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The Book of Songs

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The earliest collection of Chinese poetry
unfold39 words of the same name
The Book of Songs is the beginning of ancient Chinese poetry, the earliest poetry collection, collected from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn period (11th century BC to 6th century BC), a total of 311 poems, of which 6 are sheng poems, that is, only the title, no content, known as Sheng poems six (Nan Ji ", Bai Hua ", Hua Shu ", You Geng ", Chongqiu "and" You Yi "). It reflects the social appearance from the beginning of Zhou Dynasty to the end of Zhou Dynasty in about 500 years. The author of the Book of Songs is anonymous, most of which can not be verified, and was collected by Yin Jifu and edited by Confucius. In the pre-Qin period, the Book of Songs was called Shi, or three Hundred Poems. In the Western Han Dynasty, he was respected as a scholar... >>>

catalogue

  1. 1Writing process
  2. ▪Origin of name
  3. ▪Generation age
  4. ▪creator
  5. ▪Creation background
  6. ▪Inherit history
  7. 2Content introduction
  1. ▪Prose on fiction
  2. ▪Literary composition
  3. ▪ode
  4. 3Principal annotation
  5. 4Appreciation of works
  6. ▪realism
  7. ▪The Book of Songs has six meanings
  1. ▪Repeat the chapter and repeat the sentence
  2. ▪Language style
  3. ▪All have tunes
  4. 5Academic research
  5. ▪Historical evidence
  6. ▪Modern research
  7. ▪Research finding
  8. 6Value impact
  1. ▪Social function
  2. ▪Historical and folk values
  3. ▪Rites and music culture and other values
  4. ▪Literary influence
  5. ▪Extraterritorial influence
  6. 7Historical evaluation

Basic information

The Book of Songs, yes Ancient Chinese poetry The beginning of the first one poesy The collection, collected The Western Zhou Dynasty (206 B.C.) Early solstice Spring and Autumn Poems of the middle period (11th to 6th centuries BC), a total of 311, of which 6 are Sheng poem That is, only the title, no content, called Sheng Shi six (" Sheng Shi Six ") A surname "" White flower "" Broomcorn millet "" You Geng "" Chongqiu County " Yu Yi It reflects the social landscape from the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty to the end of the Zhou Dynasty for about five hundred years. [1-2]
The author of "The Book of Songs" lost name, most of them can not be verified, passed on as Yoon Gil Bo Gather, Confucius Compiled. In the pre-Qin period, the Book of Songs was called Shi, or three Hundred Poems. The Western Han Dynasty (206 B.C.) It was regarded as a Confucian classic and was originally called the Book of Songs, which is still in use today. The Book of Songs is divided into three parts: The wind "" Jas. "" praise Three parts. The technique is divided into "Fu", "Bi" and "Xing". "Wind" is a ballad of the Zhou Dynasty. "Ya" is the Zhou people's sound and music, and also divided into" Minor elegance "And" refinement "; "Ode" is the sacrificial song of the Zhou royal Court and the noble temple, and is divided into" Zhou Song "" Russon "And" Sang Song ". [3]
Confucius once said "Xing in" poetry "" Poetry" three hundred, in a word, said: thought without evil." [48] Among the pre-Qin sons, there are many who quote the Book of Songs, such as Mencius , Xunzi , Mo-tse , Chuang Tzu , Han Feizi In their reasoning and argumentation, they often quote the sentences in the Book of Songs. "Zuo Zhuan" also cited poems as evidence. [49] to Emperor Wu of Han At that time, the Book of Songs was regarded as a classic by Confucians and was called the "Book of Songs". The Five Classics One of them. [45] 44 -
Title of work
The Book of Songs
Foreign name
The Book of poetry
the book of songs [47]
Work alias
The poem , A surname , 毛诗 , Three hundred
actor
Anonymous, passed on Yoon Gil Bo Gather, Confucius compile [2]
Age of creation
Zhou Dynasty
Literary genre
poesbook
Content classification
The wind , Jas. , praise
Value position
The earliest collection of Chinese poetry
Length of an article
305 articles in total

Writing process

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EDITOR

Origin of name

The Book of Songs was written about Spring and Autumn The middle period, originally called the Poem, Confucius It has been mentioned many times, such as: "Poem" 300, in a word, said: 'thinking without evil'" [4] . "Read the poem" three hundred, grant it to the government, not to reach; Apply to the four, can not be exclusive. Even though there are so many, what do you think?" [5]
Sima Qian The record is also the name, such as: "The poem" three hundred, most of the sage's anger also done." [6]
Because the later versions recorded a total of 311 poems, for the sake of narrative convenience, they were called "three hundred poems". The reason why it was changed to the Book of Songs is because Emperor Wu of Han In the poem book "" The ritual "" easy "" Spring and Autumn A surname The Five Classics For the sake of.

Generation age

The Book of Songs is the first collection of Chinese poetry, the earliest recorded as The Western Zhou Dynasty (206 B.C.) In the first year, the latest works produced were Spring and Autumn The period spans about five or six hundred years. territorially Yellow River basin As the center, south to the north bank of the Yangtze River, distributed in the present Shaanxi (Province) , Gansu (Province) , Shanxi (Province) , Shandong (Province) , Hebei (Province) Henan, Anhui, Hubei and other places.
Classics and history experts have determined that the works in the Book of Songs are in King Wu of Zhou It was produced after the Shang Dynasty (1066 BC). [7]
" Zhou Song The earliest period, produced in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, is the work of noble literati, mainly to the song of the temple, the song of singing God, and some describe agricultural production.
" refinement It is a product of the Sheng Long period of the Zhou Dynasty and is the only one left in ancient China Epic . About... refinement When these thirty-one pieces were written, [51] Accounts differ: Zheng Xuan It is believed that "The Story of King Wen" is a poem of The Times of King Wen and King Wu, and "The Story of Living People" from "The Story of Living People" to "Volume A" is a poem of The Times of Duke Zhou and King Cheng. Zhu Xi Think: "The Great"... It was decided during the production of Zhou Gong." However, they all believe that "Zhengdaya" is the poem of the early Western Zhou Dynasty. [8]
" Minor elegance Produced in the late years of the Western Zhou Dynasty after moving to the east.
" Russon "And" Sang Song All of them were produced after the Zhou Dynasty moved east (770 BC). [9]

creator

It is said that the Zhou Dynasty has a poetry collection officer, every spring, shaking A large wooden bell Collecting folk songs from the people, arranging works that could reflect the joys and hardships of the people, and sending them to the Taishi (the official in charge of music) to compose music and sing them to the Son of Zhou as a reference for administration. The works of these folk authors, whose names are not recorded, make up the majority of the Book of Songs, such as the Fifteen Kingdoms. [10]
The works of the noble literati of the Zhou Dynasty constitute another part of the Book of Songs. " A surname Recorded," Intemational wind ・ Strigoi It was written by Zhou Gongdan. In 2008, a batch of Warring States bamboo slips ( Tsinghua Jane ) in A surname In the article, it describes the poem "Cricket" written by Duke of Zhou imminence after King Wu's victory over Li, which is closely related to "Cricket" in the existing "Book of Songs · Tang Wind". [11-12]

Creation background

Ancestral home of the Zhou Dynasty Zhou Yuan Suitable for agriculture, "Daya" in the" People of existence Poems such as "Gong Liu" and "Mian Melon prosper" show that Zhou prospered based on agriculture, and the development of agriculture promoted the progress of society. Zhou Jae King Wu attacked King Zhou Later, it became the common Lord of the world, and the family patriarchal system, land, slave private ownership and the rule of noble lords became the social and political characteristics of this historical period. [10]
The replacement of Yin Shang Dynasty by Western Zhou Dynasty was mainly related to its economic system of slavery, in addition to the tyranny of Shang Zhou Dynasty. After the establishment of the Western Zhou Dynasty, slavery was transformed into serfdom in order to ease the sharp contradiction between production relations and productive forces and ease the class struggle Wang Guowei In "On the System of Yin and Shang" said: "The political and cultural changes in China, more than the Yin and Zhou dynasties... The three major changes between Yin and Zhou, from its table, but the rise and fall of a family name, and the transfer of the capital city. In other words, the old system will be abolished and the new system will flourish, the old culture will be abolished and the new culture will flourish..."
Compared with the Yin and Shang dynasties, the great change of the economic system in the Western Zhou Dynasty prompted the society to make a leap forward in spiritual civilization. As a literary representative, the Book of Songs was the inevitable product of the progress of The Times, and it in turn promoted the progress of social civilization.

