Shi Shen, birth and death years to be examined. Also known as Shi Shenfu, Shi Shenfu or Shi Shenfu, Warring States metaphase Wei Astronomy, astrologers, Kaifeng people, named after him Far side of the moon the crater One of the Chinese. He wrote eight volumes of "Astronomy" (after the Western Han Dynasty, this book was respected as "Shi's Star Classic"). The eighth volume of Astronomy and Gand The eight volumes of "Astrology", collectively called" Calamine star Sutra "," Calamine star Sutra It occupies an important position in the history of astronomy in China and the world.

alias: Shi Shenfu , Shi Shenfu , Shi Shenfu
age: Warring States metaphase
Ethnic group: The Huaxia nationality

Place of Birth: Break a seal
Major achievement: Observe the movements of the five planets and discover the patterns of their occurrence
Major work: Astronomy, vol. 8 , Cloudy Sky Map
eigenname: A surname

catalogue

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biography

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Shi Shen systematically observed the movements of the five planets, metal, wood, water, fire and earth, found the regularity of their occurrence, recorded their names, and determined the orientation of 121 stars, and the data was used by later astronomers. After long-term observation and detailed examination, 138 stars were measured, a total of 810 stars.

"Kaiyuan Zhanjing" contains Shi Zhongguan 62, Foreign official 30, plus 28 nights, 120 seats in total. At the same time, the degrees of entry and de-extremity of 121 of the 120 stars in the Stonelands catalogue are given.

Shishen lunar Crater

The original eight volumes of Astronomy were lost long ago. Posterity picks up the pieces and combines them with Gand The eight volumes of "Astrology", collectively called" Calamine star Sutra "Also known as" Star longitude ", had income The Northern Song Dynasty (960-907) Period of political harmony The book "Daozang" published was entitled "Tongzhan Elephant Calendar Sutra". The extant" Calamine star Sutra "For 2 volumes, although there are some posterity to add embellishment words, still do not lose the appearance of the original book, is a pair Astronomical research Have a very high Scientific value The literature of...

Shi Shen, Gand The research results of the astrologers in the past dynasties have been attached importance to, and a large number of their research results have been quoted in the official history of astronomy. The craters on the far side of the moon are named after world-famous scientists who died. Five Chinese names were chosen (the other four were Zu Chongzhi , Zhang Heng , Guo Shoujing Because of Shi Shen's outstanding contributions to astronomical research, his name was also placed on the Moon Palace. Named after Shi Shen crater , located in Far side of the moon Northwest, not far from the North Pole, Lunar coordinates It is 105° east, 76° north, and has an area of 350 Square kilometer .

Important contribution

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Jupiter observation mapping

Shi Shen's contribution to astronomy was between him and the people of Chu Gand Measured and precisely recorded near the ecliptic Stellar position and The North Pole It is the oldest list of stars in the world. According to legend, he measured 138 stars, a total of 810 stars. From the parts of Shi Shen's works preserved in the Kaiyuan Zhanjing of the Tang Dynasty, the most important is the coordinate position of 121 stars marked with "Shi Shi's said" (the record of 6 star officers lost in the current Kaiyuan Zhanjing). According to the calculation of the celestial phenomena in different times, modern astronomers have verified that some of the coordinate values (such as the extreme of Shi's middle and extraterrestrial officials and the inner and outer degrees of the ecliptic, etc.) may have been measured in the Han Dynasty. The other part (such as the twenty-eight night distance, etc.) is indeed consistent with the 4th century BC, that is, the time of Shi Shen.

Major influence

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Ancient catalogue

Shi Shenhe Gand In the Warring States Qin and Han Dynasties When the influence is great, the formation of the two universities in parallel. After the Western Han Dynasty, Shi Shen's works were honored as Shi's Star Classics. After the Han and Wei Dynasties, Shi School continued to write books, these books are titled with the word "Shi", such as "Shi's Star Book" and so on.

