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Zhu Yuanzhang

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Founding emperor of Ming Dynasty

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Emperor Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang (October 21, 1328 - June 24, 1398), styled Guorui, ^[1] His original name was Zhu Chongba and Zhu Xingzong. Haozhou (now Fengyang, Anhui) Zhong left people. ^[288] Ming Dynasty The founding Emperor (reigned 1368-1398), ^[240] The year name is "Hongwu".

Zhu Yuanzhang was 25 years old Guo Zixing leading Red Turbans , rebel Yuan Dynasty . ^[3] It was captured in the sixteenth year (1356) Jiqing road , be renamed Ying Tian In the 24th year of Zheng (1364), he was called King of Wu. He is dying out Chen Youliang , Zhang Shicheng In the first year of Wu Dynasty (1367), the separatist forces dispatched them with the call of "expelling Hu Rupp and restoring China" Xu Da , Chang Yuchun A northern expedition to overthrow the Yuan Dynasty. Hongwu first year (1368) in the first month, that is, the emperor is located in Ying Tianfu, the country name Daming, year name Hongwu. ^[4] It was captured in the autumn of the same year mostly The Yuan Dynasty ended its rule throughout the country. ^[289] Since then, several generals have been sent north to attack Northern Yuan Dynasty The remnants. In the fourth year of Hongwu (1371), he destroyed the summer and flattened Sichuan. In the tenth year of Hongwu (1377), Yunnan was flattened and the whole country was gradually unified. ^[288]

During the reign of Zhu Yuanzhang, politically, it was strengthened Centralized system , ^[5] abrogate Prime minister (in feudal China) and Chinese book province ; abrogate province , suppose Sanji Division of local power; Govern with strict and fierce, control your subjects with heavy rules, and severely punish corrupt officials and illegal fathers. ^[6] Since then, he has repeatedly revived the prison, and pursued the "adulterers"; rise Literary inquisition ", use The Imperial Bodyguard Set up Exhort a prisoner into custody "Again." truncheon "Of the system. ^[288] Militarily, implementation Weisuo system . Economically, immigration Station troops to open up farmland and Military settlement Tax relief, measurement of the country's land, checking accounts and so on ^{7 [8]} . Culturally, we should pay close attention to education and establish The Imperial College Cultivate talents, sure Take a man with eight strands Of; ^[9] In foreign relations, the establishment of" A country without taxes ". ^[10] Under his rule, social production gradually recovered and developed. The rule of Hongwu ". ^[11]

Hongwu thirty-one years (1398), Zhu Yuanzhang died of illness, at the age of seventy-one, posthumous title Open Day street Zhaoji very holy to God, benevolence, justice Wu Junde successful high emperor, ^[12] Temple name Taizu, ^[287] Be buried in Ming mausoleum . Succession of great grandson Zhu Yunwen .

Historical record

The last six years of Zhu Yuanzhang: killed half the court 2021-09-25 09:11

The facts of the future always slapped them both hard and unintentionally. Perhaps because there was no thorn, the emperor's authority, which was not very easy to grasp, became unusually slippery, and the emperor's great-grandson could not grasp it and lost it. ... details

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Full name: Zhu Yuanzhang
alias: Zhu Xingzong ^[288] , Zhu Hongwu
word: National shure
Posthumous title: Open the sky street Zhaoji set up a great holy to God, benevolence, justice, Wujunde successful emperor ^[13]
title: Duke of Wu (Han Liner), King of Wu (self-styled, before declaring himself emperor) ^[61] ^[88]
Temple number: The first founder of a dynasty
Year number: Dragon and phoenix (using Han Liner nian title), Wu (before declaring himself emperor), Hongwu ^[89] ^[286]
age: Ming Dynasty
Ethnic group: The Han nationality ^[2]
Place of Birth: Haozhou bell from Dongxiang (Located in Fengyang County, Anhui Province)
Date of birth: October 21, 1328 (September 18, 1st calendar year)

Date of death: June 24, 1398 (On the tenth of May in the thirty-first year of Hong Wu)
Place of death: Western Palace of the Forbidden City ^[285] (Located in present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu Province)
mausoleum: Ming mausoleum
Place of burial: Xuanwu District, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province
Time in place: From 1368 to 1398
succeed: Ming Huizong Zhu Yunwen
Major achievement: Set up Ming Dynasty To overthrow the Yuan Dynasty
Recuperate, create The rule of Hongwu
Major work: The monument of the Ming Imperial Mausoleum , Written admonition , The imperial records are not recorded , Emperor Ming ancestral instruction , Ming Taizu Baoxun , Concentrate on the Diamond Sutra , dogmatism , Three religions , 习唐太宗圣教序 ^[287]
eigenname: Zhu Chongba ^[288]

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EDITOR

From a poor background

Yuanwen school On September 18, the first year of the calendar year (October 21, 1328), Zhu Yuanzhang was born into a poor peasant family. ^[14] Be the father of Zhu Shizhen His mother is Chen. ^[15-17] Zhu Yuanzhang ranked fourth in the family, family brothers ranked eighth, so the name Zhu heavy eight. ^[18] Zhu Yuanzhang's ancestral home is in Pei Xiangxian County And there was a migration Jurong Lived in Zhujia lane. ^[14] Zhu Yuanzhang refers to himself as his grandfather in the Imperial Mausoleum Stele and the Zhu Shi De Stele The lunar New Year At the end of the Song Dynasty and the beginning of the Yuan rate of a family from Jurong to Huaibei, reclamation Song and Yuan Wars After Arada, settle Sizhou Xuyi County . father Zhu Shizhen (Zhu 54) At the age of fifty Haozhou Zhong Li County In the east township, Zhu Yuanzhang was born there. Ten years later, he moved to the west village of Bell away, and finally moved to the lonely village of Taiping Township. ^[19]

principal In 1343, there was a drought in Haozhou. The next spring, there was another serious one Locust plague and plague . In less than half a month, Zhu Yuanzhang's father, eldest brother and mother died successively. Only Zhu Yuanzhang and the second brother were left, and the family had no money to buy a coffin, or even a piece of land to bury their loved ones, Zhu Yuanzhang recalled the situation at that time: "No coffin, the body was evil, floating three feet, drink He Yaoshi!" ^{19-20] [} Neighbor Liu Jizu They were given a burial plot. The two brothers found some rags to wrap the bodies and buried their parents on the Liu family's land. ^[21] In order to survive, Zhu Yuanzhang, his second brother, sister-in-law and nephew were forced to separate and escape. ^[22]

Travel far and wide

Zhu Yuanzhang, Emperor Taizu of Ming Dynasty

Zhu Yuanzhang in desperation, went to defect Huangjue Temple The monk Gao Bin, shaved as a monk. ^[23] In the temple, he swept the floor, burned incense, struck the bell, beat the drum, cooked and washed the clothes, and was scolded by the old monk. Soon, the local famine, the temple can not get alms, the abbot had to send monks to travel to beg for alms. ^[24] In this way, Zhu Yuanzhang, only 17 years old, had to leave the monastery and wander. ^[25]

Zhu Yuanzhang walked and begged. He arrived south from Haozhou Hefei (Capital of Anhui Province) And then turn west Henan (Province) , here we are Gushi City , Xinyang And walked north again Ruzhou , Chenzhou Wait, east longitude Luyi , Bozhou He returned to the temple in the eighth year of Zhizheng (1348). ^[26] In the three years he has been here, he has been everywhere Huaixi Dayi, the famous capital of Zhu Yuanzhang, came into contact with local customs, saw the world, broadened his horizon, and accumulated social life experience, which had a profound impact on his life. And three years on the road, that's exactly what The peasant uprising at the end of the Yuan The time of the storm. It is widely spread in the society that "the Ming king was born, and all sentient beings were born" White Lotus Religion The same propaganda is being made. Zhu Yuanzhang in the wandering, also came into contact with such propaganda. ^[27-28]

Vote for the Red Turbans

National contradiction And the intensifying class contradictions, coupled with frequent natural disasters, cornered poor farmers have to take risks. In May of the eleventh year (1351), Han Shantong , Liu Futong in Yingzhou The uprising, the soldiers wrapped their heads in red scarves, known as" Red Turbans "And pushed Han Shantong For the Ming King. ^[28] Then, Xu Shouhui Arise from Qizhou , Li Er , Peng Da , Zhao Junyong Arise from Xuzhou . Within months, the response was overwhelming.

The following year (1352) on January 11, Dingyuan County County local tycoon Guo Zixing unite Sun Deya And so on, tens of thousands of people rose and responded. ^{[30] 29 -} Guo Zixing Gather people to burn incense and become local White Lotus Club The leader of... On February 27, the rebels took it Haozhou Later, Guo Zixing proclaimed himself Marshal. Subsequently, Guo Zixing according to Haozhou and stick, the order is clear. ^[31]

Zhu Yuanzhang received childhood friends Tang Hoa A letter inviting him to attend Guo Zixing The rebel Army. Just at this time, his brother secretly told him that someone knew this letter and would go to the informant. So Zhu Yuanzhang went to join Guo Zixing's army of Red turbans. This year, Zhu Yuanzhang was twenty-five years old. ^[3]

Primus of the rebel army

A budding wife and a new name

After joining the army, Zhu Yuanzhang fought bravely, witty and flexible, and quickly gained Guo Zixing's appreciation, so Zhu Yuanzhang was transferred to the Shuai office and appointed as Troops of one's own accord Nine husbands. ^{[33] 32 -} Zhu Yuanzhang Be smart and capable Do things right, in war Take the lead Soon, Zhu Yuanzhang's good reputation in the army spread. Guo Zixing also regarded him as a confidant, always discuss important things with Zhu Yuanzhang. ^[34-35]

then Guo Zixing He had an adopted daughter who was his best friend A surname My daughter. After Ma Gong's death, his youngest daughter was adopted by Guo Zixing. Guo Zixing See Zhu Yuanzhang is a talent, so they adopted daughter Ma Shi married Zhu Yuanzhang, ^[36] From then on, the army changed to call him Zhu Childe, Zhu Yuanzhang another official name Yuan Zhang, the word Guorui. ^[37]

The rebels split up and struck out on their own

Xu Da, who met Zhu Yuanzhang in the early days^[38]

Of the time Haozhou City The Red Turbans had five marshals. Guo Zixing One school of thought, Sun Deya With the other three marshals, there were many contradictions between the two factions. In September of that year, commander of the Xuzhou Red Towel Army Sesame plum Killed by the Yuan Army, his lieutenant-general Peng Da and Zhao Junyong Rate of soldiers to Haozhou, Peng Da and Guo Zixing Good friends, and Sun Deya and others are co-opted Zhao.

In Sun Deya instigation, Zhao kidnapped Guo Zixing, and Guo Zixing to the Sun home to beat up, ready to kill him. Zhu Yuanzhang heard the news, in Peng Da With the support of the army rescued Guo Zixing. Since then, the animosity between the two groups has deepened. ^{39 - [40]}

See you, Zhu Yuanzhang Haozhou Chengzhu generals struggle for power and gain, determined to rely on their own strength to create a new situation. In the middle of June of the thirteenth year of Zheng (1353), Zhu Yuanzhang returned to his hometown to recruit soldiers, and his acquaintances in the same village heard that Zhu Yuanzhang had become the leader of the Red Scarf Army, and they came to serve. So he soon recruited more than seven hundred soldiers and returned to Haozhou. Guo Zixing was very happy and promoted Zhu Yuanzhang to be the town governor. ^{[40 and 41]}

Seize cities and land to recruit men

This winter, Peng Da's son Peng Zaozhu Call oneself King of Luhuai Zhao Jun with self-proclaimed The Eternal Righteousness King , while Guo Zixing Wait is still the marshal. Zhu Yuanzhang saw that these people did not leave the city of Haozhou for half a year, so he selected his confidants from his recruits Xu Da , Tang Hoa Wait for the 24 men to leave the city, South Dingyuan County . ^[42] On the way to the south, Zhu Yuanzhang first summoned 3,000 militiamen from Zhangjiapu Donkey Pai Village, and then summoned 800 men from Qin Zhitou.

Commanding this team, Zhu Yuanzhang headed east and conquered Dingyuan by night Hoenggansan The Yuan barracks, Marshal Mio Tycoon Surrender. Zhu Yuanzhang selected twenty thousand strong Han men from his army and organized them into his army and marched south Chuzhou . ^[43]

On the way south to Chuzhou, Dingyuan celebrity Lee Sun Jang I'd like to see you. Li Shanchang and Zhu Yuanzhang hit it off, Li Shanchang to Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty Liu Bang as an example to persuade Zhu Yuanzhang: just follow Liu Bang Know a man well and serve him well Do not kill, will soon be able to pacify the world. Zhu Yuanzhang thought it was very reasonable, so Li Shanchang did the shogunate secretary, and charged Li Shanchang to coordinate the relationship between the generals and create a great cause. ^{[44] 43 -}

Xiao Ci High Queen Ma Shi^[46]

Zhu Yuanzhang is very fast down Chuzhou His own nephew Zhu Wenzheng brother-in-law Li Zhen With the nephew Bao (later named Li Wenzhong Come and seek refuge. From their mouth, Zhu Yuanzhang learned that the second brother, the third brother, the sister died. There were Dingyuan orphans at that time Mu Ying Therefore, Zhu Yuanzhang took these three children as adopted sons and changed their surname to Zhu. Later, Zhu Yuanzhang adopted more than 20 adopted sons. ^[45] In Zhu Yuanzhang attack Chuzhou A surname Guo Zixing By Zhao Junuse, Sun Deya As a result, not long after Zhu Yuanzhang conquered Chuzhou City, Guo Zixing Also came to Chuzhou. Zhu Yuanzhang immediately handed over military power, thirty thousand people of the team, strict discipline, military appearance and integrity, Guo Zixing saw very happy.

The clean-up of military discipline is popular

principal Fifteen years (1355), Zhu Yuanzhang conquered He County . Guo Zixing Immediately appoint Zhu Yuanzhang as commander in chief and take command of Hezhou. ^[47] Once, Zhu Yuanzhang went out and saw a child crying, Zhu Yuanzhang asked him why he was crying and answered that he was waiting for his father. Zhu Yuanzhang a careful inquiry only to know that the original child's father and mother are in the camp, the father in the camp horse, mother and father dare not recognize each other, had to match brother and sister.

Zhu Yuanzhang realized that there were problems with the military discipline of the troops, after they broke the city, disturbing the people, looting women, so that the troops would lose people's hearts. Therefore, Zhu Yuanzhang gathered his generals, affirmed discipline, ordered the return of married women in the army, and reunited many separated couples in the city. The incident was widely publicized and Zhu Yuanzhang won the hearts of the people. ^{48 - [49]}

Suspend the title of king and expand the power

During the year, Guo Zixing Died of illness, Xiaoming Wang Han Liner Appointed the son of Guo Zixing Guo Tianxu Marshal Weidu, brother-in-law Zhang Tianyou The right Vice marshal and Zhu Yuanzhang the left Vice marshal. Nominally, the marshal is the master of the army, and the right vice-marshal has a higher status than the left vice-marshal. However, most of the troops of Chuzhou and He were recruited and organized by Zhu Yuanzhang, and Zhu Yuanzhang was more than a member of the army Guo Tianxu and Zhang Tianyou Brave, resourceful, and talented. So Zhu Yuanzhang actually became the coach of the team. Zhu Yuanzhang was unwilling to be subject to the Xiaoming king, but considered Han and Song Dynasties The power is strong, can use its power, so Dragon and phoenix Mark the years and give orders to the army. ^{[51] 50 -}

Zhu Yuanzhang pursued Huizhou counsellor Zhu Sheng Proposed" High walls, wide grain, slow king "The strategy, ^[52] Quickly and secretly expand their own strength, these three strategies are the guiding ideology of Zhu Yuanzhang's early development.

Capture Ying Tian

Capture the peace from the marshal

Zhu Yuanzhang is here Hoa Chau After a few months, food supplies became a problem. Opposite and close to the southern bank of the Yangtze River Peace and tranquility , Wuhu It's rich in rice, but there are no boats. Two Red Turbans just happened to be there Chaohu Lake The water army came to attach, Zhu Yuanzhang personally deal with the merger.

In July, more than a thousand Chaohu naval forces broke through the Yuan blockade and arrived in Hezhou. Zhu Yuanzhang's marching horse army boarded the Chaohu Water Army ships and crossed the Yangtze River from Hezhou east. Reaching the quarry on the other side, Chang Yuchun Led the army to attack, conquered the quarry, and obtained a large amount of food. The soldiers wanted to bring grain and spoils back to the state and enjoy them. See this, Zhu Yuanzhang decisively ordered people to cut the ship cable, let the ship down the river, cut off the retreat. The soldiers saw that there was no way to retreat, one by one, under the leadership of Zhu Yuanzhang to conquer Taiping.

Entering Taiping, Zhu Yuanzhang reiterated military discipline, strictly forbade plunder, and some soldiers violated the prohibition and were immediately executed, so Zhu Yuanzhang's army was supported by the local people. Zhu Yuanzhang then set the Taiping Xingguo wing commander's office, do his marshal, appointed Li Shanchang for the chief's office. In this way, Zhu Yuanzhang began to stabilize the base of the work. ^[53]

Nanjing Stone City

Capture the Jiqing set up a response to the Tianfu

By March 1356, sixteenth year, Zhang Shicheng in Yangtze river delta Zone offensive, attack Jiangnan Yuan army. Taking this opportunity, Zhu Yuanzhang personally led the army of water and land, the third attack Kikhanh . On the third day, break into the city Chen Zhaoxian The army camp, with 36,000 of its men surrendered. However, Zhu Yuanzhang saw that the army was doubtful, and the army was uncertain. ^[54] So Zhu Yuanzhang selected five hundred warriors from the army to guard the army at night, and only left his own soldiers to command Feng Guoyong One person. ^[55] The next day, the army know this matter, are very moved, all doubts disappear, willing to follow Zhu Yuanzhang. Therefore, the war went very smoothly, and in less than ten days, Zhu Yuanzhang captured Jiqing.