Inherit history

It is said that there were as many as 3,000 poems handed down during the Spring and Autumn Period, and later only 311 poems remained (among which six Sheng poems were Mu Mu poems). Confucius After the compilation of the Book of Songs, the earliest clearly recorded successors are" There are ten wise men ", Seventy-two sages One of Zixia He has the strongest understanding of poetry, so he transmits poetry.
In the early Han Dynasty, there were Lu people who said poetry Shen Peigong , Qi Ren Yuan Gusheng Hoyan Man A surname ", called three poems. Qi Shi died in The Three Kingdoms of Wei, Lu Shi died in the Western Jin Han poetry was still circulating in the Tang Dynasty, and now only 10 volumes are passed on. The Book of Songs circulating today is 毛公 preached 毛诗 . [10] [43 ]

Content introduction

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EDITOR
As a whole, the Book of Songs is the image reflection of Chinese social life during the five hundred years of Zhou Dynasty's rise and fall. There are also aristocratic banquets and contacts, work and rest uneven resentment; It also reflects labor, hunting, and a lot of love, matrimony A moving chapter on social customs. [10]
The Book of Songs has 305 existing pieces (in addition, there are 6 pieces of Mu Mu poems, a total of 311), which are divided into three parts: "Wind", "Ya" and "Ode".
"Wind" comes from folk songs around the world and is the essence of the Book of Songs. There are love, labor and other beautiful things such as singing, there are also nostalgia, people and anti-oppression, anti-bullying resentment and anger, often repeated repeated techniques to sing, a poem in each chapter is often only a few words different, showing the characteristics of folk songs. [10]
The book is divided into two parts: refinement "" Minor elegance ", mostly for the noble sacrificial poetry, pray for good harvest, ode to Zude. The author of Daya was an aristocratic literati, but he was dissatisfied with realpolitik. Besides banquet songs, sacrificial songs and epics, he also wrote some satirical poems reflecting people's wishes. There are also some folk songs in Xiao Ya.
"Ode" is a sacrificial poem of the temple. The poems in "Ya" and "Ode" are of great value to the investigation of early history, religion and society.
Of the above three parts, "Ode" has 40, "Ya" has 105 (" Xiao Ya "has 6 poems without eyes, not counted)," Wind "has the largest number, a total of 160, a total of 305. The ancients took it as a whole number and often said "poem three hundred". [13]

Prose on fiction

"Wind" includes folk songs from 15 places, including today's Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, Hebei, Shandong and other places, most of which are folk songs from the Yellow River basin. Most of the folk songs that have been embellished are called" Style of the fifteen countries There are 160 of them, which is the core content of the Book of Songs. "Wind" means soil wind, Folk rhyme .
The fifteen national winds are: Zhou Nan 11 articles, Zhao Nan Fourteen articles, 邶 (bei) wind 19, 鄘 (y ng) wind 10, Wei wind 10, Wang wind 10, Zheng wind 21, Qi wind 11, Wei wind 7, Tang wind 12, Qin wind 10, Chen wind 10, Hui wind 4 (kuai), Cao wind 4, intemination (b? n) wind 7. Zhou Nanzhong's" cooing and wooing "" Tender peaches ", Wei Fengzhong" Sandalwood cutting "" mouse ", Qin Feng's" Young reeds "" Without clothes "And so on are well-known works of universal praise. [10]
Guan Ju -- He Yang of Shaanxi Province
1. Zhou Nan
Guan Ju, Ge Tan, curly ear, 樛 wood, katydid, Taoyao, rabbit, Asiatic plantain 苢, Hanguang, Ru fen, Linzhi toe
Gantang -- Qishan Zhougong Temple
2. Zhao Nan
Magpie nest, mining fanyi, grass insects, apple, Gantang, dew, lamb, Yin Qilei, have plum, small star, river has Si, wild have died 麕, he luxuriant, guards Yu [14]
Bai Zhou
3. 邶 wind
Baizhou, green Yi, Yan Yan, Sun and moon, end wind, drumming, Kai wind, male pheasant, bottler has bitter leaves, valley wind, Shawei, MAO Hill, Jane Xi, spring water, North gate, north wind, Jing woman, new Tai, two sons by boat
Sangtrung
4. 鄘 wind
Baizhou, wall has Ci, gentleman Xielao, mulberry, quails running, set in the side, 蝃蝀, phase mouse, dry yak, carry chi
Bamboo pole
5. Wei Feng
Qi Ao, exam pan, Shuo people, people, bamboo, 芄兰, river wide, Bo Xi, fox, papaya
Millet leaf
6. Wang Feng
Millet, the gentleman in service, the gentleman Yang Yang, Yang water, the valley has 蓷, the rabbit, the ge 藟, picking the ge, the cart, the hill has hemp
The woman said the crow
7. Zheng Feng
From the city, will Zhong Zi, uncle in the field, uncle in the field, Qing people, lamb qiu, Zunda road, female said crow, there are female car, mountain Fusu, general Xi, dolomitor, tuck, feng, the East gate of the shan, wind and rain, son's cloth, Yang's water, from its east gate, wild grass, Qinwei
Eastern Day -- Mount Tai in Shandong Province
8. Parallel wind
Cockling, also, writing, the East day, the East is not clear, Nanshan, Futian, Lu Ling, our gushing, carrying, Yi sigh
Sandalwood cutting
9. Wei Feng
Ge 屦, Fen Plain, damp, garden has peach, Zhi 岵, ten acres between, wood dantis, master mouse
Bustard feather
10. Tang Style
cricket Mountain has the key, Yang water, pepper chat, silk, 杕 du, lamb fur, bustard feather, no clothes, there is 杕 du, Ge sheng, picking ling
Young reeds
11. Qin Feng
Car adjacent, CS 驖, small rong, the Reeds, south, yellow bird, morning wind, no clothes, Wei Yang, Quan Yu
moonrise
12. Chen Feng
Wanqiu, East Gate 枌, Heng Gate, East Gate Pool, East Gate Yang, Tomb gate, guard Magpie nest, moon, tree forest, Zepi
There are 苌楚
13. Juniper
Lamb fur, plain crown, Xi have 苌楚, bandit wind
mayfly
14. Cao Feng
Mayfly, waiting for people, 鸤 dove, under the spring
July
15. Binational wind
July, owl, Dongshan, broken axe, Faco, nine, Wolf

Literary composition

"Ya" is a song near the capital of the Zhou Dynasty, a total of 105 pieces.
"Ya" for the king of Zhou Kinai music. " refinement Mainly praises the ancestors of the Zhou royal family and even King Wu, King Xuan Such merits are also reflected in some psalms A surname , You King The tyrannical stupor and the crisis of its rule.
Most of the works of Daya were written in the early period of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and most of the authors were nobles, called noble and elegant. The old discipline is right, that is, the right voice of poetry. "The Great Preface of poetry" : "The elegant, is also, the speech of the king's government is abolished." Politics is small and big, hence the book" Minor elegance There is' Daya '."
"Xiao Ya" has a total of 74 pieces, created in the early to the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the west weekend Nian Li, Xuan, You King period many. Some of the poems in Xiaoya are similar to those in Guofeng, the most prominent of which are works about war and servitude. [10]
Daya's works include King Wen "" scroll "" People's Labour ", Xiao Ya you" Deer call "" Sevi "" Scan ", etc.
Minor elegance
Deer call
1. Little Ya deer Whizzing
Deer call , Four males , The emperor of China , A surname , felling , Tianbao , Sevi , Draw out a vehicle , 杕 Du , Fish cake
South you Jia fish
2. Xiao Ya Nan has a fish
South you Jia fish , There's a table on Nanshan , Polygonum japonicum , dewdrop , Tong Gong , I am an elitist , June , pyrine , Vehicle Attack , Lucky day
Crane's roar
3. The little elegance of the wild goose
Swan goose , Courtyard singeing , The Mianshui River (in Shanxi Province) , Crane's roar , Pray for the Father , White foal , Yellow bird , Go one's own way , Scan , sheepless
Jiannan Mountain
4. Xiao Ya · Section of south mountain
Jiannan Mountain , The first month of the lunar year , The turn of October , The rain is erratic. , Xiao Min , Xiao Wan , Koben , rhetoric , He Rensi , A surname
Sinnamsan
5. Xiao Ya Gu Fengshi
Valley wind , Polygonum , Daito , April , Kitayama , There is no general cart , Xiao Ming , Tympan bell , Cuc , Sinnamsan
linchpin
6. Yasuyoshi Yoshida
Hoda , field , Look to him for help , The person who dresses is beautiful , A surname , Married couple , ð « , linchpin , greenfly , The first feast of the guests
ichthyophyllum
7. Xiao Ya · Fish algae what
ichthyophyllum , Mining beans , Horn arch , willow , metropolitan , greenization , Broomcorn seedling , Pressed mulberry leaf , White flower , sound , Calabash gourd leaf , Gradual stone , Glory of the Sweet Potato , No grass is yellow
refinement
King Wen
1. What is the King of literature
King Wen , Ming Dynasty , cotton, 棫 Park , Dry foot , Siqi , A surname , spirit , Shimobu , Wang Wen's voice
scroll
2. What makes people live
People of existence , Mobile reed , overintoxication , Water 鹥 , Phony music , Gong Liu, 泂 drink , scroll , People's Labour , plate
Yunhan County
3. What to swing for
Swing, The antimicrobial , Sangrou , Yunhan County , Songgao County , 烝 the people , Han Yi , Jianghan County , Chang Wu , Jangang , Zhaomin