Three Kingdoms Era, Wu Imperial historian Token Chen Zhuo Aggregate Shi, Gan, A surname (Astronomers in the Yin and Shang dynasties) three star officials, forming a constellation system of 283 officials and 1464 stars, since then, there have been astrological works that integrate the three star houses, one of which is called the" Star longitude ", also known as" Tongzhan Elephant calendar ", has been included in the "Daozang". In the Song Dynasty, the book was called" Calamine star Sutra ", under the name of "Han Gan Gong, Shi Shen", first seen Chaulgongwu " Shizai reading annals The description of "has been circulated to this day. The book includes the star officer of the Wuxian family, and there are also place names of the Tang Dynasty, so it cannot be regarded as Shi Shen and Shi Shen Gand The original story.

Warring States Time, was founded by Chinese astronomers Quarter calendar From the scattered historical documents preserved, it can be seen that Shichenf played a very important role in the development of the quarter calendar. Its contributions are as follows:

" Shih Chi · Tian Guan Shu said: "So Gan, Shi Li five star law, only confusion reverse." The Book of Han and Astronomy says," The ancient calendar Five star push, dead rebel. To Gan's and Shi's classics, the confusion and Taibai are retrograde." " Kaiyuan accounts for the scriptures "Contains Shi Shi Venus The calculation method of the occurrence dynamics (including rows) shows that Shishenfu has a method of calculating the occurrence dynamics of five stars, and has involved Mars, Venus retrograde The calculation of.

in Wei A quarter calendar is issued, using the rule of 365+1/4 days per year, 29+499/940 days per month, 19 years and seven intercales, and 76 years and one season cycle. Its basic data and pattern are similar to "Shi Ji · Almanac", so various documents are omitted.

Use A surname Law cycle calendar.

Using stone The age of the year This method is contained in the Book of Shiji · Tianguanshu.

The week is used, and the month in which the winter solstice is located is the beginning of the year.

According to the records of Shiji and Tianguanshu, there were four famous astronomers in the Warring States period: "In Qi, Duke Gan; Chu, Tang dynasty ; Zhao, Yin Gao; Wei, Shi Shen." There are different kinds of astronomy astrology In their works, we can see the situation of the war at that time and record it Political event Accounts for the various sayings, namely, "Tian's compilation, The three families are divided into Jin And for the Warring States. As they struggle to capture, their battles grow stronger, Cities and towns Number Tu, because of hunger and disease, minister Lord common distress, its observation of auspicious stars especially urgent, Modern times Twelve princes The seven prime ministers of the king, from (longitudinal) Heng followed the heel, and Gao, Tang, Gan, stone because of the current affairs on its book, so it accounts for the test ling miscellaneous rice salt." " Justice of historical records Citing Southern Dynasty Liang Ruan Xiaoxu 's Seven records "Shi Shen, a Wei man, wrote eight volumes of Astronomy during the Warring States period." Unfortunately, the book has been lost.

The fragments of Shi Shen's writings quoted in "The Book of Han · Astronomy" can give the Chinese a glimpse of his research content in both astronomy and astrology, "Year's star (i.e Jupiter Win (five stars out early to win) and southeast, "Shi" 'See comet ',... Win Northeast, "Shi Shi" "see the star (also known as day Gallbang)"; ... Shrink (five star late out for contraction) West city, "Shi Shi" "see sandalwood (that is, heaven tan, a comet, shaped as a sharp tail), such as cattle"; ... Shrink northwest, "Shi" "see the gun cloud (that is, the sky gun, a kind of comet, shaped with sharp ends), like a horse." ... In Shi's book, "Guns, sandalwood, galleys and galleys, all in one, 'will destroy the kingdom and overthrow the king, and slay him without end, for drought, evil, hunger and disease.'"

