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Natural works open things in China to rebuild good books
Tiangong Kaiwu is the world's first comprehensive work on agriculture and handicraft production. It is a comprehensive scientific and technological work in ancient China. Some people also call it an encyclopedic work. The author was a Ming Dynasty scientist
Song Yingxing
. Foreign scholars call it "the encyclopedia of Chinese craftsmanship in the 17th century".
In the book, the author emphasizes that human beings should be in harmony with nature and human beings should be in harmony with nature
Natural forces
It is one of the most abundant preserved scientific and technological historical materials in China, and it focuses more on handicraft industry, reflecting the emergence of China in the late Ming Dynasty
Germination of capitalism
temporal
Production status
.
[3]
The book is divided into three volumes of 18. It is accompanied by 123 illustrations depicting more than 130 items
Production technology
And the name, shape, and process of the tool. The title of the book is taken from "Shangshu · Gaotamu", "The Replacement of the Heavenly Workers" and "Yi ·
copulative
"Open things into business", the author said that "cover people skillfully cause foreign bodies" (" Hardware "). The whole book according to "dear
The five grains
The meaning of cheap gold and jade "(Preface) is divided into"
A surname
"(Grain),"
A surname
"(Textile)," Zhang Shi "(Dyeing),"
essence
"(Grain Processing),"
salting
"(
Salt production
), "Happiness" (
sugar
),"
Cream liquor
"(
Cooking oil
), "Pottery is Fired" (ceramic), "Smelting", "Boat and Chariot", "Hammer Forge", "Burnt Stone" (coal stone firing),"
Kill out
"(Paper)," Hardware ","
Good troops
"(Weapons),"
Red and blue
"(
Mineral pigment
), "Curving Tillering" (
koji
) and "Pearl Jade".
[4]
Tiangong open object illustration
The upper scroll records the grain
Bean hemp
Cultivation and processing methods, silk cotton Ramie textile and
Dyeing technique
, as well as salt production,
sugaring
Craft.
The contents of the scroll include the production of bricks and ceramics, the construction of vehicles and ships, the casting and forging of metals, coal, lime, and lime.
sulfur
,
Alum
Mining and firing, as well as oil extraction,
Papermaking process
Let's wait.
Description in the following volume
Metallic mineral
The mining and smelting, the manufacture of weapons, the production of pigments, wine koji, and the collection and processing of pearls and jade.
Heavenly Work
Medium dispersion
Embodies ancient Chinese physics knowledge, such as in
Water lifting tool
(
wheelbarrow
, beach, windmill),
rudder
,
Sintered steel
Mud mold casting kettle, lost wax casting, removal
Coal mine gas
Method,
Salt well
In the halogen absorber (pump), melting, extraction method, there are a lot of mechanics, heat and other physical knowledge. In the "Hardware" article, it is clearly pointed out that zinc is a new metal, and its smelting method is recorded for the first time.
[4]
Tiangong Kaiwu records how farmers cultivate new varieties of rice and barley, and studies soil, climate,
Cultivation method
The impact on crop variety changes is also noted in different varieties
Silkworm moth
The situation of mutation caused by hybridization shows that the species characteristics of plants and animals can be changed through human efforts, and the scientific opinion of "soil veins vary from generation to generation, and speciation varies with water and soil" is obtained.
[1]
Song Yingxing was born
Jiangxi (Province)
Scholar-official family, there is a better learning atmosphere. Coupled with their own studiousness, with a high
Cultural quality
. The fierce competition in the field had left him repeatedly in the shadow. In the future, his official career did not reach the prominent position in the decision-making circle, but he never relaxed his pursuit of knowledge.
The greatest characteristic of Song Yingxing's academic purposities lies in "new" and "different", and his main way of studying is to get out of his study and contact with society. His travels and his career experience as a low-level official give him more opportunities to understand the grassroots
Production field
the
Process flow
.
[5]
Take a man with eight strands
The determination of neo-Confucianism gradually turned into rigid dogma of imperial examination, which seriously hindered the development of science and technology. Ming
Jia Jing
After that,
Wang Yangming
the
The philosophy of the mind
Popular all over the country,
Jiangxi (Province)
become
Wang Studies
An important position for communication and development. Different from the mainstream ideological trend based on psycho-daoism,
telebearing
Yang Ming learned it
Taizhou school
In this period, the minority thought of being successful in the world, anti-vacuity and pragmatism also developed. Taizhou School in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, especially in the Yangtze River delta and
The Ganjiang River (in Jiangxi Province)
catchment
Commodity economy
Developed areas have a greater impact, which originated in
Wang Gen
The biggest impact is
Li Zhi
They put forward the proposition that "the daily use of the people is the way", which reflects the progressive thought of advocating economic and practical application, reflects the requirements and aspirations of the common people, cloth and other classes, and has the progressive significance of anti-feudal rule, and has gradually become a door
Distinguished learning
. In the late Ming Dynasty, the wind of Western learning to the east flourished
Chinese traditional culture
There was a huge response.
[5]
Ming Dynasty is an ancient Chinese agricultural,
Handicraft industry
Business are relatively developed stage, due to the development of commodity economy, after the middle of the Ming Dynasty, in some areas, many industries appeared
Germination of capitalism
.
In agriculture,
Cultivated area
Expanded, improved and increased crop varieties,
Food crop
,
Cash crop
the
Yield per unit area
and
Total output
There has been a marked improvement. Some areas appear
Specialized management
.
There are many kinds of handicraft industry in the Ming Dynasty, and it has a certain scale, especially the metallurgy, ceramics, textile and other industries which are closely related to the national economy and people's livelihood are the most developed.