After Zhu Yuanzhang entered the city, he ordered to appease the people and change the collection of Qing Ying Tianfu . ^[56] Xiao Ming King Han Liner After receiving the report, Zhu Yuanzhang was promoted Privy Council He was soon promoted to the rank of Jiangnan and other lines in the book province Flat Chapter. Zhu Yuanzhang set up the Grand Marshal's Palace in Yingtian to build Kangyi Liao Yongan For the army marshal, Li Shanchang for the left and right division Lang. ^{[58] 57 -}

Occupied Jiangzuo Jin to seal the duke

By the seventeenth year (1357), Geng Bingwen Changxing was captured by Xu Da and Changzhou was captured by Zhu Yuanzhang himself Ningguo . therewith Zhao Jizu g Jiangyin Xu Dake Changshu. Hu Dahai Gram Huizhou, Chang Yuchun g Chizhou , Mio Tycoon A surname. ^[59]

In the nineteenth year of Zheng (1359), Zhu Yuanzhang successively conquered the remaining parts of eastern Zhejiang, and often met Chunke Quzhou , Hu Heike A surname At this point, Zhu Yuanzhang controlled Jiang Left and Zhejiang Right, to the west and Chen Youliang The parts are adjacent. ^[60]

It is May, Xiao Ming Wang promoted Zhu Yuanzhang Instrument with three division , Jiangnan and other places Travel in the book province In the first month of the 21st year (1361), the left Prime minister named Zhu Yuanzhang Duke of Wu. ^[61]

Liu Bowen

At this time, although Zhu Yuanzhang had 100,000 troops, his territory was still very small and he was besieged on all sides. To the east and south are the Yuan Army, and to the southeast Zhang Shicheng To the west is Xu Shouhui Although they are both anti-Yuan forces, Zhang and Xu are hostile to each other. But the north side Xiao Ming King , Liu Futong Led by the main force of the Red Scarf Army, greatly contained the Yuan army, and Zhang Shicheng, Xu Shouhui The power is not enough to take over Zhu Yuanzhang. In this way, Zhu Yuanzhang is temporarily faced with a good opportunity for development. ^[62-63]

Liu Ji planning Tuntian nashi

By the twentieth year (1360), Liu Ji Zhu Yuanzhang invited him to Yingtian (present-day Nanjing) and appointed him as his advisor. In view of the situation at that time, Liu Ji proposed to Zhu Yuanzhang to avoid two-front warfare and destroy the construction strategy, which was adopted.

After completing the deployment of the "high wall", Zhu Yuanzhang began to implement the "wide accumulation of grain". In order to solve the food problem, Zhu Yuanzhang, in addition to mobilizing the people for production, decided to implement the cultivation method and vigorously develop the army Station troops to open up farmland Appoint a marshal. Kang Maocai For the use of water camps, responsible for the construction of water conservancy, and assigned generals to cultivate fields in various places. Within a few years, the towns were flourishing everywhere, the treasuries were full, and the army supplies were sufficient.

In the twentieth year of Zhizheng (1360), Zhu Yuanzhang ordered that the "village grain" no longer be collected in order to reduce the burden on farmers. ^[64] In order to accumulate grain, Zhu Yuanzhang clear order Prohibition against alcohol But his lieutenants Hu Dahai The son of Hu Sanhe With others to break the law, private wine profit, Zhu Yuanzhang know, ordered to kill Hu Sanhe . Someone remonstrated Hu Dahai At this time is attacking Shaoxing, hope Zhu Yuanzhang can see in the face of Hu Dahai put Hu Sanshe. Zhu Yuanzhang was furious, resolutely strict military discipline, so he will do it himself Hu Sanhe Kill.

While winning the hearts and minds of the people, Zhu Yuanzhang also continuously recruited talents, especially intellectual Zhu Yuanzhang also built a special gift hall to receive them in the day. These people played an important role in Zhu Yuanzhang's unification of the country. Zhu Yuanzhang is very respectful Confucian scholar He once summoned Confucian scholars in the 18th year of Zhengzheng (1358) Tang Zhongshi , ask Emperor Gao of Han , Emperor Guangwu of Han , Emperor Taizong of Tang , Song Taizu , Yuan Shizu The way to pacify the world ^[65] This also shows that Zhu Yuanzhang is determined to create a new dynasty . ^[66]

Destroy Chen Han

Zhu Yuanzhang founded to Ying Tian As the central base area, there are in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River Chen Youliang , downstream Zhang Shicheng Neighbor to the southeast Fang Guozhen , our south neighbor Chen Youding . The goal of Fang Guozhen and Chen Youding was to preserve the territory, Zhang Shicheng On the Yuan Dynasty, the first mouse at both ends, did not have much ambition; Chen Youliang strongest, is occupied by Zhu Yuanzhang Ying Tian After encountering the most dangerous enemy. ^[67]

Situation of the battle of Poyang Lake

Chen Youliang was Xu Shouhui General under his command Ni Wenjun Of his subordinates. ^[68] Later, he killed Ni Wenjun, and in the twentieth year of Zhizheng (1360), he captured Xu Shouhui and captured Taiping. quarrying . So Chen Youliang thought it would be easy to get, and he killed it Xu Shouhui In Quarry declared emperor, state name Han, changed yuan Principle of righteousness . ^[69-70]

Then, Chen Youliang about Zhang Shicheng Attack from east to west Ying Tian Zhu Yuanzhang's territory, should day earthquake. ^[70] Zhu Yuanzhang had to convene the public to discuss countermeasures, a time of varying opinions. ^[71] only Liu Ji Silence, Zhu Yuanzhang then asked for his opinion, Liu Ji that the most dangerous enemy is now Chen Youliang, must concentrate on eliminating him. Although Chen Youliang is powerful, but he kills the king to stand on his own, the troops are centrifugal, the people are tired, so it is not difficult to defeat, as long as they go deep, and then attack them with ambush troops, it is not difficult to win.

Zhu Yuanzhang agreed Liu Ji The judgment, so design to lure the enemy deep, build the fighter. Zhu Yuanzhang's lieutenants Kang Maocai And Chen Youliang is an old friend, so repair a letter, sent to Chen Youliang In the camp, Jochen attacked Ying Tian and said he was willing to be there Gangdong Bridge Act as an inside man. ^[72-73]

On the morning of June 23, Chen Youliang led the main fleet to the outskirts of Yingtian Gangdong Bridge Only to find that the bridge is a stone bridge rather than a wooden bridge, square know cheated. But it was too late, Zhu Yuanzhang's ambush soldiers rose up to attack, and Chen Youliang was defeated. ^[74] Zhu Yuanzhang received peace, occupied Sinju Anqing. Chen Youliang defeated and fled Jiujiang It was taken the following August Anqing So Zhu Yuanzhang led the army to take Chen Youliang's lair Jiangzhou Chen Youliang fled Wuchang , ^[75] Zhu Yuanzhang conquered Jiangxi and southeastern Hubei. ^[72] ^[76]

Just then, Zhongyuan Red Turbans It's divided, it's weakened. By February 1363, Zhang Shicheng Take advantage of a man's troubles and send in his officers Lv Zhen Attack Yen Phong , Liu Futong Ask Zhu Yuanzhang for help. Zhu Yuanzhang led the army to Anfeng and rescued Xiaoming King Han Liner Wait, put them in Chuzhou To live.

When Zhu Yuanzhang led the main force to rescue Xiaoming King, Chen Youliang thought that the time had come to counterattack, so he led the troops to attack Hongdu . ^[77] Zhu Yuanzhang's nephew Zhu Wenzheng He led his men for eighty-five days. ^[78] In July 1363, Zhu Yuanzhang's army of 200,000 troops marched to Hongdu, and when Chen Youliang learned of it, he withdrew from the besiege and confronted Zhu Yuanzhang Poyang Lake Start the final battle. Water war in Poyang Lake It lasted thirty-six days, beginning on August 29th and ending on October 3rd. Zhu Yuanzhang's army made full use of the flexibility of small boats, attacked Chen's army with fire, and finally won. ^[79] Chen Youliang was shot to death by random arrows. ^[80]

To the twenty-four years (1364) New Year's Day, Zhu Yuanzhang was elected as the king of Wu, built a hundred lawsuits, still to Dragon and phoenix He issued orders in the name of "the Emperor's Decree, the King of Wu's Decree". ^[81] Since Zhang Shicheng had already established himself as King of Wu in the 23rd year of Zheng (1363), he was called Zhang Shicheng in history Eastern Wu Dynasty Zhu Yuanzhang Wei Western Wu County .

Unified Gangnam

Zhu Yuanzhang's battle against Chen and Han

In March 1364, Zhu Yuanzhang arrived again Wuchang The governor attacked the city, Chen Li Finally out of the city to surrender. ^[82] After annexing Chen Youliang, Zhu Yuanzhang's next target was Zhang Shicheng. Zhang Shicheng's early years Salt trafficking A surname ^[83] Late start Salt rebellion In the fourteen years to Zheng (1354) in Gaoyou called Cheng King, the founding number was Zhou, Jianyuan God bless . ^[84] In the sixteenth year (1356), the capital was established Pingjiang . After the elimination of Chen Youliang, Zhu Yuanzhang attacked Zhang Shicheng in October 1365 and captured him in one fell swoop Tongzhou , Xinghua Yancheng Taizhou , Gaoyou, Huaian , Xuzhou , Suzhou , Yen Phong Zhuzhou County, drive the forces of Soochow out of the Jiangbei area. ^[63] ^[85]

In May of the 26th year (1366), Zhu Yuanzhang published An official call to arms Denounce Zhang Shicheng. ^[86] In November of the same year, Hangzhou and Huzhou surrendered to Zhu Yuanzhang, leaving Pingjiang as an isolated city. ^[87] So Zhu Yuanzhang surrounded Pingjiang with heavy troops and launched The Battle of Pingjiang . At the same time of the siege, Zhu Yuanzhang sent Liao Yongzhong Go to Chuzhou to meet Xiaoming King Han Liner to Ying Tian Come, but in Melon step When crossing the river, the bottom of the boat was cut out quietly, and Xiaoming King sank to the bottom of the river. Then, Zhu Yuanzhang announced that he would no longer record the years of the dragon and the phoenix, and called the twenty-seventh year of Zheng (1367) the "First year of Wu". ^[88-89]

The Battle of Pingjiang At the beginning, Zhu Yuanzhang built a wall around the city, and built a three-story wooden tower, which was high above the city wall, and fired into the city with crossbows and fire rifles Xiangyang Gun Bombarded day and night. There was panic in the city, and several breakouts by Zhang Shicheng ended in failure. Zhang Shicheng capricious, eager to enjoy, also very indulgent to his subordinates. Pingjiang was besieged the last day, Zhang Shicheng brother Zhang Shixin At the head of the city, he still did not forget to enjoy himself, sitting on a silver chair to drink, and the people who served around gave him peaches, and the peaches were not yet in the mouth, just a cannon came and his head was smashed.

Zhu Yuanzhang had sent several people to persuade him to surrender, but was refused by Zhang Shicheng. Zhang Shicheng defends Pingjiang, after the grain is exhausted, eats mice and dead grass; When the arrows are gone, they hit the roof tiles. Until September 8, 1367, Zhu Yuanzhang led the army into Pingjiang City, Zhang Shicheng launched a street battle resistance, failed to be captured, hanged himself, Eastern Wu was destroyed. ^[90-91]

In the first year of Wu Dynasty (1367), Zhu Yuanzhang was ordained Tang Hoa for General of the southern Expedition Fight against the separatist forces Eastern Zhejiang perennial Fang Guozhen . ^[92] Future life Hu Tingrui For the southern general, He Wenhui Vice general, attacking Fujian. In the same year, Fang Guozhen surrendered. ^[93]

Establish a great Ming Dynasty

Portrait of Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang in middle age

On October 21, the first year of the Wu Dynasty (1367), Zhu Yuanzhang was ordained Chinese script Right Prime Minister Xu Da for Capture the general , Flat seal Chang Yuchun He was a deputy general, and he marched north with 250,000 men Central Plains . ^[94] Published in the Northern Expedition Reply to the Central plains of India In the announcement, he proposed the program of "expelling Hu Rupp, restoring China, establishing Chen Ji, and relieving Si people". ^[95] This inspired the people of the north to rise up against the Yuan. Zhu Yuanzhang made another plan for the northern expedition, proposing to take Shandong first and remove the barrier of Mengyuan; March on Henan, cut its wings, and seize Tongguan (a county in Henan Province) Occupy its threshold; Then march mostly At this time, the Yuan Dynasty was isolated and took it without a fight; Send troops west, Shanxi, northern Shaanxi, Guanzhong, Gansu can sweep down. ^[96] The northern expedition followed the plan. Xu Da He led his troops to Shandong first, then to the west, captured Bianliang, and then to Tongguan. Zhu Yuanzhang came to Bianliang to take command. ^[97]

On the first day of the first month of the first year of Hongwu (1368), Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor in Nanjing Ming Dynasty , Year Title Hongwu . ^[4] Most of the generals were made princes, and some were posthumously made Kings. At the beginning of the title of six duke, of which five generals, a minister for the founding fathers. They are: Korean men Lee Sun Jang Duke of Wei Xu Da Duke of Zheng Chang Yuchun The Duke of Cao Li Wenzhong The Duke of Song Feng Sheng The Duke of Wei Deng Yu . And then it was reinstated Hu Dahai Died fighting for the Duke of Yue Ding Dexing For the Duke of Chi, Tang Hoa As the Duke of the Shin, Feng Guoyong Duke of Ying.

The following year, Zhu Yuanzhang Yu Jiming Mountain state Temple of Meritorious Officials Zhu Yuanzhang personally set the rank of the hero, to Xu Da First, second Chang Yuchun , Li Wenzhong , Deng Yu Soup and soup Mu Ying , Hu Dahai, FENG Guoyong, Zhao Desheng , Geng Zaicheng , Varco , Ding Dexing , Yu Tonghai , Zhang Desheng , Wu Liang , Wu Zhen , Cao Liangchen , Kang Maocai , Wu Fu , MAO Cheng , Sun Xingzu Twenty-one people. The dead are enshrined, the living are not. also Liao Yongan Yu Tonghai, Zhang Desheng, Sang Shijie Geng Zaicheng, Hu Dahai, Ding Dexing seven people Enjoy the Imperial Temple . ^[98]

Pacify the world

The Yuan Emperor ran away

In the first year of Hongwu (1368), in July, the armies of various roads went straight to Tianjin along the canal and occupied it on the 27th Tongzhou . In August, the Ming army marched on Dadu, Emperor Shun of Yuan Lead the three palace empress, crown prince, etc Kindergate Escape from Dadu, Jing Juyongguan Pass Run away to Shangdu . ^[99] Mongol rule in the Central Plains ended, and the Ming Dynasty gained control of the area within the Great Wall, lost for four hundred years You cloud sixteen states It was also withdrawn.

A north Yuan

Zhu Yuanzhang in view of the late Northern Song Dynasty Yanshan Mountain In the past two years, the area gained and lost lessons, decided to eradicate the north Northern Yuan Dynasty . In the first month of the third year of Hongwu (1370), Xu Da, the right prime minister, was ordered to join the general, Li Wenzhong as the left vice general, and Feng Sheng as the right vice general, and sent troops to attack the Northern Yuan. ^[100]

Ming army this northern expedition, three roads are won, Yuan Zhaozong Love you to understand Dara Fled to Mobei, son I bought it Waiting to be captured. ^[101]

Two signs of North Yuan

Hongwu Five years (1372) from January to November, Zhu Yuanzhang again Northern Yuan Dynasty For a second expedition. Also known as Battle of Lingbei . ^[100] As a result of this battle, Xu Da The main force of the road army was defeated, Li Wenzhong The gains and losses of the eastern route army were equal, only Feng Sheng The army of the Western Route won, but was afraid East Chagatai Khanate By moving east, Feng Sheng abandoned Gansu. ^[102]

The second Northern Expedition ended in failure.

Three signs of the North Yuan

Hongwu Fourteenth year (1381) January, Northern Yuan Dynasty Flat seal It's not a flower Wait for the southern invasion of the Ming border. Zhu Yuanzhang appointed Xu Da, Duke of the State of Wei, as the general, and Tang He, Duke of the State of the State, as the left vice general and Marquis of Yingchuan Fu Youde For the right vice general led the army north. ^[103]

Cross in great force Lsun Qu River (Present border between China and Mongolia The Kerulen River ), captured the North Yuan Zhiyuan Li Xuan and his followers. ^[104] At the end of August, the Ming Army north of the victorious divisions.