Star catalogue

Twenty-eight stars

A catalogue is a compilation of the coordinates (often together with other properties) of a number of stars, and is an important tool in astronomy. Many star catalogs were compiled in ancient China, the earliest of which was in the Warring States Period observer His name was Shi Shen, also known as Shi Shenfu or Shi Shenfu, from the State of Wei. Shi Shen was active around the 4th century BC. He wrote "Astronomy" eight volumes, because of its high value, and was honored by later generations as "Shi's star Sutra." Unfortunately, the "Shi's Star Classic" was lost after the Song Dynasty, and can only be obtained from the Tang Dynasty astronomy book" Kaiyuan accounts for the scriptures I saw some excerpts from it. Posterity compiled a copy from these fragments Shi's catalogue Of which there are twenty-eight nights Distant star (The mark star taken as a fixed position in each night is called the distance star of this night) and some other stars total 115 (there are 121 in the original Shi Shi Star Classic, of which 6 are missing in the current Kaiyuan Zhan Jing, Shi Shen shares Equatorial coordinates Recorded the equatorial coordinates of more than 800 stars.

The Stone catalogue is ancient astrometry Work on the basis of measurement The sun, moon and stars The position and motion of the star are based on the data of the 28 degrees of distance (the right ascension difference between the local and the next star is called the distance). This is China. Astronomical calendar One of the most important basic data.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States period, the astronomical calendar had extensive development and progress. Sima Qian In the "Shi Ji Almanac" said: "After Youli, Zhou room micro, accompany minister ruling, history does not record time, the king does not report, so the domain people scattered, or in the summer, or in Yidi." "People" refers to the generations of astronomical almanac. At that time, each country acted in its own way Agricultural production And the needs of astrology, all attach great importance to astronomical observation records and research. According to the book of Jin Tianwen records: "Lu has Zi Shen, Jin has. Bu Yan Zheng had stoves, Song had stoves Ziwei Qi had Gan De, Chu had Tang Mei, Zhao had Yin Gao, and Wei had Shi Shen, all of whom were in charge of astronomy and discussed the map (These astronomical officials of various countries put forward explanations to the rulers according to the changes in the sky)." This kind of simultaneous situation has undoubtedly played a positive role in promoting the observation of the sky and the improvement of the knowledge of planets and stars.

calendar

In terms of calendar, Shi Shen The age of the year It is unique, especially in the 12-year cycle, such as the forecast method of precipitation, chaos, abundance, shortage, water and drought. The characteristic of the New Year star method is not to use the names of Taiyi, Taiyin and Yiyin, but to use them Camera grid Call it that. Ganzi said that the hetige is not only the first year of his year, but also a kind of year marker . In the first and second years of its annual calendar, it is used as "Setig", and after the third year, it is used as "Setig". Photographic lift ". His name is probably due to the transformation of his name. Pertig is the name of the star, in Arcturus Near the extension line indicated by the bucket ladle. The ancients used it with a bucket to determine the season. The "grid" of "taking Tige", the "Shiji · collection solution" is the meaning of "to", "Yan and Tige build to the month, so cloud also." Pertig is a lunar star. Some people call Gander the pioneer of Chinese astronomy, and it is true. The astronomical contribution of Shi Shen, compared with other families, was the greatest in the Warring States period.

A list of stone stars

Shi Shen's time of activity was in the middle of the fourth century AD, when all the sons worked together and gathered together The State of Qi Under the grass, a hundred schools of thought contend, Gand A representative of a hundred. History will be Gander and Shi Shen Concurrent mention Together, they called their work" Calamine star Sutra ". The Kangshi Star Sutra is one of the earliest astronomical works in the world. Shi Shen was from the State of Wei, later than Gan De, and wrote the book Muddy Sky Figure is the representative work of Huntian thought in pre-Qin Dynasty. Gand wrote eight volumes of Celestial Astrology and one volume of the Forty-Seven Laws of Gand. Both of them were outstanding astronomers in the pre-Qin period, so people named them together.