ode

The "Ode" consists of 40 pieces.
The interpretation of "Ode" was first seen in "Poetry · Great Preface" : "Ode, the description of beauty Shengde, and the success of the gods." Kong Yingda Zhu Xi's Biography of Poetry said: "Song" and "Rong" ancient characters are common.
According to the explanation of Ruan Yuan's "□ Jing Shi Shi Shi Song", "Rong" means dance rong, "the description of beauty Shengde", which is to praise the dance movement of "Shengde". For example, "Zhou Song Weiqing" is the song of sacrificial King Wen, "small preface" said: "Playing elephant dance also."
Zheng Xuan 《毛诗传笺》说：“ Elephant dance It is like the dance of the sword." It is to show the plot and movements of King Wen of Zhou when he used troops to invade and invade, in the form of dance, which can prove that there are not only songs, but also dances when offering sacrifices to the temple, "singing and dancing" can be said to be the characteristics of the temple songs.
Modern scholars also think that "Ode" is the sacrificial music of the temple, and some of it is dance music. [10]
His famous works include: Qing temple "" The destiny of Heaven "" 噫嘻 ", etc.
Zhou Song
Russon
Sang Song
Black bird
the , A surname , Black bird , changkan , Yin Wu

Principal annotation

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EDITOR
Later generations have paid much attention to and studied the Book of Songs. (All three are found in the "Thirteen Classics") [46]
This is the first commentary on the Book of Songs that has ever been seen. Formally, it pioneered the infusion. In terms of content, it interprets the Book of Songs more scientifically and preserves a large number of Chinese words. The full text is 30 volumes, which is ancient and mostly borrowed characters. Its exegetical features have two: one is to make good use of this word to solve the ancient word, using this word to release the word; On the other hand, the interpretation of the system of famous things is more accurate and concise. [46]
If there is a difference, we can recognize it by following our own intentions." This is also the purpose of the letter. [46]
The author is Kong Yingda, who was ordered to revise the Five Classics of Justice in Tang Dynasty. [46]
" Biography of Collected Poems There are two extant copies of Song Dynasty, neither of which is complete. One of them is housed in the Beijing Library, and the other was originally housed in the 8,000-volume Building of Ding's family in Hangzhou, with eight volumes remaining.
There are also two yuan engravings, one in the Beijing Library and the other in Taiwan. The Ming and Qing dynasties engraved more. The "Four series and three compilations" has photocopied 20 volumes of the Song edition of the "Biography of Poetry", which can still see the original book.
In 1958 Zhonghua Book Company Shanghai editorial office Typescript.
" 毛诗传笺通释 There are Daoguang fifteen years B did not learn the ancient hall of engraving, spread has very few. The 14th year of Guangxu (1888) was reprinted by Guangya Book Company (later compiled into the Guangya Book Company series), and the error of the initial engraving (including the error of expanding the book) was corrected, and the general situation is seen in Liao Tingxiang's postscript. In the same year, Wang Xianqian edited and printed the interpretation and compilation of the Imperial Qing classics, and it was also corrected when it was reproduced.
《毛诗传笺通释》同有1929年中华书局铅印本。
However, the literary significance of poetry is not much involved in the book.
This book has the Daoguang 27 years of Chen's original edition, had the income of the "Emperor Qing Jing Analysis renewal", today there is the Commercial Press "Basic Series of Chinese studies".
Selected Translation of the Book of Songs (Supplement) was translated by Yu Guanying, a famous scholar, published by People's Literature Publishing House, the first edition in Beijing in 1956, the second edition in Beijing in February 1960, and the seventh printing in Beijing in March 1962.
A total of 64 works (50 "wind", 13 "elegant" and 1 "Ode") are selected from the Book of Songs by Yu Guanying, of which "Zhulin" is a new addition, "Fangyou Nestle" and "Bai Hua" are from the Selected Book of Songs (1960 edition) of the People's Literature Publishing House, and the rest are re-selected from the Selected Book of Songs (1979 edition).

Appreciation of works

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EDITOR

realism

The Book of Songs pays attention to reality and expresses the true feelings triggered by real life. This creative attitude makes it have strong and profound artistic charm, which is the first milestone of Chinese realistic literature. "The Book of Songs · National Style" is the source of Chinese realistic poetry. July The bloody and tearful lives of the slaves can be seen in" Sandalwood cutting You can understand the awakening of the class consciousness of the exploited, and the resentful slaves boldly put forward a just question to the ruling class that does not work for anything: "No standing grain, no reap, no harvest." Do not hunt, Hu Zhaner court has a county 貆 xi [50 ] ?" Some poems also describe the direct struggle of workers against the ruling class in order to obtain the right to live. In this regard, the mouse "Has the power to thrill.

