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The quarter calendar, a calendar commonly practiced from the Warring States to the early Han Dynasty, takes 365 1/4 days as the return year
Length
An ancient Chinese calendar that adjusts the cycle of the year, month, and day. The winter solstice begins at the beginning of the morning glory, then 1/4 diary in the end of the fight, for the fight points, is the decimal length of the tropic year, just four points a day, so the ancient called "quarter calendar". The creation and creation of "quarter calendar"
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The wisdom and wisdom of the working people of ancient China and the level of the astronomical calendar have very valuable value in the world.
- Chinese name
- Quarter calendar
- alias
- The later Han quarter calendar
- class
- calendar
- Emergence period
- The Eastern Han Dynasty (206 B.C.) Emperor Zhang of Han
- Coming out
- History of Chinese Astronomy, Chapter 5
- plot
- China
- Implementation time
- The second year of Yuanhe of Emperor Zhang of the Eastern Han Dynasty (85 AD)
catalogue
Quarter calendar is also called "Later Han quarter calendar". The calendar was implemented in the second year of Yuan and Emperor Zhang of the Eastern Han Dynasty (85 AD).
Weaving in
,
Li Fan
Etc. The year (tropic year) is 365 and 1/4 days, the January (lunar month) is 29 and 499/940 days, and the 19 lunar years are inserted into 7 leap months, because the year is a quarter day. Because the Archaic calendar used at that time (the eighty-one division) was more than the quarter calendar
Dipper fraction
Even larger, it can be seen that the width, after more than 180 years of use and the sky has been obviously inconsistent, and by the compilation of a new calendar, such as Xin, Li Fan, restore the ancient method. Take Emperor Wen Yuan after three years of Gengshen years for the calendar yuan, from the Lu Ai Gong fourteen years of Confucius Lin 320 years. This is the "Later Han quarter calendar". Its data ratio
Lunar calendar
Accurate. "Later Han Shu. Law Li Zhi" : "four points calendar this prophecy, the most get its right."
In Chapter 5 of the History of Chinese Astronomy published by the Research Group, "In the twelfth year of Yongping (69 AD), the time of celestial observation and lunar eclipse calculated by Zhang Sheng, Jing Fang, Bao Ye, etc. by the method of quarters were adopted. Yuan and two years (AD 85) officially promulgated Xin,
Li Fan
Quarter calendar compiled by others. It is after Wen Emperor Yuan three years (161 BC) November night midday Dan winter solstice for the calendar yuan. It can be inferred that the time of Qi-crossing and conjunction of the Eastern Han quarter calendar is three quarters earlier than that of the Taichu calendar, which is conducive to the correction of the acquired phenomena of the Taichu calendar. Subsequent passage
Jia Kui
The authors jointly discussed and revised, summarized the observation record over several decades, and made more significant progress. This calendar is generally called the later Han quarter calendar."
It has been used in the previous generation of winter solstice in the dawn of the celestial data, measured to 21 degrees and a quarter. Its calculation method basically follows the triad calendar and is relatively precise, especially the calculation of the rendezvous period of the five planets of gold, wood, water, fire and earth. When the planet, the sun and the earth are in a straight line, and the planet and the sun are in the same direction, it is called "conjunction". The orbits of Mercury and Venus are within the orbit of the Earth and are called inner planets; when the sun is between the Earth and the inner planets, it is called "upper conjunction"; when the inner planets are between the Sun and the Earth, it is called "lower conjunction". Mars, Jupiter and Saturn orbit outside the orbit of the Earth, called the outer planets, the outer planets have no lower conjunction, in a cycle, only one conjunction. The Triad calls the conjunction period of Venus and Mercury "compound" (two sun encounters in one cycle), and the conjunction period of Mars, Jupiter and Saturn "see" (only one sun encounter in one cycle). After the Eastern Han Dynasty, the calendar no longer distinguishes between "seeing" and "fu" but is called "end". The date of Mercury's final day (the week from syzygium to syzygium) measured by the quarter calendar is 115.87 days, which is generally consistent with modern observations. Mercury is closest to the sun, appearing in the morning just before sunrise and soon being obscured by daylight; It is very difficult to observe it, and even some people do not see Mercury in their lifetime. The ancient Chinese people were able to observe its conjunctive cycle to such a degree of precision with the naked eye two thousand years ago, which is indeed an amazing discovery. The quartile calendar uses ecliptic degrees to calculate the movement and position of the day and month. According to the measured equatorial degrees and ecliptic degrees between the stars, the position of the sun in the 24 solar terms and the length of the twilight star, the day and night crease, the length of the shadow on the dial, and other important data are set out in tables, which are also not available in the three series calendar. Although the quarter calendar has always made progress compared with the three Series, It did not take into account the phenomena such as the delay of the lunar movement that had been discovered at that time, so after a period of time, it had to change the calendar.