Four signs of the North Yuan

In the first month of the twentieth year of Hongwu (1387), Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the Duke of Song Feng Sheng To capture the general, Ying Guogong Fu Youde Marquis Yongchang Blue jade For the left and right vice general, led the division of 200,000 people to the north to invade the former Yuan A surname Nahide . ^[105]

Result in victory Nahide Ming its army and people more than 240,000 people, sheep, horses, donkeys, camels, baggage countless, and finally wiped out the power of the Yuan Dynasty in Liaodong. At the end of June, Fu Youde was garnished with newly acquired Chinese officers from Liao Daning Feng Sheng and other victory class. Eastern and southern parts of Liaoning Province From then on, it was fully incorporated into the Ming territory. ^[106]

The five signs of North Yuan

Hong Wu 21 year (1388) in March, the Ming Dynasty reconnaissance Emperor Tianyuan Teguth Timur fishing in the sea of the present-day Sino-Mongolian border Belsee ), decided to march directly to the emperor Yuan. On April 12, the Ming army of the Blue Jade Department arrived Fishing sea On the south bank, it was discovered that the camp of Teguthimur was more than 80 miles northeast of the fishing sea, so it launched a raid, and captured 64 people including Teguthimur's second son Dibao Nu, 119 people including crown Prince Pili Tuba and Princess, 2,994 people including King Doli only, King Darima, and Pingzhang Palan, as well as the North Ingot seal, books, gold and silver seals, and so on. ^[107]

Put down the rebellion

Hongwu 24 years (1391), after the fishing sea war, a large number of settlements Daningtus Because the side will the city horse, brush its desire, that is, rebellion and go. So Yuan left Prime minister Death gate Prime Minister Bite into A surname It's not a flower Chiwon Arutimur , the King of Liao Azari , King of Huining Tabin Timur and other defected in succession, the emperor Taizong set King Ning (Chifeng), King Liao (Guangning), King Shen (Shenyang), King Han (Kaiyuan) in the northeast to frighten the land. In the northwest, King Qing (Ningxia), Jadu Timur (Bayannaoer), King Unknown Sai (Dongsheng), King of Zhou (Helinger) and King of Jin (Taiyuan) guarded the Hetao. Hongwu 25th year (1392) March, to Zhou Xing For the commander in chief, go for it Also fast Chase to Chercher Hill. This expedition to the north of the Saito, searching for the remnants of the enemy, the defeat, "eliminate the border", since it is not dare to enter the side of the horse herders for more than ten years. ^[116-117]

Western Pingding region

In addition to the northern expedition, Zhu Yuanzhang also pacified other parts of China. in Xu Da , Chang Yuchun At the same time of the northern expedition, Zhu Yuanzhang faction Hu Mei By land into Fujian, Tang Hohe Liao Yongzhong The naval forces under his command attacked Fujian and Guangdong from the sea to subdue the separatist forces Chen Youding , He Zhen Wait, then attack Guangxi. ^[108]

In the second year of Hongwu (1369), Xu Da entered Shanxi from the east and defeated it Expand Timur At the end of the year, Shaanxi was pacified.

In the fourth year of Hongwu (1371), Tang He and Fu Youde were destroyed Minxia Take Sichuan. ^[101]

The 15th Year of Hongwu (1382) Fu Youde , Blue jade Take Yunnan, destroy the Yuan Liang king Turn Zarevalmi , surrender Dalduan's . ^[109]

In the twenty-sixth year of Hongwu (1393), the Ming Dynasty was established over the whole Hexi Corridor The rule of... ^[110]

The rule of Hongwu

The golden coat and the seal

During his reign, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered farmers to return to farming and rewarded land reclamation. Large-scale settler and military camps; Organize farmers to build water conservancy projects; Vigorously promote the planting of mulberry, hemp, cotton and other cash crops and fruit crops, other migration to enrich the people, suppress the mighty; Ordering the liberation of slaves and maidservants; Cut taxes and punish corrupt officials; Send people all over the country to measure land, check household registration and so on.

Zhu Yuanzhang was well aware of the suffering caused by the famine to the peasants, and after taking the throne, he often reduced taxes or provided relief to the peasants in the stricken and war-affected areas. Large taxes were repeatedly imposed throughout the country Exempt from tax payment . ^[111] The second year of Hongwu was the first time of large-scale tax exemption in the early Ming Dynasty. Three, four, nine years after that Ying Tian , Henan, Beiping, Shandong, Jiangxi, Liangzhe and other places have been exempted from tax. ^[112] By the time Hongwu was counted in the 24th year, the land had reached 3,874,746 hectares. ^[113] After the efforts of the Hongwu period, social production gradually recovered and developed, Shi said The rule of Hongwu . ^[114]

Zhu Yuanzhang also cherished the people and advocated frugality. Under the promotion of Zhu Yuanzhang's measures, farmers were enthusiastic about production. The agriculture developed rapidly in the early Ming Dynasty, and the ruined rural scene in the late Yuan Dynasty was changed. The restoration and development of agricultural production, promoting the Ming Dynasty handicraft industry and commerce The development of... Zhu Yuanzhang's recuperation policy consolidated the rule of the new dynasty, stabilized the peasants' life and promoted the development of production.

Fight in the middle

At the beginning of the nation, to make the princes loyal to each other Zhu Ming In the fifth year of Hongwu Dynasty (1372), Zhu Yuanzhang wrote the "Iron List Text" of the Emperor. In the eighth year of Hongwu's reign (1375), he also compiled the Zizhe Tongxun, which repeatedly stressed that his officials should be loyal to him and not deceive or shield him; In the thirteenth year of Hongwu (1380), he also compiled the Record of Ministers' Commandments, "compiling the deeds of all the princes, princes, families, eunuchs, and two hundred and twenty disobedient and unprincipled people" to educate his officials. In the 19th year of Hongwu (1386), he also issued the Record of Zhijie, "which collected more than 100 things for the ministers and rebels in the Han, Tang and Song dynasties, and gave the ministers and instructors to teach all students, so that they could know and practice."

Hongwu In the thirteenth year (1380), Zhu Yuanzhang killed the Prime minister in the name of plotting evil Hu Weiyong Exterminating the three tribes, including their henchmen, implicated more than 15,000 people. Later several prison, so that "Hu Weiyong prison" continued to expand the involvement. To the twenty-third year of Hongwu (1390), the meritorious minister Taishi Lee Sun Jang Others were also given death for "conspiring to communicate with Hu Weiyong", and more than 70 adult family members were killed. Famous scholar and official Song Lian Because of the grandson's trouble, the whole family was banished to Sichuan, he also died of illness on the way. The case lasted for ten years, and dozens of princes and nobles were implicated before and after, totaling more than 30,000 people.

In the 26th year of Hong Wu (1393), The Imperial Bodyguard The conductor makes the accompaniment Blue jade Rebellion, Zhu Yuanzhang immediately let him down, and by the Ministry of Civil Affairs trial. Three days later, General Zhu Yuanzhang Blue jade Execution, followed by mass purges and collusion. ^[115] Blue jade after prison, prison words said with Jingchuan Hou Cao Zhen He Qing Hou Zhang Yi , 舳舻 hou Zhu Shou Dingyuan Hou Wang Bi He Rong and Official officials of Dongguan Zhan Hui Household minister Fu Youwen Wait for rebellion. The number of people who were implicated in the case and were implicated in it alone was 25,000.

" The prison of Hulan After the Ming Taizu intention is not enough, after more than years, Ying Guogong Fu Youde Please go Huaiyuan County Field thousand mu, not only refused, but gave him death. Marquis of Dingyuan Wang Bi And death by decree. Duke of Song Feng Sheng He was also given death. After several times of party imprisonment, a large number of worthy officials in the early Ming Dynasty were killed, which indirectly led to the death of Emperor Taizu The battle of peace There are no generals in the Middle court.

Death of a character

The prince died and Hong Wu died

Kangxi Emperor imperial pen "Zhi Long Tang Song" tablet

In the 24th year of Hongwu (1391), Zhu Yuanzhang, "because of the thin land in the south of the river, quite wanted to move the capital", so he sent a prince Zhu Biao Inspected Guanzhong and Luoyang to prepare for the relocation of the capital. Zhu Biao made a detailed investigation of Xi 'an and Xi 'an Luoyang Compare the terrain of the two places, and finally "will set the capital Luoyang, and return to the map." ^[257]

Zhu Biao soon after returning to Beijing after the inspection fell ill, during the illness also to Taizu on the preparation of the capital. Zhu Biao died the next year, posthumous title Prince Yi Wen . This was a heavy blow to Zhu Yuanzhang, who was nearly seventy years old, and no longer had the energy and mood to consider moving the capital. Zhu Yuanzhang saw Zhu Biao second son Zhu Yunwen He showed great filial piety and liked it very much, and later made it Imperial great-grandson .

On the 10th of May (June 24, 1398), Zhu Yuanzhang died in Yingtian Palace. Nanjing Palace Museum "I have been entrusted with the mandate of heaven for thirty one year, worry about the crisis, daily work is not idle, and work is beneficial to the people. Nai from the humble, no knowledge of the ancients, good and evil, not far. Today is the nature of all things, its sad reading of the have. Emperor's great sun Yun Wynn benevolence, filial piety friends, the world to the heart, should ascend the big position. Civil and military officials at home and abroad work together to help the people. Funeral rites, not gold and jade. Because of this, Xiao Mausoleum mountains and rivers do not change. All the subjects of the world, crying for three days, are satisfied, and do not hesitate to marry. All Kings come to the kingdom, but not to the capital. If it is not included in the order, it shall be carried out." ^[118]

Yunwen ascended the throne of King Yan Jingnan

Zhu Yuanzhang died before the secret order emperor's son-in-law Maine ( Princess of Ningguo He assisted the new king and ordered his great-grandson Zhu Yunwen to take the throne. A few days after the death of Zhu Yuanzhang, Zhu Yunwen ascended the throne on May 16 (June 30), the 31st year of Hongwu, and changed the next year to the first year of Jianwen, which was Emperor Jianwen.

Zhu Yuanzhang died and was buried in Purple Mountain Xiao Mausoleum . Hongwu thirty-one year (1398) June Jia Chen, on the posthumous title said "Qinming Qiyun Junde successful unification of great filial piety high emperor", temple name Taizu. Vinh Lac The first year (1403) June 11 Ding Si, Zengposthumous title "Holy Spirit Wenwu Qinming Qi Yun Junde successful unification of the emperor". Jia Jing Seventeen years (1538) November new day, change posthumous title, "Open heaven street Zhaoji set up a great holy to God, benevolence, justice, Wujunde successful high emperor."

After Zhu Yuanzhang's death, the political situation he had planned was quickly broken. Emperor Jianwen Take after the throne Policy of cutting off vassals King Yan of Peiping Zhu Di Under the banner of "Jing difficult", they raised an army against Emperor Jianwen. Jianwen fourth year (1402), the king of Yan Zhu Di Victorious and declared emperor at Nanking, Emperor Jianwen's whereabouts are unknown.

Administrative measures

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EDITOR

political

centralization

Zhu Yuanzhang, Emperor Taizu of Ming Dynasty

The bureaucracy followed in the early Ming Dynasty Yuan Dynasty . Zhu Yuanzhang carried out reforms and abolished them in the central government Chinese book province In the early Ming Dynasty, Zhongshu Province was responsible for the world's government affairs, and its chief was the prime minister of the left and right, who was in a high position, and the prime minister was easily in conflict with the emperor Hu Weiyong Most so as prime Minister. Hu Weiyong The power is big, threatening the imperial power, and increasingly arrogant, slack in political affairs. ^[119] Therefore, in the thirteenth year of Hongwu (1380), Zhu Yuanzhang executed Hu Weiyong and related officials in the name of plotting evil, and at the same time announced the abolition Chinese book province No more prime ministers. ^[5]

Local abolition Provincial system , set up Chengxuan Secretary of state , All command the ministry and Procurator of punishment Bear separately Travel in the book province The responsibilities of the three separate and check each other, to prevent local power too heavy. ^[5] ^[119] In the important places of each county, Zhu Yuanzhang also set up Inspection division Responsible for checking, arresting thieves, cross-examination and false.

lawmaking

Zhu Yuanzhang highly affirmed law The role of governance. He said, "If you have a law, the court rules the world." Therefore, when Zhu Yuanzhang was king of Wu (1364), he proposed that "at the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic, the former Zhengji discipline" and ordered Li Shanchang, the prime minister of the Left, to initiate the law, compiling 285 laws and 145 laws, and to December of the first year of Wu, "Jia Yin, the law is completed, and the order is issued." This is the first draft of the" Daming law ". After four revisions in the first year of Wu (1364), the sixth year of Hongwu (1373), the twenty-second year of Hongwu, and the thirtieth year of Hongwu, the "Daming Law Letter" was finally completed and "published at home and abroad, so that the world can know and abide by it." ^[120]

In terms of specific governance, Zhu Yuanzhang took the end of the Yuan Dynasty, "the court was weak, the Wei Fu moved down", the discipline was corrupt, and the officials were arrogant, which led to the overthrow of the Yuan Dynasty, and the Shundi moved north as a lesson, and adopted the principle of "ruling the troubled world with heavy rules" after the establishment of the country. Zhu Yuanzhang always believed that "Hu Yuan to wide and lost, I accept China, must be fierce." Taking this idea as a guide, for example, in terms of the formulation of criminal names, the Ming Dynasty imposed lesser punishments on crimes that did not directly infringe on the monarchy, such as "related to ceremonies and the cultivation of customs", but on major crimes that directly threatened the autocratic rule, such as "thieves" and "money and provisions", serious crimes were aggravated, extrajudicial punishments were used and excessive punishments were meted out. A series of extrajudicial punishments, such as clan execution, amputation of hands, swelling of feet, castration as slaves, and tendon removal of knees, were formulated. ^[120]

Spy rule

In the fifteenth year of Hongwu (1382), Zhu Yuanzhang would rule the emperor for the need to monitor the officials Lifeguard The pro-military capital was changed The Imperial Bodyguard It is also authorized to investigate, arrest, try and punish criminals. Jinyiwei was a formal military secret service, under the direct control of the emperor. It has its own court and prison, commonly known as" Exhort a prisoner into custody In the prison, various kinds of torture such as skin peeling, intestinal pumping, and heart stabbing were taken. ^[241]

Zhu Yuanzhang also had Jin Yiwei performed at the court truncheon There are many ministers dying under the scepter. Zhu Yuanzhang sent a large number of people named" check "The secret agents, spying. But Zhu Yuanzhang gradually abolished it in his later years The Imperial Bodyguard And its privileges, as well as some of the more brutal criminal laws. ^[121-123]

Rectify corruption

See also: The case of Guo Huan , Blank print , Written admonition

Zhu Yuanzhang was born poor and was extorted by corrupt officials Yuan Dynasty The political chaos, so to fierce governance. ^[124] After taking the throne, he launched an "anti-corrupt officials" campaign across the country, targeting corrupt officials at all levels from the central government to local governments.

First of all, officials who embezzled more than sixty silver were killed. From the local counties and governments to the six central departments and the central provinces, as long as corruption is involved, no matter who is involved, it will not be lenient and will be investigated to the end.

Secondly, in the Zhongshu Province of the early Ming Dynasty, the six departments of officials, households, rites, soldiers, punishments and workers were largely retained Yuan Dynasty Old officials, as well as some of the rebels started the hero. They have no fear of taking bribes. Mr. Zhu punished the officials.

Third, Zhu Yuanzhang used cruel criminal law to deal with corrupt officials, taking" Peel off your skin and roll up your grass ", picking tendons, cutting fingers, hands, knees and other torture. ^[125-126] This has deterred a number of officials and made them much less aggressive. ^[127]

Fourth, Zhu Yuanzhang never tolerated the officials he trained. In order to cultivate and promote new power, Zhu Yuanzhang set up a special training talent The Imperial College To provide promotion opportunities for young scholars who have not entered the official career. He showed great love to these new scholars and prisoners, and often taught them to be loyal to the public and not to be swayed by personal gains.

Fifth, Zhu Yuanzhang formulated the program of eradicating corruption. Written admonition "And" Wake up greedy brief record ". The book "Da Gao" is a record of the results of some corruption cases that he personally tried and adjudicated. It also describes his attitude toward corrupt officials, handling cases and handling methods. Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the book to be widely publicized throughout the country; He also asked people to copy excerpts and paste them in conspicuous places on the roadside and in pavilions, so that officials could self-discipline after reading them, and so that ordinary people could deal with corrupt officials after learning. ^[128]

Sixth, allow the people Appeal to the higher authorities for help . The Ming allowed the people to turn away illegal officials. If officials cheat in collecting taxes and assigning servants, the people can report it to higher officials, or they can directly turn it over. Not only that, higher-level officials who should receive visits but fail to receive visits must also be punished according to law. ^[129]

In addition, Zhu Yuanzhang outside the meridian gate special" Cry one's grievance If the people have grievances and cannot get justice in the place, they can beat drums in Beijing and Sue the imperial court directly. ^[130]

In the thirty-one years of Zhu Yuanzhang's reign, he launched six large-scale anti-corruption campaigns and killed 150,000 corrupt officials. His campaign of "killing all corrupt officials" has not weakened throughout, but the phenomenon of corrupt officials has not been eradicated, and in his old age, he can only issue "the morning and the evening, the evening and the morning are like it; The more crimes are committed while the bodies are not moved, the more crimes are cured." Lament. ^[131-132]

Diligent and honest administration

Zhu Yuanzhang is the greatest in Chinese history Diligent in administration One of the emperors, he was never afraid to increase his workload. From the time of his accession to the throne until his death, he hardly took a day off. In his will, he said: "For one thirty-one year, the heart was filled with worries and dangers, and every day was hard work." According to historical records, from September 14 to 21, the 18th year of Hongwu (1385), within eight days, Zhu Yuanzhang examined and read a total of 1,660 pieces of internal and external affairs, and dealt with 3,391 state affairs, with an average of more than 200 pieces of review and note and handle more than 400 state affairs every day.