Cotton textile industry
Become dominant
Home sideline
The porcelain industry is famous at home and abroad, and the metallurgical mining industry has developed from the government to the private sector.
Shipbuilding industry
Developed, etc.
Commerce and transportation were also more developed in the Ming Dynasty, and silver became the main
Currency in circulation
; Some big businessmen are often rich thousands of miles away, the emergence of some famous business groups; Commercial centers and new towns in coastal areas were further developed.
[5]
Tiangong Kaiwu is mainly rooted in the inherent nature of China
Cultural tradition
. Tiangong Kai from the "day workers in its replacement" and "opening things into business", reflects
Naive materialism
View of nature
It was different from Neo-Confucianism which occupied the orthodox position at that time. This tendency to heresy reflects a new kind of thinking
Social phenomenon
The orientation of The Times. However, individual thought can be different from the mainstream, but not detached from The Times. In ancient times, agriculture was regarded as the top priority, so Song Yingxing's articles also reflected the thought of valuing grain and light gold and jade everywhere.
[5]
History of science and technology in China
expert
Panjicin
In...
Commentary of Song Yingxing
"Mentioned in" Heaven works open things · Make salty "and"
Discussion of qi
· Qi and Sound Five all say that "heaven has five Qi and there are five elements", believing that the five elements of water, fire, earth, metal and wood are born from the corresponding Qi, which is not the most original origin of all things, and analyzing the five elements or five Qi one by one, it is believed that the two Qi of water and fire are more basic. After analyzing the relationship between water, fire, earth, metal and wood and the transition level, that is, solving the relationship and transition between the material transition level of "Qi and form" and the material transition level of form, Song Yingxing further elaborated the principle of the formation of all things. "Tian Gong Kai Object · Pottery is Used" states:
Water and fire are in harmony
And soil and. In a country of ten thousand rooms, there are not enough people to work every day, and the civilian population is too numerous." It's about fire and water against clay
interaction
They were burned into ceramics for the daily use of the people.
In his Commentary on Song Yingxing, Pan Jixing argued that Song Yingxing discussed the generation mechanism of all things in life and nature, and divided living things into two categories: plants and animals. In the sequence of development from low to high level, plants, namely plants and trees, were relatively basic. He divided the animals into worms, fishes,
birds
The beast, and finally the "spirit of all things". He believed that animals evolved from plants and that plants evolved from
Inorganic substance
Evolution and generation, in the final analysis through the interaction of fire and water and civil engineering. Song Yingxing wrote: "Gas from the ground to eup a grain, the small seed is Peng, the big one is to shield the ox dry sky wood, the original geometry of this grain?" The rest is just gas." Plants and trees are flammable by water, earth, and fire
Organic fertilizer
) and grow.
All kinds of plants mentioned by Song Yingxing in Tiangong Kaiwu include rice, wheat, hemp, beans, mulberry, cotton, kudu, and herbs
Dye
Oil plants, sugar cane, bamboo,
constitutive
The planting of trees and all kinds of trees is carried out according to this principle. He goes into more detail about how these plants were made by the interaction of fire and water and metal, wood and stone
Vegetable oil
Products such as sugar, clothing, dyes, paper, vehicles and ships, as well as wood,
Oil press
, sugar cart,
Spinning frame
, all kinds of farm tools,
digester
And other tools and daily necessities. Although grain is grown mainly by water, earth and wood, it is not possible without the combination of fire and gas, which is expressed here in the form of sunlight. If there is no sunshine (Yang qi, fire qi) and rain (Yin qi, water qi), the production will be reduced. As for grain processing and food manufacturing, it is not possible without fire, water and wood. As a result of the interaction of the five Qi, a variety of plants and their processed products are produced, like all things in the inorganic world, for the daily use of the people, and in the final analysis, from the vitality to the shape and the Qi to the form
Material level
And generated.
Pan Jixing in "Song Yingxing Commentary" believes that Song Yingxing in "Tiangong Kai Wu" detailed description of the animal system into various products of technology. According to his philosophy,
animalia
Though of a higher order than the plant world
Development stage
However, its material origin is still nothing more than the gradual generation and evolution of these material levels of vitality, shape and qi, shape and vegetation, although
He doesn't
Tell us how long it will take to make these transitions. He also talks about the material unity in the composition of the animal, plant, and mineral kingdoms
Material world
Reasons for diversity.
Pan Jixing in "Song Yingxing Commentary" believes that because of the interaction between water and fire, earth, metal and wood these material elements are ever-changing, so there are many things. As Song Yingxing said in "Heavenly work opens things", many natural things through artificial action, and produce countless, nature itself does not have things. In his words, it is "either artificial or created by heaven" (" Making salt ").
Pan Jixing mentioned in "Song Yingxing Commentary" that when it comes to the diversity of things in the material world, Song Yingxing wrote in"
Nature opens the order of things
He wrote: "The earth is covered, the number of things is tens of thousands, and things are also because of it, and the song is not lost." What is it with men?" The idea is that there are thousands of things in the earth, through various changes to form a perfect world, which is probably not all human beings can do. His "shape is endless and endless"
Philosophical proposition
It can now be understood as the diversity of the material world formed by the infinite combination of finite element atoms. Modern theory of the structure of matter also proves
monism
View of matter
That's right, because everything in the universe is ultimately made of atoms.
Pan Jixing in"
Commentary of Song Yingxing
It is believed that Song Yingxing is developing the generation and evolution of all things
Natural philosophy
He closely combines his philosophy with science and technology, and supports and explains his philosophy with examples of 30 technical processes described in the book
Philosophical thought
. Not only
Chinese history
What no other philosopher can do, and like
Li Shizhen
That kind of
Great scientist
And failed to do so.