The Book of Songs has six meanings

The Book of Songs is divided into three parts: wind, elegance and ode. "Wind" is the music of each vassal state; "Ya" is the positive music of Zongzhou region; "Ode" is the music of sacrifice in the temple. As for" refinement "And" Minor elegance When from the music points, "vast and quiet, Shuda faith, appropriate song" Daya "; Those who are thrifty and polite should sing "Little elegance". The artistic techniques of the Book of Songs are summed up as "Fu, Bi, xing", which together with "wind, elegance and ode" are called "six meanings". [15]
Teaching six poems: said wind, said Fu, said comparison, said xing, said elegant, said ode "on the basis of the old saying, the classification and expression of the works in the Book of Songs made a high generalization.
Fu, comparison, Xing, "poetry" text of the different words ear. ... Fu, comparison and Xing are the uses of Poetry. Wind, elegance and praise are the forms of the poem. These three things, by these three things, are called 'righteousness' together." [15]
It is generally believed that wind, elegance and ode are the classification and content of poetry, while Fu, Bi and xing are poems Technique of expression . Among them, wind, elegance and ode are divided according to different music [16] Fu, comparison and Xing are divided according to the means of expression.
The application of Fu, Bi and xing is not only an important symbol of the artistic characteristics of the Book of Songs, but also opens the basic method of Chinese ancient poetry creation. There are many opinions about the meaning of Fu, Bi and xing. In short, Fu is to express directly, that is, the poet expresses his thoughts and feelings and related things in a straight way. Comparison is an analogy, comparing one thing to another, and the poet has the ability or emotion to use a thing as an analogy. Xing is touching objects and xing Ci, objective things trigger the poet's emotions and cause the poet to sing, so most of them are at the beginning of the poem. The three techniques of Fu, comparison and xing are often used in the creation of poetry, which jointly create the artistic image of poetry and express the poet's emotions. [17]
One, compare, is Figure of speech .
Zhu Xi The Biography of Poetry says, "One should compare one with another." It is a major figure of speech that is still used today, both figurative and symbolic. Metaphors can help visualize a description. For example, "Wei Feng · Shuren" wrote Zhuang Jiang's beauty with a series of metaphors: "hands as soft as kin, skin as congested fat, collar as larva, teeth as a bottle gourd, 螓 head moth." A beautiful smile, a beautiful look." Because there is a series of metaphors before and after, so the finishing line at the end can make its image jump on the paper. [17]
Metaphors can also highlight the characteristics of things. Because metaphors are different from each other on the whole, and compared with things that have commonality in one aspect, the similarities between the metaphor and the noumenon are often quite prominent. Therefore, in metaphors, there is often an exaggerated quality. For example, the Master Mouse, in terms of its appearance, the categories of creatures and the level of development, the difference between the body and the metaphor is quite large; However, in the case of unearned gains, it is completely the same, so the metaphor is actually an exaggeration.
In addition, because the figurative body has acquired certain emotional meaning in people's long-term social life, it has certain symbolic meaning to some extent, so it can express different feelings according to the connection with different figurative body, such as the Master Mouse and the Xiang Mouse. "The Book of Songs" is used in many places, and the application is also very flexible and extensive. Such as "Wei Feng · the mob" : "the mulberry has not fallen, its leaf Woif". "When the mulberry falls, it falls yellow." The former is used as a metaphor for the body, the latter for the change of feelings. [17]
邶 Wind · Jane Xi: "Strong as a tiger, holding REINS and bridles like a group." Compare form to form;
"Tang Feng Pepper chat" : "pepper talk, tomato Yan Yin rise." His son is a great man." A multiplicity of things is a metaphor for the multiplicity of human beings;
"Wang Feng · Shu Li" : "The center is like drunkenness", "the center is like pharynx". A metaphor for feeling;
The "bi" in the Book of Songs has two points that should be paid special attention to:
One is a symbol. The technique is more subtle, but often from many aspects of metaphor, that is, the method of "complex metaphor", sometimes the same as today's "pointing at mulberry and scolding." For example, "Xiao Ya · Da Dong" : "跂 he Zhi Nu. The whole day lasts seven hours. Though seven times, not a newspaper. Dorris is not based on suit box. The east has Qiming, the west has Changgeng. There is 捄 days, carrying the trip. Venan has a dustpan and cannot be winnowed. Wei Bei has a bucket, can not have a wine pulp. Venant has a loop and plays back his tongue. There is a fight in the north and a expose in the west." In the first half, through a series of metaphors, the people of the Eastern vassal states explained the anger of the nobles of the Western Zhou dynasty for stealing high positions and not paying attention to the people (all nominal things), and at the end, the mouth and mouth were used to help the north, pointing out the criticism of the Westerners to the Easterners. It's actually symbolic. [17]
The other is the simultaneous use of synesthesia. In other words, metaphors break the boundaries of how things are heard, spoken and touched. Such as:
" Xiao Ya · section Nanshan "Jie Binan Mountain, Weishi Yanyan. The people are obedient." With the height of the mountain, the status of the teacher is prominent and important, and this is the height of the concrete thing, the status of the abstract is prominent.
" Xiao Ya Tembo "Like the constancy of the moon, like the rise of the sun." Such as the life of Nanshan, not Qian not collapse. Like the pines and cypress, no matter what." To the eternal mountains, the river is constant, the sun and the moon are long, and the lush pines and cypresses are a metaphor for the infinite blessings of the king. [17]
" 邶 Wind · Valley wind "Learn the valley wind, with Yin and rain, 黾勉 concentric, should not have anger." To use the wind of the valley as a metaphor for people's anger, to use natural phenomena as a metaphor for people's emotional changes, is the ratio of synaesthesia.
There are many kinds of comparisons in the Book of Songs, most of them are sentences with comparisons in the text, and some of them contain comparisons in the whole poem, such as the Master Mouse.
Second, prosperity is the use of other things as the beginning of the poem.
Zhu Xi "Poetry biography" said: "Xing, first speak other things to arouse the words of the chant." Xing is the initiation, the beginning. There are two scenarios:
(1) Emotion is expressed as a song by touching things (that is, starting with a thing that is in harmony with the content of expression).
2. Rhyme with STH. [17]
From the whole process of the origin of literature, prosperity is the characteristic of early poetry; From the level of the poet, it is the characteristic of folk songs; For example, from the mode of creation, it is the characteristic of oral literature. The works using Xing's technique are mostly in the "National Style". After the Han Dynasty, although the Book of Songs was regarded as a classic and the law of Bixing was raised to a high status, Xing Ci, which simply rhymes like the Book of Songs · Guo-Feng, was not found in the creation of literati. Writing from the things that trigger emotion is very close to the technique of Fu.
Zhu Xi The interpretation of the concepts of Fu, Bi and xing is very clear, but he marks out the expression methods of each chapter of the Book of Songs one by one, which shows the contradiction between the types of words and the interpretation of poems. Such as "Guan Ju" : "Jujiu cage, in the river. My fair lady, a gentleman's mate." Zhu Biao: "Xing Ya." But when he explains this chapter in detail, he adds: "Jujiu, a king Ju... Even so." Jujiu (a surname) : "Jujiu (a surname) is a mate and jujiu (a surname) in the river." This fair lady, is not a gentleman's beauty? Jujiu and harmony and respectful also if a mate love and separate also." Then it became "Bi". [17]
See also Tender peaches "Peach blossom, burning its Hua, the son in return, suitable for its room home." He also marked it as "Xing also" and explained it by saying: "Zhou Rites, men and women will be in mid-spring, but the peach has Hua, when the marriage is also." It became "Fu" again.
In this way, the boundaries of Fu, Bi and Xing are confused again. A more appropriate division is that all those associated with the description of the situation at the time should be attributed to Fu, as in" Agaricus aureus "" Millet leaf "" Young reeds "" July "; All figurative and symbolic meanings should be compared, such as "Guan Ju", "Tao Yao", "Gufeng" and "No Clothes"; Only those that cannot be connected with the original meaning of the poem are xing, such as "Yellow Birds" and "Caiwei".
Xing includes the situation of "love touching things and singing", which means that because people's life experiences are different, everyone's experience will have a variety of accidental situations, some things are indifferent to the average person, but for a specific person, it may evoke memories of old experiences and cause deep emotion. [17]
Three, Fu.
" Biography of Collected Poems "Said:" The Fu, the presentation of the matter and frankly also."
The so-called "straight talk" here means that it does not use Xing words as a reference, nor does it use comparison techniques, and it does not mean that it does not use detailed descriptions. Therefore, it can be said that all other means of expression other than xing and comparison can be included in the scope of "fu". As a means of writing, it covers a wide range. As far as the Book of Songs is concerned, it includes narration, description, association, suspense, dialogue, psychological portrayal and so on. The whole poem of "July" and "Living People" uses Fu method, both the narration of the abandonment of children and the description of the sacrificial scene are extremely vivid. In the two poems of Dongshan and CAI Wei, Fu is also used, except for the first chapter of Dongshan: 蜎蜎 and 烝 are in Sangye. But these two poems write about the spirit of service, can be described as incisive: "In the past, I went to the willow." As I think about it today, rain and snow continue to fall." This is the finest landscape poetry. Therefore, the fu method of the Book of Songs not only refers to the narration, not only the so-called "direct statement of its affairs", but also reaches a very high level in the aspect of lyric painting.
The Book of Songs is also often reflected in some simple narratives. For example, "邶 Wind · Quiet girl" wrote about a woman about his boyfriend to meet in the city in the evening, but the young man arrived at the appointment place on time, but did not see the girl, so he could not shout, nor could he go to find himself, I did not know what to do and "scratching my head". After a while, the girl suddenly ran out of the dark, making the young man extremely happy. The little details that the girl hid in the poem can be understood as a joke, or as a test of the degree of love for the young man, full of the interest of life, showing the noble and pure love. Same goes for the details on the back. It is neither unparalleled nor interesting, but very vivid. [17]
In the Book of Songs, there are also lyricism and narration through the dialogue of characters. Such as Zheng Feng · Qinwei In March, when the water is warm and the flowers are blooming, young men and women play banter by the water. There are no words, no metaphors, but it depicts a folk painting full of joy. The second chapter of Dongshan writes about what might happen to his imaginary home, and the first half of the fourth chapter imagines that his wife might be missing him at home. [17]
Some pure Fu poems in the Book of Songs have also created far-reaching artistic conception. Millet Away and The Gentleman in Service The Reed All Fu, neither xing Ci, nor metaphor, but the lyric flavor of the strong, far-reaching artistic conception, emotional sentiment of the moving, later poetry, few comparable. The poet does not describe the scenery specially, but brings it out from the lyricism; And love is in the scene.
The predecessors use Fu, comparison and xing to summarize the expression techniques of the Book of Songs, which are very sophisticated. However, we have not paid enough attention to "Fu" in the Book of Songs, and have not been able to distinguish clearly the relationship between xing and Fu and comparison. Then we regard comparison and xing as the main embodiment of the characteristics of poetry. This is because the "Bixing" in the Book of Songs is confused with the "Bixing" of the descendants. In fact, the study of Fu in the Book of Songs should be an important aspect of exploring the artistic technique of the Book of Songs, which is different from the discussion of the change of the concept of "Bi xing" in the history of ancient literary theory. [17]
The application of Xing in the Book of Songs is quite complicated, some only play the role of regulating rhythm and arousing emotions at the beginning, and the relationship between Xing sentences and the following content is not obvious. For example, "Xiao Ya Yuanyang" : "The Yuanyang ducks on the beam, the left wing, the gentleman forever, should be happy." There is no meaningful connection between Xing sentence and the following two words of blessing. "Xiao Ya Bai Hua" starts with the same sentence, but expresses the feeling of resentment and thorns: "The Mandarin duck is on the beam, and the left wing is jawed." A wicked son is a good son." This kind has nothing to do with the original meaning, but only harmonizes the rhyme at the beginning of the poem and causes the following revives, which is a relatively simple one in the revives of the Book of Songs. More Xing sentences in the Book of Songs have a euphemistic and vague internal connection with the following. Or set off to render the atmosphere of the environment, or to symbolize the central theme, constituting an indispensable part of the artistic realm of poetry. Such as "Zhou Nan Tao Yao" with "peach, burning its Hua" rise, lush peach branches, gorgeous peach blossoms, and the bride's youth beauty, the wedding of the lively festival against each other. The peach blossom (" scorching its Hua "), fruiting (" 蕡 actually "), luxuriant foliage (" its foliage contact "), can also be understood as the bride after marriage after many children, family happiness and prosperity of good wishes. The poet touches the objects and evokes them. The evoking sentences and the words are connected with each other through artistic association, which is a relationship of symbolic implication. Many of the Xing in the Book of Songs are such figurative and associative pictures. Comparing and Xingdu is an indirect way to express feelings through images, which is often referred to as "comparing and Xingdu" in later generations, and is used to refer to the creative technique of placing thoughts and feelings in images through association and imagination in the Book of Songs. [17]

