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"Politics" means
government
,
Political party
Etc.
govern
The behavior of the state.
political
therefore
economy
based
superstructure
,
Is the concentrated performance of the economy
, therefore
State power
The sum total of various social activities and social relations that are carried out as the core. Politics is pulling
society
The interests of all members and
govern
behavioral
Social force
.
"Politics" is
Political science
The most basic concept in... It is a historical category, accompanied by the state, and with the development of society, it constantly changes the form and scope of its content and activities.
[4]
- Chinese name
- political
- Foreign name
- Politics
- definition
- maintenance dominion Social governance behavior
- characteristic
- Governance from top to bottom
- domain
- Social science
The original meaning of the word "politics" is different in China and the West. In the West, "politics" comes from the ancient Greek word for "politics."
city-state
The term "city state" means "political science."
National studies
". In ancient China, "politics" is usually called "politics" or "governance", which mainly refers to the arrangement of political affairs, "governing the principle also" and "working the mind to govern people". In other words, the mode of political activity is "governing", the object of "governing" is "people", and the purpose of "governing people" is to make them stable, orderly, and subject to management. "The king governs, the people serve" and "the government serves." "Politics", "politics" and "government" means exercising power and governing the country. "Politics" is also known as"
Criminal administration
", mainly refers to a means of domination. Although the term "polity" in ancient China also refers to the system, it mainly refers to the ruling strategy. It can be seen that the "politics" in ancient China mainly refers to the way of governing the country.
[4]
(1) "Government" means the government;
(2) "Governance" means governance.
"Government" is the main body of political power, "governance" is the method and means to maintain political power, and governance is carried out around the government. Politics includes
Military affairs
,
law
,
Political power
Institutions, political parties, groups, etc. "Government" mainly refers to political power, government, army, police, courts, prisons, political organizations, and political institutions. "Governance" mainly refers to laws, institutions, policies, and actions according to these, including military, legal, administrative and other aspects. "Politics" is hardware, and "governance" is software.
From humans
sociology
Politics is a very important social phenomenon in human society, which affects all aspects of human life. This social phenomenon is very complex, so in different historical periods, different cultures, different languages, and from different disciplines, different scholars have different opinions on it. Moreover, the political connotation itself is constantly changing, so the interpretation of politics is also full of controversy, and there is always no exact accepted definition.
The politics is
superstructure
Various in the field
might
Main body
The specific behavior of safeguarding one's own interests and the specific relationship formed by it are an important thing that comes into being in a certain period of human history
Social phenomenon
. Politics has a great influence and effect on all aspects of social life. This social phenomenon is very complex, and political scientists in different times have made various discussions on it from different angles and different emphases. Politics develops as society moves from low to high,
Member of society
The depth and breadth of participation in political life has also grown.
Politics as a kind of
Social phenomenon
And social
superstructure
It arises when class antagonism and the state arise, and is always directly or indirectly connected with the state. Politics is closely related to the interests of various power subjects. In order to obtain and maintain their own interests, various power subjects are bound to have various conflicts of different natures and degrees, which determines the basic attribute that political struggle is always carried out for certain interests.
economy
,
Social life
, cultural aspects and
ideology
The interests, the pursuit of power and some psychological satisfaction are the basic driving forces of political operation for various power subjects.
Politics, as a way for power subjects to safeguard their own interests, is mainly manifested in
State power
To rely on various
Dominant behavior
And various anti-domination acts based on the binding power over the state, such as
dominion
Behavior, management behavior,
Participate in
Behavior,
Fight for
Behavior, leadership behavior, anti-government behavior, authoritative influence, power competition, etc. The common characteristic of these behaviors is that they are all centered on interests and have different degrees of compulsion, dominance and mutual contention.
As the relationship between power subjects, politics is mainly manifested as the interaction of the above specific behaviors. For example, the relationship between ruling and being ruled, the relationship between management and participation, the relationship between authority and obedience, and the relationship between mutual struggle. And those relationships basically depend on
Social economic relations
Has the inevitability.
The politics is
Social interaction
The result of continuous development is that social communication tends to be large-scale, standardized, procedural, clear, precise and cultural. The development of social interaction was born
Social management
Social management is "a system of rules about social interaction". Politics is also the product of the continuous development of social management, which is the constant tendency of social management
large-scale
,
standardization
,
routinization
, clarity, precision and the result of the article culture.
Social management can be divided into
Standardized social management
with
Non-standardized social management
There are two basic types, among which, standardized social management is political, and non-standard social management generally refers to folk management.
This "standardized" social management mainly includes: standardized social management personnel evaluation and selection; The establishment of standardized social management institutions and their management functions; The formulation of standardized social management procedures; The constraint of standardized social management behavior; Standardized allocation of natural resources; Normalized profit distribution rules, etc.