When he explained the gradual transition from the most fundamental vital energy to the inorganic world and living nature, he provided us with a picture of the generation and evolution of all things, and the basic transition levels are: vital energy → fire and water → earth → gold and wood → non-living things → plants and trees (organisms) → animals (higher organisms). One of the most critical steps is the transformation from nonliving to living.
[8]
The appearance of the Heavenly Work is
Chinese feudal society
The most brilliant science in the world
Active phase
One of his masterpieces. It is not only an effective inheritance of the ancient scientific tradition, but also with the emergence of various anti-authority consciousness with enlightenment significance,
Real learning
Consciousness is closely related to the awareness of people's livelihood.
Since the Song and Ming Dynasties,
capitalism
Relations of production
It exists sparsely and weakly.
Social existence
right
Social consciousness
Play a decisive role, new
Social reality
It reinvigorates people's interest in nature, society and the "nature and nature" of life.
From empty talk to practice, is the reflection of people of insight at that time, this trend of thought in
Way of thinking
It began to take on a modern aura.
[5]
Before the 20th century, there were two editions of Tiangong Kaiwu published in China, one of which was Ming
崇祯
temporal
Tu Shao 煃
Version, the other one is
Late Ming and early Qing
Qing rule is not yet secure,
Nan Ming Dynasty
Yang Suqing edition published in Fujian during the period of power. This edition belongs to the late Ming Dynasty engraved, the early Qing Dynasty repaired.
The book "Natural works Open Things" is in
崇祯
After the first edition was published ten years ago, it quickly attracted the attention of the academic and engraving circles. The late Ming Dynasty
Fang Yizhi
"
Physics knowledge
Earlier quoted the relevant discussion of "Tiangong Kai Wu". Soon in Fujian by
Bibliopole
Yang Suqing published the second edition in the early Qing Dynasty.
For this social atmosphere of the Ming Dynasty, Chinese scholars
Li Shen
It states:"
Compendium of Materia Medica
","
The travels of Xu Xiake
", "Tiangong Kaiwu", "Tiangong Kaiwu"
Encyclopedia of agricultural affairs
","
The law of arithmetic is the rule of law
","
pestology
Behind these scientific works, there is not only a high level of development of agriculture, but also a high level of development
Handicraft industry
And business. Therefore, as soon as the system of calculations came out, there was a "duplicate of each other," and there was a quarrel for a time.
Paper price
Be expensive '".
"After the publication of Tiangong Kai Wu, it was engraved and published the following year. A few years later, the bookseller Yang Suqing thought it would be profitable and decided to recreate it.
Block blocks for printing
Completed, not yet printed, suitable
Ming Dynasty
Perish. In the early Qing Dynasty, after the revision, it had to be printed. But after Yang Ben, no one copied it. Because things have changed. A number of practical ones appeared in the late Ming Dynasty
Technical science
The works were adapted to the highly developed productive forces at that time, especially the needs of handicrafts and commerce.
The soldiers entered the customs
,
Yangzhou (in Jiangsu Province)
,
Jiangyin
Jiangnan cities such as Jiading were slaughtered, many handicraft bases became a ruin, the disaster is not too serious Shanxi Lu 'an, there are more than three thousand looms at the end of the Ming Dynasty, to Shunzhi seventeen years (1660) only two or three hundred, a reduction of more than 90%, Jiangnan's disaster can be inferred. In such a broken
Economic basis
Above all, who cares about technology? If you have technical books, who will buy them? Therefore, "Tiangong Kai Wu" was not republished after Yang Ben."
[20]
After the second edition was published in the Shunzhi year of the early Qing Dynasty, "Tiangong Kaiwu" was banned by the Qing Dynasty because of the words "North Rupp" and "Yidi" in the book. But the translation soon spread
Eurasia
, which push-pull type
bellows
Technical pair
Western Europe
The iron industry had a great influence.
[14]
[16]
Published during the Kangxi and Yongzheng years of the Qing Dynasty
Collection of ancient and modern books
Some places in the food, examination and other documents are taken from "Tiangong Kaiwu", and the anti-Qing words such as "Northern Rupp" in "Tiangong Kaiwu" are changed to "North" when quoting.
Qianlong
Over the years
Time to pass the exam
"Only quotes the" Heavenly work "in the"
A surname
","
essence
", etc.
Distance from Qianlong's"
Siku complete Book
More than a century later, in 1877.
Cen Yuying
The General Annals of Yunnan Mining Administration, which was compiled and edited, partially quoted the
Tiangong open object · Hardware
Chapter on copper, silver, etc
Metal smelting
The narrative of technology. Eminent scholar
Wu Qijun
In...
Yunnan southern mining plant map
A reference to the book "Tiangong Kai Wu". "
Plant name real picture examination
"
cereal
Some of them quote the "Nai Grain" chapter of "Tiangong Kai Wu".
In Liu Yueyun's Gewu Zhong Fa, Tiangong Kaiwu is quoted, commented and annotated. Late Qing Dynasty AD 1899, Zhili
Standby track
Wei Jie wrote"
Compiling silkworm mulberry extracts
Some quotes from the book "Heavenly Work" in the book"
A surname
"Zhang Shi" and other chapters.
These are partial excerpts of the contents of the heavenly works, but this and the publication are entirely
A different kettle of fish
. There is not a single version of "Tiangong Kaiwu" that was truly under Qing rule.
[16-17]
until
The Republic of China
In the early years,
Song Yingxing
His works, first of all his scientific work Tiangong Kai Wu, were noticed by Chinese scholars, but they were through their eastern neighbors
Japan
The country just saw the original.