Repeat the chapter and repeat the sentence

The sentence pattern of the Book of Songs is mainly composed of four words, which are composed independently of each other. The four-character sentences with two beats have a strong sense of rhythm, which is the basic unit of the regular rhythm of the Book of Songs. The rhythm of four-character sentences is sharp and slightly short, and the repeated chapter sentences and double sound rhymes appear to be circular and reciprocating when read, and the rhythm is relaxed and slow. The repeated structure of repeated chapters and repeated sentences in the Book of Songs is not only easy to sing around the same melody, but also has a good effect in meaning expression and rhetoric.
Many of the major chapters in the Book of Songs overlap the same verse throughout the whole, with only a few words changing to show the course of action or the change of emotion. For example, in Chapter 3 of Zhounan Asiatic Plantain, only six verbs are changed to describe the whole process of picking Asiatic plantain. The structure of the repeated circle, the flexible and diverse words, the different links of the plantain are divided into three chapters, the three chapters complement each other, and form a whole in the sense of singing a sigh, very beautiful. Fang Yurun "Original Book of Songs" volume one cloud: "Readers try to calm down, chanting this poem, listening to Tian Jia women, 35 55, in the plains of the embroider wild, the wind and the sun, the group of songs answer each other, the remaining sound is curl, if far if near, if broken if continued, I do not know how its feelings move and why God kuang." The poem does not need to be detailed and proud of its excellence." [17]
In addition to the overlap of the same chapter, there are also two kinds of overlapping chapters in the Book of Songs, such as Zheng Feng · Feng, a total of four chapters, composed of two kinds of overlapping chapters, the first two chapters are a stack of chapters, the last two chapters are a stack of chapters; Or in one chapter, there are both heavy chapters and non-heavy chapters, such as the four chapters of Zhounan Chuer, the first chapter is not overlapping, and the last three chapters are heavy chapters.
The repeated sentences of the Book of Songs, some overlap the same verses in different verses, such as the four chapters of the "binteminal wind · Dongshan" all use "I can sorshan Mountain, not return for many years." I come from the East, zero rain its Meng "beginning," Zhou Nan Han Guang "three chapters are" Han wide, can not swim thought, Jiang Yong, can not think "end. Some use the same or similar verses in the same poem, such as "Zhaonan Jiang Yousi", which is both a heavy chapter and a repeated sentence. Three chapters in the second to last, three sentences are stacked with "no I", "no I and", "no I pass".
The repeated words in the Book of Songs · Guofeng are also called tautology. "Logging tinkling, chirping birds", with "tinkling", "chirping" trace the sound of logging and chirping birds. "In the past, I went to the willows. As I think about it today, rain and snow continue to fall." With "Yiyi", "Drizzle", like willow, snow state. The list goes on and on. Like tautology, double sound rhymes also make the verses slow and melodious when singing or chanting, and the language has musical beauty. In "The Book of Songs · Guofeng", there are many uses of double-sound rhymes, such as "Zigzagging", "active", "黾勉", "Li lie", etc., such as "Weishe", "difference", "silk", "Qi Chi", etc., and some double-sound rhymes are used in one word, three words or two words and four words. Such as "like cutting and learning" (" Wei Feng Qi 'ao "), "Live in the very Place" (邶 Wind · Drumming), "Wan Xi Xiu Xi" (Qi Feng · Futian) and so on.

Language style

The language of the Book of Songs not only has musical beauty, but also has a good effect in ideography and rhetoric. [17]
In the time of the Book of Songs, Chinese already had abundant vocabularies and rhetorical devices, which provided good conditions for poets to create. The abundant nouns in the Book of Songs show that the poet has a full understanding of objective things. The specific and accurate description of movements in the Book of Songs shows the poet's detailed observation and ability to control language. For example, the action of collecting Asiatic plantus is divided into six verbs: "To collect, to seek; Yes, you get it." "Pick up, pick up; Take your son." "袺, store the clothes and hold the skirt. 襭, and store it in the garment and fasten it to the waistband the most." (Zhu Xi's Biography of Poetry, Volume 1) Six verbs vividly depict the picture of picking Asiatic soil. Rhetorical devices commonly used by later generations can be found in the Book of Songs: exaggerations such as "Who calls River Guang, once did not tolerate knives" (Wei Feng · He Guang), for example, "Women are not happy, scholars are in line" (Wei Feng · the common people), and for contraries such as "other rooms, death is the same point" (Wang Feng · Big Car).
The language form of the Book of Songs is vivid and colorful, and often can be "less is always more" and "emotional appearance is completely clear". [18] . But the language style of Ya, song and the national style is different, most of the chapters of Ya and song use strict four-sentence, very few miscellaneous words, the national style is more miscellaneous words. In the small and national style, the repeated chapter sentence is used more, in the large and the song is relatively rare. The national style uses a lot of modal words such as "Xi", "Zhi", "stop", "think", "hu", "and", "Yi", "also", etc., these modal words have also appeared in Ya and ode, but not as numerous as the national style, rich in change. The brilliant use of modal words in the national style enhances the image and vividness of the poem, and reaches the position of conveying the spirit. The different linguistic characteristics of elegance, ode and national style reflect the social changes of The Times, as well as the differences in the identity of the subject of creation. Ya and Ode are mostly works of the Western Zhou Dynasty, from the hands of the nobility, reflecting the grandeur of "elegant music", the national style is mostly works of the Spring and Autumn period, many of them are taken from the folk, more reflecting the free and unspirited new voice, which is closer to the spoken language at that time. [17]

All have tunes

There is a close relationship between poetry and music, and every poem has a tune. The songs in the Book of Songs were originally used primarily as part of various ceremonial rituals, for entertainment, and to express views on social and political issues.
Great musicians of Ming Dynasty Zhu Zaiyu " encyclopaedia "Of the three hundred pieces in the Book of Songs, thirty-one are all Daya. Modes of classical Chinese opera . Seventy-four of them, all called for calls. Thirty-one pieces of "Zhou Ode" and four pieces of "Lu Ode" are all feather tones. Fifteen "National Wind" one hundred and sixty, all Angle tone. "Shang Ode" five, all Quotient tone " This relationship between poetry and music has been partially confirmed in Shangbojian's "Picking Wind Repertoire". Mr. Ma Chengyuan believes: "The brief text is part of the numerous pieces in the music collection data organized according to the order of the five tones and according to the different types of music. The melody of each song can be set according to this category, such as the Book of Songs, and the short text is about popular music in Chu." [19]

Academic research

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Historical evidence

The development of China's "Study of the Book of Songs", from the Spring and Autumn period, there are three important stages, namely, the study of Han and Tang Dynasty classics, Song and Yuan Yi and Qing Dynasty textual research. [20]
I. Pre-Qin Period.
The three hundred articles of the Spring and Autumn Period were originally circulated, applied and compiled. Confucius Founding Confucian poetry teaching. His theory of poetry teaching, and later the Warring States period Mencius The proposed methodology, Xunzi The view of Confucian literature (academic culture) has laid the theoretical foundation for the study of the Book of Songs in later generations. [21]
Second, Sinology period (Han to Tang).
In the early Han Dynasty, Poems became classics. In the early Han Dynasty, there were four schools that taught the Book of Songs: Qi Zhi Yuan Gusheng , Lu Zhi Shen Pei , Swallow Zhi A surname Zhao Zhi Maugen , 毛苌 Qi, Lu and Han poems were established as doctors and official schools in the Western Han Dynasty.
" Hanshu Confucian Biography "Said:" Hanxing... "Poetry", Yu Lu Shen Peigong, Yu Qi Yuan Gusheng, Yan Han Taifu." This only means that Shen, Yuan, and Han were masters who emerged in Lu, Qi, Yan, and so on. His "poetry" study only formed regional characteristics, and there was no clear division of factions. Only after the intervention of political forces did the dissemination of the study of poetry change from disorder to order. The epoch-making event in the history of the dissemination of poetry is the establishment of the Doctor of Poetry. [22]
In the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the internal development of Sinology was the conflict between Zheng Xuewang's learning and the South learning and the North learning. The northern study basically inherited the study of the Han Dynasty, the southern study inherited the study style of the Wei and Jin dynasties. The situation that each has its own teacher and its own origin not only causes the confusion in ideology and the difference in theory, but also makes the state lack of unified standards in the imperial examination.
At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, Confucian classics still followed the relationship between teachers and students since the southern and Northern Dynasties, and the situation of "teachers and teachers say many things" obviously did not adapt to the requirements of the unification of thought in the early Tang Dynasty, and the unification of the northern and southern Confucian classics and the style of study became the urgent task of political and ideological unification. Kong Yingda 的《毛诗正义》，完成了汉学各派的统一，成为《诗经》研究的第二个里程碑。 [23]
Three, Song learning period (Song to Ming).
In order to solve the contradictions of the late feudal society, the Song Dynasty reformed Confucianism, raised up the style of free research and empirical thinking, criticized and argued the study of the Book of Songs, and overwhelmed the study of Sinology. Zhu Xi 's Biography of Collected Poems "The Book of Songs" is the third milestone in the study of "The Book of Songs", which is based on Neo-Confucianism and focuses on the research results of exegetical interpretation and textual research.
Yuan and Ming are the continuation of Song learning. For hundreds of years, the Biography of Poetry had an authoritative position that must be trusted, and the study of Song Dynasty was rigid and empty at the end. It was not until the late Ming Dynasty that some achievements were made in the phonology and textual research of the Book of Songs. There are also literary studies on the Book of Songs in the poetry of Ming Dynasty. [21]
New Sinology period (Qing Dynasty).
The people of Qing Dynasty advocated the revival of Sinology, taking the restoration as liberation and asking for separation Neo-confucianism of Song and Ming dynasties The shackles of... In the early Qing Dynasty, the Book of Songs was thinly interpreted, and the study of Chinese in the Song Dynasty was popularized. The political pressure in the Qianjia period gave birth to the textual study school based on the study of ancient texts, which conducted extensive research on the characters, phonology, exegesis and famous objects of the Book of Songs. After the social crisis of Daoxian, the Jinwen School came into being. They collected and studied the three poems and propagated social reformism by giving play to their small words and great meanings. The struggle between modern literature and ancient literature began again in the new Sinology. Beyond the struggle between the schools of Song Study, Sinology, Qing modern and Qing ancient literature, there is also Yao Jiheng , Cui Shu , Fang Yurun The independent thinking school. [21]