Gann's Year star method is the Gann's 47 method. Why is it called "four-seven Method"? The "forty-seven method" is astronomical The age of the year One kind of, the so-called "four seven", is to Twenty-eight stars To measure the sun, the moon, etc Celestial motion The method of orientation. Listed in the Law of Calamine 47 Twenty-eight nights Because the original book is lost, it can only be understood from other historical records. According to "Kaiyuan Zhanjing · New Year Xingzhan", "Shiji · Tianguanshu" and" Legal book According to the records, the position and star name of the twenty-eighth are Oriental Seven Nights : horn, Kun, Di, chamber, heart, tail, loop; Northern Seven Stay : Fighting, cattle, women, deficiency, danger, room, wall; Western seven stars: Kui, Lou, stomach, Shao, Bi, Hou, Shen; South seven stars: well, ghost, willow, star, Zhang, wing, Zhen.

Shi Shenqin made long-term detailed observations of the stars in the sky, established the all-sky star division naming system, and gave a qualitative description of the distribution position of the all-sky stars. In addition to his great achievements in the observation of stars, his research on the motion of planets is also of epoch-making significance. He calculated Jupiter's cycle to be 400 days, 1.12 days short of the exact 398.88 days; It was also realized that Jupiter moves fast and slow, often deviating from the ecliptic to the north and south. He calculated Mercury The cycle of the round is 136 days, which is 21 days wrong than the actual value of 115 days, and the operation law of Mercury is basically mastered. He was also the first to discover the retrograde phenomenon of Mars, and calculated that the period of Mars is 410 degrees 780 days, close to the actual date.

Shi Shen and his disciples observed the sky for a long time and made many important astronomical discoveries. He not only measured the world's first star catalog, the first to establish a complete concept of coordinates, but also The intersection Angle of the yellow The earliest determiner of data. He figured out how to predict the movement of planets, and found Planetary retrograde The phenomenon was first observed Sun prominence , first found Solar corona , the earliest left about sunspot Of the record. He also discovered the late changes in the motion of the moon and the movement away from the ecliptic, and was the first to classify and record comets Solar eclipse , Lunar eclipse It's the phenomenon of celestial bodies eclipsing each other. He was the first to make systematic observations of stars more than 60 years before the European Aristolus and the iron wood Charles.

In no precision instrument is available, only Macroscopic observation It's amazing that so many amazing discoveries can be made. These discoveries may not all have been measured by Shi Shen himself, but were the result of hundreds of years of long-term observations by the school of astronomy he founded. But even this does not prevent the greatness of Shi Shen, his contribution to the early astronomy is very outstanding.

During the Warring States period, the vassals attached great importance to astronomical observation records and research for the needs of agricultural production, wars and astrology. Every country has officials who are masters of astronomy, and they give explanations to the country according to the changes in the sky. they Observational study The celestial phenomena, measured the operation of the stars, the sun and the moon, observed the climate, and determined the orientation, divided into four hours, fixed solar terms, recorded the time, and wrote the imperial year.

Shi Shen was an astronomer and astrologer at a time when astronomy and astrology It's all one. Compared with other astrologers, Shi Shen's contribution to astronomy is undoubtedly the greatest, and he has a special position in the history of world astronomy. Because of his outstanding contributions to astronomy. So his name went up seleno .

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According to the Historiography of Justice Liang Dynasty Ruan Xiaoxu " Seven records It is known that his original work has eight volumes of Astronomy, which belongs to the astrological category. The fifth book of Shiji Tianguo says that Shi Shen "discussed his biography because of current affairs, so he occupied the inspection of mixed rice salt (that is, meticulous)." It can be seen that the skill is profound. Science and technology at that time underdevelopment Under the circumstances, it is really rare to achieve such a big result. He, together with Gan De of Qi and Wu Xian of Shang Dynasty, were the earliest compilers of the Chinese star catalog, as well as the world Azimuth astronomy The founder of... They were the first to make systematic observations of stars, more than 60 years before the European Alisarus and the iron wood Charles, and occupy a special place in the history of world astronomy. It is because of Shi Shen's outstanding contribution to the study of astronomy. So his name is on the moon palace.

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