Military affairs

Military establishment

Ming Xiaoling Tomb warrior statue

In the military, Zhu Yuanzhang abolished the administration of the national military The Grand Governor's Palace It is divided into middle, left, front, back and right Five military governor's palace And check each other with the army. The military Department had the power to issue orders, but did not directly command the army, and the governor was in charge of the administration and training of the army, but did not have the power to dispatch the army. In this way, military power was placed in the hands of the emperor.

Zhu Yuanzhang also established Weisuo system This is his imitation of the Northern Wei, Sui and Tang dynasties Government military system It was formulated by absorbing some contents of the military system of the Yuan Dynasty. ^[133]

Mountains and rivers are solid

In the early Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang's method of guarding mountains and rivers was to consolidate natural hazards. In this regard, Ming Ming rather boasted, declaring, "My country expelled Hu Yuan and spread across the world, to the Liao Sea in the east and to the west. Jiuquan For thousands of miles. middle Yuyang County Shanggu, Yunzhong, Shuo, Dai, and even Shangjun, Beifang, Lingwu, Gaolin, Hexi, mountains and rivers contact, column town troops, with four hundred thousand, according to the great risk to make all the Yi, in full swing ", although this paragraph uses the old name of Qin and Han dynasties, but Hongwu Dynasty garrison The whole picture is still fairly clear.

Ming described the new guard as "So he set up the city of Dongsheng (Wei) to the east of the three down-towns, and the city of three down-towns (the mouth of the four guards)." East United Kaiping (Wei), Dushi (Kou), Daning (Wei), Kaiyuan (Andong Wei); West United Helan Mountain (Ningxia Wei), Gansu Beishan (Weilu Wei, Baicheng Zi Shou Yu thousand households, Weiyuan Shou Yu thousand households, also is the old city), as one side. If the terrain is straight, it is close and easy to defend."

Wei Huan Evaluation: "The east and west extended huge, fingers and arms interdependent, called full." Therefore, the number of his dead is only 400,000, which is twice as many as the 700,000 people who prepared for the Western Xia Dynasty." In the early Ming Dynasty, the three North troops and horses were few, but they were all stationed in big risks, so mounds Said: "Hongwu, Yongle sheng, can not defend a number of places, but all according to its general, choke its key, people gathered and full force." And when they come, they are ready to win with all their might." ^[239]

Northern guard nomads

Hongwu Years, Zhu Yuanzhang Yishinai Old City , Zhenfan Wei , Ningxia Guard , The keeper of the mouth of the thousand households , Dongshengwei , Kaiping , Daningtus , Antonie , Jilin shipyard . The Ming army patrolled a vast territory "thousands of miles to the north." Zhu Yuanzhang followed suit Yuan Dynasty "Shuifang iron ride like ants", "Northwest Guangmo without a city, control string million long rampage" grand, to use the south of the desert to raise fat cattle and sheep and horses. To this end, Zhu Yuanzhang promoted the nomadism of the northern guard, and the people of Monan were not allowed to graze in the grain producing areas, and "listened to their grazing and woodcutting" in the barren plains and mountain fields of Monan. The Kings dared to say that "those who have their own pastures and mountains are not light in their opinions", and told the Kings to keep their own herds for a long time, requiring military households to have their own herds. ^[134]

Domestic and foreign coordination

Zhu Yuanzhang tried to achieve the purpose of holding the emperor's house by blood and nepotism through the marriage of the imperial family, such as Zhou Yi and Zhou Yi. Onjiri , Deng Yu , Expand Timur ; Chang Yuchun, Chang Sheng , Blue jade , Cao Zhen Etc.; Fu Youde , Xie Cheng , Feng Sheng, Wang Bi Etc.; Xu Da, Achout , Put all Timur Etc.; Seo Hwi-jo , Li Jinglong , Geng Bingwen, Mu Sheng , Guo Ying , Wu Gao , Wu Jie , Zhang Jie , Hu Guan , Li Jian Mayin, etc. That is Zhu Yuanzhang called "Sino-foreign cooperation". ^[135]

The valley becomes desert

The Ming Taizu Statue

The production mode outside the plug, the first spring and the ice gradually dissolve, the plug grass will be cute, the horse thin and weak. while Autumn is high and horses are fat The grass valley is formed when the Hup appears. So Zhu Yuanzhang thinks that after the autumn high horse fat, the north guard when the control string holds the idea of picking quarrels and moving, just in line with the ancients said that people do not cause people. Therefore, the Duke of Song Feng Sheng, Ying Duke Fu Youde, etc. : "In the past Han and Tang dynasties, the imperial Hu Rupp was high and fat every autumn, and he knew that he had entered the invasion, he set up a strategy and waited for the ambush, otherwise he would be a border attack."

Zhu Biao After his death, Zhu Yuanzhang King of Sai Instead of the Duke. He asked the king of Sai to "spend the year on the fortress and appease the officers in preparation for the future war with Hu." "That is, the eyes of the son grow up, the transfer of soldiers, so that the son also the country, father and son more alternate, exchanges and jams, handsome potential army horses, to practice wind and frost." And the father is born, and the son keeps his kingdom; When the Son goes forth, the Father keeps the kingdom." The east and west thirteen guards in order of Han, Shen, Liao, Ning, Qi, Yan, Gu, Dai, Jin, An, Qin, Qing, Su king. "All the king also, not enough to cover the pass, control the fortress, with the Yuan Rong old general, the power chong system, the potential to fu army, clear the desert, set up tents to see each other."

At the same time, in order to deal with the cavalry heading south after the autumn high horse fat, the king also had to tour the desert. " Emperor Ming ancestral instruction "Where the king goes hunting and martial arts, it only begins in October." To end in March." As well as the "Shengjun early government record" records: "Emperor ancestor after the unification, each high autumn and winter, divided the order of the king Shuai soldiers patrol, far away, school hunting and also, called" clear the desert ", the year thought often." Zhu Houcong Also said: "Emperor Gaozu exam a year old drive 廵".

The outstanding among the thirteen Kings was the two Kings of Yan and Ning, who were known as "King Yan is good at fighting and King Ning is good at planning". Zhu Di He was sent down as soon as he joined the army It's not a flower Others, known as "clear the desert, Yan Wang also, I have no worries about the north." Zhu Quan "The number of town princes, out of the army to capture, clear the desert, the power of the north wilderness", known as "the male of the world also." At the end of Hongwu's reign, Zhu Yuanzhang decreed that except for the king of the county, all were people. Dial Zhen Lucheng Zi and Zhou (Wang) house; When the king of Jin was planning to build the city of Dongsheng outside the fortress, Zhu Yuanzhang issued a decree that "When choosing a pasture, keep Dongsheng and have a brother live there." ^[136-137]

Northern expedition residual Yuan

Ming Taizu northern expedition It was targeted after the establishment of the Ming Dynasty Northern Yuan Dynasty Thirteen military operations. ^[138]

Emperor Taizu's northern expedition
frequency	time
The northern Ming Dynasty destroyed the Yuan war	From 1367 to 1369
Emperor Taizu's first expedition to the north	The year 1370
Emperor Taizu's second northern expedition	The year 1372
Emperor Taizu's third expedition to the north	The year 1380
Emperor Taizu's fourth expedition to the north	The year 1381
Emperor Taizu's fifth expedition to the north	The year 1384
Emperor Taizu's sixth expedition to the north	The year 1387
Emperor Taizu's seventh expedition to the north	1387-1388
Emperor Taizu's eighth expedition to the north	The year 1390
Emperor Taizu's ninth expedition to the north	March 1391
Emperor Taizu's tenth expedition to the north	September 1391
Emperor Taizu's eleventh expedition to the north	The year 1392
The twelfth Northern expedition of Emperor Taizu	The year 1395
The 13th northern expedition of Ming Taizu	The year 1396 ^[138]

economy

Rest with the people

At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang implemented the policy of developing production and resting the people. In 1368, the county officials from other places came to the capital, Zhu Yuanzhang said to them: "The beginning of the world, the people are poor in financial resources, like birds just flying, do not pluck its feathers; Like a newly planted tree, do not shake its roots, the important thing is Rest and recuperate ". ^[139]

Zhu Yuanzhang also encouraged the reclamation of wasteland, and in 1370 he ordered that the northern counties should not limit the number of acres of barren fields, and all would be exempt from taxes and taxes for three years. He also used coercive means to move farmers from areas with large population and small land to areas with large land and small population. For the settlers, the government supplied cattle, tools and seeds; And the provision of tax exemption for three years, the land reclamation belongs to the reclamation; It is also stipulated that farmers with fields of five to ten acres must plant half an acre of mulberry, cotton and hemp, and those with fields of more than ten acres must double their planting. These measures greatly stimulated the enthusiasm of farmers to reclaim land.

In addition to Mintun, there were also Military settlement and Merchant village . Military disposal garrison Management, the government provided cattle and farm tools. The Ming army garrison ratio is: the border army three points to defend the city, seven points to camp; Two inland troops defended the city, eight in the field. The army is basically self-sufficient in food supplies. Merchant tun means that businessmen hire people at the border to camp fields and deliver grain on the spot, saving the cost of trafficking and making more profits. The implementation of the commercial tun solved the problem of military supplies and developed the border areas.

Build water conservancy projects

Zhu Yuanzhang attaches great importance to it Build water conservancy projects and Give relief to famine victims . At the beginning of his reign, he ordered that whenever the people put forward suggestions about water conservancy, local officials must report them in time, otherwise they would be punished. By 1395, a total of 40,987 tangweirs had been opened nationwide, dredging about 4,162 rivers.

Fish scale book

Officials and rich families tried their best to evade taxes, which had formed a custom in the early Ming Dynasty. In order to escape bondage, wealthy households in Jiangsu and Zhejiang came up with many ways, one of which is to divide the property under their name, and then entrust it to someone else's name, reduce the household, etc. This method is also called" An iron foot is deceitful And even formed the custom of "paradoxical" in the local area.

Zhu Yuanzhang naturally would not let it go, in addition to a severe crackdown, he ordered the creation of land records -" Fish scale book According to the amount of their tax grain, it is set as several districts, and each district has four grain chiefs, so that they can gather Lining nail Elderly people Measure the field, draw a map, write the name of the owner of the field and the area of the field and the four points, and compile the category as a book, because the picture painted looks like a fish scale, so the name "fish scale atlas". ^[140]

Issue banknotes

In the seventh year of Hongwu (1374), Zhu Yuanzhang established the law of banknotes Secretary of Treasure bill raising And set up the second bureau of paper making and banknote printing under the Department of banknote Raising, and the second bank for banknotes and banks. Banknotes were issued from the eighth year of Hongwu (1375)." Ming Dynasty banknotes ". Denomination is divided into one hundred, two hundred, three hundred, four hundred, five hundred, consistent, six types. The value of each coin is equal to one thousand yuan or one or two silver, and four yuan is equal to one or two gold. The "Ming Dynasty General treasure banknotes" issued by the Ming Dynasty was the only currency issued in the Ming Dynasty. ^[141]

Early Ming Hongwu Dynasty to print Precious currency , showing a certain blindness. The rapid growth of various temporary banknotes after the nineteen years of Hongwu led to the inflation in the early Ming Dynasty. ^[142]

Salt boiling

Ming Hongwu three years (1370), Zhu Yuanzhang implemented the "salt open" New Deal, that is Open-center method "The 1,000-year-old government salt monopoly system will be allowed to allow private traders to send grain to the border in exchange for salt distribution licenses." Introduction of salt About 30 catties of grain can be exchanged for a "salt primer". The government let the people benefit, "the price of Huai salt is expensive, and the business is more and more", and the problem of frontier military needs was solved in one go.

Immigration policy

At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, due to years of war, coupled with epidemics and repeated flooding of rivers, the population of the Central Plains dropped sharply Shanxi (Province) But without war, densely populated. The combined population of Henan, Hebei and Shandong provinces is less than half that of Shanxi. The Central plains land of Akano thousands of miles, the human trace is rare.

To this end, Zhu Yuanzhang made up his mind to emigrate from Shanxi on a large scale to renovate river embankments, restore salt farms, and develop production. Hong Wu Great migration ".

culture

Revival of rites and customs

See also: The reform of etiquette and custom in the early Ming Dynasty

During the Yuan Dynasty, Han culture in the Central Plains was influenced to a certain extent Mongolia And other ethnic influences and impacts. After Zhu Yuanzhang established the Ming Dynasty, he formulated the Great Mingji rites In an effort to restore the Han etiquette culture, and take a series of measures to de-Mongolize. In terms of clothing, "dress like the Tang Dynasty" ^[143] In addition, the crown and clothing system with strict rank and characteristics of the Ming Dynasty was formulated. In terms of etiquette, the abolition of Hu kneeling and the restoration of the Han tradition burlesque , Make a obeisance , Null head The way of kneeling, and according to the level of five worship, Four kinds of worship , revisit The gift of; In terms of name, Hu surname is strictly prohibited, and even the Han nationality has been caught in the pool ^[144] ; In terms of language, it is forbidden to speak nonsense. Full of charm "; Matrimonial prohibition Matrimonial divorce . By reviving the Han culture, Zhu Yuanzhang successfully removed the shadow of the Mongolian Yuan and constructed the legitimacy of the new regime. ^[145]

Attach importance to education

Zhu Yuanzhang saw from the collapse of the Yuan Dynasty that in addition to the quality of the rulers themselves, the whole society had lost humanize That's another reason. Therefore, after taking the throne, measures were taken to build schools, select school officials, and insist on education as an important index to measure the performance of local officials.

Zhu Yuanzhang's ink

In the ninth year of Hongwu (1376), in June, Ma Liang, governor of Rizhao County, Shandong Province, completed his examination and went to Beijing to see the emperor, and the state gave him a comment that "no lessons in agriculture and education, and long in the governor." In view of this identification, Zhu Yuanzhang's instructions are: agriculture and mulberry is the foundation of food and clothing, the school is the source of weathering, the county magistrate put the job not to do but long to supervise the transport, this is his duty? As a result, the magistrate was "deposed" instead of being promoted. ^[146]

Treat Guozi school officials, Zhu Yuanzhang's standards are higher, in addition to attention National economy and people's livelihood We must also have the quality to participate in political discussions. Once Zhu Yuanzhang called the scholars to talk about the way of governing the country, everyone spoke freely, only the imperial school officials Li Sidi and Ma Yi were silent. Zhu Yuanzhang was very unhappy and demoted them. Later, in the "notification" issued to the Imperial Prison, he said: as a human teacher, he should "model his will, exhaust all in the chest, develop the good ability of the world, not hidden and training..." Li Sidi and Ma Yi, who were born in the wilderness, were able to discuss state affairs with the emperor, but the emperor was so humbly willing to consult them, but they were not even willing to say a word. ^[147-148]

Revive the imperial examination

In the third year of Hongwu (1370), Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the establishment of a subject to take scholars, scholars to participate in the imperial examination must pass three examinations, but the writing or sporadic or scattered, no rules. The content of the liberal arts examination is mainly limited to the four books and five Classics, and the examination style is universal Stereotyped writing Virtual content and heavy form, so the Ming Dynasty imperial examination system is also called Take a man with eight strands .

Translated book

The Yuan rulers introduced Arabic books into China, but Put it to rest , ^[149] "Among them, there are hundreds of books in the Western Regions, with different words and characters, and those who are incapable of knowing." Therefore, Zhu Yuanzhang decided to send an envoy to the Western regions to hire another expert, he said: "You come to the Western regions Yin and Yang family, speculate that the sky is very precise, there is a method to test its latitude, and the Chinese book is not ready, this is about heaven and man is very big, it is appropriate to translate its book."

"Juzhentang Ma's genealogy" contains the early Ming dynasty to hire Manyue astronomers: "In the first year of Hongwu, in order to establish the government, the Qin Heaven Supervision was established, and the Qin envoy was sent to the Arab Manyue ( Mecca The government hired experts skilled in calendar studies, but hired local ancient clan scholars." Emperor Hongwu translated and introduced scientific books namely The Centennial Arabic Translation Movement Some of the books in the book, so that these "far from the Yi, in the Yuan dynasty more than a hundred years, obscure and effusive" works can "for China's use, prepare a family's words." ^[150]

nation

Mongolia, predator

After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang banned Hu language, Hu clothing, Hu names, Mongolian colors have changed their names, no different from the Han people. Obey the minister Zeng Bingzheng After the suggestion of prevention, he also banned the Mongolian color from changing his name for identification on the grounds that it was "contrary to the way of the former king to honor the clan." ^[151-152] And promulgate laws restricting intermarriage among them; In violation, the rod is 80, and men and women become slaves. They were allowed to marry themselves only "if their Chinese did not wish to marry Hui Hui or Kancha". ^[153-154]

Zhu Yuanzhang also adopted a policy of appeasement to the officials and people in Northern Yuan. A large number of former yuan officials and people joined the Ming Dynasty. These affiliated officials and people gradually integrated into the local society and developed a new identity for the Ming Dynasty.

The Zang nationality

Zhu Yuanzhang adopted the ruling policy of "many seals and many builds, still using monks" and "ruling" Tibetan areas. In the second year of Hongwu (1369), the Ming Dynasty sent an edict into Tibet to instruct the leaders of various places. In the sixth year of Hongwu (1373), some Tibetan leaders were brought to Nanjing, and the Ming Dynasty granted them official positions and established them Dogan Gan Wei , Uszangwei and Ha Chau Guard Later, Duogan Wei and Uszang Wei were promoted to Dogandu commands the Ministry and Uszandu commands the Ministry .