Modern research

As an important turning point in the history of the study of Poetry, the study of the Book of Songs in the first half of the 20th century is different from the study of the Book of Songs before and after. The 1920s and 1930s are a special historical period, social transformation, cultural change, academic change, everything is in a new state of old and new. As early as the "May Fourth" before the old democratic revolution, to Lu Xun As a representative of the democratic revolutionaries, they studied the Book of Songs with the thought of revolutionary democracy.
In the research field of the Book of Songs, there are some traditional scholars such as Zhang Taiyan , Wu Kaisheng , Lin Yiguang There are also new scholars who have received modern education, have learned both Chinese and Western, and have higher comprehensive quality, such as Hu Shi , Wen Yiduo .
In terms of research results, under the control of Confucian classics, traditional scholars continued the traditional study of transmission and scribing, and made some achievements, with Wu Kaisheng's" The meaning of poetry can be understood "And Lin Yiguang's" General Interpretation of the Book of Songs "as representatives. Although it is a continuation of the study of Confucian classics, there are quite a lot of comprehending actions in it. These actions correspond to the research principles of modern "Book of Songs" and are a manifestation of the research situation of the old and the new. [21]
The academic achievements made by the new scholars under the guidance of the modern research concept were the mainstream of the study of the Book of Songs in this period, and represented the level that the study of the Book of Songs could reach at that time. Hu Shi is the pioneer of the study of the Book of Songs. Gu Jiegang The Status of the Book of Songs in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period Zhu Ziqing Fu Bixing Theory, Zhu Dongrun The works of modern scholars, such as the Theory of Poetic Heart and the Fan, Wen Yidduo's Song and Poetry, are far superior to the traditional works of Poetry with their systematic, methodical and meticulous characteristics. The most representative is Wen Yiduo, who put forward many novel opinions in his rich works on the study of the Book of Songs. He combined the methods of folklore, literary analysis and textual research to reveal the content and artistry of the Book of Songs, and initiated the new theory of the Book of Songs.
The study of the Book of Songs in the Republic of China was in a special period of the alternation of old and new academic paradigms, which determined that its academic thinking must have an absolute and one-sided side. Eager to overthrow the traditional study mode and open up a new situation of the study of the Book of Songs, this generation of scholars pay more attention to the shortcomings of the study of the traditional Book of Songs, especially rejecting the orthodox view of the study of poetry. This kind of understanding has a distinct color of The Times, has its specific historical value and significance, but its defects and deficiencies are also no doubt. In the long run, this will lead to Historical nihilism Hindering the objectivity, fairness and further research. [21]
Guo Moruo He is the originator of the modern translation of the Book of Songs and puts forward a scientific research system that applies the Book of Songs to the study of ancient history. The Study of Ancient Chinese Society, published in 1930, began to explore the forms of ancient Chinese society by extensively using historical documents such as Poems, books, changes, oracle bone inscriptions and gold texts. The Ten Critiques and The Age of Bronze, published in 1945, further developed the earlier views, revised some of the arguments, and established the theory of slave society in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The two books generally cite the Book of Songs as proof. In the Age of Slavery, published in 1952, a collection of research papers after the founding of the People's Republic, many articles in the book discussed the Book of Songs, especially the Discussion on the Society of the Zhou Dynasty and A Brief Talk about the Book of Songs, and made a comprehensive evaluation of the historical and literary value of the Book of Songs.
In the 20th century, the literary study of the Book of Songs has completely gone beyond the traditional research mode of exegesis, interpretation, perception and appreciation, and has made great breakthroughs in concept, method, depth and breadth. Modern literary interpretation on the basis of mastering the essential characteristics of literature and the law of development, pay attention to the combination of empirical, perceptive and theoretical analysis in the unity of the content and historical environment, image and cognition, form and content, emotion and thought, so as to dig its deep connotation through the surface of the work, and observe from the ideology of The Times and cultural spirit; In art, pay attention to the summary of his artistic image, to create the poetic conception of the method, reveal his artistic creation personality, style characteristics and specific means of expression and the impact on the development of literature. [24]
From the development outline above, it can be seen that the study of the Book of Songs for more than two thousand years mainly focuses on four aspects:
1. Research on the nature, times, compilation, system, teaching schools and research schools of the Book of Songs;
2. Research on the content and art form of each piece;
Third, the study of historical materials;
Iv. Textual research on characters, phonology, exegesis, and famous objects, as well as research materials such as collation and Jixia. [21]

Research finding

On February 3, 2019, the preliminary interpretation of bamboo slips unearthed from the tomb of Haihun Hou Liu He was completed, and more than 1,200 bamboo slips of the Haihun simplified "Book of Songs" exist. The content of the brief text is divided into articles and poems, you can see the contents of "The Book of Songs" 3005, "The Song", "Daya" 31, "" Guo" one hundred and sixty, "and so on, which record the number of articles. It is worth noting that the total number of chapters in the Haihun version of the Book of Songs is recorded as "all thousand seventy-six chapters" (1076 chapters), and there is a big gap between the current version of the book of Songs 1142 chapters. The discovery of the Haihun simple Book of Songs not only provides the ancient book of Songs with the most surviving characters, but also provides the possible appearance of Lushi in Han Dynasty. [25]

Value impact

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Social function

The compilation of the Book of Songs itself in the Spring and Autumn Period was mainly for application:
First, as the teaching text of learning music and reciting poetry; Second, it is used as a ritual song for the feast and sacrifice. Third, in diplomatic occasions or speech response as a tool to cite, so as to express meaning. [26]
In the Spring and Autumn Period, the diplomatic communication through composing poems was very extensive, which made the Book of Songs a very important tool at that time. In Zuo Zhuan, there are many records on this aspect, including those who wrote poems mocking each other (" Twenty-seventh Year of Xiang Gong "), those who were ridiculed for not understanding the meaning of each other's poems (" Twenty Years of Zhao Gong "), and those who were difficult for small countries to ask big countries for assistance (" Thirteen Years of Wen Gong "). These places of quoting poems, or remonstering, or commenting, or discriminating, or expressing, each has its own role, but there is one thing in common, that is, all the poems quoted are "out of context" - taking one or two without taking into account the meaning of the whole text. This phenomenon, in the Spring and Autumn period can be called "the trend". That is to say, the function of the Book of Songs at that time was not in itself, but in "composing poems and expressing aspirations". If you want to say something, you will quote what poem, poetry for the purpose of serving, do not care about the meaning of the poem, but care about whether the content of the quote can explain the said ambition. This is a real but distorted application of the Book of Songs in the Spring and Autumn Period.
On the other hand, the function expression of the poem, which is in line with the literary function of the Book of Songs, is the real "poetry" -- reflecting and expressing the understanding of the role and social significance of literature, and is the embryonic form of Chinese literary criticism in the early stage. As... Xiao Ya · section Nanshan "My father recites to the king's road." "Daya Minlao" : "The king wants to jade, is to use great remongition" and so on. The author of poetry is aware of the purpose and attitude of his poetry, and uses poetry to express his thoughts and feelings, to express his attitude towards society and life, so as to achieve the purpose of singing praises, praising, remonstering and satirizing. This is the real sense of the poem, but also to make the poem truly fit the literary function of the Book of Songs and literary criticism.
On the other hand, the social function of the Book of Songs is that the society (including the scholar-officials and the rulers of the court) use it to promote and implement self-cultivation and governing the state, which is one of the purposes of the compilation of the Book of Songs, and also some scholar-officials at the time of the book of Songs and after the book of Songs was produced.
Confucius attached great importance to the Book of Songs and repeatedly admonished his disciples and his son to learn the Book of Songs. Confucius thought: "Poetry" can flourish, can be viewed, can be group, can complain." (" Yang Goods ") This is Confucius made the "Book of Songs" with a high generalization of "prosperity, observation, group, resentment", and he believes that the "Book of Songs" has a greater social function of the reason. Confucius's theory of "Xing, observing, group and complaining" explains the social function of the Book of Songs, not only points out the literary characteristics of the book of Songs, which infects people with images, arouses readers' imagination and association, but also conforms to society and life, and achieves practical effects. [26]