[17]
A modern publication version of "Heavenly Work."
In 1771 AD, the Japanese bookseller Kashiwara Ya Saki, the owner of Kan Wangdo, published an engraved copy of Tengong Kaimu, which was the first copy of Tengong Kaimu in Japan
Replica edition
It was also the first foreign copy.
Realist school
Scholar
Sato Nobuchi
According to Song Yingxing's thought of natural work and material development, this paper puts forward the "science of material development" to enrich the country and benefit the people.
[6]
After "Tiangong Kaiwu" was spread to Korea in the 18th century, it was valued by intellectuals in the late Li Dynasty, especially scholars of the real school, in 1783, Korea
Li Dynasty
(1392-1910) writer and thinker
Park Ji-won
(1737-1805) completed the travel book"
Jehol Diary
"Recommended" Tiangong Kaiwu "to North Korean readers. North Korea
Born as a scholar
A senior member of the cabinet
Xu Youji
In his later years, he wrote the 113-volume magnum opus "Sixteen Records of Forest Garden Economy" and"
Lee Gyu Kyung
(No. Wuzhou) "The Five Continents of the Book Varieties of the Exhibition" (1834),"
Wuzhou Yanwen long paper scattered manuscript
"(about 1857) and other important scientific and technological works have repeatedly cited" Tiangong Kai Wu ".
[6]
From the 18th to the 20th century, "Heavenly Work" in some
Europe and America
National dissemination, in France, Britain, Germany, Italy, Russia and other European countries and the United States
Great library
There are Chinese versions of the book from different periods. Among them, the Paris Royal Library (the predecessor of the present National Library) in the 18th century into the Ming edition of "Tiangong Kai Wu".
The year 1830
College de France
Sinologist
julienne
Translate the silver and Zhu chapters of "Danqing" into English
French
"Was the beginning of the book's translation into the Western language. In 1832, it was translated into English and published in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, India. He had it printed in ink in 1833
Copper alloy
Some translations were published in the French authoritative journals "Yearbook of Chemistry" and "Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences", and later translated into English and English
German language
.
[6]
The year 1837
julienne
By the Ministry of Works and
Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce
On the orders of the minister, the sericulture part of "Tiangong Kai Wu" and "Sericulture Door" (1742) were translated into French by the Royal Family of Paris
printshop
It was published by the publisher and translated into French under the Chinese title "Mulberry Silkworm Compendium". At that time, European sericulture technology had a certain development, but due to the lack of experience in disease prevention and treatment, it led to
Raw silk
A substantial reduction in production. "Tiangong Kai Wu" provides a complete set of sericulture, control
Silkworm disease
The complete experience had a great influence on the European silk industry.
The 18th century, in
Industrial revolution in Europe
It's already started, but
Agricultural production
Still very backward, planting is still using artificial sowing. This sowing method depends on the density of the seeds and
Cover depth
On are very casual, direct impact
Emergence rate
. China, by this time, was already using it
planter
. The European plow was also simple, primitive and laborious to operate, while the Chinese plow was more efficient and less labor-intensive. After the introduction of "Heaven and Work", it directly promoted Europe
Agricultural revolution
.
[9]
European society from the 12th century
papermaking
But has been using rags as raw materials for single production
Jute paper
After the 18th century, the consumption of paper soared, but the supply of rags was limited, so
Paper industry
There is a raw material crisis. In 1840, Julien translated the paper chapter of "Tiangong Kai Wu" into French and published it in the "Academy of Sciences". Which refers to wild
bark
Fiber, bamboo and grass fiber instead of rag paper, can also be mixed with various raw materials for pulping. This information was quickly fed back, and the French, British, and Germans successfully made paper with other raw materials, finally alleviating the raw material crisis.
[9]
British biologists
Darwin
(1809-1882)
julienne
The translation of "Tiangong Kai Wu"
silkworm
After a partial translation, it is called the "authoritative work". Darwin wrote in his book
Variation of animals and plants under domestication
In the first volume of "Sericulture" (1868), he wrote: "The situation concerning the rearing of sericulture in ancient China is found in the authoritative work of Ru Lian." He raised silkworms in ancient China
Technical measure
As an example to demonstrate artificial selection and artificial variation.
In 1869,
julienne
And the French chemist Shang Biang translated the French extracts of the various chapters of handicraft industry in the book "The Present and the Past of Industry in the Chinese Empire" and published it in Paris. In 1964, the German scholar Tilu, the first four chapters of "Heaven works Open Matter"
A surname
", "Naifu", "Zhangshi" and "Essence" were translated into German and annotated, with the title: "Song Yingxing's First Four Chapters". 1966, United States
Pennsylvania
Dr. Ren Yidu of the University translated the full text of the book into English and added
Translation and annotation
"Song Yingxing's Book - A Technical Book of 17th Century China", in
London
And published simultaneously in Pennsylvania. This is the first full European translation of the book.
In April 2020, it was included in the Reading Guidance Directory for Primary and Middle School Students of the Development Center of Basic Education Curriculum and Materials of the Ministry of Education (2020 edition).
[10]
In the second half of the 18th century, in 37 years of Qianlong, the Siku Hall was set up to repair the"
Siku complete Book
". Censorship of the nation's books in the name of book revision,
Jiangxi (Province)
It's a priority review area.
[19]
Among the books donated in Jiangxi, we found the Complete Works of Fang Yutang by Song Yingsheng, brother of Song Yingxing and his friends
Chen Hongxu
Et al. 's writings have
Anti-qing ideology
Advocate"
The differentiation of Huayi
", belong to the forbidden destruction of books.