Politics is social management after being "standardized". The main reason why social management should be "standardized" is that standardized social management usually has scientific and reasonable management procedures, open and transparent management contents, clear management subjects and managed subjects, and stable and lasting management methods. Thus, it has higher management benefits, lower management costs, larger management scale, wider management scope, more lasting and stable management efforts, and higher predictability.
Economy is a standardized social interaction, which usually occupies the mainstream part of social interaction. Politics is the standardized social management, and usually politics occupies the mainstream part of social management. Since the essence of social management is "a system of rules about social interaction," the essence of politics can be approximated as "a system of rules about economics."
According to the different objects of standardized social management, politics can be divided into the following basic forms.
(1) Standardized management of human resources.
Human resource allocation rules mainly include: labor allocation rules, such as labor law, minor protection law, compulsory education law, etc.
(2) Standardized management of natural resources (land resources management and environmental management)
. Rules for the allocation of natural resources, such as mineral resources law, forest protection law, water law, land and resources law, environmental protection law, etc.
(3) Standardized management of intellectual property (i.e. information management)
. Rules for the allocation of intellectual products, such as intellectual property protection law, patent law, copyright law, etc.; Regulations on the restriction of dangerous and harmful products, such as the Drug Administration Law, the Chemical dangerous Goods Safety Administration regulations, etc.; Personnel health and safety regulations, such as food hygiene law, Frontier Health and Quarantine Law, etc.
(4) Standardized management of behavior.
Restrictions on economic activities, such as environmental protection laws, work safety laws, etc.; The Criminal Law, the general principles of Civil Law, the Marriage Law, the Contract Law, the Law against unfair Competition, the Company Law, etc., as well as various regulations, rules and regulations, etc., to coordinate interests and resolve conflicts.
(6) Standardized management of the organization.
Company law,
Administrative procedure law
, State Compensation Law,
Conscription law
Let's wait.
In addition, it needs to be established as
found
, implementation,
SUPERVISOR
And evaluate the organization of various economic rules and corresponding laws and regulations, such as administrative procedure law, organic law, etc.
The medieval European politics was in the transition period between ancient politics and modern politics. with
Western Roman Empire
The destruction of the city-state system was destroyed and gradually formed
reward
With the fealty system, politics was no longer a public activity in which all citizens participated equally, but an activity of the king and his ministers. Politics is not about
Common origin
The activity of realizing justice through shared belief has become a politics of interest. The means of solving problems in political activities changed from dialogue and persuasion to violence and war, and became the relationship between ruling and being ruled. The transcendence of politics no longer exists.
Thomas Aquinas
Aristotelian
Famous saying
"Man is by nature a political animal" has been replaced by "man is by nature a social animal".
With the rise and development of Christianity, religious belief became the meaning of life that people pursued, rather than the politics of ancient times. This kind of politics developed under feudal rule became the origin of modern politics.
[1]
"Great unity - the people - governance", roughly constituted
China
Since ancient times, political logic or state theory has been called "body governance" by some scholars.
Grand unification
Is the body of the nation,
Popular feelings
It's political values,
healing
is
Valuing the people
The political approach.
[5]
In ancient China, politics ran through the daily life of individuals, and morality was the standard to measure political activities. In this kind of politics, there is a lack of institutional norms, and the operation of politics depends more on moral norms.
[2]
political
figure
geopolitics
It is the mapping of traditional geostrategic thought in the digital space, aiming to compete for the dominance of the digital space, and then strengthen and extend the control of the physical space.
[7]
Politics and
economy
,
law
Social phenomena such as religion and morality are closely related and influence each other.
-
The relationship with the economy
Economy is the foundation of the whole society, and it is also the basis for the existence and development of politics. Politics is the reflection of the economy, it is the concentrated expression of the economy. On the one hand, political development ultimately depends on the state of economic life, on the nature and level of development of social productive forces, and on the relationship between social productive forces and social productive forces
Social relations of production
Between the contradictory motion of the situation. On the other hand, politics is relatively independent of the economy, which greatly affects the development of the economy and determines it under certain conditions
Relations of production
and
productivity
Between the contradictory motion of the situation. The effect of politics on the economy is most often achieved through the power of the state.
-
Relationship with the law
The relationship between politics and law is mainly reflected through the relationship between state power and law. The state and the law are products and instruments of the class struggle, representatives and manifestations of the will of the ruling class, belonging to the superstructure, arising from and determined by society
Economic basis
. In the relationship between the two, politics is fundamental and law arises
premise
. Laws are always made and approved by the state,
Authority of law
And effectiveness is backed by state power. On the other hand, law also has a great influence on politics, it reflects the will of the state, through the norms of law to consolidate state power and maintain the normal operation of state power.