Historical and folk values

From the perspective of historical value, the Book of Songs actually fully reflects the history of the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period, and records the historical development and reality from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn period in an all-round, multi-sided and multi-angle manner. It covers a wide range of aspects, including almost all aspects of society - politics, economy, military, folk customs, culture, literature, art and so on. When describing this historical stage in the history books of later historians, a considerable part of it is based on the records of the Book of Songs. For example, "Living People" and other epics in Daya were originally hymns to the ancestors, which were ancestor worship poems. They recorded the history of Zhou from the late stage of the matriarchal clan society to the destruction of Shang Dynasty and the founding of Zhou, and praised the brilliant achievements of Hou Ji, Gong Liu, Tai Wang, Wang Ji, King Wen, King Wu, etc. The historical value of these poems is obvious, they record the emergence and development of the Zhou clan and the historical process of destroying the Shang dynasty, building the Zhou Dynasty and unifying the world, record the important historical conditions such as the great migration and the great war in this historical development process, reflect the political, economic, folk customs, military and other aspects of the Zhou clan, and leave precious historical materials for future generations. Although these historical materials are mixed with mythological content, there is no denying that there are historical facts that can be believed. [26]
The folk value of the Book of Songs is also obvious, including love, marriage, sacrifice and many other aspects. Such as "邶 wind · quiet girl" wrote the noble men and women young love each other; 邶 Wind the End Wind is a ballad about men and women flirting with each other; Zheng Feng: Out of His East Gate It reflects the man's single-mindedness in love. These poems, which reflect and express various marriage situations from different aspects and angles, comprehensively reflect the folk customs of different places in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period, which is a good material to understand the history of marriage in ancient China, and can also understand the different attitudes and views of marriage between men and women in ancient times.
In the Book of Songs, many poems describing the sacrificial scenes or scenes, as well as the carols directly describing the sacrificial activities of the Zongmiao Temple, have left folk materials about the sacrificial activities for the later generations. For example, in "邶 Wind · Jian Xi", it is written about "ten thousand dances", as well as the movements and dances of the actors who dance "ten thousand dances", telling people about the specific situation of the dances similar to witch dances used in ancestral temples or imperial courts. More formal poems that record the content of the sacrifice are mainly concentrated in the "Ode" poem. Such as "Day" recorded into the king sacrificial Qishan, "Haotian has destiny" for the outskirts of the world when the song. These poems fully express the Zhou people's respect and devotion to ancestors, gods, heaven and earth, eulogizes and prayers in the form of sacrificial singing, reflecting the people's good feelings of praying and respecting heaven and fearing fate to emperors and ancestors at that time, reflecting the mentality and folk conditions of people in ancient times, and being valuable folk materials. [26]

Rites and music culture and other values

One of the distinctive characteristics of Zhou Dynasty culture produced a culture of rites and music that was different from the previous generation and deeply influenced the future generations. Among them, the rites integrate the thoughts and systems of the Zhou Dynasty, while the music has the function of education. The Book of Songs reflects and expresses the ritual and music culture of the Zhou Dynasty to a considerable extent and has become a preservation The rites of Zhou One of the valuable documents.
For example, "Xiao Ya", "South You Jia Yu" and "South Mountain has a platform", are all the movements of Yan Yi, they are Yan music guests, or ministers praise the son of heaven; And "Xiang Xiao" is the song of the king of Yanyuan. It can be seen that the Zhou Dynasty has adopted the etiquette policy of good-neighborly friendship towards the neighboring countries, which reflects the wide application of rites and music in the Zhou Dynasty. Another example is "Xiaoya · Tong Bow", which recounts that the Son of Heaven gave the meritorious princes with Tong bows, indicating that since the beginning of Zhou, for the meritorious princes in the country, the Son of Zhou should give the bow arrows, and even be issued in the form of a grand ceremony. In contrast, "Xiao Ya · Deer Ming" is more representative, this poem is the king of the banquet of ministers and guests. "The ritual of Zhou Gong is listed in the poem of Sheng Song with" Deer Singing "." Zhu Xi thought it was written in the poem of "universal music of Yan Dining", which not only enjoyed the guests, but also involved the Tao (" Show me to the week ") and de (" Deyin Kong Zhao "), thus showing that "the song Wen Wang's way of music is the law of later generations".
In addition to the gift of Yanzhai, the "Book of Songs" reflects the culture of rites and music as well as: "Zhaonan · Zou Yu" describes the "spring search gift" of spring field hunting; "Xiao Ya · Che Attack" and "Xiao Ya · Jiri" describe King Xuan of Zhou and the princes field hunting; "Xiao Ya · Chuzi", "Xiao Ya · Futian" and "Xiao Ya · Datian" describe the worship of ancestors, the worship of God and the gods of the four corners, the later soil and the former nong. "Zhou Ode" in many written worshipping Wen king, worshipping heaven and earth, can understand the sacrifice; "Xiaoya Yuanyang" praises the noble gentleman newlyweds, "Xiaoya Zhanbiluo" shows that the Zhou king will review the six armies, can respectively understand the wedding, military salute and so on. [26]

Literary influence

The Book of Songs has a high position and far-reaching influence in the history of Chinese literature, which has laid the fine tradition of Chinese poetry and formed the national characteristics of Chinese poetry art. [27]
First, the spirit and tradition of realism
The Book of Songs is based on the real life of society, without false and grotesque, and with few supernatural myths. The sacrifices, banquets and farming activities described in the book are the products of the social economy and ritual and music culture of the Zhou Dynasty. The narrative of the prevailing political and social styles, war corvee, marriage and love show the political conditions, social life and customs of the Zhou Dynasty. The spiritual tradition of "the worker sings his own thing" has been inherited and carried forward for generations to come.
Second, lyric poetry tradition
Since the Book of Songs, lyric poetry has become one of the main forms of poetry.
Third, elegance and literary innovation
The passion for reality, strong political and moral consciousness, and sincere and positive attitude towards life in the Book of Songs Qu Yuan Inherited and carried forward, was summed up by later generations as "elegant" spirit [27] .
Later poets often advocate the spirit of "elegance" to carry out literary innovation. Chen Ziang Lamenting the "lack of elegance" [28] , Li Bai Lament "Daya long do not do, I decay actually who Chen. [29] " Du Fu It is also "the fake body pro-style" [30] , Bai Juyi He called Zhang Ji "a man of elegant style who has never written in vain." [31] As well as many outstanding poets in the Tang Dynasty, all inherited the spirit of "elegance". And this spirit in the creation after the Tang Dynasty, from the Song Dynasty Lu You Extended to the late Qing Dynasty Huang Zunxian .
Four, Fu Bixing's example
The expression of "Fu, comparison and xing" in the Book of Songs has been inherited and developed in the creation of ancient poetry, and has become an important feature of ancient Chinese poetry. The Book of Songs also proves the artistic creativity of the working people with distinct facts. The repetitive form of folk songs, the accuracy, image and beautiful language of the Book of Songs have been widely absorbed and applied by later generations of poets and writers. With its profound social content and beautiful art form, the Book of Songs attracts the later generations of scholars to pay attention to and learn from folk songs. The flexible and varied poetic forms and vivid and rich language of the Book of Songs have also exerted an important influence on the literature of the later generations. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Cao Cao, Ji Kang and others studied the Book of Songs and composed poems in four characters. The poems such as Fu, ode, Proverbs and Ming in the history of literature are also related to the Book of Songs. [27]
The birth of the Book of Songs (including production, collection and compilation) first established a new form of poetry in the history of Chinese poetry - four-character style. Before the Book of Songs, although poetry had been born, it did not have its own fixed style, and it was still in oral form, generally dominated by two words. By the time of "The Book of Songs", Chinese poetry began to really lay its own creative pattern and formed a relatively stable form, that is to say, the real start of Chinese poetry began in the "The Book of Songs" era.
The Book of Songs not only established the first tangible historical stage in the history of Chinese poetry - four-character poetry, but also affected the poetry creation of later generations: first, the five-character poetry and seven-character poetry of later generations, especially the five-character poetry, is a breakthrough and expansion on its basis; Second, even in the Five and seven characters era, there were still writers who created many four-character poems, following the form of the Book of Songs.
From the point of view of poetic rhythm, the Book of Songs has also set a precedent for later poetry, especially in the aspects of rhyme form and rhyme part of poetry, which has important value and significance in the history of poetry creation.
More importantly, "The Book of Songs" in the creation of the first art style of photography, with its simple, real, vivid language, realistic depiction and expression of things, characters and social characteristics, artistic representation of the nature of society, for the later literary creation (especially poetry creation) to provide a model and reference model for artistic photography. To be specific, the Book of Songs painted a social and historical picture for the time and the later generations, truly reflecting the face of the ancient society, eulogizing the industrious and brave people of the ancient times, criticizing the meanness and shamelessness of the ruling class, and leaving a three-dimensional and concrete historical picture for the later generations, which is a rich and vivid encyclopedia of the ancient times.