Simultaneous discovery
"Tiangong Kaiwu" has "North Rupp", "Northeast Yi" and other anti-Qing words, there are some "I" refers to
Ming Dynasty
"Yi Lu" refers to the content of the Qing Dynasty. There are Ming Dynasty garrison soldiers throwing firearms, General
Qing Dynasty army
Illustrations blown to pieces.
"Heavenly Work" can't be listed because it contains"
Siku complete Book
The science and technology book itself is ignored.
[15]
These factors have suppressed the popularity of Tiangong Kai Wu in society. It was not republished in the Qing Dynasty. At about the same time, Japan was printing this technical masterpiece. During this period of Qing rule, new editions of Tiangong Kaiwu were published abroad, but went out of print at home.
[14]
So that nearly three hundred years after the rule of the Qing Dynasty, the people of the Republic of China in order to find the book "Tiangong Kai Wu" could not find it in the country, but had to introduce it from Japan, and then engraved and published it.
[17]
Ding Wenjiang
In "Reprinting the Postscript of Tiangong Kaiwu", Mr. Zhang describes how he tried every means to find the book in China, but could not find it. While pressing
Panjicin
At that time in Japan, in fact, the book "Tiangong Kaiwu" is very easy to see.
[18]
Publication statistics
This is the first engraving of "Tiangong Kaiwu" in the Ming Dynasty, the most precious, and all subsequent editions come from this. This original sequence is called "Tiangong Kaiwu Volume",
proviso
The mouth is still made of "Tiangong Kai", divided into upper, middle and lower three volumes of line, printed with better
Jiangxi (Province)
Bamboo paper
. The original book is 26.2 cm high and 16.8 cm wide, and the frame is 21.7 cm high and 14.3 cm wide.
Simple leaf
9 lines, 21 lines.
foreword
Consistent with the main text
Printing hand
At the end of the sequence is"
崇祯
Ding Chou
In the summer months,
Fengxin County
Song Yingxing book in the house between the food"
title
.
This was written in April 1637 by a friend of the author
Tu Shao 煃
(Zi Boju, 1582-1645) was then Henan Province
Runan
Military preparation road
Stay at home
worry
(Bereaved mother) when the grant is engraved in
Nanchang Prefecture
Yes. In recognition of this achievement of Shao 煃, this is called "painting book". From the layout, font, paper and ink color of this paper, and the end of the Ming Dynasty
jiangxi
The engraving is very similar, so it is no doubt that the painting is designated as the Jiangxi engraving. There is every indication that it was published in haste and without careful redaction,
Old stories
In the
Wrongly written characters
There are more than 400 in total. For example, the tip is mistaken for slightly, the tail is mistaken for Ni, the lift is mistaken for Yang, the diameter is mistaken for warp, and the rose is mistaken for Mei. The mistake of "also" as "easy", reducing as writing, preventing mistakes as harmful, framing as quanzhou, wrapping as fruit, etc., belongs to the mistake of sound proximity. This is all due to poor lettering. However, since this is an original copy, the text and illustrations are directly from the manuscript written by Song Yingxing, so it is still a rare edition.
Dauben "Heavenly work open Matter" has always been rare. The present copy in China was originally collected by CAI Qinsun's "Mohai Tower" in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, and has been unknown to people for a long time. The book collection returned at the end of the Qing Dynasty
A surname
Lee Shimoto
Xuan Yin Lou
".
In the summer of 1951, Li Zhiben descendants
Li Qingcheng
He donated his entire collection of books to the country, including a painted copy of the book "Heavenly Work Opens",
switch-back
state-run
Beijing Library
Special collection of rare books. In 1959,
Zhonghua Book Company Shanghai editorial office
Three volumes have been published based on this book
photocopy
Printed with bamboo paper, since then people at home and abroad
Stand a chance
See the book as it is. However, when using this book, readers should pay attention to the errors in the text. This original is still hidden in
Japan
countries
Tokyo
the
Shizetado Bunko
And France
Bibliotheque nationale de Paris
(Bibliotheque Nationalea Paris). There are only three of them in existence today
Original edition
.
[21]
This is engraved
Bibliopole
Yang Suqing carved it in the late Ming Dynasty and repaired it in the early Qing Dynasty
Block edition
, a second edition reprinted from a painted copy. Because of this book
bibliology
There are many problems, so it should be discussed in detail here.
(1) The preamble is handwritten, no year at the end, only "Song Yingxing title"
(2) The text of the Yang edition has been corrected, but the individual illustrations are out of shape when reproduced.
Helpful evidence for Yang Ben's dating is that
A surname
,
Dragon robe
The painting was "Where the dragon robe is offered, my court bureau is in Su and Hangzhou", and the Yang version was changed to "Where the dragon robe is offered, great.
Ming Dynasty
The bureau is in Suzhou and Hangzhou." And "Jia Bing · Crossbow", painted this as "State Dynasty.
weapon
build
Divine Arm Crossbow
Yang changed to "Ming Dynasty military equipment to create a god arm crossbow", and the word "Ming Dynasty" deviated from the line. Tu's writing is the tone of the Ming Dynasty, while Yang's is the tone of the Qing people after the change of the dynasty. If Yang's book is a Ming journal, why change "My Dynasty" to "Ming Dynasty"? And judging from the illustrations, the painted"
A surname
· Water "section
shadoof
The parts are complete, but the Young book is missing the drawing."
rockfall
Without this part, the two ends of the lever are out of balance, indicating that Yang Ben missed the drawing. In addition, the general preface of the book says: "The View of the Elephant"
temperament
"Two volumes, its way is too fine, since chuai is not my thing, so Linzi delete." The book is written in every chapter
General heading
There are four lines at the end
Ink nail
It is the trace of "Linzi deleted", and Yang did not have this phenomenon. This also shows that Yang Ben is a second edition. Yang Ben frame height 23.2 cm, width 11.8 cm, 6 volumes bound, white mouth, half leaf 9 lines, line 21 words. its
End page
There are two forms. In the first form, the title, author and
publisher
It is a three-column handwriting, and there are column lines between the columns. The left and right sides are "Mr. Song" and "Tiangong open thing", the font is larger;
Intermediate hurdle
The following is "Shulin Yang Suqing sample" 6 small characters.
