is the center of the river basin Sphere of influence From the Adriatic Sea to the south, Bosinia to the north, Carpathia to the east, and the Alps to the west. Although it has a small population, it conquered many of the Slavic tribes that originally lived here. Even in its heyday, the Avar army numbered only about 50,000 men, including attached Huns and Huns Balkan The man.

Until the end of the sixth century AD, the Avars were Eastern Europe Regional strongest Military force . Not only are they firmly in control of the Danube to Tissa Between the territory, and all the looting. When fighting, the infantry composed of the conquered nations always stood in the front line, and Avar cavalry As a decisive strike force placed in the center.

Like the Huns and Avars, they moved west into Europe Minority nationality For example, the relatively tight cultivated land and large local population in the new environment no longer allowed them to live a nomadic life. So these people on horseback were reduced to mercenary Either help the barbarians or join the Byzantine army. The military innovations they brought were quickly adopted and reflected in Byzantine heavy cavalry On the equipment. The contribution of the Avars is crib Leather saddles, stirrups, and throat guards made of thin layers of copper. Without a doubt, the stirrup was the most important innovation, greatly enhancing the ability of the cavalry to fight on the horse, to control the mount more effectively, and to stand up on the horse; And free your hands from holding them as tightly as they used to halter Can be equipped with larger and heavier shield . ^[1]