Jurchen

In the thirteenth year of Hongwu (1380), the Ming Dynasty "set up 5,000 households, saying Dongning, Nizhi, Nanjing, Haiyang, Caohe, and all the departments of Yi people". This is the first time in history that the story of a Jurchen who was annexed to the Ming Dynasty was found, and a thousand households were established by the Jurchen who lived in the lower reaches of the Hunjiang River.

He was appointed by the Yuan Dynasty in the 15th year of Hongwu (1382) Walvis Sea Tamerlane, Tamerlane, and Yalan were subjugated to the Ming Dynasty, and the Ming began to use former yuan officials from the Jurchen ethnic group to colonize the Jurchen communities outside Liaodong.

In the twentieth year of Hongwu (1387), the Ming Army advanced to Jinshan and other places and surrendered Nahide The force opened the passageway to the north and south of Heilongjiang. Subsequently, the Ming Court was sent Direct lawful affairs Liu Xian "to appease the Yalu River to the east Yi people (Nuzhen)", planned to "Tieling station", but also sent command A surname The house slave "led the walk and rode two thousand Wodoli Stand by ". However, all are withdrawn as "grain copper difficult to follow" and will be located in Nuzhen Wodoli In an area of 30,000 households sanwanwei Internal migration to Liaodong Open up a field . The Ming Dynasty on the Nuzhen area of the comprehensive strategy until Vinh Lac The year just started. ^[258-259]

In the 28th year of Hongwu (1395), he submitted to the Ming Dynasty The Jurchen of the Haixi Chief of a tribe Siyangha Rebellion, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the king of Yan Zhu Di North Ping two command division and Liaodong command division of elite cavalry seven thousand, ten thousand infantry, life Consul general Zhou Xing He was a commander in chief and served with the chief of the right Army Song Sheng , Liu Zhen Went to 30,000 Wei and other places to suppress the rebellion, captured the Nuzhen town Fuguan three and more than 650 men and women, more than 400 horses, and Siyangha And then they run away The Songhua River Besides, the Ming army failed to capture. ^[260-261]

diplomacy

The "land of no Taxes"

In foreign policy, in Emperor Ming ancestral instruction He said: The four winds, all the mountains across the sea, isolated in a corner; The land is not enough to supply, and the people are not enough to command. If he does not care enough to disturb my side, he is ominous. He is not a problem for China, and I have a light war, which is also ominous. I fear that future generations, relying on China's prosperity, greedy for a moment of war, without cause to raise troops, injure people's lives, remember not. But Hurong and the northwest border, close to each other, successive wars, will be selected to train soldiers, the time is carefully prepared.

He listed North Korea, Japan, Annam , Chenla , Siam , Champa , Sumatra , Java The river, the white flower, Three Buddhas , Bornei Other countries are listed as "non-levy countries".

Korea, North Korea

In 1368, the Ming army conquered Dadu, Ming and Korea That is, they take the initiative to appoint ambassadors.

In 1369, Goryeo proclaimed himself a minister to Ming. ^[155] But the Goryeo dynasty faced Northern Yuan Dynasty The two major forces of the Ming Dynasty had not yet made a choice, which made the relations between the two countries very tense. ^[156]

In 1392, General Goryeo Li Chenggui Usurp the throne. After that, Li Chenggui referred to the ancient name "Korea" and Li Fu on the official land "and ning", please Zhu Yuanzhang ruled that Zhu Yuanzhang said "the number of Dongyi, but North Korea is the most beautiful." And since it is far away, it is appropriate to change its national name to Korea ", so it was decided that Korea would be the new national name. ^[157] However, due to the potential territorial conflicts between Ming and Korea, the conflict between the two sides intensified. ^[158] until Ming Dynasty Chengzu At that time, the relationship between the Ming Dynasty and the Joseon Dynasty began to develop normally. ^[156]

Japan

After Zhu Yuanzhang ascended the throne, he sent envoys to hold it Seal to the King of Japan To Japan, one is to hope that they will come Pay tribute The second is to order them to solve the problem of disturbing Ming pirates. ^[159] As a result, after the arrival of the credentials, Japan not only did not come to pay tribute, but cut off the head of the envoy, and the Japanese pirates continued to invade the coast.

Zhu Yuanzhang sent messengers to take The King of Japan Go to Japan, threaten to invade and conquer Japan. But in the end, "punish the Yuan army for drowning" ( Refers to the Yuan army in Yuan War She was capsized by a typhoon ), did not send troops. ^[254]

Ryukyu

In 1372, Zhu Yuanzhang sent a summons Yang Zai to Ryukyu The King of Zhongshan announced the decree, since then Zhongshan State Began to pay tribute to Ming Dynasty.

In 1373, Beishan and Nanshan also began to pay tribute to the Ming Dynasty.

In 1392, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered thirty-six people from Fujian who were good at shipbuilding and navigation to emigrate to Ryukyu, and their descendants lived there for generations Kume Village Is called" Kume thirty-six "Or" Fujian people thirty-six surname ". ^[160]

Annam

After Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself Emperor, he immediately sent Liu Dijian, deputy minister of Shang Hotel, to Annam. She died of illness in Nanning without success. In December of the same year, the Ming Dynasty sent Yi Jimin, governor of Hanyang, to issue a decree to Annam.

In the second year of Hongwu (1369) June, King Annam Jin Il 煃 (Chen Yuzong Chen 暤) Dispatched envoys Junior doctor At the same time, Min, Zheng doctor Duan Ti, Li 'an Shi, etc. paid tribute to the Ming Dynasty and asked for knighting, which was the first batch of foreign envoys to pay tribute after the founding of the Ming Dynasty. Zhu Yuanzhang sent the imperial Academy to read the bachelor Zhang Yining Book of records Niu Liang To Annan, he conferred the title of Chen Ri 煃 King Annam To seal them with gold and silver. By the time they reached Annam, however, Chen Ri 煃 was dead and his son Chen Ri 熞 ( Yang Rili After the succession, Zhang Yining refused to confer the title, and Annan was forced to send an envoy to mourn for the title, and Zhu Yuanzhang wrote a tribute and sent it Edited by Hanlin Wang 亷 went to honor Chen Ri 煃, and then Minister of Official Rites Lim Bi appointed Chen Ri 熞 King of Annam.

After the fourth year of Hongwu (1371), the political situation of Annam was in chaos, and the five changes of its Lord did not ask for the title according to the rules of sue-vassal relations, and Zhu Yuanzhang could not confer the title, nor did he investigate, and the diplomatic exchanges between the two countries continued as usual. This is a tacit acknowledgement of the fact that Annan is changing power. Zhu Yuanzhang did not intervene rashly in Annan's internal affairs, holding an attitude of "not refusing to come, not pursuing those who go", and clearly told the king of Annan, Chen Shuming. Chen Yizong Chen 暊) : "Annan is limited by the mountains and the sea, far away from all, heaven made, the emperor ordered the king to that, to the Lord living people." There is a king in China who will not fight, and those who are still strong and ignorant will fight. Today, I rule the world, only wish the people to be safe, not to bully the weak, the multitude of violence and oligopoly. The new king of Annam should rest his head and increase his troops without fear."

In the fourteenth year of Hongwu (1381), the Siming Prefecture of Guangxi sued the two counties of Annantuo and Dong for intruding on Yongping and other villages, and when Annan was criticized, he also sued the Siming Prefecture for attacking its Tuo, Dong, Lu and Zhi districts. Zhu Yuanzhang believed that Annan had "committed an insult, created a rift, and deceived China", and not only returned the tribute of the year, but also ordered the Chief secretary of Guangxi "since today, Annan has paid tribute and did not accept it". Annamyu Yak lichen After coming to power, Zhu Yuanzhang began to seize the land under the jurisdiction of Siming, and Zhu Yuanzhang was accused by the Siming House and sent pedestrians in December 1396, the 29th year of Hongwu Chen Cheng , Lujan Annan, asked Annan to return Siming house, the two sides after many negotiations, failed to reach a consensus. After Chen Cheng returned home, Li Jiyak feared that there would be further military action by the Ming Dynasty, and directly wrote to the Ming Ritual Department, arguing for the fact of its occupation, and showed no intention of returning it. Zhu Yuanzhang convened all ministers to discuss countermeasures, there are ministers that Annan anti-life, suggested to send troops. Zhu Yuanzhang did not accept, and tolerated Annan's arrogance and provocation, saying: "The barbarian conflict has existed since ancient times." If he is stubborn, evil will come upon him, and you will only treat him." ^[255]

Champa

In the second year of Hongwu (1369), Zhu Yuanzhang sent an envoy Champa Issue an edict. Many of you may remember the king of Chamseong pere First has sent a table to the court, tribute elephant tiger square. Zhu Yuanzhang great joy, that is, sent officials with the seal, "Datong calendar", literary Qi, Saro, with its emissary to give, the king returned to pay tribute. Since then, Chamseong has frequently paid tribute. Zhu Yuanzhang also ordered the provincial administration of the book Gou Ganhuan, Huitongguan deputy Lu Jingxian conferred the title of A many A king of the city, awarded forty color coins, "Datong calendar" three thousand. Hongwu three years (1370), sent emissaries to worship his mountains and rivers, and issued imperial orders. Later, Zhu also mediated the conflict with Annan at the request of the Libyan. In the 24th year of Hongwu (1391), Zhu Yuanzhang heard that Ah Yi was killed by his vassal Ge Sheng, and refused to pay tribute to Zhancheng. However, after the thirty years of Hongwu (1397), he resumed paying tribute. ^[263]

Siam

He was enthroned by Zhu Yuanzhang in 1377 Ayutthaya The king is "King of Siam"," Siam The name was officially fixed and called Thailand in the Chinese context. ^[161] The Ming generation, Siam Envoys were sent to China 112 times, and Chinese envoys were sent to Ayutthaya 19 times.

Bone-water (of bone-water)

In August of the third year of Hongwu (1370), Zhu Yuanzhang was ordained censor Zhang Jingzhi, Fujian provincial affairs Shen Chichi Be sent on a diplomatic mission The state of Boni . Under Shen's diplomatic activities, the king of Boni, Mahemusha, sent emissaries to pay tribute to the top of a crane, raw tortoiseshell, peacocks, a large piece of borneol of plum blossom, rice borneol, western cloth, and true incense. Zhu Yuanzhang is overjoyed. banquet It's very thick. Hongwu eight years (1375), ordered the country's mountains and rivers attached to the Fujian mountains and rivers. ^[256]

Western states

Zhu Yuanzhang said: "The western states, known as the distant Fan, came across the sea, difficult to count the years. No matter how many tributes they paid, Thick to thin But also."

In the second year of Hongwu (1369), Zhu Yuanzhang ordered his envoy Liu Shumian to take the throne Xidori South India Ebony coast ). Hongwu three years (1370), pacified the desert, returned to the envoys issued orders. Its king Beriti sent a gold leaf table, from Liu Shumian to China to offer the square. Zhu Yuanzhang gave literature and gauze very thick, and gave the "Datong calendar".

In the third year of Hongwu (1370), Zhu Yuanzhang ordered an envoy Tahai Timur Sticks to charge the land near Xiyang Zoli Zori . In the fifth year of Hongwu (1372), the emissaries of Buna, king of Zori, paid tribute and presented the map of his country's land and mountains.

Since then, Subindana , Hanbang , tempa , All kinds of flowers , Pahang The western states paid tribute to Ming one after another. ^[256]

society

Grass-roots control

At the end of the second year of Hongwu (1369), Zhu Yuanzhang ordered: "The ordinary army, people, craftsmen, Yin and Yang households, may each copy the original report for the book, do not forget to do chaos, offenders are punished, still from the original home."

In November of the third year of Hongwu (1370), Zhu Yuanzhang ordered Hubu to count the world's household accounts and issue them to each household Account card And stipulated that the household post should be re-fabricated every ten years, and the state and county officials should count the number of households in the area every year.

In the fourteenth year of Hongwu (1381), Zhu Yuanzhang began to implement it on the basis of household posts Yellow Book system It is stipulated that 110 households are one li, from which 10 households with more Ding grain are selected as the length of the Li, and the remaining 100 households are 10 a. A long man, a first man, management Lining nail The affairs of... The imperial court registered every household living in urban and rural areas according to their native place, name, population, field and acre. It was made up once every ten years, and each volume was in four copies and reported to the imperial household Department, province, prefecture and county respectively. Because the cover of the booklet reported to the ministry is yellow paper, it is called" Yellow Book ".

The Huangshu of the early Ming Dynasty divided the population into three classes: civilian, military and artisan. All kinds of people are registered according to the type of employment. Yellow Book system It is both the law of the Ming Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty Household registration system It became an important basic system of social economy in Ming Dynasty. ^[162]

Pension policy

Zhu Yuanzhang respected the world's elderly people, issued edicts and decrees, stipulating that every place should be kind to the elderly, and let the county magistrate regularly send rice noodles and clothes to sympathize. ^[163] Zhu Yuanzhang was afraid of weak implementation, so he again told the Ministry of Rites to reiterate this policy in the name of the emperor.

To keep retirees at home attended to, Hongwu Six years of regulation: "People over 70 years, allow a son to support, exempt from duty." That is to say, in order to better allow the elderly over the age of 70 to live peacefully in their old age, the state allows one of the elderly's sons to be exempted from military service.

For those who respected the elderly, the court not only gave spiritual praise, but also gave material rewards, clothes, and bonuses. Moreover, these filial children can enjoy special treatment when they are old, and when they reach the age of 60, they can enjoy the welfare benefits that ordinary elderly people can enjoy when they reach the age of 80. If the model of filial piety has the misfortune to become a lonely old, then they can enjoy at home Nursing home The local nursing home will send money and food to their home according to the standard monthly; After death, the government will also give three silver as funeral expenses.

Under the requirement and drive of the court, the atmosphere of respecting the elderly and supporting the elderly has been formed, and the requirement of supporting the elderly has also penetrated into the family laws and regulations around the country. The Pujiang Zheng family's "The first family in the South" was called by Zhu Yuanzhang. Zheng's gauge "Is the representative work of Chinese traditional family laws and regulations.

Social welfare

The period of Zhu Yuan Zhang was one of the best periods of social welfare in ancient China. Free nursing home ( Nursing home ), free hospital ( Nursing home ) and free cemetery ( Kuizawa En ) ^[164] All show up. Zhu Yuanzhang has also experimented with" Security housing The policy, ordered to pilot in Nanjing, built public housing in the suburbs, and arranged for the homeless to live, is the world's earliest national free welfare public housing.

Inhibition of traders

In order to demean merchants, Zhu Yuanzhang stipulated that farmers could wear silk, yarn, silk, and cloth. The merchant, on the other hand, could wear only silk and cloth. Businessmen will be restricted from entering schools and becoming officials.

Historical evaluation

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EDITOR

Official history evaluation

" The record of Emperor Taizu of Ming Dynasty "With the resources of heaven, from the fields, and then into a great cause. When it was time, Yuan Zheng Ling Yi, heroes and rise, the big people stole respect, the small people even several cities, are abusive, evil people, the world is in great chaos. On the folk, min Yan hurt, has been put forward by all, refused to increase, is forced to uprising, that is, a law, Ming constraints, affairs to an order as a matter, so to calm down, the people salt press blocking, not more than ten years, cleaning up the group, suppressing the chaos, a peaceful world, build a mixed work. Although heaven has ordered people to return, it is also caused by Shenwu not to kill. At the beginning of his reign, he looked into ancient rites, made rituals and made music, revised the rules of the Ming Dynasty, and lifted the waste. Set suburban sacrifices, build schools, respect Confucius, worship Confucianism, nurture talents, note Hongfan, synergeting nine domains, deport heresy, table chapter classics, is the name of 100 gods, strict sacrifice of the Canon. Observing astronomy, pushing calendar numbers, determining feudalism, respecting law, careful reward and punishment, and fussing four Yi, overseas faraway countries, all sent their children to school. Antarctic inflammation is over ice and soil in the north, and the sun and moon in the east and west are not taken. Ambiguity in the court, the day to forget the meal, an open mind to ask, from the flow of good, God seek wise break, Zhao Li Li. Retreat of the leisure, that is, extended Confucian scholars, talk about the classic, take the ancient emperor Jiayin good deeds, book the hall hip, access to the province view. Reject extravagance, never swim lucky, but smell, eat happy, but nothing good. Live frugally, as the world first. Every mandate mandate word, all self-made, honest and simple, insight into the material situation. When Ning ring under the command, move the history, earnestly cut to, the listener moved. Instruct the descendants of the imperial ministers, with the book, Yifa forever. The government of the palace, Yan official temple of prevention, Du Ye Qi ye, and the family law you are. Discipline, law and degree, clear and clear preparation. As for the ceremony of the ancestors, sacrifice prisoners, preserve high years, xing filial piety brother, encourage agriculture and mulberry, Juanjin, forgive the death penalty, burn prison equipment, Jing Lian can, dethrone greed and cool, destroy rape and violence, bless the good, lenient love, professional virtue. Is the body to the peace of more than 30 years, the people of its industry, the official called its job, the rich in the sea, all the blessings, the merit of the article, a new look, too far! After Tang Yu Zen summer, Yin Zhou followed; Into the summer, is the capital Bo public; King Wu's war against Shang depended on the Western teachers; As for Henkel, although he started on foot, he still borrowed the pavilion leader and attached the longitudinal disciples. On the level of a people, breathing response, to have the world, the square book does not have also, in what abundance! ^[244]
" History of Ming Dynasty ": Taizu to smart Shen Wu information, holding the purpose of helping the people, take advantage of the time, hero Jingcong, put down the rebellion, 15 years into the emperor. Rising cloth clothes, election Dien Haiyu, after the Western Han Dynasty did not also. The punishment of Yuan administration is weak, and the governance is still severe. And can salute to the old Confucian, test ceremony set music, Zhaogang Yi, respect is learning, plus N wins the country, clarify official officials, repair discipline, Chongfeng, is the name of the Hajj, internal governance purge, ban officials upright shall not interfere in government, five houses six official positions of maintenance, place guard field, soldiers eat enough. Wuding chaos, text to peace, Taizu real body both. As for the Yasang Festival, listen CAI Ziying Head north. At the end of the year, I was worried about the welfare of the people, and tried to spend tens of thousands of dollars in a year to benefit agriculture and mulberry and prepare for drought. With this descendant to carry on the business for more than 200 years, the name of the scholar is heavy, the countryside is enriched. Now Miao people Mengze, still such as Donglou, white horse, the world promises the first sacrifice, there is a zai! ^[165]