This is hidden in
Beijing Library
It was purchased from Beijing in 1965
Glazed shop
Chinese bookstore
. This book also has "Zobo Library" and "Jiangnan Li Zi.
Tsuruka
Chapter of the book collection." After examination, this edition is the same as the old collection of Mito Akikakan, Japan. It is printed on Fujian bamboo paper, but it is not as good as the coated paper. Mr. Mitsuji was a general in 1943
Shizetado Bunko
In addition to the Akikaokan, the same version is also in the library of Zobo in Japan. This was previously unknown to many experts, and the Japanese historical data began to know that this Zubo Bunko was after the Edo period (1608-1868)
Oita
It was established in the first year of the Tien Ming Dynasty (1781) by Maori Takaichi (1755-1801), the owner of the Sabe Clan, to collect internal and external secrets, which should have flowed into Japan at this time.
Yang Ben was bought by Li Zihe from Japan and then brought back to China. Chang Kao Hall is
Mizto han
seignior
Tokugawa Mitsukuni
(1628-1700) in
Ming calendar
Three years (1657) wrote"
Japanese history
When the library was established, its collection of Yang copies entered the library in the 17th century, that is, the book had just been published. During the Second World War, all the books in Chang Kao Hall were destroyed in the war, so in the 1950s, I studied Tiangong Kai Wu
Tsuyoshi
Mr. Yang has not been able to meet the original.
But the Lord of Kaga in the Edo period
Keki Maeda
The old collection of Zunjing Pavilion (1643-1724) had another Yang edition, which was the same as that of Beijing Library and Zhangkao Library, except that the title page had a different form. The title page above the horizontal column "see a strange ability" four words.
Under the rail
The left and right sides of the straight column are handwritten "Mr. Song" and "Tiangong Kai" 8 big characters, and the middle part of the two is also engraved with double lines of small words "Inside the cultivation and weaving, refining and mining Jinbao/all the money generating reserve,
esoterica
Key "20 small characters, below is" book forest farm plain Qing Zi ".
1926-1927
Wujin
people
Tao Xiang
When he was engraving "Tiangong Kaiwu", he obtained this copy from Zunjing Pavilion and later transferred it to Beiping
humanities
The Institute. In the library of the humanities in the brief book description said: "" Tiangong Kai Wu" three volumes, Ming Song Yingxing, Ming Yang Suqing published, three volumes." In 1934, the Beijing Library made a blue copy of it. After 1945, the collection of the Humanities Institute was transferred to the original
Institute of History and Language, Academia Sinica
. Before 1949, this copy was transferred to Nanjing, and then shipped again
Taipei
It is now in Taipei
Historical language institute
. It can be seen that the two early editions of "Tiangong Kaiwu" have been circulated in China. The Yang Ben mentioned here is still hidden in
Bibliotheque nationale de Paris
.
As for the age of Yang's engraving, it was previously thought to be Ming Dynasty. Sanzhi noticed the difference between the Tubi and Yang, but still thought they were both
Ming copy
Or one of them may be a fake edition of the Ming Journal. serval
The internal cause
Did not see the Yang book, citing the three branches of the said that "these two books are judged to be
Face plate
But it is very difficult to determine the precedence of the two."
Sun Dianqi
(1894-1958) Mr. Yang may have been sold in the past. He wrote in his book
Peddling book puppets
In the book, he wrote: "Heavenly work opens three volumes, Ming.
A surname
Song Yingxing. There is no
Carve books
Year, about the apocalypse between the book forest Yang Suqing journal." This may be because Mr. Sun handled too many ancient books and did not examine them carefully, so the conclusion is not proper. Check Song Yingxing is Fengxin people, only in the division of Yi teaching instruction and written this book. And the book was written in the ten years of Chongzhen,
Apocalypse
It is not yet time
Become a book
.
Tao Xiang
Others also believe that Yang Ben is the original edition of Ming magazine, and that Yang Ben's handwriting sequence is Yingxing's handwriting. The aforementioned Russian Sinologist Baylor and the author of the bibliography of the Institute of Humanities also set this edition as the Ming edition. The main reason for this is that the handwriting order gives people an illusion. And this is actually
Ming and Qing dynasties
In order to make the book released, Yang Suqing had to do it.
Huang Zhangjian
The first identified Yang this is Ming Dynasty Qing repair. This is correct judgment.
At the end of Ming Dynasty, Yang Suqing had already turned over
edition
Plate wood is ready, when the Ming Dynasty suddenly died, he in order to make the book issued in the early Qing Dynasty, then decided to remove the original sequence of Chongzhen years, the text of the "I dynasty" to "Ming Dynasty". But because the office year that line too many words, digging board is difficult, but decided to ask a calligraphy master to copy the sequence again, not the end of the book "Song Yingxing". It gives the impression that the author is from the early Qing Dynasty.