-
The relationship with religion
Politics and
religion
There are close connections under certain historical conditions. Historically, religion used to be
Political domination
An important tool. Religious conflicts are often manifestations of national struggles, class struggles, or struggles between different political groups. In modern society, with the normal development of the political power of the state, the relationship between religion and politics has become increasingly distant, which has become a sign of political progress.
-
The relationship with morality
Politics and
morality
There is also a close connection. In a class society, morality is subject to political constraints and serves the interests of a certain class. Morality can create a kind of social order which is conducive to the consolidation of state power and the related psychological basis, which is conducive to the normal operation of politics, especially the maintenance of state power. At the same time, politics also plays a huge role in the formation and development of morality, and the establishment and development of a moral trend often needs to be aided
Political force
To achieve.
Definition: Politics is the superstructure based on economy, the concentrated expression of economy, and the sum of various social activities and social relations carried out with political power as the core.
Understanding:
The root of politics is economy, politics is the concentrated expression of economy, and political relations are in the last analysis
Economic relations
Determined;
The essence of politics is class relations. In class society, class nature is the basic characteristic of politics;
The core of politics is
Political power
. State power is the fundamental issue of political power, and any class must have the supreme ruling power over the state or society in order to achieve its goal.
Political activity is a science and an art. Politics as a social phenomenon has rules to follow.
Due to the different historical tasks that people face in different times, the different emphases and emphasis that need politics to play a role, and the influence of different historical views, the contents emphasized in the interpretation of political concepts are also different, so there are various answers to what is politics, and numerous definitions of politics have been formed.
Marx
,
Friedrich Engels
,
Lenin
Think, "Everything
Class struggle
"Politics is the most concentrated expression of the economy," "politics is the struggle between classes," "politics is participation in the affairs of the state, setting the direction of the state, determining the form, tasks and content of state activities," "politics is a science and an art." These discussions reflect the essence, attributes, basic content and characteristics of politics, and are research
Political phenomenon
And the guiding ideology that defines politics.
Western political scientists have given many definitions of politics, such as:
Politics is the activity of the state, the governance of the state, the act of seizing or preserving power.
Think that politics is arranged by people
Public affairs
Personal expression in
will
The goal of politics is to make policy, that is, to deal with public affairs.
Politics is the process of making and implementing policies.
Think politics is a kind of social
profit
Relationship is the authoritative distribution of social value.
In the 1980s, the main views of the Chinese political circle on the concept of "politics" were as follows:
Politics is the way in which each class deals with itself and with other classes in order to maintain and develop its own class interests.
nation
,
nation
The direct strategies, means and organizational forms adopted by the relationship.
Politics is the activity of a certain class or group to seize power and consolidate it in order to achieve its economic demands, as well as all internal and external policies and tactics.
③ Politics is the main reason
government
An activity that involves all spheres of life and plays an important role in various social activities.
④ Politics is
Class society
The product of class society is the superstructure, concentrated as
Ruling class
Power struggle between and within the ruling class
Distribution of power
And use, etc.
In accordance with
Marxist politics
In a nutshell, politics is about
economy
The superstructure of the foundation is the centralized expression of the economy, with political power as the core
Social activity
and
Social relation
The sum of.
(1) The root cause: it is the economy, politics is the concentrated expression of economy, and political relations are determined by economic relations in the final analysis.
(2) Substance: is class relations, in class society, class is the basic characteristic of politics.
(3) Core: political power, the central issue of political power is the state.
(4) Activities: is science, art, with
Dialectical materialism
and
Historical materialism
Methods to study it.
Politics is to participate in state affairs, guide the country, and determine the ways, tasks and contents of state activities. (Lenin)
The most essential thing in politics is the institution of state power. (Lenin)
The best politics from now on is to talk less about politics. (Lenin)
The meaning of the word politics is, in a nutshell, that politics is the business of the people, governance is management, and the business of managing the people is politics. (
Sun Yat-sen
)
In politics, experimentation means revolution. (
Disraeli
)
It is always wise to be magnanimous in politics. (
Al Burke
)
Politics is the concentrated expression of economics. (Lenin)
Politics must take precedence over economics. (Lenin)
I believe there is such a sacred "Mayavelli" in politics.
law
"For the benefit of some, others must do it.
Sacrifice
". (
Swift
)
Politics is but a science in which society advances in an orderly manner along its own most practical and convenient paths. (
Wu Wilson
)
Politics is the science of dealing with emergencies. (
Oh, Sy Burke
)
Politics is
wealth
The right to distribute, the interpretation of the right to distribute wealth is
ideology
.
The fight against corruption concerns the people's hearts, which is the biggest political battle, and it is a major political battle that we cannot afford to lose and must not lose. (
Xi Jinping
)
[3]