Extraterritorial influence

East Asian influence
" History of the Han Dynasty Recorded in the Western Han Dynasty The western regions Many aristocrats from all countries came Chang 'an Studying Chinese culture, 1959-1979 in Xinjiang 连续发掘的吐鲁番出土文书中有《毛诗郑笺小雅》残卷 [32] It is confirmed to be a relic of the 5th century. New and old "Book of Tang" also recorded, passed Silk Road China carried out economic and cultural exchanges with West Asia and Rome, and most Persians had Chinese scholars. Published in the second year of Tang Jianzhong (781) Daqin Nestorianism popular Chinese stele The author of" Keng Jing It was a Syrian, and he quoted the Book of Songs 20 or 30 times in the inscription, which proves that the Book of Songs has a long history from the Silk Road. [33]
Buyuan Book of Songs eight volumes (Song) Zhu Xi collection
Cultural exchanges between China and the Indo-Chinese Peninsula and the Indo-Pakistani subcontinent also began in the Han Dynasty. Emperor Wudi had conquered South Vietnam, divided nine counties, and carried out the education of Han Dynasty. The Book of Songs, as the first of the five Classics, was bound to enter. During the long exchanges in ancient times, the countries in these regions had people who were well versed in Sinology. in Vietnam According to historical records, the tenth Li Dynasty took the Book of Songs as the content of the examination, and the twelfth Li Dynasty took the sentence of Xiaoya Qingjia as the title, and all scholars were familiar with the Book of Songs. Since the 12th century, many translations of ancient Vietnamese literature have appeared, and the poems and allusions of the Book of Songs have been widely quoted in Vietnamese poems and literary stories, which has influenced the development of Vietnamese literature, and some idioms have been preserved in the modern Vietnamese language.
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Five Classics of China were introduced into Korea. [34] . In 958, the imperial examination system was implemented in the Goryeo Dynasty, and the Book of Songs was made an examination subject for scholars. Lecturing on the Book of Songs has been a tradition in Korea for centuries. By the 16th century, the Korean university scholar Hui Mu studied Chinese classics, and still preserved his "poetry" theory, which fully implemented Confucius' poetry teaching thought [35] . Qing Qiu Yongyan, the first collection of Korean poetry compiled and published in the early 18th century, opened up a broad road for the creation of modern Korean poetry, and its preamble states that its compilation was based on Confucius' thought and experience in compiling the Book of Songs [36] . The Chinese department of 67 universities in South Korea teaches the Book of Songs, of which 34 have set up compulsory or optional courses on the Study of the Book of Songs. [37]
Tang Dynasty Japan When the Tang envoy came to Chang 'an to study, more and more Chinese scholars went to Japan to give lectures, which promoted the development of Japanese feudal culture. The first Japanese translation appeared in the 9th century, and since then, there has been no interruption in selected translation, full translation and review. The translation, explanation and reproduction of Chinese classics have become the academic atmosphere for several centuries, making the Book of Songs widely spread. The development of Japanese poetry is closely related to the Book of Songs, and the poetic style, content and style of Waka are deeply influenced by the Book of Songs Ji Guanzhi (? - 946)" Collections of ancient and modern Waka songs 》的序言几乎是《毛诗大序》的翻版， Makoto Mekata The translation has been evaluated as trustworthy, elegant, and welcomed by researchers and literature lovers [38] . Contemporary Japanese scholars established the Japan Book of Songs Society in the 1970s and published the journal "Book of Songs Research".
The Book of Songs is another eight-volume corpus of body Notes in Qimao Year of Qing Jiaqing
The Book of Songs is here Europe The spread of the book began in the 16th century, through the translation of missionaries in China to European readers. From the beginning of the 19th century France With the rise of European Sinology as the center, the translation of the Book of Songs showed a prosperous scene, and the main European languages had full translations, and tended to be elegant and accurate. There was a controversy between the rhyme school and the rhyme school as to whether to translate loosely or rhyme. Wiley's translation can be regarded as a typical example of the pursuit of "elegance" in Western translation, and the original work is translated into beautiful lyric poetry. In order to reflect the ideological and artistic nature of the original work, the original system and order of works are disrupted, and the content is re-classified. The appendix also compares the Book of Songs as a representative of Chinese poetry with European poetry. Gao Benhan's translation can be regarded as a typical pursuit of "faith", he is a linguist, in exegesis, dialect, ancient verse, ancient literature research and so on. These two translations have been influential in the West for decades. [39]
Euro-american influence
North America Translation of the Book of Songs began in the early 20th century. A large number of individual translations have been found in periodicals and various anthologies, and important translations include Imagist masters, leaders of the American New poetry movement Ezra Pound (E. Pound, 1885-1972), selected translation of the Poems of Confucius (1954), the full translation by Hai Tao Wei (J.R. Hightower), the full translation by McNaughton (Wenaughton). Pound's English translation has aroused heated discussion, and he especially praised the classic Chinese poetry with the Book of Songs as its source for American readers.
Tsarist Russia At that time, there were 15 versions of the Book of Songs (selected and complete). After the 1950s, due to the great progress in Sino-Soviet relations and cultural exchanges, the translators were all experts in ancient Chinese literature and academicians of the Academy of Sciences, with Academicians Wang Xili, Shtukin and Federline having the greatest influence.
Poland , Czech Republic , Romania , Hungary There are also translations of the Book of Songs. With the changes in the world political pattern, some countries and regions with slow economic and cultural development developed rapidly after independence. Singapore , Malaysia The Book of Songs is being spread across the Indian and Pakistani subcontinents. Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences To translate the Book of Songs into full Vietnamese as a national project, Mongolian The full translation is also nearing completion. The Book of Songs is being spread around the world in dozens of languages, and there are chapters about the book of Songs in the textbooks of World Literature History in all countries. The study of the Book of Songs is the hot spot of Sinology in the world. [33]

Historical evaluation

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EDITOR
Confucius "Poem 300, in a word, thinking without evil." [40] "If you don't learn poetry, you have no words." [41]
Mencius "Praising his poems and reading his books, I don't know who he is." It is to judge the world."
Xunzi "The beginning is the chanting of sutras and the end is the reading of rites." [42]
Sima Qian "Rites" to the people, "Music" to the development of harmony, "book" to the Tao, "poetry" to express meaning, "Yi" to the Tao, "Spring and Autumn" to moral." To rectify the chaos of times and vice versa, there is nothing like the Spring and Autumn Annals."
Dong Zhongshu "Heard 'poetry without interpretation, easy to reach account, spring and autumn without words, from the change from righteousness, and one to serve people. '"
He Xiu "When men and women have a grudge, they sing; when they work, they sing; when they starve, they sing."
Zhu Xi "The so-called wind of all poems, mostly out of the alley songs, the so-called men and women singing songs, each say their feelings." Zhu Xi put forward clearly for the first time that "The Book of Songs" is the alley song (folk song) theory; The second is the lewd poem. Especially when talking about "Zheng wind", he thinks that "Zheng wind" is nine out of ten poems.
Liang Qichao "Existing pre-Qin ancient books, true and false mixed, almost no books without problems, its true gold and jade, the word can be trusted, the Book of Songs its first also."
Hu Shi "The Book of Songs is not a classic, but a collection of ancient ballads."
Lu Xun "(The Book of Songs is) the oldest poetry collection in China", "In terms of nature, the wind, the love poems of the street; The elegant, the song of the court; The song of the temple."
M. EdouardBiot: "[The Book of Songs is] one of the finest genre paintings that we have received from East Asia, and a document of indisputable authenticity."
Federline: "The Book of Songs is a unique encyclopedia in ancient China."
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