Results It is determined that the Yang version is the Qingxiu version. Yang Suqing should be
Late Ming and early Qing
Jiangnan carving booksellers, their native place and deeds are still difficult to find out. However, the curtain pattern and texture of poplar paper are similar to that of Fujian bamboo paper in the early Qing Dynasty. Therefore, it is suspected that this person is from Fujian, and there are indeed many Yang sellers in Fujian engravings during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and Fujian is adjacent to Jiangxi, which can enable Yang Suqing to get "Tiangong Kaiwu" soon. It should be said that although Yang Ben changed the individual characters in obvious places to adapt to the political situation at that time, the changes were not thorough enough. As...
Good troops
The chapter has "North Rupp", "Northeast Yi" and other anti-Qing words, but Yang Ben is still its old.
And keeping those words is better than using "I Chao" or "I Chao"
崇祯
"Words, more
Political risk
. This can only be read in the early Qing Dynasty
Censorship system
You don't have to be strict to get the book published. The specific period of Yang's publication was from the 1650s to the 1680s. May well be
Shunzhi
During the period of 1644-1661, it could not be later than the early years of Kangxi. At this time, the author Song Yingxing was still alive.
After the middle period of Kangxi
Qianlong
During the years, the Qing rulers tightened their mind control. Some works published in Shunzhi Nian are being revised
Siku complete Book
"Are listed as"
Banned book
"And ordered total destruction. Kang and Gan Shi quoted the book "Tiangong Kaiwu".
Collection of ancient and modern books
", will change "North Rupp" to "north." It can be seen that the codifier had noticed that these words were unacceptable to the Qing Court.
[21]
In summary, there are a total of 2 copies of Yang. A copy is now in the Beijing Library, which was purchased by Li Zihe, a person of the Republic of China, from Japan. A copy exists
Taipei
Historical Language Institute,
Tao Xiang
Borrowed from the Japanese cabinet.
The Yang edition in China is the last edition, the fact is that there are only two editions in total, and the Qing Dynasty was never printed again. "Tiangong Kai Wu" appears in some book citations.
This is the earliest edition of "Tiangong Kai Wu" published abroad. After the book was introduced into Japan in the 17th century, it attracted the attention of scholars, who competed to copy it, and successively imported it from China. In order to meet the needs of a large number of Japanese readers, publishers in the 1760s have been prepared and engraved. It can be seen from the Catalogue of Books published in Osaka after the Year of the Endowment (1716-1735), as early as September of the Fourth year of the Akiyoshi Dynasty (1769)
Osaka
In the town of Chuanma, Shirayashi Harahara Saki had already applied to the authorities for the release of Tengong Kaimu, which was approved in November of the same year. In the absence of a good book,
Publication plan
It was postponed. Later, the bookseller borrowed a rare copy from the book collector Kimura Konyasu (1736-1802) and decided to do it alone. Hirohara-ya Saki is the owner of Kansei Hall, so this version is called "Kansei Hall Ben" or "Kansei Ben" for short. Kimura Yasukyo, known by the name Seisu, Isai,
meta-text
Born in Osaka in 1736, he was an 18th century Japanese painter and calligrapher.
Calligraphy and painting collection
Home, its library room name "Reeds Jiatang", hidden at home and abroad
Rare edition
There are plenty of secrets. When he lent the Kanjiatang collection "Tengong Kaiwu" to Suga Seido for use, the publication process was accelerated. More please prepare before (today
Okayama prefecture
) scholar Eida Yiying (Mr. Nam Tang) edited and imposed the "Training Point" in the Ming and 8th years
Xin MAO
At the age of 1771, he published a Chinese version of "Tiangong Kaiwu". Before the book, I invite the famous scholar of Osaka at that time, Tokaga Tottingzhong, to write the preface. The preamble is used
Cursive writing
It's written in Chinese.
In 1770, Suga Sangdo obtained the copy from Kimura Konkyo, and asked Eda Masuhide to revise it, and then sent the manuscript to the Tokata clock for comments, he was satisfied with it, thinking that "a big change in the old view", and immediately gave it to the paper, published the following year. From the text content, the sugan book is based on the painting book, and the Yang book is corrected to make three or nine books. Sumoto's publication helped Tengong Kaimu reach more Japanese readers, accelerating the book's popularity
Edo period
The dissemination in the academic circles also became the original basis for the republication of Tiangong Kaiwu in China in the 20th century.
[14]
This is the first new edition of Tiangong Kaiwu published in China since the 20th century. In the history of the entire edition is the fourth edition, 1927 to
lithography
Thread-bound edition
Form appears. Printed on the front of the book are the following words:"
In the year of
Ding MAO
(1927)
Second month of autumn
(August), according to the Japanese Meiwa Year, Takejin Shiyuan, with the"
Collection of ancient and modern books
This text is edited and printed." In 1929, a reprint of the book was published, with the words "Reprinted in Yayoji (1929)/Shibuen" printed on the back of the title page.
It was the publisher who put out the book
Tao Xiang
(1870-1940). Since he was the earliest publisher of "Tiangong Kai Wu" in the Republic of China, this book is called "Tao Ben". Tao Ben is used in Anhui Jing County
Rice paper
Printed, divided into three volumes. As early as the early years of the Republic of China, "Tiangong Kaiwu" was received
Ding Wenjiang
,
Zhang Hongzhao
,
Luo Zhenyu
And Tao Xiang and others noticed that it was difficult to find a copy in China, so they sought a new edition based on the Ming and the Eighth year (1771) and engraved editions.