Press: The name of the quarter calendar is derived from the last quarter day of the year (
Tropical year
Take 365.25), but
Old sixth calendar
In order to distinguish, the ancient sixth calendar is called the "ancient quarter calendar", and the quarter calendar is called the "later Han quarter calendar".
In the late Spring and Autumn period, there was a calendar that took the length of the tropic year to 365 and a quarter days, and adopted the seven intercales of nineteen years as the intercalated weeks - the "quarter calendar". In Europe, the Julian calendar adopted by the Romans from 43 BC established the same length of the tropic year, but 500 years later than our own. The method of nineteen years and seven intercalations, the ancient Greek Merton was only discovered in 433 BC, also about 100 years later than our country. This shows that our country's quarter calendar is very advanced in the world at that time, but also indicates that our country's calendar has been mature.
The astronomical constant that is the basis of the lunisolar calendar is the length of the tropic year and the lunar month, so the first step in formulating the calendar is the year of the year (the Tropic year) and the year of the year (the lunar month).
A year is a unit of time based on the period of the Earth's orbit around the sun. Since the ancients believed that the earth was static, they took the cycle of the sun's movement on the celestial sphere as one year. The so-called tropic year is the time interval when the sun passes the spring or winter solstice twice in a row on the celestial sphere. Chinese ancient planetarists took the winter solstice as the starting point of a year, so as long as the time of the two winter solstice points is accurately measured consecutively, the length of the tropic year can be determined. The Spring and Autumn period called the winter solstice "sun south to", because the height of the sun in the winter solstice is the lowest, it is considered that the sun is in the southernmost position, so it is called "sun south to". According to the "Zuo Zhuan" records, China's earliest determination of the moment of winter solstice, is in the Spring and Autumn Period five years of Lu Xi Gong (655 BC) in the first month of Xinhai and twenty years of Lu Zhao Gong (522 BC) in February Ji Chou twice, which is measured with the guywatch.
According to the Zhoubi Suan Jing, which is considered to be written in the late Warring States period or the early Qin Dynasty, China began to use one of the simplest observation tools - Zhoubi. Zhoubi Suanjing volume 2: "Zhoubi is eight feet long, and the sundial on the summer solstice is one foot six inches. Thigh shares also; The sundial is a hook." Zhou bi calculate Jing Zhao notes: "stretch round week and hook, show square turns and stocks." According to the Book of Jin: "Watch, rod also. Cover the day of the art said Zhou thigh. Thigh, thigh also. With the double difference, push the shadow pole swim, thinking that the number of far and far, all in the watch." This shows that the week leg is the gnomon, the pole (or stone column) upright on the flat ground is the thigh or table, and the ruler placed on the ground in the north and south direction is the hook or the kei, the two are perpendicular to each other and form the gnomon. It can be seen from the "Kao Gong Ji" that before the Warring States, people knew to use the plumb line to correct the vertical of the table and the water plane to correct the level of the kei. Every day at noon, the shadow is in the direction of due north (the sun is in the meridian of due south); However, the length of the shadow varies from day to day at noon: the sun is at the Tropic of Cancer at the summer solstice, with the shortest shadow at noon (recorded as one foot and six inches at the time), to the winter solstice, with the longest shadow at the Tropic of Cancer (recorded as one foot and three feet and five inches at the time). In this way, according to the length of the shadow at noon, the solar term can be inferred from the length of the shadow at noon
Periodic change
The number of days in a tropical year can be determined. Specifically, the zhou leg is to stand upright on the ground with an eight-foot-long pole, and use the method of "immediate effect" to watch the shadow in the sun (dial) during the day to determine the passage of solar terms and the number of days in the year. Therefore, in the early Western Zhou Dynasty, China already knew the length of the Tropic Year. However, the early hundreds of years of Zhou were still in the stage of "observing the elephant and teaching the time", and there was still a long time before the calendar was formulated. However, the invention of Zhou Bi, although very simple, and in the development of ancient Chinese astronomy, its role and significance in the later astronomical telescope and
Radio telescope
Down.