Evaluation of Ming Dynasty

Shedok My Taizu has over the past five things: fight against the QiYidi, recover the Xia also; Jijinan suit, unify the world also; Vega Katsukuni The edge does not cross also; Bow to entrepreneurship, the longest also; Affirming ancestral discipline, family law is the strictest. ^[245]
Yao Lai I Taizu high emperor sound sin and flood sweep, outline China's demon atmosphere, snow China's hatred of shame, heaven and earth began to have positioning, emperor and minister began to have fixed points, the first foot began to have shape, read the sven and know the merit of the holy ancestor, really far drive Tang Yu Also, and the ancient emperor A surname To return to humanity. Otherwise, the people will die for a long time. Therefore, reading the history and the death of the Song Dynasty is not painful for China; When the Yuan is about to disappear, it is not too fast for China. ^[262]
Wang Shizhen :
- ① The high emperor rose Huai right, carrying three feet sword, with the group of male horns and victory; Take advantage of the victory to the north, drive rupp and put out of the desert. Qiankun and reposition, sun and moon polyester and heavy lang; The sea mountain is laid and as before, and the people are restored and crowned with shoes, how can the husband get the power of the saints? namely A surname Nicholson Five pawns , while Yu the Great let Hyun Kyu That's right. The high emperor is still not holy from himself, and he offers great treasures in the dish of water and drives six horses to rot. Chicken crowing and up, not color and see the dynasty, not to the cold and summer, ring Yiyi also; Six palace to take a place just, no yanzhao, twenty-eight of the offer, ring also swing; Give the edict to rent, no year and not, ring all the people also; A read Jiang floor, a few into the end, the body is not for the palace other hall, ring 㳺 Yu also; To mount blasphemy of god's abuse, and return to the name, desecrating God also; Yunan Zhao Ping, sleeping for seventeen years and began to kping, Jieqin also; Korea chaos, Annan block, Japan two, shut up and listen to their own submission, not to discuss, refrain from picking quarrels also; Abolishing prime minister, analysis in the book province and six, shall not phase pressure, ring the state also; Five capital governor house to hold the army and not with the transfer, the military department to be transferred and not to govern the army, ring also; Six feet of solitary, vertical arch and not set mother, mat ring inside dry also; The country rent and not with the government, stop moving also; South thirty years and not change the yuan, thin at home and abroad called concubine without a logo, quit extravagant heart also. Although the emperor Gao covered a lifetime with divine Wu, and suppressed the wise men of the following life, his respect was in the nine heavy, and his insight into his heart, with the aspiration of Lvyan, his achievements were enough to be the heart of heaven. It is so calendar more than ten sacrifices and days as soon as possible benefit thick, its deep ze glue solid in the people's will; It is the time when the crisis shocks and does not move its discipline, enough to maintain the future generations; It refers to the deer training of the fox generation to steal, but can not long deacon. The so-called high emperor is the merit, and the fool is the so-called high emperor's strength has the world, not to the merit also. ^[246]
- The success of Emperor Gaudi of Han Dynasty is better than that of Tang Wu, Jie Zhou 龁痡 The people of his country cannot be in four places; Ming Gaodi victory Shun Yu Yi, flood and living and eating waste, people also Jewish people. So husband Henkel's work, I also work; The work of Emperor Gaodi is the work of all ages. Alas! ^[247]
Chen Yuwei Although Taizu has the world, it is easy to Henkel, and the manager has the peace of the industry hundreds of times. There are three: first, the emperor did not die in a few years, the Emperor Taizu thirty years to have, can not add; Second, although the Han Gao inherited the Qin fire, it was mainly based on the Qin, Taizu swept Hu Yuan and restored the imperial system; Third, Gaozu still have all the ministers, Taizu no auxiliary phase, since the sacred heart God painting only many also. ^[248]
Li Zhi I Taizu high emperor, cover thousands of ancient one of the emperor also, ancient only Tang, Wu Shu almost. However, the end of the wu was ordered, not Zhou Gong is not an Yin loyal minister; The order of Tang is also late, and non-Yi Yin can not be immune from the subversion of Taijia. But my holy Father, from the beginning of his Haocheng and his accession to the throne, for some fifty years before and after, never a day passed without thinking of the support of the small people, and never a moment failed to think of the help of the wise. Cover itself from its cradle Huangjue Temple The day, has been angry in the corrupt officials, desire and willing to do. So always use the army, always forbid the generals, no word and not side, also no word and not out of loyalty, so the day corporal salty wish to return and attached, and happy to die. ^[249]
Li Weizhen There is a man to the world, not to the river left one day down; There are those who are both Yidi in China, and those who are not Yidi in China and can be expelled. Every man from the river left, with the summer change, the body created ten years, the body of thirty years, its fatestosterone fast world and system, if the system of descendants, hanging three hundred years, great! The emperor is also fierce. There is only one person in a lifetime. Confucius on the three generations of the way, Yin people first punishment and then reward, rumors of Hongwu when the people shudder, rape strange belong to not return to court, if the so-called by the business and government of Ye? ^[250]
He Qiaoyuan Zhong Ni Sheng Tang Wu, how is he not 捄 the people? A surname Ashamed virtue Don't catch Henkel. Emperor Gao's origin is the same as Henkel's, but it is not like Qin Tingchang. To Shenwu, the length of literature, is no less than. If my husband is diligent and diligent, a lot of famine, although two emperors and three Kings are called to add it! ^[251]
Zhu Guozhen : Since the Wang dynasty is split, miscellaneous miscellaneous, immersed and rich and powerful loss, the Putian collapse, to Hu Yuan and extremely, most of the real people mixed a Huaxia, clear brush, to my Taizu high emperor, very strict also; Shenwu to not kill, extremely ren also; Shu miserable In time, extremely dense also. Discipline is based on dogmatism, voice, discipline, self-improvement, true harmony with the Tao, and luck with heaven. The great success of Confucius cluster, I Taizu also set the great success of ancient emperors, in one, and in the first, in the present, to Yi! There is no way to be still. ^[252]

Evaluation of Qing Dynasty

Nurhachi : Taste the emperors of the past dynasties, at the beginning of every painstaking will, hard bones, ready to go through difficulties, and then achieved great things. Yu Shun ploughed Li Shan, grams filial line, then heard in the sky and ascended the throne. Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty A Si on the long ear, struggle between the lines, bow to the chaos, and then have the world. Golden Taizu Serve the Liao Lord, several were executed, the soldier can strive to cultivate himself, accept the vassal country, destroy the Liao emperor. Emperor Taizu lost his parents early, lived in Buddhist temples, went through hardships, and died into Emperor industry. This is the day as soon as there is virtue, not to be contemptible and abandoned. ^[277]
Shunzhi Emperor :
- I think that the wise Kings in the past are no better than Hongwu. What's that about? There are those who are good and those who are not good. To the rules and regulations set by Hongwu, the planning is detailed, so I call the king of the past less than Hongwu. ^[167]
- ② Since I have been in power, I have ruled with wide, and I have always called Hongwu killing the minister too much, and from today's perspective, too wide is not possible. ^[275]

conversation When the Fang emperor is small, see razor, Mengdang especially sleepy. A meal is worth a lifetime. And those who should be lucky, destroy the world, and do not differ from past habits, are not God's solution to heaven, Hogke wins this? Gong De long Chua, outline, Han, Tang below have not caught also. Heavy punishment chaos, to move the hero officials, the city blood Chen Yin, almost with Qin, Sui, and the world quiet, rape and theft, love the heart of the people, heaven and earth hundred gods deep for understanding. Country Zuo spirit chief, this is why. ^[248]
Gu Zuyu Taizu originated from the southeast, and there is a northwest, for ancient and modern differences. Taste test its military method, a real out of Sun Wu, attack the flaw and crush the deficiency, is invincible. Husband has the ambition to take the world, but not to take the world strategy, since the opening up, have not seen successful also. Taizu Ming in the urgency of the appropriate, the division of the back of the principle, the beginning of the decision in two Chen, following the direct victory in the temple gallery, just like Henkel, precision in Guangwu. ^[168]
Fourier scale : The emperor to wise Shen Wu of the capital, compassion of darkness and turbidity, and even boiling. Lift three feet to rise Huaidian, the heart of the people, to rely on the will of God, not more than ten years of a flat central plains, clear the desert. The sound of teaching impassable land, salty Fengzheng new, absent. As a result, the people get home, have a common Lord, although said the destiny of the clouds, to also the Feng spear to reach, refrain from killing to arrest the family name is also caused by. After he ascended the throne, he straightening the rules, making Ming preparations, and giving advice to create the Fa, far beyond the ancients. The best is the best, not the worst is Sudoku. Its excellent previous generation, loyal festival, worship Confucianism heavy road, under the arrest of humble, immortal. The first legislation is too strict, the torture is too severe, and the killing of the two parties' Beijing people is quite damaging to heaven and earth. Booo! After the Yuan dynasty appeased, it was difficult to remove the stain for a long time, and there were some who had to. The theorist said that its re-creation of the work, high, too soon! To speak written, thought such as a permanent structure, then the emperor of the rest. ^[253]
Gu Yingtai Taizu Huaixi cloth clothing, sword to discuss chaos, between 15 years, then into the emperor industry, open Ming hall, ceremony God, Gong Yunlie Yi. However, in the line of the body, the hand does not stop, courtesy to the Confucian minister, meditate on the way. Probably from Song leaf Ling Chi, living people have no master. Xijing rites and music, lost since the week moved; Jin Dynasty wind, died in the river left; The successor Yuan lost control, turbid chaos and good away. Since ancient times, chaos has been immersed, and holy learning has been abandoned. Non-emperor God stubborn up, Zhiyong very xing, also uneng survey chaos, the old chapter, right, if the speed of the person! ^[166]
Kangxi Emperor :
- ① Taizu grant heaven wisdom and courage, rising cloth clothing, weft scriptures, unified Fang Xia, where its system, quasi today drink ancient, salty very detailed, not only the descendants can not more than its scope, that is, the Han, Tang and Song princes have not reached. ^[274]
- ② Hongwu is the Lord of Yingwu Wei Lie, unusual emperor comparable. ^[169]
- ③ I think Hongwu department open base of the Lord, merit Longsheng, Xuande is shou Chengxian, although the movement will be different, the deeds are unique, but all encourage in the moment, Molie hang Yi world, for the cause of the king, each ke. ^[273]
- ④ the emperor Taizu's talents are heroic, the administration Renming, the lion reaped, the mixed district Yu, the creation of the foundation, merit and long. ^[278]
Emperor Qianlong :
- ① The deeds of the past far away, Gu do not have to talk, that is, such as the victory of the country, Hongwu Xiaomiang opened, did not taste the hardship, and after the middle of the middle, read Jue, if the wilderness of Zhengde, Tian is not strange, Jiajing, Wanli, Tianqi of the stupid, the handle moved down, so that the power minister, one after another, and good Wei Fu, disorderly government harm good, this number of you only know Mengye and safety, in the state Meng was unaware, Although not reach the body to die, not to tell and tame to perish. Make it possible to revitalize, remember the old plan of Hongwu, and encourage the essence to seek treatment, not necessarily irreparable in the unfinished, and Yan An 酖 poison, finally incurable. ^[276]
- For another example Emperor Taizong of Tang To be attached by a group of males; Ming Yongle, also yong slightly smell. Make Tang Gaozu not built and set up Taizong, Ming Taizu not set up Jianwen and set up Yongle, then the change of Yuan Wu gate, Jinchuan gate is difficult, all without starting from, what to the bones and bones disabled, loyal and good terrible. ^[279]
Zhao Yi : A man, a sage, a hero, a thief, and both. ^[170]
Emperor Jiaqing Fu Ming Dynasty, Hongwu, Yongle, all have great for the Lord. ^[280]

Modern evaluation

Sun Yat-sen :
- ① The foreign invasion of the country, Zhen ancient heard, the late Zhao and Song dynasties, on behalf of Mongolia, Shenzhou Lu Shen, several hundred years. I high emperor rise in time, clear the earth, the sun and moon, rivers and mountains rebuild, restore the great justice, show Lai Zi. ^{[281
  ]}
- ② In the Song dynasty, the government is not the main line, Liao Yuan is transported, the summer is disturbed, God and man are angry. But I Taizu, rise up the grass, bustling with criminals, restore the old things, twelve years, then set up the great cause, Yuyu Qingming, cleaning Shan. Cover in the summer to see the system in the border of small Yi number, its removal of the liberation of the Xun, not able to Taizu's great people also. ^{[282
  ]}
Mao Zedong :
- Since ancient times, there has been no army Li Shimin To the right, followed by Zhu Yuanzhang Er. ^[171]
- ② Zhu Yuanzhang is the leader of the peasant uprising, should be sure, should write a little better, do not write so bad (referring to Zhu Yuanzhang's old age).
- It is a mistake not to let all the sons and grandchildren fight together. ^[171]
- Zhu Hongwu was born as a cowherd, but he was not stupid. He had a counsellor named Zhu Sheng Very knowledgeable, Zhu Hongwu listened Zhu Sheng The words "accumulate grain widely, build walls high, and slowly become king" eventually won the hearts of the people and won the world.