As for the process of publication, Ding Wenjiang made a detailed explanation in the "Reprinting of Tiangong Kaiwu Scroll" written in 1928, which contained the end of the 1929 edition of the Tao book. Tao Xiang himself also made a similar introduction in the Reprinting of Tiangong Kaiwu Yuanqi (1927). Although this version is based on the Jian version, it also references the Yang version. The first three editions (painted version, Yang version and Jian version) are roughly the same style, layout, line, text position are exactly the same, and the illustrations are basically the same system. The original layout of the first three editions was completely disrupted by the beginning of the Tautoben, and a fresh start was made.
[17]
The major change in the style of Tauben is to re-invite artists to add drawing versions of all the illustrations in the book, and some of the drawings refer to the Qing Dynasty"
Collection of ancient and modern books
"(1726),"
Time to pass the exam
"(1747) added or altered; Some diagrams (e.g.
salting
According to the
Lianghuai salt law records
"(1748),"
Hedong Salt law records
"(1627),"
Annals of salt law in Sichuan
(1882) The result of the painting was unrecognizable and inconsistent. Perhaps Tao Xiang's intentions were good, intended to provide a well-drawn illustration that would outperform the original version. In fact, Tauben was
Artistic skill
It is indeed seiko, but because it was painted by painters during the Republic of China, the characters' costumes and expressions,
Interior furnishings
On the contrary, it is not as simple and true as Tumoto, Yang Ben and Suga Ben, and even has the danger of adding to the snake. In this regard, Sanji has made a critical criticism in his version of the essay. However, the Tao version also has a saving grace, that is, it has been revised to eliminate many typos in the first three editions. The Chinese text is acceptable, but the illustrations are not.
Unfortunately, since the 20th century, when Chinese and foreign scholars used illustrations, they were often taken from pottery books, and the illustrations have lost their original authenticity. Those who have an appreciation of painting will see that the illustrations of the Tao edition have the painting style of the artists in the Republic of China, which is very different from the painting method of the Ming people. The title page of Tao's book has Luo Zhenyu's seal character inscription, and below it is Tao Xiang's "Reprinting Tiangong Kaiwu Yuanqi",
photocopy
The Yang script sequence, followed by the script sequence and text. The preface by Kanmoto Nakato Hatingzhong was deleted, and the book was not attached to Ding Wenjiang's Biography of Fengxin Song Changgeng and Reprinting of Tiangong Kaiwu Scroll. Before the main text there are the general headings of the chapters of the original book, but additional sections are added. Tauben's contribution is that it is, after all, a new edition of the 20th century in China after a hiatus of more than 200 years.
[21]
Tauben's publication stimulated the attention and research of Tiangong Kaiwu at home and abroad, and made up for the shortcomings of the Chinese version. Tauben has not been republished for many years, until 1983, when the Taipei Public Records Bureau photocopied the "Xi Yong Xuan Series", Tauben's "Tiangong Kai Wu" was included in the first volume, the text and illustrations were not changed, but the illustrations were applied
vermilion
Looks like the effect is not necessarily very good, but not as black and white as the original.
Of these existing versions, only Mr. Li Qingcheng's painting was in China during the Republic of China, but it belonged to a private collection and was donated to the country in 1951 after the founding of the People's Republic of China. Therefore, it is true that Tiangong Kaiwu could not be found in China at that time. It spread weakly in the form of citations during the Qing Dynasty.
[14]
Nai Fu: the source and processing method of raw materials for clothing
Refining: The processing of grains
Salty: Introducing salt
Production method
The method of growing sugarcane, producing sugar and keeping bees
[12]
Pottery: Making of bricks, tiles and ceramics
Casting: The casting of metal objects
The structure, construction, and use of ships and vehicles
Hammer forging
Making iron and copper by hammering
Finishing: The method of making paper
[12]
Hardware: Mining and smelting of metals
Good soldier: The method of making weapons
Tanqing: the making of ink and pigments
Leading tillers: The method of making wine
Painted edition, engraved edition of Ming journal
[13]
Kanmoto, the first edition published outside China
Tauben, the first new edition of Tiangong Kaiwu published in China since the 20th century, belongs to the fourth edition in the history of the entire edition
...
Japanese historian of science
Sanji Boyin
Think: "Tiangong Kaiwu" is not only China, but also the whole
East Asia
A part of
representativeness
The technical book, which covers a wide range of technical categories is unmatched by European technical books, called this book
"China's Representative technical Book"
.
[6]
The Japanese translation calls "Tiangong Kaiwu" "the encyclopedia of Chinese technology". Japanese scholars commented:
"I can't think of a more appropriate book that looks at the full picture of Chinese technology that has developed over the course of its long history."
Heavenly Work is called by European scholars
"Encyclopedia of 17th Century Craft".
College de France
Sinologist
julienne
The book is called the "Encyclopedia of technology", and the "heavenly work opens the matter" is understood as "the elucidate of the wondrous action of nature and the skill of man".
[6]
British historian of science
Joseph Needham
The Doctor called Tiangongkai Wu "the Agricola of China" and "the Diderot of China", and called it "the importance of the early seventeenth century"
Industrial technology
A book ".
[7]
Japanese scholar
Tsuyoshi
It is also believed that Song Yingxing's book is equal to the Encyclopaedia edited by Diderot, a French enlightenment scholar in the 18th century.
Portrait of Song Yingxing
At that time
Commodity economy
Highly developed,
Production technology
Under the condition of reaching a new level, he wrote the book "Tiangong Kaiwu" during his term of office in Jiangxi Fen Yi. Song Yingxing also wrote the book
Controversial opinion
","
Discussion of qi
","
chat
", "Thinking of pity poems", "Painting Yin to correct", "Zhi Yan ten kinds" and so on.
[12]