Since the time when the sun reaches the winter solstice is not necessarily exactly at noon, in order to measure the accurate length of the tropic year, the ancients adopted the method of continuously measuring the shadow length of the noon on several winter solstice days, taking the average number of days between them, and obtaining the number of days (years) of the Tropic year. At the end of the spring and Autumn period, China set the year as 365.25, which is only 0.0078 days longer than the modern value of 365.2422, that is, 11 minutes, indicating that the observation of the apparent motion of the sun on the celestial sphere at that time has reached a very accurate degree. A month is a unit of time based on the motion of the moon around the Earth. The lunar phase change cycle is determined according to the position of the moon in relation to the sun (that is, according to the cycle of the moon's waxing and waning). The so-called "new moon" is the same longitude of the moon and the sun in the ecliptic, that is, in the same direction, and the two appear at the same time, also known as "new moon", at this time the moon is called "new moon", in fact, it is invisible "dark moon". The so-called "look" is when the longitude of the moon and the sun is 180 degrees different, and the two are far opposite, then the moon is called "full moon" or "full moon". A lunar month is the time between two consecutive new moons or two consecutive observations. It takes about 29 days for the moon to make a full cycle. The average number of days of the lunar month in the Spring and Autumn period is set at 29.5306 days, and the average number of days calculated by the lunar month is called Pingshuo. Because the length of the lunar month is not the number of days, and in practical application, every month is counted by the number of days, so it is arranged for the 30th month, the 29th month, usually the alternating arrangement of the big month and the small month. Even so, the average is still less than the length of the lunar month, and a long time will produce significant errors, so every about 17 months or 15 months apart, it is necessary to arrange two consecutive months, called frequent months.
The calendar based on the annual apparent movement of the sun is called the solar calendar, or the solar calendar, which has nothing to do with the moon's changes; The calendar based on the cycle of changes in the moon is called the lunar calendar, or lunar calendar, which has nothing to do with the movement of the sun. The two are combined at the same time, for the yin-yang calendar, this calendar takes the annual apparent movement of the sun as the tropic year, and the moon's change cycle (the lunar month) as the month. The ancient Chinese calendar is this kind of lunisolar calendar.
The implementation of yin-yang combined calendar will encounter a special problem of placing leap months. Because a tropical year is more than 365 days and a lunar month is more than 29 days, both cycles are not integers, which presents the difficulty of harmonizing the solar and lunar calendars. Even if the 30th of the big month is arranged, the 29th of the small month, the 12 lunar months are only 354 or 355 days, which is 10 to 11 days a year, and one month in three years. Therefore, it must be adjusted by placing a leap month. However, if a leap month is inserted every three years, the average number of days per year is a few days less than the Gregorian calendar year; If three leap months are inserted every eight years, the average number of days per year is a few days longer than the Gregorian year. The ancients gradually discovered through years of experience that the seven leap months in 19 years (a total of 235 years) were almost equal to the number of days in 19 Gregorian years (6,939.69 days). About five or six hundred years BC, China began to adopt the method of nineteen years and seven leap months. Because according to the determination of the two "south of the Sun" (winter solstice) contained in the above-mentioned "Zuo Zhuan", it is known that the two winter solstices were separated by 133 years at that time, the winter solstice in the first month of the fifth year of Lu Xi Gong and the winter solstice in February of the 20th year of Zhao Gong, apparently a leap month was not placed in the previous year; There should be 49 leap months, which is exactly 7 leap months in 19 years. Therefore, it can be asserted that around 500 BC, astronomers in the State of Lu had discovered the method of 19 years and 7 steps. Ancient Greece did not adopt this intercalation method until 433 BC, about 100 years later than China.