Muang Sen :
- ① Taizu to set the phase for the Qin Dynasty since the matter, the ancient three public doctrine does not serve, the six officials serve without the handle of the general command, and the government affairs are cut by the king, this method is not wrong. To the emperor is not idle of the king, and the province of the book for tens of thousands of sets, the traitor has a specialization and no points, then into the disaster of the mean, so for choking waste food. Getty good will give any thing talent, do not want to use the Tao self-respecting people, if Liu Ji is not able to rely on deep, it is known. To the villain accumulated evil for a long time, no conspiracy to cover up the law, the world is set, soldiers and horses, anti-test easy to live. After the abolition of the phase, the heir king can be a little diligent, will not have the right to make a crafty male. This is the special knowledge of Taizu. However, diligent politics is not easy to say, too much to hold, eventually unavoidable, outside the power, and the right to castrate, things inherent out of the outside of the defense. ^{[267
  ]}
- ② Taizu's use of strict laws, in the restraint of noble officials is very strict, really did not abuse and civilians, and more afraid of abusing the people, in order to obey the law and result in all cases. ^{[268
  ]}
- The Ming castration disaster was unprecedented in ancient times, but the Taizu's prevention of castration was worse than that of his predecessors. ^{[269
  ]}
Lv Simian Ming Taizu originated in the grass, and can eradicate Hu Yuan, the control of the group, its ability is not not male. Although he was born in the grass, he also had a good understanding of politics, and the laws of school, imperial examinations, and service were followed by the Qing Dynasty, which lasted for 600 years. Although the Weisho system was not without disadvantages, it was indeed a very complete system from the very beginning of its legislation, and it was able to create a large and strong army without disturbing the people. therefore Ming Dynasty The size of the founding is not insignificant. Too bad he's so selfish. The abolition of the prime minister, so that the dynasty has no important ministers, to the later generations, the power into the hands of the eunuch. The descendants of the heavy duty Duke, open the end of military and political corruption. His torture was originally harsh, and Li Jinyiwei, so that the department of investigation affairs, to later generations, the East factory, the West factory, the factory has risen. The East factory was set up by Chengzu, the West factory was set up by Xianzong, and the inner factory was set up by Wuzong. This can only be attributed to my bad faith. Its feudal sons in all parts of the country directly caused the change of the peace difficulties. ^[172]
Wu Han Zhu Yuanzhang after more than 20 years of practical education, in the wandering life, in the barracks, in the battle, in the rear, learning everywhere, training themselves at any time, more everything to listen to the advice of others, seek expert advice. He was not only a military commander known for his massacres, but also one of the most insidious and cruel politicians in recent history. ^{[270
]}
Qian Mu The Ming Taizu Revolution, which drove out the Hu Yuan and revived the Han and Tang dynasties, became the common political ideal at that time. However, Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty was always a rough man with poor historical and cultural accomplishment, and he first objected to honoring Mencius as a saint. In the history of traditional Chinese politics, he made an unprecedented reversal, that is, he officially ordered the abolition of the prime minister and replaced it with Grand master of the Cabinet . According to the law, the cabinet is only the emperor's private office, not the official government hall. The Bachelor of Cabinet was only the emperor's inner court secretary, not a formal prime minister in the foreign court. The emperor then became, in law, the real leader of the government. ^[173]
You Guoen :
- ① In politics, the imperial power was strongly consolidated, the prime minister system with a history of more than 1,000 years and the three provincial systems of Zhongshu, Menxia and Shangshu with a history of more than 700 years were abolished, and the military and government powers were all in one, which was the vicious development of feudal absolutism centralization since the Qin and Han Dynasties.
- (2) Zhu Yuanzhang and Liu Jiding's eight-part text formula, specifically from the four books and five classics proposition, and can only be explained according to Zhu Zhu, the so-called "its text is just like the Song classics, but the ancient tone for it." In form, it is limited to the eight-stock system, and even the number of words is strictly regulated, which is obviously more harmful than the Tang and Song dynasties. It not only strengthens the tyranny of thought and culture; In literature, it also had a negative influence of supporting conservative revivalism and encouraging formalism. ^[174]
Nam Bingwen , Soup line :
- ① Zhu Yuanzhang's reform of the central and local administration, especially the abolition of the Prime Minister system, was an important event in the history of our feudal social and political system, which made the emperor have more power and became a real dictator. Zhu Yuanzhang strengthened the centralization of feudalism in the above forms, which played a positive role in consolidating the unity of China's multi-ethnic country and promoted the stabilization of social order and the restoration of social production at that time. But at the same time, due to the increasing perfection of the feudal ruling organization, it greatly strengthened its ruling function over the people and strengthened its control over the people. The rule of Chinese feudal absolutism reached an unprecedented degree. ^{[264
  ]}
- The harshness of Zhu Yuanzhang's punishment and usage of corrupt officials is rare in history. ... Zhu Yuanzhang's rectification of official governance did play some role. Compared with the situation of letting corrupt officials run amok at the end of the Yuan, some central and local officials, after the turmoil at the end of the Yuan, made some achievements in stabilizing society and organizing production. ... However, Zhu Yuanzhang was a feudal emperor after all, and his purpose of rectifying official administration was to consolidate the long-term stability of Zhu family dynasty. His standard for distinguishing officials from good and evil is often based on his personal will; His character was also suspicious and domineering. When he talked about the relationship between the king and the subject, he spoke beautifully, but if anyone made suggestions that offended him, he would be indiscriminately killed. ^{[265
  ]}
- After Zhu Yuanzhang established Ming Dynasty, in summarizing the historical experience of the rise and fall of the dynasties, he realized that the eunuch dictatorship was one of the important reasons for the fall of Han and Tang. "In order to prevent repeating the mistakes of history, he stipulated that officials should only serve," do not read or read ", "do not serve as foreign ministers with civil and military titles", "imperial officials are not allowed to move with wen", "engraved iron plates placed at the palace gate said: 'internal ministers shall not interfere in political affairs, and those who predict will be cut.'" ... It can be seen that Zhu Yuanzhang's preventive measures against eunuchs were not lax, but it was his own extreme monarchy system that led to the evil results of eunuchs dictatorship after the middle of Ming Dynasty. Zhu Yuanzhang abolished the province and the prime minister system, became an unprecedented feudal autocratic dictator, but also his descendants to do, "to the heir king and not allowed to set up the prime minister, ministers dare to play please set up, civil and military ministers immediately expose the play, heavy punishment." However, when the prime minister is abolished and eunuchs are not allowed to interfere in the administration, this situation will not last long, and the eunuchs will often be trusted in the end. As he himself said: "The people of the Castration temple, day and night in the people around the king, in and out of daily life, the voice, the smile, the eyes and ears, its small kindness and small faith, are enough to consolidate the heart of the king." And then the favorite, its nature is also. If one is confused and not province, he will fake blessings and steal power in order to intervene in political affairs. And for a long time, so as to be unable to suppress, so that there are many chaotic steps." Therefore, Zhu Yuanzhang, who strictly prohibited eunuchs from interfering in government, unconsciously regarded them as his cronies and made them participate in the political activities of the state. ^{[266
  ]}
Huang Renyu The Ming Dynasty adopted a strict centralization, and the policy policy was not aimed at promoting the promotion of advanced economies to enhance the national wealth, but to protect backward economies and maintain the security of the dynasty in a balanced manner. This kind of situation is rare in the world history, especially in the Ming Dynasty in Chinese history, and its initiator is Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty. ^[177]
Chen Wutong :
- Different from Chen Youliang and Zhang Shicheng, Zhu Yuanzhang had the great goal of overthrowing the Yuan Dynasty and seizing the world. South across the Yangtze River, capture should day, in Zhu Yuanzhang's view, but is the first step to achieve the plan to seize the world, still must be conscientious, diligent and careful, must not have the slightest slack. ... Zhu Yuanzhang not only practiced frugality himself, but also asked the officials of each yamen and all the generals to be diligent and thrifty and minimize unnecessary expenses, saying: "It is generally better to set up officials for the people, not for the sick people." If you make the house decoration, welcome to run, the disturbance will not help the people but harm them, not the intention of paying." Zhu Yuanzhang did not pursue the enjoyment of life, but concentrated on the construction of Jiangnan base areas. Politically abolish the harsh government of Yuan Dynasty and reduce the punishment; Economically, we should resettle land and reduce Labour; In the military, discipline should be restored and training strictly enforced. After several years of efforts, the Jiangnan base area centered on Yingtian was developed and consolidated, its troops and financial resources grew rapidly, and finally reversed the situation of "narrow land and little food", destroyed Chen Youliang and Zhang Shicheng one by one, and then went on to the south and north wars to achieve their goal of seizing the world. ^[271]
- The monarch is the supreme ruler of the feudal state, and it is natural that he should be pro-pro-government. In the past dynasties, except for a small number of accomplished monarchs, most emperors were indulged in the corrupt life of the court, arrogant and luxurious, rarely involved in political affairs, resulting in the power to fall, powerful ministers are good at it, making the government day, accumulated problems, leading to the downfall of the dynasty. Zhu Yuanzhang tried to correct the old habits and stressed that the monarch must "observe and govern", which is undoubtedly positive. His own practice, pro-pre-government, diligent in listening, so he was able to take a series of decisive measures against the actual situation at that time. At the same time, in order to ensure the realization of the "general government", he also carried out corresponding reforms to the state institutions, strengthened the central control over local areas, and the court's supervision over civil ministers and generals, and strengthened the centralized power. All these are conducive to the stability of the social order and the recovery and development of the social economy. ^[272]
Tang Man-ki :
- ① Zhu Yuanzhang was a statesman of the landlord class. He pro-brave more than ten years, get the world at once, prepared to taste the hardships of entrepreneurship. As he himself said, because "it is difficult to get, so his worry is deep." After declaring himself emperor, he did not consider how to cure the world every day and passed on his legacy to the ages. He always discussed with the scholars the gains and losses of the rulers from the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties to the Song and Yuan dynasties, hoping to learn lessons from them. ^[283]
- The reason why Zhu Yuanzhang was able to contribute to the social and economic development of the early Ming Dynasty is of course that the peasant war at the end of the Yuan Dynasty dealt a heavy blow to the dark feudal rule, thus creating favorable conditions for the development of productive forces. However, after having a stage, whether the magnificent drama can be performed depends on the talent of the actors. Revolution is the locomotive of history. In feudal society, the class struggle of peasants against landlords, especially the armed uprising, was the driving force of feudal society. However, the Marxist theory of the motive force of historical development must not be equated with mechanical dynamics. Mechanical power is the power that can produce a direct effect. As soon as the wheel is pumped up, it will bulge. But in class society, the dynamic effects of class struggle are often not intuitive, but are expressed in twists and turns through the superstructure. Every class struggle does not necessarily push the wheel of history forward a few inches. Whether the wheel of history can be pushed forward often depends on the policies implemented by the victors. After the peasant uprising at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the reason why the social economy can get rapid development is that the winner Zhu Yuanzhang implements the policy that conforms to the objective law of historical development. Therefore, the historical role of a statesman of the landlord class, such as Zhu Yuanzhang, should not be ignored. ^[283]
Jiang Zhaocheng Zhu Yuanzhang changed from a peasant uprising leader to the head of the landlord class, which is undoubtedly a betrayal of the peasant uprising. However, we cannot deny Zhu Yuanzhang's position and role in history. Although the policies pursued by Zhu Yuanzhang after the establishment of the base area in Jinling betrayed the direction of the peasant uprising, they were in line with the objective requirements of the feudal political and economic development at that time. This combined the strength of the peasant army with the anti-yuan forces of the landlord class. Just for this reason, Zhu Yuanzhang finally achieved the goal of overthrowing the reactionary rule of the Yuan Dynasty and establishing a unified feudal dynasty. Therefore, Zhu Yuanzhang is not only a traitor of the peasant uprising, but also a feudal emperor with achievements. Under the historical conditions at that time, his historical achievements are still worthy of recognition. ^[284]
Fan Shuzhi Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang has 26 sons, he was born humble, when the emperor, for fear of those founding fathers "tail can not fall", the eldest son set up as a prince, nine sons, twenty-six sons died early, the remaining twenty-three sons are feng Wang Jian. King of Swallow Zhu Di , the King of Jin Joo 㭎 , Ning Wang Zhu Quan Garrison the north at the same rate against the Mongols; King Zhu 橚 of the Zhou Dynasty, King Zhu, who was based in the inland provinces, supervised the local officials. Zhu Yuanzhang stipulated that if he encountered the dictatorship of a rogue minister, the king could denounce the rogue minister, and even send troops "to the side of the Qing Emperor". His original intention was to use royal relatives to maintain imperial power, but it backfired. ... After only four years on the throne, he was ousted by his uncle Zhu Di, the king of Yan, and the fault was planted by his grandfather Zhu Yuanzhang. ^[176]
Shang biography Zhu Yuanzhang was born in a poor family, from the bottom of the society herding children, begging for food around the little monk, relying on their own struggle to become the founding emperor of a unified dynasty. This is unique in the history of China and even in the history of the world. In addition, after Zhu Yuanzhang became emperor, he did not stop the pace, he reigned for more than 30 years, and successfully established a strong and unified Ming Empire. ^[175]
Wan Ming The only founding emperor in Chinese history who was born into a poor peasant was Emperor Taizu. He reigned for 31 years, started the 276-year Ming Dynasty in history, and had a significant impact on the development of Chinese history. ^[178] His unique life and achievements smeared a strong legendary color on his life. ^[178]
Mei Yi :
- ① Zhu Yuanzhang was born as a plain people, with no dependence, and rose up to win the world, and probably only Liu Bang, Emperor Gaozu of Han, had a comparison with him.
- ② Zhu Yuanzhang, Zhu Di a pair of giant Yin father and son, two people total, no one can live. ^[179]
A surname This illustrious founding king in the 1440s, from the natural disasters and man-made disasters and hunger and cold in the village of Zhong Li, to 1368 in Nanjing aboard Dabao, he took this road because of his own Great ambition And the consciousness of striving for success has been forcibly reformed into a rational appearance in conformity with those traditional forms. He knows how to achieve imperial rule. As emperor thereafter, he would adapt this imperial technique to the needs of the imperial cause in which he was fascinated. ^[180]

Major work

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EDITOR

penmanship

poesy

Zhu Yuanzhang also wrote poems in his military career, and there are more than 100 poems of Zhu Yuanzhang handed down to the world.

Poems by Zhu Yuanzhang

" The golden rooster crows the dawn " ^[182]	Shibuya Buddhist Monk ^[183]	A Symphony of Chrysanthemums ^[184]	Ode to Snow Bamboo ^[185]	The Wild Sleeper ^[186]
Zhong Shan Geng Wu Shenyun ^[187]	Baoguang Abandoned Tower ^[188]	Zhong Shan ^[189]	Geng Seng Rhyme ^[190]	" Free Four Immortals " ^[191]
East Wind ^[192]	The New Rain ^[193]	"Rain Should Fall Flowers Geng Xu Yingyun" ^[194]	You Geng Wu Zheyun ^[195]	Geng Song 璲 Rhyme ^[196]
Xue Geng and Cao Wenshou Yun ^[197]	You Geng Zhang Yiyun ^[198]	" Youzhong Mountain " ^[199]	Think Old and try Strong ^[200]	Shen Feng Cao ^[201]
Lushan Mountain ^[202]	" Offering sacrifices to the dead " ^[203]	Zhong Shan Yun ^[204]	Oratory to the County Magistrate ^[205]	The Lingnan Suburbs ^[206]
Ode to South Vietnam ^[207]	Bamboo Dry Green Fishing ^[208]	Herding Sheep and Drumming ^[209]	Cross Autumn Wind Blowing the Flute ^[210]	The Canglang Man and the Sea ^[211]
Kagura Monk ^[212]	The Wild Men of the Clouds ^[213]	Zhong Zi Alchemy ^[214]	" Enter the Tathagata Meditation " ^[215]	Song of Missing One's loved Ones ^[216]
The Journey of the Japanese Fan ^[217]
See table content source for details ^[218] .

Books

" With Tian Xingshu "	" The King of Japan "
" Emperor Gao, Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty, wrote the moral Scriptures "	" The monument of the Ming Imperial Mausoleum "
" Written admonition "	" The imperial records are not recorded "
" Emperor Ming ancestral instruction "	" Ming Taizu Baoxun "

Anecdotal allusion

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EDITOR

Zhu Yuanzhang left many legends and allusions during his lifetime, as follows:

Politics: Fire Qinggong building ^[219] , The clouds tell the change ^[220] , The first ruler is proud , The proposal to build a capital , Peel off your skin and roll up your grass ^[221] , The scourge of the table , Angry monk asked , The punishment of the Iron skirt , Liu Bowen asked for rain ^[222] , Imperial medical supervisor , The flesh of a wicked woman , Six words of the decree , Daming edict tablet , Full of charm , Mooncake uprising , Five watches blow the horn , Those who fear the Dharma are happiest , Teach people to write , New law of corruption , counternote , The vernacular edicts , Red seat , Gaocheng man , Baoyuan Bureau , Song Lian's honesty , Hong Wu Great migration , Play the fool .
Cuisine: Four dishes and a soup , custard , Steamed bun with steamed flour , Bound hoof , Crenel mutton , Stuffed bean curd , Cyclamen reishi , Pearl, jade and white jade soup ^[223] , Three thousand pork hocks , Wucheng big plate melon seeds , Fried hairy tofu , Old topsoil chicken soup , Watery wine , peripherium , Peach camellia oil , Tiger fur tofu , Steamed meat in five miles , Nourishing crude oil , Hongwu Banquet , Chinese bread , Why four dishes and one soup , Cold three friends wipe crisp , Changzhou Niutang Valley , Huang's belly wrapped chicken , Eight treasures porridge , Puyang Zhuang Mo , Victory cake , Fengyang stuffed tofu (Hongwu Tofu), Fei County hawthorn , Nanjing salted duck Dried wheat and broad bean porridge.
Culture: Zhao Xian Reincarnate, Rage against the Gamma God , Reading Jiang Lou , Cattle Festival , Amount in capital letters , platitude , Zhu Chen is good , Tan 垕 tan skin , intelligence , Rate division levy Chen Youliang to Xiaoxiang written , One piece of iron , A surname , Free Four Immortals , Couple chair , Emperor Gao, Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty, wrote the moral Scriptures , Escape from the sea , scamper , Lushan poetry , Zhu Yuanzhang sleepwalked to the western mountain , Clear streams and flowing springs , Portrait of Zhu Yuanzhang , Iron , A surname , Zhu Shi De inscription , Wudang retired .
Buildings: Donglimsa , Lushan bamboo forest Temple , Stargazing tower , Yuqian Kangshan Zhongchen Temple , Pavilion of imperial tablet , Emperor's Son-in-law Lane , Dragon Head Pagoda , Liuye Street , Beizhao Temple , The Guanmiao Pavillion , Yuejiang Tower , Ancient City Tower , Nanjing flower Archway , Temple of five earth , Mei Dajing , Emperor's Well , Youwu Temple , Seventy-two Wells in six towns , Beheaded horse , Hundred Cat Shop , Tongtianzhai jade urn Zen Temple , Chang's ancestral Temple , Chu Observatory , Moshan Temple , Shengqi Tower , Zhu Yuanzhang tastes crab pavilion , Ruian Temple , Yangshan tablet , Official store , Fuondo , Ming to seal the tablet , Qinglongdong ancient building group , The tomb of the Ming Emperor , Nanjing old city south .
Location: The tomb of the Ming Emperor , Day clock listen to the spring , Beitou Village , Test sword stone , Nghia Kah SAN , Kam Ngoc village , Holy-water basin , Xiadzou Village , Ten miles of holy water , Nine peaks and cliffs , pellingqing , Green cattail , Huang Village , Chenjiagou Village , Su Zhuang ginkgo tree , Shwehong Town , Piyun Mountain , Tianlong Tunpu ancient town , Pinghai , Yichun eight views of the south pool of pearl , Zhujiawa scenic spot , Baiguan Town , Bright Top , Yangshan County , Zhang Sanfeng's fairy cave , Jia Island hideaway .
Flowers and Plants: dracontium .

Interpersonal relationship

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EDITOR

forefathers

relation	The title of nobility	name
grandfather	熙祖裕皇帝	The lunar New Year
Grandmother	Empress Yu	The Wangs
grandfather	---	A surname

parent

relation	The title of nobility	name
father	Emperor Renzu Chun	Zhu Shizhen (original name) Zhu 54 )
mother	Junempress	Chans

fellow

relation	name
Elder brother	Eldest brother, the King of Nanchang Zhu Xinglong (formerly Zhu Chongsi), second brother Xuyi Wang Zhu Xingsheng (Zhu Chongliu), the third brother Linhuai king Zhu Xingzu (Zhu Chongqi)
Elder sister	Eldest sister Princess Chang of Taiyuan Second sister Princess Cao Guochang Zhu Buddha girl

The reigning queen and concubine

queen

Title	name
Queen Xiao Ci Gao	Markov ^[224]

concubines

Title	remark
Li Shufei	Shouzhou people, father Li Jie .
䂵 the princess	Some historians believe that she was the biological mother of Ming Chengzu Zhu Di and King Ding Zhu 橚. " Records of Taichang Temple in Nanjing Ming Xiaoling's divine position: "On the left, a Shu Princess Li gave birth to Prince Yi Wen, King Qin Min, King Gong of Jin, and on the right, a 䂵 princess gave birth to Emperor Chengzuwen, who all enjoyed the Mausoleum hall, palm in the temple officials, and has not changed in three hundred years."
hu Mock imperial concubine	Born Chu Zhao King Zhu Zhen.
Princess Dudding	Live Qi Gong king Zhu Yuan, Tan king Zhu Zi.
Guo Ningfei	Haozhou, father Guo Shanfu, brother Guo Xing , Guo Ying . Born king Zhu Tan of Lu wilderness.
Guo Huifei	Father, King of Chuyang Guo Zixing Zhu Chun King of Shu, Zhu GUI King of Jian, Zhu 橞 King of Gu, Zhu Shanqing Princess of Yongjia and Princess Ruyang.
hu Consort shun	Give birth to Zhu Bai, king of Xiang.
Gao ^[226]	Sheng Su Zhuangwang 楧.
Consort Han	Zhu Zhi, the king of Liao Jian (it is not certain whether he is the same person as Princess Hanshan's birth mother).
Concubine Yu	Sheng Qing Jing Wang Zhu 栴. ^[226]
Consort Yang	Sheng Ning Xian King Zhu Quan.
Concubine Zhou	Sheng Minzhuang King Zhu 楩, Han Xian King Zhu Song.
Concubine Zhao	Sheng Shen Jane king Zhu mold.
Li Xianfei	Born King Zhu 桱.
Liu Huifei	Born Ying Jing Wang Zhu Dong.
Griffa	Born Ili king Zhu 㰘, Emperor 26 son Zhu Nan.
Princess Sun	People from Chenzhou. Marshal Ma Shixiong's adopted daughter. Brother Sun Fan, born four girls, the second Lin 'an princess Zhu Jingjing, Huaiqing princess Zhu Funing, posthumous title into Mu.
zheng An Fei	Born Princess Fuqing.
Lin	Nankang princess Zhu Yuhua.
Consort Han	Korea Man, born Hanshan princess (not sure if it is the same person as Zhu Zhi's birth mother).
Zhang Meimei	Give birth to Princess Bao Qing. After Zhu Yuanzhang's death, she was lucky to be the only one to avoid being buried because of her daughter's young age.
Choi Hye-bi	No children born, posthumous title Zhuang Jing Anrong.
Ren Shunfei	Life is unknown.
Consort Weng	The Hongjira people. Yuan minister weng Jilang clan, special pet.

Sons and daughters

son

sequence	name	One's own mother	Dates of birth and death	Title (conferred by the Emperor)
firstborn	Zhu Biao	Queen Xiao Ci Gao	From 1355 to 1392	Prince Yi Wen
Second son	Joo 樉	Queen Xiao Ci Gao	1356-1395	King Min of Qin
Third son	Joo 㭎	Queen Xiao Ci Gao	From 1358 to 1398	Gong King of Jin
Fourth son	Zhu Di	Queen Xiao Ci Gao	From 1360 to 1424	Ming Dynasty Chengzu
Fifth son	Joo 橚	Queen Xiao Ci Gao	From 1361 to 1425	King Ding of Zhou
The sixth son	Zhu Zhen	Hu Chongfei	From 1364 to 1424	King Zhao of Chu
Seventh son	A surname	Princess Dudding	From 1364 to 1428	King Qi Gong
Eighth son	Zhu Zi	Princess Dudding	From 1369 to 1390	The pool King
Ninth son	Zhu Qi	-	1369-1370	King of Zhao
Tenth son	Red sandalwood	Guo Ningfei	From 1370 to 1390	Ruyuan King
Eleventh son	Zhu Chun	Guo Huifei	From 1371 to 1423	King Sacrifice of Shu
Twelfth son	juniper	Hu Shunfei	From 1371 to 1399	King of Xiang Xian
Thirteenth son	Zhu GUI	Guo Huifei	From 1374 to 1446	Acting Jane King
Fourteenth son	Joo 楧	Gao	From 1376 to 1420	King Su Zhuang
fifteenth	Zhu Zhi	Consort Han	From 1377 to 1424	Simple King of Liao
Sixteenth son	Joo 栴	Concubine Yu	From 1378 to 1438	King Qingjing
Seventeenth son	Zhu Quan	Consort Yang	From 1378 to 1448	Ning Xian Wang
Eighteenth son	Joo 楩	Concubine Zhou	From 1379 to 1450	King Minzhuang
Nineteenth son	Joo 橞	Guo Huifei	From 1379 to 1428	Grain king
twentieth	Zhu Song	Concubine Zhou	From 1380 to 1407	Han Xian Wang
21st son	Vermilion mold	Concubine Zhao	From 1380 to 1431	King of Shen Jian
Twenty-second son	Zhu Ying	-	From 1383 to 1417	An Hui Wang
Twenty-third son	Joo 桱	Li Xianfei	From 1386 to 1415	King Ding of Tang
Twenty-fourth son	Zhu Dong	Liu Huifei	1388-1414	King of Yingjing
twenty-fifth	Joo 㰘	Griffa	1388-1414	King Li
Twenty-sixth son	Zhu Nan	Griffa	1394-1394	-
(Table References ^[225-229] )

daughter
sequence	name	One's own mother	Dates of birth and death	Title (conferred by the Emperor)	Emperor's son-in-law
First daughter	Zhu Jingjing	Princess Sun	From 1360 to 1424	Princess Lin 'an	Li Qi , Lee Sun Jang The child
Second daughter		Queen Xiao Ci Gao	From 1364 to 1434	Princess of Ningguo	Maine , Meszu Subordinate son
Third daughter				Princess Chongning	Oxtown
Fourth woman		Queen Xiao Ci Gao		Princess Anqing	Ouyang Lun
Fifth woman				Princess Runing	Lu Xian , Lu Zhongheng The child
Sixth daughter	Zhu Funing	Princess Sun	1368-1425	Princess Huaiqing	Wang Ning
Seventh woman			From 1368 to 1426	Princess Daimyo	Li Jian, son of Li Ying
Eighth woman		Anfei Jung	From 1370 to 1417	Princess Fuqing	Zhang Lin , Zhang Long The child
Ninth woman			? - 1388	Princess Shouchun	Fu Zhong , Fu Youde The child
Tenth woman				Ten princesses
Eleventh daughter	Zhu Yuhua	Lin	From 1373 to 1438	Princess Nankang	Hu Guan , Hu Hai The child
The twelfth woman	Zhu Shanqing	Guo Huifei	From 1376 to 1455	Princess Yongjia	Guo Zhen , Guo Ying The child
Thirteenth daughter				Thirteen princesses
Fourteenth daughter		Koryo, Princess Han	From 1380 to 1462	Princess Hanshan	Yin Qing
Fifteenth daughter		Guo Huifei		Princess Ruyang	Seda , Xie Yan The child
Sixteenth daughter		Zhang Meimei	From 1395 to 1433	Princess Baoqing	Zhao Hui , Zhao and Zi
(Table References ^[243] )

Character dispute

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physiognomy

Bloody massacre of Hunan

Subject article: Zhu Yuanzhang bloodied Hunan

The scourge of the table

Subject article: Literary inquisition of the Ming Dynasty , The scourge of the table

Slaughter the meritorious

Subject article: Fire Qinggong building , The Hu LAN Party case

Family dispute

Zhu Yuanzhang has always been considered a Han, but some ethnic groups have said that Zhu Yuanzhang was not a Han. Such as Mongolia History of gold He called Zhu Yuanzhang "Zhu Brother" and said he was a jurchen ^[231] ; There are also claims that Zhu Yuanzhang was a Hui, Confucian scholar Chen Wutong Research shows that Zhu Yuanzhang is indeed Han nationality. ^[2]

Birther controversy

The dispute over the birthplace of Zhu Yuanzhang has been going on for a long time, says Arima (i.e Xuyi Say, Gia Son Said), Fengyang said (that is, Zhong Li said), other Rong said, Wuhe said, Peixian said, Suzhou said and so on. ^[232]

Die a cruel death

Since the Han Dynasty, it was rare for palace people to be buried, and during the reign of Zhu Yuanzhang, what had been abolished since the Qin and Han Dynasties was restored Human martyrdom The system, to the Ming Dynasty, with the palace life martyrdom burial system once again formed a climax, Hongwu thirty-one year (1398) Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the 40 concubines to be buried with all Ming mausoleum . The number of martyrs in the palace of Zhu Yuanzhang in Ming Dynasty is the largest, and the number of martyrs in the palace of Jingtai Emperor from Taizu to Jingtai Emperor varies, but none of them exceeds that of Taizu in Ming Dynasty.

Since Zhu Yuanzhang set the system of martyrdom as the ancestral system, it has been rapidly promoted. Its wide scope and deep influence are rare in all dynasties. It is also a system of extreme cruelty and oppression of women by feudal rulers. until Emperor Yingzong of Ming Before this cruel system was abolished. ^[242]

memorialize

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EDITOR

cemetery

Zhu Yuanzhang died and was buried in Nanjing Purple Mountain South of Dulong Fu play under Mount Everest Ming mausoleum , and Horse Queen Buried together here. In the fourteenth year of Hongwu (1381), Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the governor of the Central Army to serve in court Li Xin Presided over the construction of the mausoleum, in August this year, Emperor Ma died, and was buried in this tomb in September, named "Xiao Mausoleum".

Ming mausoleum

Broadsheet altar

In 1704, sixty years after the fall of the Ming Dynasty, Joseon Sukjong In return for The War of the Siren China sent reinforcements to North Korea Ming Shenzong Emperor Wanli built" Broadsheet altar ". In 1749, Emperor Yeongjo of Joseon Dynasty added Emperor Taejo of Ming Dynasty, Joo Won-jang Minzon The throne of Emperor Chongzhen.

For North Korea, these three Ming emperors were the greatest benefactors to the country. The Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty gave the title "Joseon" and had "the grace of great creation" to Joseon. In the War of the Siren Ming Shenzong To rescue North Korea, there is the "grace of reconstruction"; In late 1636, the Qing invaded Korea (i.e The Battle of the third son ), 崇祯 The emperor had the so-called "grace of East aid" towards Korea. ^[233]

Datong Temple

In 1831, Wang Deyi, a descendant of the Ming Dynasty left in Korea, built the "Datong Temple" to worship Emperor Taizu. He pointed out that the reason for the establishment of Datong Temple was: "Since the birth of the people in heaven and earth, there is no prosperity Confucius . Confucius's contribution is greater than the spring and Autumn. The meaning of spring and autumn is nothing more important than great unity... But I great Emperor Gao, great China, expelled Hu Yuan, made music, Zhaodongyi, issued the calendar, Ming spring and autumn law. Place in 崇祯 Heaven is difficult, Yi Lu Guan, Huaxia 髠 first, so the former king cultural relics, but exist in Haidong Qingqiu. State-owned newspaper, the state has Wan east, Yi Felling plan, attributed to temple food. And make my legacy descendants, Shilu emperor altar, but not Rupp emissaries, not Rupp years, still it can preserve the great defense of discipline. And the world is not servant of the martyrs also." ^[234]

Memorial hall and Research Association

See also: Zhu Yuanzhang Exhibition Hall , Zhu Yuanzhang Research Association , Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum Museum

effigy

The statue of Zhu Yuanzhang
photograph	position
Nanjing Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum scenic area in front of the big golden gate	Nanjing Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum scenic area Dajin gate.
The emperor's statue is on the east side of the highway of the Ming ancestral Mausoleum scenic spot	Ming Mausoleum scenic statue.
Nanjing Yuejiang Tower scenic area square	Nanjing Yuejiang Tower scenic area square.
New Anhui Hall of Fame.	New Anhui Hall of Fame.
Fengyang County, Chuzhou city, Anhui province Ming Zhong Du drum tower	Fengyang County, Chuzhou city, Anhui province Ming Zhong Du drum tower.
Hanzhong Shimen trestle Road scenic spot cultural square	Hanzhong Shimen trestle road scenic spot The Cultural Square.
Statue of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first emperor of the Ming Dynasty	Xuyi geopark .
Wax figure of Zhu Yuanzhang · Ming Emperor Wax Museum of the Ming Tombs	Ming Tombs Ming Emperor wax Museum Wax figure of Zhu Yuanzhang.

Special Edition Coin

Historical data index

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EDITOR

Zhang Tingyu " History of Ming Dynasty · Taizu Benji ^[235-237]
" The record of Emperor Taizu of Ming Dynasty "
Xia Xie " A well-informed guide "
Gu Yingtai " The annals of Ming Dynasty "
conversation " National consultation "

Artistic image

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EDITOR

Literary image

author	works
Wu Han	" Biography of Zhu Yuanzhang "
Chen Wutong	" The Legend of Emperor Hongwu "
Zhang Hongjie	" Seven faces of the Ming Dynasty "
The moon of the year	" Those Ming Dynasty things "
Jin Yong	" The Heaven Sword and the Dragon Sabre "
Chen Danxu	Zhu Yuanzhang (5 volumes of painting) ^[238]

Film and television image

(1) Television lectures

CCTV's" Lecture room "Column, 毛佩琦 Be the speaker of The case of the seventeenth emperor of the Ming Dynasty ", Shang biography He lectured on Zhu Yuanzhang, Emperor Taizu of Ming Dynasty.

(2) Movies and TV dramas

Film and television image
A given year	TV Series/Movies	Actor or actress
1978	Stinking boy	Sammo Hung
1978	The Heaven Sword and the Dragon Sabre	Cheng Naigen
1980	Tai Chi Zhang Sanfeng	rollorelin
1981	The Ranger Zhang Sanfeng	rollorelin
1985	Lady of luxury	Dutchie
1986	The Heaven Sword and the Dragon Sabre	Mai Haowei
1987	The great Ming Dynasty	Yam Dahua
1988	The Imperial Bodyguard	Wu Yongsen
1992	The legend of Liu Bowen	Fan Hongxuan
1993	Zhu Yuanzhang	Luzy
1993	Master of the demon teaching of dragon slaying in Heaven	Ji Qilin
1993	The legendary reincarnated hero of Liu Bowen	Li Liqun
1993	Oriental Tales The mighty test minister	Denning's Legion
1994	The Heaven Sword and the Dragon Sabre	Li Liqun
1996	Dragon's Tears	Kim Sun-chul
1997	Yongle Emperor	Lou Jicheng
1998	Legend of the Beggar Emperor	He Jiajin
1998	The one	Wang Genghao
1998	Emperor's journey	Li Liqun
1999	Fengyang boy Zhu Yuanzhang	Fang Bin
2001	The Heaven Sword and the Dragon Sabre	Qiu Wancheng
2002	Bigfoot Queen	Tang Guoqiang
2002	The love across space and time	Sun Baoguang
2003	Wudang County	Yan Yikuan
2003	cornucopia	Excel in
2003	The Heaven Sword and the Dragon Sabre	Lin Jinfeng
2004	Zhu Yuanzhang	Zhou Ti (Childhood)
2004	Zhu Yuanzhang	Hu Jun (adult)
2004	Famous flower drum	Zeng Jiang
2004	The rain and the clouds turn	Kaohsiung
2005	Bright genius	Liu Wenzhi
2005	Zhu Yuanzhang banished evil under Chenzhou	Zhang Tielin
2006	The queen arrives	Sun Haiying
2006	Legend of powder	Tang Zhenye
2006	The legendary emperor Zhu Yuanzhang	Chen Baoguo
2006	The ingenious Liu Bowen	Huo Zhengqi
2007	Big pagoda Tree	Bao Guoan
2007	The Emperor's master Liu Bowen	Excel in
2008	Flying dance	Gong Fangmin
2009	The Heaven Sword and the Dragon Sabre	Yu Boning
2010	Lady of luxury	Gao LAN Village
2010	Zhu Yuanzhang handed down the army Jinxi	Wang Weixin
2012	The Hongwu case	Li Liqun
2012	Hongwu 32	rollorelin
2014	Pirate	Sun Guangye
2014	Picturesque beauty	Huang Haibing
2014	The ingenious Liu Bowen	Yu Zhen
2015	Zheng Daochuan	Zhao Guangyu
2015	Hero Mantra	Du Zhiguo
2015	Dress in splendid clothes and walk at night	Huang Wenhao
2016	The one	Zhang Zhuowen
2016	The Beggar Emperor and the Big Foot Queen	Chen Haomin
2018	The mountains and rivers are bright	Chen Baoguo
2019	Bright and beautiful	Xu Xiang
2019	The Heaven Sword and the Dragon Sabre	Jin Zhao
2022	Taizong Li Fangyuan	Jin Chenggang

The image of Zhu Yuanzhang in the Huai Opera "Golden Cup White Blade"

(3) Opera

category	name
Huai Opera, popular in northern China	" Gold Cup. White Blade "
Yu opera	" Zhu Yuanzhang beheaded his husband "
Shaoxing opera	Zhu Yuanzhang's Ingenious Visit

(4) Gezi Opera

Stinking Head Hongwujun

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