This method of arranging the big moon and 19 years and 7 interlations is a very clever design in the Yin-yang calendar. In the middle of the Spring and Autumn period, that is, in The Times of Duke Luwen and Duke Xuan, China had begun to use the big month and the leap month regularly, indicating that China had been in the preparatory stage of establishing the calendar in the Spring and Autumn period. However, if a year is 365.25 days, 19 years and 7 intercalations still have a decimal number (6939.69 days) in the number of days. Its quadruplet (76 years) is very close to 27,759 days, so the 76-year period is adopted again, so that the arrangement of the small and small months and the insertion of the leap month are based on the 76-year period. This method was already practiced in the Zhuanxu calendar of the Middle Warring States period in 360 BC. Callibas of Greece discovered the method of inserting 28 leap months in 76 years in 334 BC, more than 20 years later than our country.
Although the Spring and Autumn Period had not yet established a regular calendar, it had implemented a calendar day system of 1 year and 12 months, and inserted a leap month every 2 or 3 years to regulate the cold and warm seasons. In a lunar month, the day when the sun and the moon are combined is called the "first day" or "Shuo day", and the last day is called "Hui day". In the early spring and Autumn, leap months are generally arranged after winter December, for the 13th month. By the late spring and Autumn, leap months were inserted at will, not necessarily after December.
The Chinese calendar was established in the middle of the Warring States period. Because it has three hundred sixty-five and a quarter days as a tropic year, it is called a "quarter calendar". "
Hanshu · Literary records
The ancient six calendar records, namely the Yellow Emperor calendar, Zhuanxu calendar, Xia calendar, Yin calendar, Zhou calendar, Lu calendar, all belong to the "quarter calendar". Since the astronomical and calendar works of the Warring States period were lost after the burning of the books by Qin Shi Huang, we can only get a general idea from the Book of Han and other ancient books. It can be said that this period of the quarter calendar, the year is 365 and a quarter day, with 19 years of 7 leap leap week, with the winter solstice as the beginning of the year, with Pingshuo as the beginning of January, with midnight as the beginning of a day, with a Pingshuo, winter solstice just in the same midnight day for the calendar yuan, from the calendar yuan this day to calculate the future of the months and the solar terms of each year. At that time, due to the determination of the date of the sun and the moon and the date of the winter and summer were not very accurate, so the calendar of each vassal state used different dates of the Yuan, which formed the difference between the ancient six calendars.
After the Warring States, although each vassal state implemented the same calendar, because the "beginning of the year" was different, so the so-called "three Zheng" appeared. The first of the year is the beginning of the month, about the lower reaches of the Yellow River Zhoushi and its vassal states with the same surname, using the Eastern Zhou royal family issued an almanac, stipulating that the New Year begins from the Zi month, that is, the month including the winter solstice (equivalent to the current lunar month of November) as the beginning of the year, called Zhou Zheng; The southern and eastern states established by the Yin nationality, such as Zheng, Song, Qi and other states, to the winter month, that is, the ugly month (one month after the winter solstice, equivalent to the current lunar month) as the beginning of the year, called Yin Zheng; The region in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, where the descendants of the ancient Xia ethnic groups such as the State of Jin and the State of Qin live, takes the first month of spring as the first month of the year (the second month after the winter solstice, equivalent to the first month of the current lunar calendar) as the beginning of the year, called Xia Zheng. Therefore, our current lunar calendar is called the Xia calendar.
